ISSUED MASTER SPECIFICATION

Originated by Willem van den Ordel on 28/02/2006

SPECIFICATION DETAILS
Discipline:

Civil

Equipment:

Ags Specifications

Title:

Civil / Structural Design

Description:

Design

MASTER SPECIFICATION NUMBER

Specification No:

AGS019

Specification Rev No:

02

-AGS019-02~1.doc

Status:

Issued

ANGLO PLATINUM MANAGEMENT SERVICES (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

SPECIFICATION No.:

AGS019

SPECIFICATION TITLE:

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

PROJECT TITLE:

N/A

BUSINESS UNIT:

TBE

AREA:

ALL

EQUIPMENT No.:

N/A

DISCIPLINE:

CIVIL

Rev No

Date

01

8/2/99

02

Description

Into new Anglo Platinum

Format
28/02/06 Compile specification from
AAC 114010

Orig.

Project
Man.

CM&EE

LF

KBF

WvdO

EM

CME

H.O.E
JJAB

KW

JJAB

Revision Notes
Master Specification No.- AGS 019

Rev.- 02

Site Specification No.Title.- Design of Concrete Structures

Date
Rev No Description
01/09/05 01
Into new Anglo Platinum format
28/02/06 02
Revise title and specification based on AAC 114010

Page 2 of 21
Spec No AGS019

Revised By
LF
WvdO

CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE

2.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED BY THE CLIENT

3.0 DEFINITIONS

4.0 REQUIREMENTS

APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS

15

APPENDIX B: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS

16

APPENDIX C: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
17
APPENDIX D: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
18
APPENDIX E: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING MACHINERY
AND EQUIPMENT
19

1.0

SCOPE
This specification details the requirements for the design of mass concrete, reinforced concrete,
precast concrete and prestressed concrete structures for underground and surface applications in
mine shafts and plants.
It is intended for use in the design of concrete structures constructed in South Africa only, but it can
also be used for concrete structures constructed in other countries, provided all specific
requirements, as set out in the relevant structural design and construction standards, and legislation
of those countries, are taken into account.
Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include:

Shaft winding structures, e.g. headgears, collars and winder houses.

Shaft system structures, e.g. shaft and station structures.

Industrial structures and buildings, e.g. plant structures, stores and workshops.

Material handling structures, e.g. conveyor structures.

Page 3 of 21
Spec No AGS019

Material containing structures, e.g. silos, bunkers and bins.

Material retaining structures, e.g. retaining walls.

Foundation structures, e.g. footings and bases.

Non-pressurised liquid containing structures e.g. tanks.

Dynamically loaded structures, e.g. mill foundations and crusher support structures.

Structures not covered by this specification include:

2.0

Road and rail bridges.

Offshore structures.

Chimneys and stacks.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED BY THE CLIENT

The following information shall be specified in all tenders, contracts or orders for the design of
concrete structures:
Title, reference number and issue number of this specification.

3.0

DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply:
APPROVED

: Approved by the Engineer in writing

BS

: British Standard

C&CI

: Cement and Concrete Institute

CP

: Code of practice British Standards Institution

CLIENT

: The company appointing the Engineer to carry out the structural design

DESIGN
DRAWINGS

: Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all members

DIN

: Deutsches Institut fr Normung

ECSA

: Engineering Council of South Africa

ENGINEER

: The company responsible for the structural design, for preparation of the

with their size, concrete grade and reinforcement layout, and any other
information required for construction

Design Drawings (or approval of Design Drawings prepared by others) and,

where applicable, inspection of construction for conformity with the design.
Normally the Engineer is the employer of the responsible person referred to in
4.2
ISO

: International Standards Organization

SABS/SANS

: South African Bureau of Standards who issue South African National

Standards
Page 4 of 21
Spec No AGS019

4.0

REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Design standards and related publications
The design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A form part of this
specification and all structural design shall comply with the relevant requirements of these
documents.
4.2 Design responsibility
The design of concrete structures shall be performed by, or under the direction, control and
supervision of, a professional engineer or a professional engineering technologist, who shall accept
legal responsibility for the design. Such professional engineer or professional engineering
technologist shall be registered with ECSA and shall have appropriate knowledge of, and
appropriate experience in the analysis and design of concrete structures in the particular application.
4.3 Quality management of design process
The quality management of the design process shall comply with the requirements of SANS 9001.
4.4 Design calculations
4.4.1

