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The transformation of one phase from another by the growth of nuclei forming randomly in the
parent phase
The Avrami equation describes how solids transform from one phase (state of matter) to another
at constant temperature. It can specifically describe the kinetics of crystallisation, can be applied
generally to other changes of phase in materials, like chemical reaction rates, and can even be
meaningful in analyses of ecological systems.[1]
The equation is also known as the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov, or JMAK, equation. The
equation was first derived by Kolmogorov in 1937 and popularized by Melvin Avrami in a series
of papers published in the Journal of Chemical Physics from 1939 to 1941.[2][3][4]
Contents
1 Transformation kinetics
2 Derivation
4 References
5 External links
Transformation kinetics
Typical isothermal transformation plot (top). The transformation can be described using the
avrami equation as a plot of lnln(1/(1-Y)) vs ln(t) yields a straight line
Transformations are often seen to follow a characteristic s-shaped, or sigmoidal, profile where
the transformation rates are low at the beginning and the end of the transformation but rapid in
between.
The initial slow rate can be attributed to the time required for a significant number of nuclei of
the new phase to form and begin growing. During the intermediate period the transformation is
rapid as the nuclei grow into particles and consume the old phase while nuclei continue to form
in the remaining parent phase.
Once the transformation begins to near completion there is little untransformed material for
nuclei to form in and the production of new particles begins to slow. Further, the particles already
existing begin to touch one another, forming a boundary where growth stops.
Derivation
The simplest derivation of the Avrami equation makes a number of significant assumptions and
simplifications:[5]
If these conditions are met then a transformation of into will proceed by the nucleation of
new particles at a rate per unit volume which grow at a rate into spherical particles and only
stop growing when they impinge upon each other. During a time interval,
,
nucleation and growth can only take place in untransformed material. However, the problem is
more easily solved by applying the concept of an extended volume the volume of the new
phase that would form if the entire sample was still untransformed. During the time interval to
+d the number of nuclei, N, that appear in a sample of volume V will be given by:
[1]
Since growth is isotropic, constant and unhindered by previously transformed material each
nuclei will grow into a sphere of radius
appearing in the time interval will be:
and
due to nuclei
Only a fraction of this extended volume is real; some portion of it lies on previously transformed
material and is virtual. Since nucleation occurs randomly, the fraction of the extended volume
that forms during each time increment that is real will be proportional to the volume fraction of
untransformed . Thus
rearranged
).
Given the previous equations this can be reduced to the more familiar form of the Avrami
(JMAK) equation which gives the fraction of transformed material after a hold time at a given
temperature
where
and
which allows the determination of the constants n and k from a plot of lnln(1/(1-Y)) vs ln(t). If
the transformation follows the Avrami equation this yields a straight line with gradient n and
intercept ln K.
References
1.
Avramov, I (2007). "Kinetics of distribution of infections in networks". Physica A 379: 615
620. Bibcode:2007PhyA..379..615A. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2007.02.002.