Unit II

HYPERMEDIA
Hypermedia Concept dh lcls igys Vannenar Bush }kjk formulate fd;k x;k FkkA ;s
American President Roosevelt ds Manager is Mainly hypermedia dks nks Problems dks
solve djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k Fkk% &
(i)
Up-to-data information dks j[kus esa le; yxrk gSaA
(ii)
lHkh Information dks ;kn j[kuk vko';d gSaa
bu Problem ds Solution ds fy;s ,d Imaginary Machine dks Launch fd;k x;k ftls
Memex dgk tkrk gSaA
ckn esa blh concept dks Theodor Holm Nelson }kjk Create fd;k x;kA ftls
Xanadu uke ds System dks Develop fd;kA Nelson }kjk dgk x;k fd "Hypermedia ,d
Non-Sequential Writing of text gS ftls reader choices ds vk/kkj ij arrange dj interactive
cu;k tkrk gSaA" Nelson }kjk Assume fd;k x;k fd reading o writing process dks
hypertext }kjk Support fd;k x;kA bush ds }kjk Information dks Link (trail) djus dk
idea fn;k x;k Fkk rFkk Nelson }kjk bu Links dks Introduce fd;k x;kA
Hypermedia Information Structuring dk ,d Method gSA u;h Information dks
Reference Point ij directly Jump djds Access fd;k tkrk gSaA Nelson ds lkFk lkFk
Douglas Engelbart esa Hkh blh idea ij Research dh ;s Research mlus Stanford Research
Institute esa dhA blds }kjk NLS dk development gqvkA (Online System) ftls ckn
esa Augment ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA
Engelbart ds }kjk mainly group work ij focus fd;k x;k FkkA cgqr ls Persons
Same Document dks Same time ij share djrs gSaA Engelbart ds }kjk Same Screen dks
vyx&vyx Location ij vyx&vyx Users }kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSa o lkFk gh document
dks edit Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA bu lHkh Features dks Augment }kjk Implement fd;k
x;kA Hypertext dk concept simple gSaA Screen ij mifLFkr windows ij Database ds
Objects dks Associate fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk Links dks bu Objects ds chp esa Provide
fd;k tkrk gSa tks Graphically o Pointers nksuksa :i esa gksrh gSaA Information
dks Database esa Store fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls Data Integrity backup Copies o read time
transition dks handle fd;k tkrk gSaA bls concept dks Keff Condim }kjk describe fd;k
x;k FkkA eq[;r% Hypertext system dks text based system ds fy, develop fd;k x;k
FkkA ysfdu Computer ds lkFk vU; Information tSls Graphics, Music vkfn dks tc
Include fd;k x;k rks mls Hypermedia dgk tkrk gSaA
Characteristics Of Hypermedia: Hypermedia ,d Network gS tks cgqr lh inter-linked information dks Store djrk gSaA
bu Information Units dks nodes dgk tkrk gSa rFkk bu Nodes ds chp Connectives
dks Links dgk tkrk gSaA tc Nodes rFkk Links Limited gks rks mUgsa Hyper
Document dgk tkrk gSaA User fdlh Hkh Document ls Link Spot }kjk Link djrk gSaA
Normally Links rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
1. Organization Link: - buds }kjk Hyper Document Structure dks Manage fd;k
tkrk gSa tks Ordinary Printed Text ls Related gksrs gSaA
2. Reference Links: - Reference Links Occasional Links gSa tks User dks
References rFkk vU; Branching dh Permission nsrs gSaA
3. Function Link: - ;s Specific Function dks execute djrs gSa ftlls fdlh vU;
Application dks Start fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
Hyper Media dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gSa %&

1. Hypermedia dks reading rFkk writing nksuksa ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkuk
Possible gSaA
2. Information Non Sequential Structure dks iznf'kZr djrh gSaA
3. ,d Information Unit ls nwljh Information Unit ij Natural Association dks Follow
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4. Information dk Structure Hierarchical gksuk vko';d gSaA
5. gj Information Unit dks Separate On-screen window ij iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA
6. Information o mlds different parts dks fofHkUu Users ds chp Share fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
7. ,d gh le; ij cgqr ls User ,d gh Database dks Access dj ldrs gSaA
8. Information dks ges'kk Database esa Store fd;k tkrk gSaA
gky gh esa ,d Common Reference Work dks Hypermedia ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k
x;k gSa ftls Dexter Hypertext Reference Mode dgk tkrk gSaA ftlesa Standardize
hypertext terms o Concepts dks j[kk x;k gSaA bl izdkj ds Model dks nks Parts esa
divide fd;k tkrk gSa%&
Hypermedia design Model
Object Oriented hypermedia design model
First Category esa rhu vU; Models dks j[kk x;k gSa %&
1. Hypermedia Design Model (HDM)
2. Hypermedia Data Model (HM Data Model)
3. Relationship Management Design Model (RMD)
Components of Hypermedia: Advanced hypermedia system dks mlds different components esa ckaVk tkrk gSaA
fofHkUu Component Nodes, Links, hyper documents, diagrams, search engine rFkk
Programming Interface vkfnA Information dks Hypermedia esa hyper documents ds :i
esa j[kk tkrk gSaA Hyper Documents dks Collection of nodes rFkk Links ds :i esa
j[kk tkrk gSaA gj Hyper Document dks Collection of nodes rFkk links ds :i esa j[kk
tkrk gSaA gj hyper documents independent, limited topic dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA gj
Node ,d Independent Information Unit dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA
Database
Diagram