General

Formal calculations shall be prepared for all concrete structures. Calculations shall be recorded on
calculation sheets and shall be neat, logically set out, short and descriptive, and easy to follow.
Calculations shall be documented in such a way that they can be easily audited. An index shall be
provided for each set of calculations applicable to a particular structure.
Calculations shall be retained for a minimum period of 10 years from the date of commissioning of
the particular structure.
4.4.2

Calculation sheet format

The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet:

Name and address of the engineer.

Name of client and project title.

Title of structure or area under consideration.

Name of person who carried out the calculations and date when calculations were carried out.

Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date when calculations were reviewed.

Project number or calculation file number.

Calculation sheet number and revision number.

4.4.3

References

The following references shall be provided in the calculations:

Reference numbers of all relevant drawings (e.g. suppliers plant and equipment drawings,
mechanical layout drawings).

Page 5 of 21
Spec No AGS019

Design criteria adopted.

Design codes and specifications adopted.

Geotechnical information.

All assumptions made.

4.4.4

Headings

A logical system of main headings and sub-headings shall be used to define, on each calculation
sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particular structural component(s) under
consideration. All headings shall be underlined.
Example
4.4.5

Main heading
Sub-heading

:
:

Foundations
Column foundation F5

Information

For each structure or structural element, the following information shall be shown on the relevant
calculation sheet(s):

Identification: Each structure or structural element shall be identified with an individual

component number. These component numbers shall correspond with the component numbers
shown on a drawing or sketch, included in the calculations, defining the general arrangement
of the structure.
Examples: Foundation F1, Column C3, Beam B2.

Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly defined by
way of a sketch or drawing, included in the calculations. This also applies to simply supported
beams.

Loading: Each load case and each load combination adopted in the design shall be defined in
an unambiguous manner by way of clear descriptions or sketches. All loading calculations
shall be shown, and assumed loads shall be fully justified. It shall be clearly stated whether
the indicated loads are nominal loads (unfactored loads) or whether they are design loads
(factored loads).

Analysis: For manual analysis, all analysis calculations shall be shown together with the
results of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load diagrams, or values.
For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown:
Software name and version, data file name and location.

Sketch defining structural computer model, e.g. node numbers, element numbers, member
releases, etc.
Summary of all computer input, e.g. load cases and load combinations considered.
Summary of computer output providing all relevant analysis results, e.g. bending moments,
shear force or axial load diagrams, or values.
When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether these values are
nominal values (unfactored) or whether they are design values (factored).

Design calculations: If the design is done manually, all relevant manual calculations shall be
shown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant computer calculations,
proving the adequacy of the selected section, shall be pasted onto calculation sheets or printed

Page 6 of 21
Spec No AGS019

out on electronic calculation sheets. All relevant load effects, e.g. bending, shear, punching
shear, torsion, axial load, deflection, etc. shall be considered in the calculations and the
adequacy of the selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects shall be proven.

Conclusion: For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion shall always be
stated in the calculations. This might be in the form of a fully dimensioned sketch, clearly
showing the extent and quantity of reinforcing required.
4.4.6

Units

The following units shall be used:

Loads, load effects and forces

kN, kN/m or kN/m

Moments

kNm

Stresses

MPa

Section properties

m- or mm-units (only m-units for dynamic

analysis)

Deflections

mm

Linear dimensions

m or mm (only m for dynamic analysis)

4.4.7

Symbols

All symbols used in the calculations shall be consistent with the symbols used in the particular code
of practice or standard being used.

In addition, the following symbols shall be used:

M, V, C and T

Nominal (unfactored) bending moment, shear force, compressive

force and torsion.

Mu, Vu, Cu and Tu

Design (factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive force

or torsion.

Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr

Design (factored) moment resistance, shear resistance, compressive

resistance or torsion resistance.

