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The existing information an the flow of fluids through beds of granular Osborne flryadds (23) uas hest to formusolids has been critically reviewed . It has been found that pressure late the resi ante offered by Iriceiat to theo
losses are caused by simultanstous kinetic and viscous energy losses, n'otiun
ofofthe
flu,I
as the sum
ternts,
itioal
respectively
to of
dertw
first
and that the following comprehensive equation is applicable to all types power of t!sr fluid velocity and to the
of flow, product of the density of the fluid with
AP Cl - e) t PU . 1 - s GU second power of its velocity :
The equation has been examined from the point of view of its dependence upon flow rate, properties of the fluids, and fractional void volume,
orientation, size, shape, and surface of the granular solids . Whenever
possible, conditions were chosen so that the effect of one variable at a
time could be considered . A transformation of the general equation
indicates that the Blake-type friction factor has the following form :
AP/LU = a+ bG (2 )
where 0,U has been replaced by G, the mass
Sow rate . The above two-term preswrefa a 1 .75+ 150
drop equation has been found to be astir
art
over the range of flow rates enA new concept of friction factor,/. representing the ratio of pressure factory
countered in pecked columns. Lindquist
drop to the viscous energy term is discussed . Experimental results ob- (19), Morcom (20) . and Ergun and
tained for the purpose of testing the validity of the equation are reported . Orning (7) have platted AP/LV ag inst
Numerous other data taken from the literature have been included in G and obtained straight lines as expected
from Equation (2) . The former two authe discussions.
thors have included in their plots factor s
hick
w
ptra in to the
p,s rties of th s aT HE pressure loss accompanying the utilize some of the general equations ten
These
: factors are re important and will
flow of fluids through column s representing the forces exerted by the be discussed later, but they are irreic :ant
packed with granular material has been fluids in motion (molecular, viscous, for the purpose of testing the linearit . of
(2) . As a typical plot. der. obthe subject of theoretical analysis and kinetic, static, etc.) to arrive at a useful Equation
for gas Sow through a be of
factors.porous
A ,.rained
experimental investigation . The pur- expression correlating
ffthese
crushed
solids are shown in N. ;tar e
pose of the present paper is to smnmar . survey of the literature reveals various
I. The experimental results of the present
investigation and those mentioned ax,ve
ice the existing information, to verify expressions derived from - different
( :, 19, 20), as well as the data ott:inmd
further experimentally a theoretical de- assumptions, correlating the particular
the literature (3, 22) . militate that
retopment presented earlier, and to experimental data obtained with or with- . from
the two-term equation accurately cite tiara
.
discuss practical applications of this new out sonic of the data published earlier
the relation between flow rate and ptasure
approach . The experimental studies These correlations differ in many redrop.
have been confined to gas flow through spects ; some are to be used only at low
2. Viscosity and Density of Fluid.
crushed porous solids. This case is the fluid flow rates. while others are apFrom Equation (2) it is seen that as the
velocity a'sproaches zero as a lien t. the
one usually encountered in practice, but plicable only at higher rates . A separate
ratio of pressure drop to velocity ad, beis not identical with the case most thor- survey of all these various correlations
come constant :
oughly studied by previous investiga- is not included here.
iAPC/tors, viz ., the flow of fluid through bells
As most authorities agree, the factors
L m s (3 )U+ e
0
of nonporo(s solids, and more particu- to be considered are : (1) rate of fluid
whi ch is a coalit i on for v iscous flnv, . Act
larly. througi solids having uniform flow, (2) viscosity and density of
cording to the Poiseuille equation and
geometric shapes .
the fluid. (3) closeness and orientation
Dar 'a law, the factor a is propcr:ional
Factors determining the energy loss of packing, and (4) site . shape, and
to the viscosity of the fluid . The xher
limiting condition is reached at hign flow
(pressure drop) in the packed beds are surface ai the particles. The first two
when the constant a is negtigil It in
numerous and some of than are not variables concern the fluid, while the rates
comparison to bG. This is a condition for
susceptible to complete and exact mathe- last two the solids,
completely turbulent flow where k-aetic
matical analysis . Various workers in
1. Rate of Fluid Flow, It is known
energy losses constitute the whole vainthe field have made simplifying assump- that pressure drop through a granular tance. The effect of density is already
in G. Equation (2) as be
tions or analogies so that they could bed is propor)ional to the fluid velocity at contained
low flow rates, and approximately to the rewritten :
C o a l Resecrch Laboratory.
square of the velocity at high tests.
API' -a a'pU+b9(P (4 )
1 -6
NY 62592
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Ossc,iption
mere out
a rot
r a
mark
coo No . 1979
. ,.hb aa a
$11" if
41pii hinar, rn .
M,ry
N .S .
Vol .