Programming
Interface

Search
Engine

Hypermedia Base

Model of Advanced Hypermedia System

Database Engine ,d Mechanism gS tks User dks hypermedia ds }kjk directly
search djus esa help iznku djrk gSaA Search Engine ds }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ds
Nodes dks Find djrk gSa tks Specific Information dks Contain djrk gSaA
Advance Hypermedia Systems esa Search engine gksrs gSa tks hyper base ij
direct queries dks Perform djrs gSaA
Hypermedia Applications: - Hypermedia ls Information dks access djuk o Traditional
database technology ls Information dks access djuk vyx gSaA Traditional database ij
accessing o direct inquiry unique keys ;k query }kjk dh tkrh gSaA

Hypermedia esa Information Access dks Information Structuring ds }kjk Handle

fd;k tkrk gSaa Hypermedia databases esa Information dks rhu Feature }kjk iznf'kZr
fd;k tkrk gSa %&
1) Information homogeneous ugha gksrhA Information object dh different
forms tSls Text, audio rFkk Pictures dks ,d lkFk ;k vyx&vyx Use esa
fy;k tk ldrk gSaA
2) Hypermedia high degree of user interaction dks provide djokrk gSaA
3) Hypermedia ij mifLFkr Information Structured gksrh gSaA
A System Less Suited for Hypermedia: - fdlh Hkh Vehicle Registration ds fy;s Number
of items dks consider fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk gj Item ,d vehicle dks represent djrk gSaA
gj Object dk Structure ,d nwljs ls vyx gksrk gSaA ftlls Information database ds chp
esa High Degree of Homogeneity jgrh gSaA ,d Vehicle dk dHkh Hkh nwljs vehicle ls
directly link ugha gksrkA Normally inquiries dks Vehicle Registration Number ;k
Owner home ds }kjk handle fd;k tkrk gSaA vr% ;g system hyper media ds fy;s
mi;qDr ugha gSaA blds fy;s vf/kd user interaction dh vko';drk Hkh ugha gSaA
Application Area for Hypermedia: 1. Literature System: - vyx vyx Literature ds fy;s vyx & vyx Information dh
vko';drk gksrh gSaA blds fy;s Information dh Structuring gksuk vko';d
gSaaA Document ds vU; Hkkxksa ls reference rFkk vU; documents dks
reference links }kjk handle fd;k tkrk gSaA
2. Publishing: - Hypermedia ds }kjk vU; Information dks tSls Pictures o Text vkfn
ds vykok vU; Information dks Hkh represent fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Information
Object tSls audio rFkk film vkfn dks Hkh document esa add fd;k tk ldrk
gSaA
3. Instruction System: - Hypermedia ds izk;% interactive instruction system ds fy;s
use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Instruction System ds }kjk Student different Path dks
follow dj Mode to Mode Jumping dj vklkuh ls Information Gain dj ysrk gSa
blds fy;s comments add djus dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSaA
4. Problem Solving System: - bl izdkj ds System dks Intergroup Communication ds
fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tc ,d gh group esa discussion, document sharing
djuh gks rks blds fy;s solution rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA
5. Idea Tools: - cgqr ls Experts dk ekuuk gSa fd thought o Ideas dks Traditional
document }kjk Represent ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd ;s Information ds Linear
Structure dks follow djrs gSaA Hypermedia Non-linear structure dks follow djrk
gSa vr% ;g thoughts o ideas ds fy;s appropriate tool gSaA
VIRTUAL REALITY
Virtual Reality dks Technical Projects rFkk Utopian Concept ds }kjk define fd;k x;k
gSaA 'Virtual' word unreality concept dks suggest djrk gSa rFkk reality 'kCn
okLrfodrk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA virtual reality dks mainly computer generated ;k
3D Environment }kjk create fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
HISTORY OF VIRTUAL REALITY: - Cotton rFkk Oliver ds }kjk (1993) esa ;g dgk
x;k fd VR dks 1930 esa trace fd;k x;k tc first flight simulator dks built fd;k x;kA bu
Simulator ds }kjk Minimum audio o visual cues ds }kjk V R development ds Start fd;k
x;k rc ls flight simulators T;knk complex rFkk demanding gksrs pys x;sA
VR dks Film Techniques ds }kjk Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa tsls 3D Cinema rFkk
fofHkUu Wide Screen Systems ftls Hollywood filmmakers }kjk 1950 esa Use esa fy;k
x;k FkkA igys head mounted display dks Iran Sutherland us 1966 esa Produce fd;k
FkkA

