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The Assessment of flue Gas Particulate abatement in wood Burning Boilers Phase 2
Customer:
Contact:
Customer reference:
Author:
Robert Stewart, Alan Leonard, Dr Scott
Hamilton, Stephen Fleming
Approved By:
Dr Scott Hamilton
Date:
11th March 2011
Signed:
AEA reference:
Ref: ED56285- Phase 2- Issue Number 3
This report was prepared for Forestry Commission Scotland under the
AEA in Confidence
ii
The Assessment of flue Gas Particulate abatement in wood Burning Boilers Phase 2
Executive summary
The Forestry Commission commissioned AEA to undertake a review of the current
abatement technologies and the measurement methods and procedures available used to
assess the performance of abatement equipment used to reduce the emissions of particulate
material from the combustion of wood. This report is a summary of work undertaken as
Phase 2 of the project focussing on the methods available for particulate emission
measurement and for determination of abatement performance.
There are a number of International and national sampling standards for the determination of
the particulate material concentrations from combustion sources.
There are national Standards and a draft International Standard available for assessing
performance of filter media but there is not a standard available for the assessment of the
efficiency or performance of particulate abatement equipment. However, a Workshop
Agreement document published by CEN provides a framework for assessing performance of
abatement equipment.
This review indicates that Standards for quantifying performance of emission abatement
equipment are limited. However, if performance is defined in terms of an emission
concentration or rate, then emission testing can provide a means to assess compliance with
an emission guarantee. An emission performance guarantee from a boiler and/or abatement
manufacturer could be helpful to developers and planning authorities by providing more
confidence that claimed emission levels (and hence air quality impacts) would be achieved.
There are existing Standards suitable for determining particulate emission concentrations
from biomass combustion processes. These are generally well-defined and there are
accredited testhouses readily available in the UK to undertake such measurements. Total
particulate measurement Standards are generally suitable (or can be adapted comparatively
easily) for smaller sizes of duct associated with smaller boilers (in particular duct diameters
<0.5 m). There are also Standard and other methods available for determination of PM10
and/or PM2.5 emission concentration however these may require substantial modification to
apply at smaller boilers.
There is a general lack of drivers which would encourage abatement system manufacturers
to provide performance data in a way that local environmental officers can utilise across the
UK in assessing the potential air quality implications of a biomass system. The need for
abatement performance data is currently largely driven by specific local concerns, though
perhaps there is potential for a national programme of testing/certification similar to that
carried out for Clean Air Act exemptions.
An emission monitoring protocol also needs to address operation of the boiler. The
availability of testhouses accredited to determine appliance output or efficiency to Standard
test methods is limited. There are a number of testhouses in Europe (including at least one
in the UK) with laboratory facilities for testing solid fuel boilers (to EN303-5) but very few
testhouses appear to offer accredited testing for output and efficiency of installed boilers.
An abatement efficiency protocol could be developed by undertaking particulate
measurement Standards upstream and downstream of abatement equipment but while this is
a practical mechanism for assessing a particular abatement technology on a particular boiler
and fuel it may not provide sufficient control of the inlet conditions to apply as a general type
approval method for abatement technology.
Some elements of abatement equipment performance are addressed in Standards. For
example, performance testing of filter media. But the Standard assessments are under
highly specific, defined conditions to assure comparability of testing and this testing does not
AEA in Confidence
ii
The Assessment of flue Gas Particulate abatement in wood Burning Boilers Phase 2
AEA in Confidence
iii
The Assessment of flue Gas Particulate abatement in wood Burning Boilers Phase 2
Table of contents
1
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Project aims Phase 2 ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Report structure ................................................................................................. 1
AEA in Confidence
iv
1 Introduction
1.1 Project aims Phase 2
The project aims to investigate the technologies available and coming onto the market which
abate particulate emissions from wood-burning boilers.
Phase 2 is intended to outline the available techniques for assessing the performance of
particulate abatement techniques applicable to small biomass boiler installations (50 2000
kW output).
As result of the components present in wood there are a variety of particulates produced. It
has been reported1 that the design of the combustion plant can influence both the quantity
and type of particle emitted. Boilers that achieve high combustion efficiency result in
comparatively lower emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and soot. Particles from welldesigned automatically operated wood combustion appliances consist mainly of inorganic
matter such as ash and salts, but particles from (for example) batch-fed, natural draught,
manually-controlled appliances operated under poor conditions consist mainly of soot and
organic substances as a result of their relatively low combustion efficiency.