Publ,snar :
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i Pam
. . , t ,, .a
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I
1
nee
d
.ai
.t
_V'.I, It,
.' Mot ,
aneo"(=-~r) (7)
:I, = b" .~'
1
(g )
iE .
s1
(5)
On the other hand, at high flow rates
Bake
t
tttethod
g
iv
ise
t
o
th
e
e
q
uatio
n
es
r
fie. 2, la.ps.d.- .' is- wet hkw *
. oofBurke set Plummer for turbulent
ansinl I.- - f .oakr .ol said -I.-, aq ..
tint al .rod .(Q, lasnapis .wet dopes .ro_.b .
M Nf *d 1. at fig .. I by --*,W of asks 7- (6 )
p-t)'
ir
rig. 7. O.p..d. .r. at vista., ..orgy f.w ..
.
fc.
.eel
mid
wotw..
tq,..riw. (7). 0 ...
,
.w
.brok.od hr akregw 4- through 7040 .lath,
fags soh., liamak deWry as 1 .27 0./oe.
Croe'u ..ri.o1 0- -0 It . %4. w 7.24 pose .
Ink Dos in 740 . ..u M* laid 23' C
Februory, 1952
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It
(9)
A rearrangement of Equation (9) leads to :
(10)
Equation (10) makes it possible to group
at data of Figure I on a single line by
plotting
AP s'
;rr ;t
LU (1 - .) "
against G/(I- .) . This is demonstrated
ht Figure 4 .
Up to this point the aim has been to
formulate the effect of fractional void volume in fixed beds, and the effect of orientation was not included . The orientation of
the randomly Packed beds is not susceptible
to exact mathematical formulation . This is
especially true it the particles have odd
shapes and are not negligible in size conpared with the diameter of the container .
Furnas (12) has treated the subject at
length and introduced the concept of "sarnwl packing" which was obtained by a
slaunlard procedure. In tine present investigation, however, such a concept had to be
abandoned, The problem was to pack a
known amount of solids to various bulk
densities . yet each packing had to be antforin and reproducible.
This was accomplished by admitting gas
below the supporting grid after the solids
were pound in. The gas rate was sufficient
to keep the bed in an expanded state and
the use of a vibrator attached to she tube
assured the uniformity of the packing . By
varying the rate of upward gas flow, the
bulk density could he varied from the
tightest possible to tie loosest stable pack .
ing, For crushed material the most tightly
packed bed having a height of 30 cm. could
easily be expanded by 6 to 7 con . When the
desired pa,kiug density was at taincnl, the
vibrator was ltxnlnulvcw1 anal the gas now
rut off- The bed that was ready for pres .
sure drop and flow rate measurements.
Highly reproducible packings can be obtained by this method, and more important.
the particles are believed to be oriented by
the gas doming upward . This is evidenced
by the existence of a theoretical relationship (7), verified experimentally, between
the bed expansion and the flow rate . A
further evidence for particle orientatio n
was found in the fan that the most tightly
packed beds have been obtained by slowly
reducing the rate of upward gas flow to an
initially expanded bed while subjecting it to
vibration .
It will be evident on inspection of the
form of Equation (9) that the estimation
rat fractional void volume is important, particularly since it enters to second . and
tlntrd-power terms aid is in many aces
difficult sea measure directly. Whenever the
particle density and the total weight of the
granular material filling a given volume are
known . a may be readily alculated . But
the particle density of crushed porous materials is not readily known and its determination has presented a problem which
was much discussed Fractional void volumes were usually calculated by the use of
apparent specifu gravities which were determines by variant procedures . Use of
such values for a in the pressurcdrop
equations masticated the introduction of
correction factors . This often caused the
workers to doubt the validity of the factors
describing the dependence of pressure dro p
upon . and to seek little correlations . However, this was believed to be unwarranted
(g) sitter the determination of pressure
drop through beds of porous panicles
hinges upon the evaluation of the particle
density. Therefore. a gas flow method was
developed (8) for the determination of the
particle density of porous granules . The
method was ducked by the densities obtained for nonporous solids and the agreewin was good. Use of the particle densities of coke obtained by the method described, in the determination of fractional
void volume sad hence in the promote drop
equation, resulted in excellent agrexnwuu.
.1
(13 )
N ., = D
p
The left-hand side of Equation (13) is the
ratio of pressure drop to the viscau energy term and will be designated by f .APD
L U . (1^ .)
(13a )
B
mtg . 4. A gsaersl plat for single grins.
petition to dgdarem #,*a* l odd "4e. pats
e
tln
gol.~
.ap.. ~ arknj tqst w i p) 'a straigh
According to Estwtiot (13) a linear relatio udnip exists between I. and A's ./ 1- e .
Data of the present investigation mi those
presented earlier have been treated accordsngly, std the coefficients Jr. and Its have
been determined by the method of least
squares. The values obtained are lit o ISO
and ter at 1 .75 representing 64( experinicala. Data involved various-"l spheres.
Page 91
C-D
Ln
00
CD.
CD
CD
01
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' I
II
it
P, coos s,r
.igorr.0
f 1 1
li
! 0 N
e !
r 00 ! r- e r Neo ! s
w
w
tnno dl plnwmo r
1
I
s 'o
.o
11111 1
I :
! a s a e sin ! i
I
i
. I j
I
7 I,
e N0a e
r
I
` Iyaom~l
.t
re
n ! ! a r NO ! !