Present Use of Virtual Reality: Virtual Reality dks eq[;r% Visualization tool ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA VR ds
mu Situations dks develop fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls Real World Devices rFkk techniques dks
Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA fQygky VR dk iz;ksx eq[;r% Schools esa Entertain ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSa lkFk gh fdlh e'khu dks fdl izdkj iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa
dks Hkh define fd;k tkrk gSaA
Games Market esa Hkh VR dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa bls Video, PC Games
tSls Doom, Resident Evil vkfn esa Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa ftlesa Player dks
Originally headset o data glove fn;s tkrs gSa ftlls Player dks reality (okLrfodrk) dk
vkHkkl gksrk gSa fQj Player dks Car ds cockpit esa Place dj mls f[kyok;k tkrk
gSaA blls Player dks Real Situation dk Experience izkIr gksrk gSaA
Manufactures }kjk Hkh VR Concept dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tSls
Customers ds fy;s Furniture Units rS;kj djus esa] Kitchen Units dks View djus esa
vkfnA blh izdkj VR Concept dks Civil Engineering, Architectural rFkk Interior Design
ds fy;s Hkh Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa tgka 3D Images rFkk vU; Drawings dks gkFk
ls ugha oju~ Computer Generated Simulation }kjk Create fd;k tkrk gSaA
VR Reality dk Main Innovation fight simulator dks Develop djuk FkkA ftlds }
kjk ,d ,slk environment Create fd;k tkrk gSaa tgka Real Life Situations dks Create,
alter o Simulate fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls Fighter Point react o rehearse djrs gSaA blls Pilot
dks Experience feyrk gS o lkFk gh Different Problem ds fy;s fdl izdkj Safety dh
tk, ;g Hkh irk yxrk gSaA
Car designers ds }kjk Hkh VR Technique dks Hkh Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
ftlls Car Designing, Modifying rFkk 3D Perspectives dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
Manufactures }kjk Hkh Cars ij virtual test dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
Surgeons dks Hkh delicate operations dks perform djus ds fy;s Hkh VR
Concept dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
Weather Forecasting esa Hkh Virtual Reality concept dks Use esa fy;k tkrk
gSaA
Future For Virtual Reality: - Virtual Reality ds }kjk dqN Current Trends dks Internet ij
Implement fd;k tkrk gSaA VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) ,d ,slh Language
gS ftlds }kjk World Wide Web ij 3D Information dks j[kk tkrk gSaA ftlls Internet
Image dks Large Area esa c<+k;k tkrk gSa o Users virtual Web Site dks ns[k ldrs
gSaA VR ds }kjk gekjh dYiuk 'kfDr (Imagination c<+rh gSa rFkk tks Real World
dks le>us esa Hkh lgk;rk iznku djrk gSaA
Society ds cgqr ls areas ij Hkh VR dk effect iM+rk gSaA Business World Hkh
VR ds dkj.k Profit esa gSa D;ksafd blls business development, Staff Training,
Business Ventures rFkk Proposal Presentation dks Hkh cgqr Profit gqvk gSaA VR
ds }kjk Company Boxes rFkk Executives ds fy;s Hkh ;g Possible gSa fd os Virtual
Boardrooms }kjk ,d nwljs ls Meeting dj ldsaA bl concept ls de le; o de Money esa
Meeting dks Arrange fd;k tkrk gSaA
Virtual Reality dks Use esa ysdj Education Area Hkh Profit esa gSaA blesa
Students dks fcYdqy u;s rjhds ls specific subject dk Kku fn;k tkrk gSaA bl izdkj
Virtual Reality Technology dks Use esa ysdj Students esa Subject dk Interest Create
fd;k tkrk gSaA For Example: - Students ds fy;s 3D Biological ;k Molecular Process dks
Virtual Reality ds vk/kkj ij create fd;k tkrk gSaA