4.4.8

Terminology

Terminology used shall be consistent with the relevant code of practice or standard used. The terms
permanent load and imposed load shall be used, rather than dead load and live load.

Page 7 of 21
Spec No AGS019

4.4.9

Checking and reviewing of calculations

All structural calculations shall be thoroughly checked by the person conducting the design. In
addition, all structural calculations shall be reviewed for accuracy by the responsible person referred
to in Clause 4.2.
4.5 Approval of designs and design drawings
All designs and design drawings of concrete structures shall be approved by the responsible person
referred to in Clause 4.2 by way of a full signature, affixed to the relevant design drawings.
In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings:

Name and registration number of the responsible professional person.

Name and address of the engineer (See Section 3.0 for definition).

A statement that the design complies with this specification.

Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design constitutes an appropriately
engineered solution, that the design complies with this specification in terms of structural strength,
stability and serviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended service. Approval of a design
drawing means that the drawing is complete, that the drawing conforms to the design and that the
structural content of the drawing is correct. A signature on a design drawing confirms that both the
design and the drawing are approved.
4.6 Materials
4.6.1

Concrete

The specified concrete grade shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of SANS
10100-1 and SANS 10100-2, with due consideration of the strength requirements, conditions of
exposure and required durability.
The minimum concrete grade shall be in accordance with Table 1.

TABLE 1
ELEMENT
Mass concrete and
blinding
Foundations, ground
beams, piles and pile
caps
Floor beams and slabs
Surface beds
Page 8 of 21
Spec No AGS019

MINIMUM CONCRETE GRADE FOR VARIOUS

EXPOSURES
VERY
MILD MODERATE SEVERE
EXTREME
SEVERE
10

15
35

25

30
30

40

Material containing and

retaining structures
All underground
elements
Columns and walls
Liquid containing
structures

30
35

Under no circumstances shall concrete of grade 50 (50 MPa) and higher be used without prior
approval from the client.
4.6.2

Reinforcement

Mild steel reinforcement shall only be used for chairs, stools, links, stirrups and pull-out bars.
Cold worked high yield steel shall not be used.
4.7 Loads
4.7.1

Nominal loads

Nominal permanent and imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with SANS 10160 and,
where required, in accordance with the relevant design standards listed in Appendix A. In addition,
the following provisions shall apply:
4.7.2

Imposed floor and roof loads

Imposed floor and roof loads shall be assessed with due regard to the intended use or occupancy of
the structure. Imposed loads shall be approved by the client prior to commencement of design. The
loads adopted in the design shall be noted on the design drawings. The minimum uniformly
distributed load adopted shall be as follows:

Floors supporting electrical switchgear

7,5 kN/m2

Other floors and platforms (excluding office floors)

5,0 kN/m2

Office floors

3,0 kN/m2

3,0 kN/m2

2,0 kN/m2

1,0 kN/m2

Stairs, landings and walkways:

The same as the zones they serve but not less than

Flat roofs with access

Flat roofs without access (irrespective of size)

4.7.3

Plant and equipment loads

Plant and equipment loads shall be obtained from certified equipment drawings, provided by the
suppliers of the equipment. Such drawings shall form part of the design calculations. The loads
adopted in the design shall be indicated on the drawings. Where certified loading information is
unavailable, equipment loads shall be assessed in consultation with, and approved by, the client
prior to commencement of design, and shall be verified once certified information becomes
available.
Page 9 of 21
Spec No AGS019

4.7.4

Dynamic loads

See Appendix E.
4.7.5

Conveyor belt start-up loads

Loads induced during conveyor belt start-up conditions shall be accurately assessed and in no case
shall be taken as less than 1,4 times the normal operating loads. The start-up loads shall be used for
both structural framework and foundation design.
4.7.6

Wind loads

The relevant terrain category shall be assessed in consultation with, and approved by, the client. The
terrain category adopted for inland terrains shall not be less severe than a category that falls midway
between Category 2 and Category 3.
4.7.7