Solid fuel combustion is a complex process in which fuel reacts with oxygen from the air
producing heat energy. The process involves four main steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The combustion process consists of consecutive processes and reactions but these can
occur simultaneously at different regions of the combustion chamber. The time used for each
reaction depends on fuel size and properties, temperature, and combustion conditions. The
different reactions generally overlap because the physical and thermal boundaries are not
fixed. The main steps of solid fuel combustion are presented below.
1
Particulate Emissions from Biomass, Combustion in IEA Countries Survey on Measurements and Emission Factors, Thomas
Nussbaumer, Claudia Czasch, Norbert Klippel, Linda Johansson, Claes Tullin
Hall, A. (2007) Combustion Theory and Biomass Burner Technology, Biomass Energy Centre,
www.bioenergygroup.org/uploads/documents/CleanHeatAndyHallPresentationI.ppt
The general conditions for efficient combustion are often referred to as the three Tsresidence Time, Turbulence and Temperature. Essentially, good combustion is assured
when fuel pyrolysis and gasification products can mix with air (oxygen) at a high enough
temperature and over a sufficient period. When one or more of these factors is adversely
impacted, incomplete combustion becomes likely. The total particle emission can increase
dramatically due to unburnt soot (carbon) in the flue gas. As a result of agglomeration, the
particle size distribution is shifted to larger particles. In addition, high concentrations of
condensable organic matter are released with the flue gas which can condense and
contribute to the particulate emission.
In general, particulate matter from the incomplete combustion of wood consists of solid soot
particles and condensable organic substances.
These conditions result in significantly
higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as well as far higher cell
toxicity and carcinogenic potential of particulate from incomplete combustion of wood.3
However, correctly-sized automatic boilers using appropriate fuels will have high combustion
efficiency and particulate emissions will be predominantly formed of fine particulate from ash
particles with some contribution from volatile inorganic salts.
Condensable organic
emissions are unlikely to be a substantial part of the emission and may be restricted to
slumber periods or transient emissions during start-up, shutdown or periods of rapid change
in boiler operation.
A key issue for particulate abatement technologies is whether the particulate material is
present in the solid (or liquid) phase when it reaches the abatement equipment. For boilers,
flue gas temperatures should be comparatively low (generally <200C) which should
encourage condensation of volatile components. For most abatement equipment, the
temperature also needs to be high enough to avoid condensation of water vapour as this can
block filter elements and lead to corrosion damage.
A sampling system needs to consider the conditions of the exhaust gases and the particulate
emission to ensure that the sampling method reflects the characteristics of the exhaust
gases to minimise the impact of the measurement technique employed. As an example,
methods that sample at the temperatures in the duct do not necessarily sample the
condensable fraction whereas systems that cool the sample will collect both the filterable and
condensable fractions.
However, for automatic boilers with high combustion efficiency, a sampling method which
aims to collect the filterable total particulate component should be adequate. Furthermore,
whilst PM10 and PM2.5 measurements will provide additional information they are not directly
comparable to an ambient air quality measurement of PM10 and PM2.5.
In most
circumstances, using total particulate measurements and assuming equivalence to PM10 or
3
PM2.5 will be adequate to assess air quality impact because this provide a worst case
situation for assessing an air quality impact. There are general default size fractionation
factors in the literature if needed4 (and these indicate that for biomass combustion most of
the particulate emitted is PM2.5).
4
For example the size fractionation can be derived from the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook available here :
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009
The procedure is
However, for small boilers, a key issue is the size of the sample equipment as it can obstruct
the duct and influence the measurements. As a guide, if the area of sampling assembly is
5%5 or greater of the duct area then ex-stack sampling should be adopted with only the
sample nozzle, probe, pitot and temperature measurement in the stack. For very small
boilers, use of a full flow dilution tunnel may be appropriate as it allows easier application of a
Standard method.
From USEPA Method 17 Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources
3.3.1 EN 13284-1:2001
Stationary source emissions Determination of mass concentration of particulate
matter (dust) at low concentrations Part 1: Manual gravimetric method
This method is applicable to particulate material concentrations below 50 mg.m-3 however,
the principles can also be applied at higher concentrations (for example upstream of
abatement equipment).