bl Concept dk Main Disadvantage ;g gSa fd blds }kjk Different VR equipment

dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa tks cgqr Costly gSa lkFk gh blds fy;s Virtual Class
Rooms dks Hkh specially prepare fd;k tkrk gSaA
Entertainment esa Hkh VR dk Future Available gSa buesa ls Main games
market esa gSaA VR dks Use esa ysdj Videos Games dks develop fd;k x;k gSaA
ftlls Games esa T;knk Realistic look vk;kA VR developers }kjk Entertainment ds fy;s
Virtual Art Galleries rFkk theatres Hkh develop fd;s x;s gSaA
Medical field esa Hkh VR Concept dks Use fy;k tk jgk gSaA blds }kjk
u;s&u;s treatments dks develop fd;k tk jgk gSaA Surgical Simulator ds }kjk Better
Resolution Graphics dks provide djok;k tkrk gSa o realistic reactions dks Hkh
iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEM: AI o ES dks Intelligent Support System esa consider fd;k tkrk gSaa ISS ds }kjk
Knowledge, experience o expertise decision dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
AI Computer Science dh ,d branch gS ftldk eq[; y{; human intelligence ds }kjk
Computer System dks design o develop djuk gSaA AI ,d u;k field gSaA 1940's ds chp
esa AI Concept dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA blh le; u;h & u;h Electronic Machines dk
fuekZ.k gqvk tks Large Amount of Information dks Store djrh Fkh rfkk ftlesa high
speed processing dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa computers
field esa dkQh charges vk, gSa tSls Computer dh size o cost dkQh de gksukA
AI Computer Science dh branch gS ftls Computer System dh Intelligence ls
Creation ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA bl izdkj blls ,sls systems develop fd;s tkrs
gSa tks New Concepts rFkk tasks dks perform djsa lkFk gh ftuesa human type
intelligence Hkh gksA
AI Computer Systems dh Study ;k conventional Creation ughaA lHkh izdkj ds
Programs dqN Degree of intelligence dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA ijUrq AI Programs ds }
kjk high level of intelligence degree dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSa tks humane
Intelligence ds cjkcj ;k mlls vf/kd Intelligence dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
AI dk eq[; y{; bl izdkj ds Computer Systems dks develop djuk gSa tks High
Level of Intelligence dks iznf'kZr djsa rFkk lHkh Programs dks Efficiently effectively
perform dj ldsaA AI dks eq[;r% Robotics, Memory Organization, Knowledge
representation, storage, model learning, inference techniques, commonsense reasoning,
decision making, pattern recognition, speech recognition rFkk Synthesis vkfn Components
dks Use esa ysus ds fy, Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
Japanese }kjk lcls igys AI ds fy;s Funds ,df=r djus ds fy;s Commitment fd;k x;kA
ftls Fifth Generation ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA ftls October 1981 esa announce fd;k
x;k lkfk gh Ten year plan dks develop fd;k x;k ftlls Intelligent Super computers cuk,
tk,axsA blds fy;s Government rFkk Private Companies Co-Operative effort fd;s x;sA
One Billion Dollars ds ctV ls Japanese }kjk cgqr ls Goals dks Perform fd;k x;k
ftlds }kjk Natural Language dks develop fd;k x;k] lkFk gh speech o visual scenes dks
develop fd;k x;kA
vU; Countries tSls British }kjk Alney Project Plan dks Initiate fd;k x;kA
;wjksih;u Common Market Companies }kjk Hkh gently ,d Seperate Initiated Plan dks
fodflr fd;k x;k ftls ESPRIT Program ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA
United States ds }kjk fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ Format Plan ugha cuk;k x;k
ysfdu lcls igys 1983 esa AI Technology dks Use esa ysdj VISI Technology dks
develop fd;k x;kA ;g MCC }kjk (Micro Electronics and Computer Technology
Corporation) develop dh xbZ Fkh ftls head quarter Austin, Texas esa gSaA blds ckn

(DARPA) Defense Advanced Research Project Agency }kjk AI ds fy;s Funds dks
Increase fd;k x;kA blus vyx & vyx rhu Programs ij /;ku fn;k x;k% &
1) Autonomous land vehicle dk development djukA
2) Pilot Associate dk development djukA
3) Strategic computing program dks develop djukA

Unit III
Data Warehouse dk eq[; concept Business analysis ds fy;s bl izdkj ds Data dks Store
djuk gSa tSls Effectively operational database ls vyx access fd;k tk ldsaA vr% Data
Warehouse ,d data repository gS tks fdlh Organization ds fy;s Data dks Store djrh gS
rFkk lkFk gh blls Data ij Updation o Data Retrieval Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blds }
kjk Decision Making ds Tools Provide fd;s tkrs gSa tks Systematically Data dks
Central Location ij Organize djrs gSaA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gSa fd DW Subject Oriented, Integrated, non-volatile rFkk time
variant gS ftlls vko';d Information dks Query }kjk Handle fd;k tk ldrk gSaA DW
dks develop djus dk ,d eq[; dkj.k Operational Data dks vyx&vyx Sources ls
bdV~Bk dj mls ,d single o consistent architecture esa bdV~Bk djuk gSa ftlls
decision making dh tk ldsA
Characteristics Of The DW: 1. Subject Oriented: -DW ds }kjk Data dk ,d Concise (laf{kIr) Collection Provide
djok;k tkrk gSa tks fdlh Particular Subject ls Related gksrk gSa tks decision
making esa help djrk gSaA
2. Integration: - DW dks fofHkUu vyx&vyx (Operational data bases) dks ,df=r
dj ,d Single form esa represent fd;k tkrk gSaA ftls ckn esa refine dj fn;k
tkrk gSaA
3. Non-Volatile: - DW ,d Physically repeated entity gSa ftls vyx & vyx Operational
databases ls feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSaA
Query Analysis &
Report Generation

Top Layer

Middle Layer

OLAP

Data Mining

ROLAP

MOLAP

DATA WAREHOUSING

Bottom Layer
Meta
Data

Operational D.B.

Data
Marts

Data Integration
Data Learning
Data Consolidation

External Sources

Time Variant: - gj DW Implicitly ;k explicitly time ij fuHkZj djrk gSa ftls mfpr le; ij
decision making dks perform fd;k tk ldsA

Definition: - vr% DW ,d Subject Oriented, Integrated, Time Variant rFkk Non Volatile
Data dk Collection gS tks decision making process dks support djrk gSaA blds }kjk
overview of the data dks represent fd;k tkrk gSa uk fd detail dks data dksA
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