Loads imposed by stored bulk materials

Loads imposed by stored bulk materials on walls of bunkers, silos and bins shall be assessed in
accordance with DIN 1055 Part 6.
Material coefficients for bulk materials not listed in DIN 1055 Part 6 shall be determined by testing.
Due regard shall be given to variations in the characteristics of bulk materials, resulting from
process modifications, moisture content variations, compaction, etc. All material coefficients used
in the design, must be approved by the client.
In the absence of test results, the values given in Appendix B may be used for preliminary design
purposes. In the calculation of material pressures, the material coefficients for pressure ratio and
wall friction s hall be adjusted 10% upwards and 10% downwards and the pressures shall be
obtained as follows:
Horizontal pressures
Vertical pressures
Wall friction
4.7.8

:
:
:

use higher value of and lower value of

use lower value of and lower value of
use higher value of and higher value of

Loads imposed by retained soil

Loads imposed by retained soil shall be determined on the basis of a rational analysis. The active
horizontal pressure coefficient adopted shall not be less than 0,4 and the passive horizontal pressure
coefficient adopted shall not exceed 3,0.
4.7.9

Temperature load effects

Provision shall be made in the design of structures and structural elements for expansion and
contraction resulting from elevated temperatures, temperature changes and temperature
differentials. For the assessment of the effects of climatic temperature changes on exposed
structures or structural elements, a temperature variation of plus or minus 20 C shall be considered.
The temperature load assessment shall be based on the un-cracked section modulus of the various
structural elements.
The coefficient of linear expansion of mass and reinforced concrete shall be taken as 10 x 10 -6 / C .

Page 10 of 21
Spec No AGS019

4.7.10 Abnormal loads or conditions

A formal risk assessment shall be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads or conditions
should be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicate that there is an unacceptable
risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, the effects of such an abnormal loading
event or condition shall be taken into account in the design. Abnormal loading events or conditions
to be considered may be caused by any of the following:

Impact of vehicles and other moving objects

Equipment failure

Explosion

Fire

Extraordinary climatic conditions: hurricane winds, floods, rain, hail, snow, etc.

Riot and panic in crowds

4.8 Load factors and load combinations

Load factors and load combinations shall be determined in accordance with SANS 10160 and,
where required, in accordance with the relevant design standards, specifications and related
publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the following provisions shall apply.
4.8.1

Load factors and load combinations for general structures and buildings

The load factors and load combinations referenced in SANS 10160 shall be interpreted as shown in
Appendix C for ultimate limit states and in Appendix D for serviceability limit states.
4.9 Foundation loads
Foundation loads shall be based on nominal loads. A foundation loading schedule, clearly
indicating the magnitude and direction of all foundation loads, for each specific nominal load case,
shall be prepared for all structures.
4.10

Design requirements and procedures

4.10.1 General
The provisions of SANS 10160 and the provisions of the relevant design standards, specifications
and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply. In addition, the following provisions shall
apply:
4.10.2 Dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment
See Appendix E.
4.10.3 Foundations
4.10.3.1 Foundations with less than 1 m soil cover
Foundations shall have a stability safety factor of 1,5 when the effect of the soil cover is considered,
and 1,2 when the effect of the soil cover is ignored"

Page 11 of 21
Spec No AGS019

4.10.3.2 Foundations with more than 1 m soil cover

Foundations shall have a stability safety factor of 1,5 when the effect of the soil cover is considered,
and 1,2 when the effect of 1,0 m of the soil cover is ignored
4.10.3.3 Foundations for dynamically loaded equipment
Foundations for dynamically loaded equipment shall be designed in accordance with CP 2012: Part
1, and Appendix E.
4.10.4 Surface beds
Surface beds shall comply with the requirements of the C&CI publication: Concrete Industrial
Floors On The Ground - Louis R Marais and Bryan D Perrie.
4.10.5 Deflections
Deflection shall be considered as a serviceability limit state condition. Deflections shall not exceed
the limits specified in Appendix E of SANS 10160 and in Clause 3.2.3.2 of SANS 10100-1. In
addition, the permissible span/effective depth ratios shall be in accordance with SANS 10100-1.
4.11

Construction details

4.11.1 Cover
The minimum cover shall be clearly indicated on the drawings. The minimum cover shall be
determined in accordance with the provisions of SANS 10100-1 and SANS 10100-2, with due
consideration of the conditions of exposure, required durability, fire risk, aggregate size and fixing
tolerances. The minimum cover shall not be less than that shown in Table 2.
Cover shall not exceed 60 mm without prior approval from the client, except where concrete is cast
directly against excavated surfaces.