~ ,
. Nee !
N
!-E
Ks. 7. Gr
.pbksl mpeesewwdea at prwvra dreg I. toed hod.
Cow of rigor
. 3 an .ptatad.
r
In all rhroo seas wild tees or
.
lde tbol sod ore dresr
. seeardisg to rgnat]a. (]db) . The wdiass.
,
Is rap's-tool by is, tgnatua, ll4
IC'
l0 1
i i
! l~l
pear
I II
IH 4
i
i ~
u:r- a raes
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I.nthso (liopldmi npr0wModen of pwrwrg dreg I. poe#ed mkrwns, Salta 3bo
.pnwals
r
at
. a h
IF
Pogo 92
1 Data shown in Figure 5 and some additional data obtained from the literature
covering wider ranges of flow rate are included in Figure 6, together wilh the
asymptotes of the resulting Curve on the
logarithmic scale. Again the solid line
represents Equation (13x) .
A different form of Equation (121 is
represented by :
APg . D, os
:z k . 1a + k
L GG . - rs N
..
i i
I
1'0.
(14)
The left-hand side of Equation (14) is the
ratio of total energy losses to the terns
repeetertling kinetic energy losses and will
be designated by / .
,_ PE D sot J . (14.)
E 11150 1Ns. + 1 .75 (1db )
February, 1952
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1) to 6/S. (150 )
and
S. = S,/AL(1 - .) (15b)
where S, = total geometric surface
area of the solids and A = cross-sectional area of the empty column . The
total iorep exerted by the fluid on the
solids = GPp,Ao . therefore the tractive
force per unit solid surface area, usually
referred to as the shear stress, e, is
expressed by :
is
Summary
(20)
It is seen that these transformations
The laws of fluid flow through granemploying the absolute values of shear
ular beds have several aspects of pracstress, fluid density, and velocity elimitical consequence . They generally find
nate the fractional void volume. The
use in correlating the rate of mass and
terms involved in Equations (16.20)
heat transfer to and from moving fluids
are well known in the fields of hydro(24) . The extension of such relationand aerodynamics. Other forms of de- ships to packed columns will rtquire
pendences upon . ascribed to a general formulation of the laws of fluid flow
equation, as encountered in the litera- through granular beds . Empirics, corture, would not lead to complete elimi- relations are generally useful for the
nation of the fractional void volume particular purpose for which tl..ey are
upon transformation to these fundamen- made, but may not shard light for a
tat variables.
different purpose. For the sake of
The theoretical significances of the clarity in the application and use of the
constants let and lea have been omitted data obtained in packed columns, it
in the foregoing treatment The former-* seemed desirable to develop expressions
of these constants is discussed by Car- (Equation (12)) in a comprehensiv e
form applicable to all typos of flow . I n
man and Lea and Nurse (15) in connection with the Kozeny equation. As
doing so the theoretical developments,
a result of comparison of various sysas well as the empirical approaches,
tems involving different fractional void' have been considered and the following
volumes, Lea and Nurse (16) concluded
conclusions have been drawn :
that a(=let/72) was not a constant but
1. Total energy loss in fixed beds can
]III I Wild
a
-'
her
4
3
CrN
ot1 ai t o
dla
4
3
rs or ALe/Sd (1Sd)
The actual average velocity of the fluid
in the bed is obtained from the ratio
of the superficial fluid velocity to th e
fractional voids,
a to f1/.
. :952
2 3 4 6
3 4 6 e 100
4 6 s1000 2 3 4
NR.
I-E
r1 . a a e.n pe
.h.adv. s4a at pnwr4 dm0 in fund beds, Data dd rfe.e k or. ..pbno d .
(15t
) This sep. at plus 4 idntnol with dear at sink. . a.ra atw is den rwu.rdt .9 sit aq ..t:o . (146) ,
pogo 93
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i
,
*"Y .
a ...Yt
NYS la, Ns l
l"t
ra Nr111s .1
Literature Cited
;7. ii
a ,o
too
a 4 a Io00
Na,
I-7
peg. 9. Coupwls.a at w eSa, .w*Uk1 npr.mnta$ .ns rrta, ew/fs . (12).
be treated as the sum of viscous and
kinetic energy losses.
2. Viscous energy losses per unit
length are expressed by the first term
of Equation (12) :
ISO 0(1-e)s ssU
es per
and the kinetic energy losses by the
second term :
.
3 . For any set of data the relative
Acknowledgment
Tlae author acknowledges the encouragement and advice of H . H .
Lowry and J . C. Elgin, and the assistance rendered by Curtis W. Dewalt.
Jr., in preparing this manuscript.
Notatfofl
n oo'd = coefficients in Equations (1),
k (4), and (7), respectively
A = cross-sectional area of the
empty column
.,r. : r
.orp,
T
nh rR
that ;
9tJ~~
cc; -3
3nd1
to
ara.i
the
,nsc:
main
tar;
p.
Palo 94
February, 1957
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V:
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