ADVANTAGES OF DW
Cost Effective Decision Making: - DW ds }kjk flQZ mlh data dks collect fd;k
tkrk gSa ftldh vko';drk decision making ds fy;s gks rFkk ftlls vklkuh ls
queries dks handle fd;k tk ldsA lkFk gh blds }kjk complex running long
queries, complex queries rFkk reports dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
Better Enterprises Intelligence: - DW dk Multi Timed Architecture gksus ds
dkj.k mldh Quality rFkk Flexibility Increase gksrh gSaA ftlls detail
transactional Level ls High Level Summary Information dks Maintain fd;k tkrk
gSaA ftls Data dh Accuracy o reliability, maintain jgrh gSaA
Enhanced Customer Service: - Single DW architecture ds }kjk better customer
relationship dks maintain fd;k tkrk gSaA
Business Re engineering: - tc DW dh requirements dks lgh izdkj ls define fd;k
tkrk gSa rks blls better goals o measures dks represent fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
Information System Re-engineering: - Data warehouse wide data requirements ij
depend djrk gSaA ftls cost effective manner esa develop fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls
data standardization rFkk operational system interoperability dks maintain fd;k tk
ldsA
DATA WAREHOUSE COMPONENTS
Source

Data Acquisitions

External
Data
Data Manager
Warehouse Data

Data Delivery (Query)

Information Manager
Design

Warehouse Metadata

External Metadata

Management

Component Based Architecture of DW

Date Warehouse ds eq[; components fuEu gSa %&
1) Summarized data
2) Operational System/Record
3) Transformation Program
4) Current Detail
5) Metadata
6) Archives
1) Summarized Data: - Summarized Data dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSaA
1. Lightly Summarized
2. Highly Summarized
Lightly Summarized Data Date Warehouse dk eq[; rRo gSaA gj Enterprise element dks
Same Information requirements ugha gksrh gSaA vr% DW ds }kjk gj Enterprise
Element ds fy;s Lightly Summarized date (date mart) dks ,df=r dj fy;k tkrk gSaA bl
8

izdkj gj enterprise element ds }kjk detailed rFkk summarized data dks access fd;k tk
ldrk gSa tks currently stored detail ls cgqr de gksrk gSaA
Highly Summarized data dks lightly summarized data ls find out fd;k tkrk gSaA
2) Current Detail: - DW dk eq[; Part gh current detail dks j[kuk gSa tks directly
operational databases ls ,df=r dh tkrh gSaA Current detail dks subject area ds vk/kkj
ij Organize fd;k tkrk gSaA
Current detail data warehouse ds lowest level dks iznf'kZr djrh gSaA Current detail two
to five years iqjkuh gks ldrh gSaA
3) System of Record: - Record System Data dk Source gS ftlds }kjk DW esa Data
Insert fd;k tkrk gSaA Data Warehouse dk Data Operational System ls vyx gksrk gSa
ftls dsoy Read fd;k tkrk gSa mls Modify ugha fd;k tkrkA blesa mifLFkr Data
Timely Complete, accurate rFkk DW dk best structure provide djrk gSaA blesa
summarized data dks j[kk tkrk gSaA
4) Integration and Transformation Programs: - vyx&vyx Operational System Data dks
vyx&vyx Represent djrk gSaA blds }kjk ,d gh Data dks Same Code dks Represent
fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk Multiple Piece of Information dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd field esa
j[krs gSaA vr% Operational data database esa Redundantly Manage o Store jgrk gSa
tSls%& Old Mainframe files, Non-Relational DB indexed flat files rFkk card based
system bl izdkj ds operational data dks Data Warehouse esa clean, edit o reformat djds
load fd;k tkrk gSaA
bl izdkj Transformation o Integration ds fy;s different Programs cuk, tkrs
gSaA bl Integration o transformation ds }kjk fuEu functions dks perform fd;k tkrk
gSa%&
1) Reformat, Recalculate o Key Structure dks Modify djukA
2) Time elements dks add djukA
3) default value dks identify djukA
4) Multiple data sources ds e/; Logic choose djukA
5) Multiple sources ls Data dks summarize o Merge djukA
Archives: - Data Warehouse esa 1 ;k 2 lky iqjkus Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gSaA bl
Data dks iwokZuqeku (Forecasting) o trend analysis ds fyls Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
Archive Data esa Old Data dks Summarized form esa Store fd;k tkrk gSa lkFk gh
metadata dks Hkh blesa include fd;k tkrk gSaA
Metadata: - Data Warehouse dk Most Important Part metadata gSaA Metadata lHkh
Levels ds fy;s Same gksrk gSa ysfdu mldh existence o function nj warehouse ds fy;s
vyx gksrs gSaA Metadata dks Data Warehouse }kjk Manage o Control fd;k tkrk
gSaA
Metadata Data Warehouse users dk ,d part gSa rFkk blds }kjk access control o analysis
dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA DW User ds fy;s Metadata Card catalog gSaA
Structure of A Data Warehouse: - DW Structure dks 3 parts esa divide fd;k x;k gSa%
&
1) Physical Data Warehouse: - Physical Database og gS ftlesa lHkh data dks data
warehouse esa store fd;k tkrk gSaA lkFk gh metadata rFkk processing logic
dks organize, package o process fd;k tkrk gSaA