Page 12 of 21
Spec No AGS019

TABLE 2

ELEMENT

MINIMUM COVER FOR VARIOUS EXPOSURES

VERY
MILD MODERATE SEVERE
EXTREME
SEVERE

Foundations, ground
beams and pile caps
cast directly against
excavated surfaces

75

Foundations, ground
beams, and pile caps
not cast directly against
excavated surfaces
Floor beams and slabs
Surface beds

50

30

40

Material containing and

retaining structures
All underground
elements

60
50
40

Columns and walls

Liquid containing
structures
4.11.2 Expansion joints
Expansion joints shall be provided in all concrete structures to such an extent that no point within a
structure is located more than 30 m from a free edge.
4.11 3 Welding of reinforcement
Welding of reinforcement is not allowed.
4.11.4 Blinding
A 50 mm blinding layer shall be provided underneath all foundations.
4.11.5 Retaining wall footings
Where the height of retained soil exceeds 2,0 m, retaining wall footings shall be provided with a
key, cast against undisturbed soil, to prevent sliding.
4.11.6 Bent up bars
Bent up bars shall not be used for shear reinforcement.
4.11.7 Minimum reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement shall be in accordance with Clause 11.4 of SANS 10100-1 and Table 3.
Page 13 of 21
Spec No AGS019

TABLE 3

ELEMENT

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

Piles

0,008 Ac

Pile caps

Y12 @ 250 in all directions

Foundations

H < 600 mm

Y 12 @ 200 EW bottom only

600 mm < H < 1200 mm

Y 12 @ 200 EW bottom and top

H > 1200 mm

Y 12 @ 200 EW bottom, middle and top

Columns

4Y16

Beams

2Y16 top and bottom

Slabs

Y10 @ 300 EW top and bottom

Y 12 @ 300 EF vertical

Walls

Y 10 @ 300 EF horizontal

Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ac
H
EW
EF

Page 14 of 21
Spec No AGS019

:
:
:
:

Gross concrete area

Height of foundation
Each way
Each face

APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS

The latest editions of the following documents are deemed to form part of this specification:
: Mechanical vibration in rotating machinery
BS 4675
BS 5400

Steel, concrete and composite bridges

BS 8007

Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids

CP 2012

Code of practice for foundations for machinery

Part 1: Foundations for reciprocating machines

C&CI

Concrete industrial floors on the ground Louis R Marais & Bryan D Perrie

DIN 1055

Design loads for buildings - Part 6: Loads in silo bins

ISO2631-1978 :

Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (NB. Do

not use SANS ISO 2631-1:1997)

SANS 9001

Quality management systems: Requirements

SANS 10100

The structural use of concrete

Part 1: Design
Part 2: Materials and execution of work

SANS 10160

The general procedures and loadings to be adopted in the design of buildings

SANS 10161

The design of foundations for buildings

SANS 10208

Design of structures for the mining industry

Part 1: Headgear and collar structures
Part 4: Shaft system structures

Reinforced Concrete Designers Manual Charles E Reynolds and James C Steedman

Page 15 of 21
Spec No AGS019

APPENDIX B: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS

Material coefficients for stored bulk solids, as defined in DIN 1055 Part 6, shall preferably be determined by
testing. In the absence of test results, the values given in the following table may be used for preliminary
design purposes:

Bulk material

Bulk Angle Pressure

Coefficients of wall
density
of
Ratio
friction
kN / m3 slope (ph/pv)