2) Logical DW: - blesa metadata dks store fd;k tkrk gSa ftlesa processing logic
Related Rules dks j[kk tkrk gSa uk fd actual data dks ;g Structure effective rc
gS tc single source of the data dks accurately o timely define fd;k tk,A
3) Data Mart: - Data Mart DW dk ,d subject gSa tks ,d enterprise element dks
support djrk gSaA Interactive DW development process esa ,d enterprise ,d
physical series of data marts rFkk links dks represent djrk gSaA
Uses of Data Warehouse: - ge tkurs gSa fd Data warehouse esa Summarized o
Detailed Data dks j[kk tkrk gSaA dqN Activities DW ds fy;s Predefined gksrh gSa
tks Traditional Database ds leku gh gksrh gSaA ijUrq dqN activities tSls Multi
dimensional analysis rFkk Information Visualization vkfn Traditional Database ls vyx
gksrh gSaA DW dks fuEu Reasons ls Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
1. Standard Reports and Queries: - DW ds cgqr ls Users dks Standard Reports
rFkk queries dks access djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSa blds fy;s dqN
le;kUrjky (Time Period) ds vk/kkj ij Set of Standard Reports dks Handle fd;k
tkrk gSaA tc DW ds Users dks Particular Report dh vko';drk gksrh gSa rks
mls Already DW System }kjk Run dj fn;k tkrk gSaA ftlls Reports dks Long
Time rd Run fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
2. Query Against The Summarized Data: - DW esa lcls T;knk summarized data
dks store fd;k tkrk gSaA ftls filering o Sumation }kjk different activity ds fy;s
Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ;s Summary views predefined business analysis dks
contail djuk gSaA
Predefined
Report & Queries

Summarised
Data
Detailed
Data

Query Against
Summarized data
Data mining it
detail data

Use of Data Warehouse

3. Data Mining: INTERFACE WITH OTHER DW: - DW vU; application ds fy;s Interface ds :i esa
Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa ftldk Source Different operational data gSaA ,d DW vU; DW
dks Data Send dj ldrk gSaA vr% og Smaller Data ftls ,d DW ls nwljs DW esa Feed
fd;k tkrk gSa mls Data Mart dgrs gSaA DW single rFkk Consistent Source gS ftlls
decision making esa help feyrh gSaA DW lHkh Operational System Interfaces ds fy;s
Source ugha gks ldrkA
DATA MINING
Large Databases esa ls Hidden Productive Information dks Extract djuk ftls Companies
Mart Important of DW ij Focus djrh gSa mls Data Mining dgk tkrk gSaA Data Mining
ds }kjk Future Friends, behaviour, knowledge driven decision dks perform fd;k tkrk
gSaA DM Tools ds }kjk Business questions dk Answer fn;k tkrk gSa ftUgsa Normal
by solve djus esa le; T;knk yxrk gSaA
vf/kdrj companies igys ls gh Collect o Refine Quantities of Data dks iznf'kZr djrh
gSaA Knowledge discovery djus ds fy;s Data Mining Concept dks Use esa fy;k tkrk
gSaA
vr% Data Mining ,d ,slk Process gS ftlds }kjk Large i unor games data bank ls
meaningful information dks extract fd;k tkrk gSaA bls Knowledge Discovery Process

10

ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSaA ;g ,d ,slk process gS ftlds }kjk automatic expression
dks perform dj productive information dks find out fd;k tkrk gSaA
DM Process esa fuEu Steps dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSa% &
1) Problem Definition
2) Creating database for DM
3) Exploring fue DB
4) Preparation of DM Model
5) Building o DM Model
6) Evaluating a DM Model
7) Deploying a DM
Motivation for Data Mining: 1) Large amount of data dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlds }kjk useful information dks
knowledge esa convert fd;k tkrk gSaA
2) Computer dh Storage dks Increase djus ds fy;s Different Storage devices dks
Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa ftlls Transaction mg not, information retrional rFkk
analysis dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
3) DM Tools dks Data Patterns dh discovery ds fy, Hkh Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
4) DM Knowledge Discovery ds Process dk ,d Step Hkh gSaA

Architecture of DM: GUI

Pattern Evaluation
DM Engine

Knowledge
Base

DW Server
DB

DB

1) DW DB rFkk Information Repostiary dks Storage ds fy, Use esa fy;k tkrk
gSaA
2) DB & DW Server relevant data dh fetching ds fy, responsible gksrs gSaA
3) Knowledge base DM process dk key component gS ftls search process ;k
evaluation pal turn ds fy, Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
4) DM Engine esa Set of Functional Modules dks j[kk tkrk gSa tSls &
Characterization, association, classification, cluster analysis, evaluation o deviation.
5) Pattern Evaluation modules ds }kjk interesting measures dh filtering dj different
pattern dks discover fd;k tkrk gSaA
6) GUI Interface ds }kjk user o DM system ds e/; easy communication dks perform
fd;k tkrk gSaA

11

EVOLUTION OF DATA MINING

Data Mining Technique long process research rFkk product development dk Result gSaA
Data Mining Business Emmunity Application ds fy;s ready gS D;ksafd blds }kjk rhu
different technologies dks support fd;k tkrk gSa% &
1) Massive Data Collection
2) Powerful Multiprocessor Computers
3) Data Mining Algorithms
Business data ls business information dks maintain djus ds fy;s gj le; Step iqjkus Step
ij fuHkzj djrk gSaA Users point of view ds according 4 steps dks perform fd;k tkrk
gSa ftlds }kjk u;s business questions dk answer accurately o quickly fn;k tk ldsA
(1) Data Collection: - bl Step esa Data dk Retrospective Nature (displaying)
rFkk Static data delivery dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
(2) Data Access: - RDBMS, SQL, ODBC vkfn ds }kjk data ij query o
reporting dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA bl phase esa dynamic data delivery
dks record level ij characterized fd;k tkrk gSaA
(3) Data Warehousing & Decision Support: - bl Technology ds }kjk Business
questions dh answering ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA bl technology
esa Online Analytical Processing, multidiemensional DB, data warehouse
vkfn dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
(4) Data Mining: - Future trends vkfn dks perform djus ds fy;s DM dks Use
esa ysrs gSaA ftlesa advanced algorithms, multiprocessor computers,
massive database vkfn ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
DATA MINING VERIFICATION VS DISCOVERY: Decision Support System (DSS), EIS (Executive Information System rFkk query tools dks
data ls report ls cukus ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
;g Data cgqr ls dimensions ls collected gksrk gSaA Data Mining tools dks customer
data esa ls funds o pattern find out djus ds fy, Hkh use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ftlls
business questions ds answer fn;s tk ldrs gSaA blds query creation dks use esa fy;k
tkrk gSaA tc data retrieve dj fy;k tkrk gSaA rc mls existing pattern ;k vU; useful
information ds lkFk questions ds answers ds fy, use esa ysrs gSaA bls verification
mode dgk tkrk gSaA bl Mode esa DSS ds users }kjk data ds ckjs esa vyx & vyx
dYiuk,a generate dh tkrh gSaA bl dkYifud data ij query perform dh tkrh gSa vksj
result of the query ;g crkrk gSa fd dYiuk lgh Fkh ;k ugha vkSj ;g dkYifud
Information rc rd generate dh tkrh gSa tc rd fd user ;g decide ugha dj ysrk fd mlds
}kjk data ij dh xbZ dkYifud information lgh gS ;k ughaA
For Example: - fdlh company dh sales analyse djus ds ckn company ds financial officer
dks ;g irk pyrk gSa fd mlds fiNys rhu eghuksa dh Sale expected slaes ls de gS
vr% financial officer blds dkj.k dks discover djuk pkgrk gSaA blds fy, og lcls
igys region }kjk fiNys rhu eghuksa esa dh xbZ sales ds fy, query issue djrk gSaA
query ds result ls ;g irk yxrk gSa fd ,d region dh sale de gSaA
vc Financial officer ml Store dh Sales de gksus ds dkj.k Find Ouy djrk gSa
blds fy, og ,d nwljh query perform djrk gSa ftlds }kjk ml region ds lHkh 'kgjks
dks sales dks find out fd;k tkrk gSaA Result ls ;g irk pyrk gSa fd ,d City dh Sales

12

de gSa vkSj blds fy, ;g fdlh Hkh dkYifud problem ds vuqeku yxkrk gSaA bl
izdkj querydks rc rd Perform fd;k tkrk gSa rc rd fd dkYifud vuqekuksa esa ls
dksbZ ,d lnh u gks tk, ;k lHkh vuqeku xyr gksA
Query generator vkfn vU; tools dks mi;ksx esa ysdj Hkh verification model
dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSaa bl tools ds example Multi dimensional analysis tools
rFkk visulasition tools gSaA MDA tool dks easily queries perform djus ds fy, Use esa
fy;k tkrk gSaA
Visualisation tools dks data dks present djus o easily user interaction ds fy, use
esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
Data Mining Data ls Information dks Create djus ds fy, ,d vU; Model Use esa
ysrh gSaA ftls discovery Model dgk tkrk gSaa ftlds }kjk Data ls Interesting Patterns
tends dilection o Data Generation dks Search fd;k tkrk gSaA ;s tools user dh help ds
fy, fcuk Information dks discover djrs gSaA ,d mi;qDr Data Mining tool og gS
ftlds }kjk Useful Facts dks de ls de le; esa Find Out fd;k tkrk gSaA
For Example: - diamond mine ls diamonds dks fudkyukA bl Technique esa Verification
og gS tc ,d&,d hole dks diamond dh vk'kk ls fill fd;k tkrk gSaa bl izdkj diamond
dks findout djuk Inefficient gSaa
tc fill fd, x, Nsnksa esa ls diamonds fey tkrs gSa rks mls discvoery dgk tkrk
gSaA vr% Data Mining ds }kjk Large Amount of Date dks Inspect fd;k tkrk gSa
rFkk mlls facts discover fd;s tkrs gSaA