3
1
2

Overpressure
coefficient

Material
coefficient

eh

Anthracite

11,5

40

0,45

0,55

0,40

0,35

1,4

0,5

Coal: crushed

11,0

40

0,45

0,60

0,45

0,40

1,4

0,5

Coal: pulverised

17,5

35

0,55

0,70

0,60

0,50

1,5

0,5

Chrome ore

26,0

35

0,45

0,65

0,50

0,45

1,3

0,5

Carbon

6,2

35

0,45

0,55

0,40

0,35

1,4

0,5

Gold ore

18,0

40

0,45

0,65

0,50

0,40

1,3

0,5

Ilmenite

27,0

25

0,60

0,60

0,40

0,30

1,5

0,5

Iron ore

22,0

40

0,45

0,65

0,55

0,45

1,3

0,5

Kimberlite

16,0

45

0,35

0,70

0,55

0,40

1,4

0,5

Platinum ore
(Merensky)

24,0

40

0,45

0,70

0,60

0,50

1,3

0,5

Rutile

24,0

30

0,60

0,60

0,45

0,35

1,4

0,5

Zinc ore

21,0

45

0,35

0,70

0,60

0,50

1,3

0,5

Zircon

25,0

30

0,50

0,70

0,60

0,50

1,4

0,5

NOTE:
Where the effective coefficient of internal friction has been established by testing, the pressure ratio may
be calculated as follows:
= 1,1 (1 Sin )

Page 16 of 21
Spec No AGS019

APPENDIX C: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the ultimate limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances and shaft
system structures. For these structures refer to SANS 10208.
LOAD
COMBINATION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS

Gn
1,5
1,2 *
1,2 *
1,2 *
1,2 *
1,2 *
1,2 *
1,2 *
1,2 *
0,9

Qn

Qm n

Qf n

Qr n

Wn

Cv n

Ch n

Tn

1,6
0,5 +
0,5 +
0,5 +
0,5 +
0,5 +
0,5 +
0,5 +

1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6

1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3

0,5 #
0,5 #
0,5 #
1,6
0,5 #
0,5 #
0,5 #
0,5 #

0
0
0
0
1,3 $
0
0
0
1,3 $

0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
1,6
1,2
0,8

0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
1,2
1,6
0,8

0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
1,2

NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Dominant imposed loads shown bold.

# For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
+ For unsustained floor loads only. Use 1,0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and
parking).
$ Use 1,5 for chimneys, light masts and free-standing towers.
* For permanent loads which can be accurately assessed only. Use 1,4 if there is any doubt
about the accuracy of the load.
For other loads, e.g. seismic and settlement loads, refer to SANS 10160.
Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
Nominal loads:
Gn
= Permanent load
Qn
= Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn
= Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn
= Temperature load

Page 17 of 21
Spec No AGS019

APPENDIX D: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD

COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the serviceability limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances and shaft
system structures. For these structures refer to SANS 10208.
LOAD
COMBINATION

LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS

Gn

Qn

Qm n

Qf n

Qr n

Wn

Cv n

Ch n

Tn

1,1

1,0

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

0,5

0,5

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

0,5

0,5

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

0,5

0,5

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

1,0

0,5

0,5

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

0,6

0,5

0,5

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

1,0

0,75

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

0,75

1,0

0,5

1,1

0,3 +

1,0

1,0

0,3 #

0,5

0,5

1,0

1,0

0,6

NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Dominant imposed loads shown bold.

# For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
+ For unsustained floor loads only. Use 1,0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and
parking).
Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
Nominal loads:
Gn
= Permanent load
Qn
= Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn
= Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn
= Temperature load

Page 18 of 21
Spec No AGS019

APPENDIX E: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
1.0

General

Suitable provision shall be made in the design for the dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or
impacting machinery and equipment. Dynamic effects shall be determined and interpreted in
accordance with this Appendix.
2.0

Structural framing

In general, the transmission of dynamic loads from floor members to columns and foundations shall
be by the shortest and most direct route possible. Where practical, the vibrating part(s) of the
structure shall be isolated from the rest of the structure.