13

UNIT IV
OLAP dks 1993 esa EFCODD }kjk Refer fd;k x;k FkkA blds }kjk User Interaction
data dks analyse djrk gSaA OLAP dks eq[;r% OLTP (On Line Transaction Processing)
ds lkFk Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA OLTP ds }kjk eq[; focus orders invoices transaction
vkfn ij fn;k tkrk gSaA OLAP ls igys bl system dks decision support system dgk tkrk
gSaA
Olap dks successful Management dh Key Technology dgk tkrk gSaA blds }kjk
mu Application dks define fd;k tkrk gSa tks Multidiemensional analysis business data
dks describe djrh gSaA OLAP Systems ds }kjk Managers rFkk Analysts ls easily data
performance rFkk Comparison o trend analysis dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA blds }kjk
Large Volume of data ij Processing dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA OLAP dks different
business areas ftlesa sales, marketing, financial reporting, quality, tracking, profitability,
pricing application vkfn ds fy;s Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP AND DATA WAREHOUSING: - Data dks Relational databases ds :i esa Store
fd;k tkrk gSaA Relational databases dks different operations and control areas esa use
esa fy;k tkrk gSaA blds }kjk NksVs&NksVs cgqr ls transactions rFkk fault
tolerant availability dks efficiently perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
Relational Databases ds }kjk Data warehouse dks build fd;k tkrk gSaA Data
Warehouse esa tactical Information dks Store fd;k tkrk gSa ftlds }kjk What and How
(vFkkZr~ D;k o dSls data dks store djk tk,) nksuksa dks define fd;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP ds }kjk Multidiemensional view of agreegate data dks provide fd;k tkrk gSa
ftlls stralegic information ij quick access perform fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
OLAP ds }kjk fast, consistent o interactive access dks perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP What and how ds lkFk&lkFk What is and why dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSaA
OLAP ds }kjk Complex operations dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSaA OLAP rFkk Data
warehouse complementary gSaA Data Warehouse ds }kjk Data dks Store o manage fd;k
tkrk gSaa OLAP Data Warehouse ds Data dks Strategic information dks Transform djrk
gSaA OLAP ds }kjk Data Access Information dks Knowledge esa Convert djrk gSaA
Uses of OLAP: - OLAP ds }kjk cgqr ls Organization Functions dks Perform fd;k tkrk
gSaA Finance Department ds }kjk Budgeting, activity based costing, financial
performance analysis rFkk Financial modelling dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSaA Sales
Analysis rFkk Forecasting nksuksa sales Department dh eq[; Applications gSaA vU;
analysis esa Production Planning o Defect analysis dks Hkh Consider fd;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP Application dks Key Concept Just in fine effective decision making dks Perform
fd;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP ds cgqr ls Functional Areas gSa ftuds Key Features fuEu gSa% &
(1) Multidiemenstional Virus of Data
(2) Calculation Intensive Capability
(3) Tive Intelligence
(1) Multidiemensional virus ds }kjk actual business moderl dks perform fd;k tkrk
gSaA Multidiemensional views ds }kjk slice & dice alrlity dks provide fd;k tkrk
gSaA blds }kjk analytical processing dks perform dj Flixible Information ds
Represent fd;k tkrk gSaA Database design og gSa tgka ij Different Diemension
ds Operations dks Rapially perform fd;k tkrk gSaA

14

OLAP Software ds }kjk Natural o Responsive Fashion esa different views of data
dks support fd;k tkrk gSaA OLAP dh lHkh Acitivities time ij fuHkZj djrh
gSaA vr% OLAP Response Time ij fuHkZj djrk gSaA vr% ,d Specific time ij
Specific Information dh query ds }kjk Display fd;k tkrk gSaA
(2) Complex Calculations: - OLAP ds }kjk Complex Calculations dks Perform fd;k
tkrk gSaA OLAP ds }kjk Simple Agreegation dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
Complex Calculation esa Shared Calculator dks Include fd;k tkrk gSaA
izk;% Algebric operations dks perform djus ds fy;s OLAP dks Use esa fy;k
tkrk gSaA Sales Forecasting ds fy;s Trend algorithms dks use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA
Complex Relationship model dks create djus ds fy, analytical processing applications dks
perform fd;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP S/W ds }kjk Different Compulational Methods dks Perform fd;k tkrk
gSaA Developers rFkk Business users dks More Efficient cukus ds fy;s different
compulational methods dks implement fd;k tkrk gSa tks clear rFkk Non Procedural
gSaA vxj System Procedural gksxk rks Operations Timely Perform ugha gksxsaA
Transaction Processing Systems dks Data Collection rFkk Data Managing,
analytical processing ds vk/kkj ij Test fd;k tkrk gSaA Forcast Compulation lcls vf/kd
Complex Calculation gSaA tSls trend analysis, allocations vkfnA
(3) Time Intelligence: - fdlh Hkh analytical processing ds fy;s time ,d egRoiw.kZ
component gSaA Time ,d Unique diemonsion gSa D;ksafd ;g Sequential
character dks contain djrk gSaA True OLAP Systems dks sequential nature of
time ds vk/kkj ij le>k tk ldrk gSaA Business Performance dks Time ds
vk/kkj ij gh Judge fd;k tkrk gSaA OLAP System ds }kjk Over Time Concept
dks Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSaA
OLAP Benefits: - Successful OLAP Applications ds }kjk Business Manageers, developers
rFkk Whole Organizations dh Productivity dks Increase fd;k tkrk gSaA OLAP Systems
ds }kjk Business users dks self sufficient cuk;k tkrk gSaA
OLAP dks Stratagic Information, timely access rFkk effective decision making ds
fy;s use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

15