3.0

Dynamic loads

The magnitude, direction and exciting frequency of all dynamic loads induced by machinery and
equipment such as feeders, screens, shaking tables and crushers, shall be obtained from the
manufacturers of the equipment. The nature of the dynamic excitation i.e. harmonic, periodic or
random impulse-type excitation shall be clearly established. Dynamic loads, obtained from
manufacturers, shall be verified from dynamic data such as motor torque, eccentricity of unbalanced
masses, spring stiffness, screen stroke and screen stroke angle.
Where a single structure supports multiple machinery units, the worst combination of any two
machines acting in phase shall be considered, unless machines are electrically or mechanically
coupled. Where multiple machines are electrically or mechanically coupled, the worst combination
shall be based on a rational assessment.
4.0

Modal analysis

A modal analysis shall be conducted to obtain the mode shape and natural frequency of each
significant vibration mode. A significant vibration mode is a mode, which is compatible with the
displacement(s) produced by the dynamic load(s).
5.0

Dynamic response

The following dynamic responses shall be obtained at all strategic locations on the structure:
amplitude of acceleration and displacement
amplitude of dynamic stress
6.0

Resonance

For the purposes of this Clause, resonance is defined as the condition in which the exciting frequency
fe equals the natural frequency fn of any significant vibration mode of the structure.
To avoid resonance or near-resonance, the following conditions shall be satisfied:
fn 1,4 fe or fn 0,6 fe where fn = natural frequency of any significant vibration mode.

Page 19 of 21
Spec No AGS019

When fn1 1,4 fe the structure is considered high tuned and when fn1 0,6 fe the structure is considered
low tuned.
(fn1 = the fundamental [lowest] natural frequency of the structure).
High-tuning is generally preferred. However, where it can be demonstrated that high tuning is
unrealistic, low tuning may be accepted provided the following conditions are met.

The client must approve the use of low tuning.

The dynamic analysis must include all vibration modes up to a frequency of at least 1,5 f e .

The dynamic analysis must consider start-up and shutdown conditions.

7.0

Vibration limits

7.1. Machine sensitivity

Vibration limits for rotating machinery shall be obtained from BS 4675, or from the manufacturer.
7.2. Structural integrity

The integrity of all structural components subject to cyclic dynamic stresses shall be evaluated on the
basis of a rational analysis.
7.3. Human response

For the assessment of vibrations, K-values shall be calculated from the equations given in the
following table:
EXCITING
FREQUENCY
(Hz)
1 to 2
2 to 4
4 to 8
8 to 80
Where

fe
ah
au
av

=
=
=
=

K-VALUE
HORIZONTAL
VIBRATIONS
28 a h
56 a h / f e

VERTICAL
VIBRATIONS
10 a v f e

20 a v
160 a v / f e

33,5 a u f e

0,25

160 a u / f e

exciting frequency (Hz)

root-mean-square (rms) value of horizontal acceleration (m/s2)
root-mean-square (rms) value of acceleration of undetermined direction (m/s2)
root-mean-square (rms) value of vertical acceleration (m/s2)

The calculated K-values shall not exceed the following values:

Exposure time
4 hours
8 hours
12 hours

Page 20 of 21
Spec No AGS019

VIBRATIONS OF
UNDETERMINED
DIRECTION
28 a u

K-value
7,0
4,2
3,5

NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The K-value procedure followed above is equivalent to the assessment of vibrations in accordance with
ISO 2631-1978, using two thirds of the vibration limits obtained from the fatigue-decreased
proficiency boundary, as defined in ISO 2631.
Unless otherwise stated an exposure time of 8 hours shall be adopted.
For harmonic loads, a (rms value) = a' / 2, where a' = amplitude of acceleration.
When vibration occurs simultaneously at more than one discrete frequency within the range 1 to 80 Hz,
each frequency component shall be evaluated separately with reference to the appropriate limit at that
frequency.
For the evaluation of narrow-band and broad-band vibrations, refer to ISO 2631-1978.
If vertical and horizontal vibration occurs at the same location, an equivalent K-value shall be
evaluated from the following equation:
K = (Kh2 + Kv2) 0.5
Where :

Kh is the K-value evaluated for horizontal vibration

Kv is the K-value evaluated for vertical vibration

Page 21 of 21
Spec No AGS019