The standard defines the design and performance of the equipment to be used. The position
of the sample plane is defined to eliminate or reduce the influence of inertial effects
7
associated with particulate material and the variation in flow direction and amplitude as much
as practicable.
This standard is verified at the concentration level of 5 mg.m-3. The following table gives
data validity criteria specified by the Standard.
Table 1 - Data Validity Criteria for EN13284 Part 1
Parameter
Pass Criteria
Plane Profile
Leak Check
Sample Blank
10 % of limit value
Isokinetic Rate
The size of the separation devices may prevent use in small ducts common in smaller
biomass installations without adapting the method (see Section 3.2.3).
3.6 Germany
CEN standard sampling methods are adopted by the German Standards organisation (DIN)
but the Association of German engineers (VDI)6 also lists several guidelines for particulate
measurement.
Methods 5, 5I and 17 follow similar principles to that of the CEN and ISO standards.
However, a specific design of equipment is specified and the filtration temperature is fixed at
120C. The approach uses isokinetic sampling to ensure that sampling does not influence
the particle sizes sampled ensuring that the sample is representative of the emission. Metod
17 adopts an in-stack location for the sample filter which is unlikely to be suitable for the
smallest boilers (see Section 3.2.3).
In addition to these methods the USEPA has published two methods for wood stoves, these
are not applicable to larger boilers but illustrate methods for capturing filterable and
condensable emissions.
Method 5G Particulate Matter emissions from Wood Heaters using a Dilution Tunnel.
The sampling train differs from the Standard Method 5 systems in that the particulate
material is collected on two fibre filters in series compared to the single filter used on Method
5. The filters are also maintained at a lower temperature, i.e. 32C as compared to the
120C, than used for Method 5 sampling.
10
In addition the sample is taken from a single position in a collection hood and sampling
tunnel that collects the total emission from the process/unit which is mixed with dilution air.
Method 5H - Determination of particulate matter emissions from wood heaters from a
stack location. This method is more similar than Method 5G to Method 5, since the filter is
maintained at 120C. Although, a dual filter sampling train from a single point is used, as in
Method 5G, the two filters are separated by the impingers.
In addition, the USEPA has published methods to determine specific size fractions found
within emissions from stationary sources. :
Method 201 uses specialist sample flow control equipment and is more complex than Method
201A which uses the same flow controller as for Method 5. Methods 201 and 201A uses a
cyclone to separate a PM10 fraction; the cyclone is deployed in-stack and hence the method
is unlikely to be suitable for the smallest boiler sizes (see Section 3.2.3). Method 202 allows
determination of condensable emissions by modifying the post-filter sampling train and
recovery procedures of the other methods.
The USEPA has also published Conditional Test Methods and Other Test Methods these
are not approved alternative methods but methods which may, in certain circumstances,
provide suitable data.
Conditional test methods:
ASTM D3685 / D3685M - 98(2005) Standard Test Methods for Sampling and
Determination of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
11
Applicability
to smaller
boilers
CEN
EN 132841:2001
ISO
ISO 9096:2003
ISO
ISO 12141:2002
VDI
(Germany)
USEPA
(USA)
Method 5
USEPA
Method 5I
USEPA
Method 17
ASTM
(USA)
ASTM D3685 /
D3685M 98(2005)
Not known
ASTM
Not known
12
Applicability
to smaller
boilers
EN/ISO
EN ISO
23210:2009
VDI
(Germany)
VDI
USEPA
(USA)
CTM 39
USEPA
(PM10)
Method 201
USEPA
(PM10)
Method 201A
USEPA
(PM10)
Method 202
Determination of Condensable
Particulate Emissions from Stationary
Sources.
Note that use on smaller boilers may be possible by modifying methodology to accommodate
in-stack separation devices outside the stack (for example in a heated oven) or by applying a
full flow dilution tunnel to provide a larger diameter duct for sampling. However, both these
approaches can affect the material sampled and deployment of a dilution tunnel may not be
practical outside a laboratory.
13
Other Particulate
Techniques
Measurement
In addition to the methods listed in Section 3, there are a number of techniques that are used
to determine particulate material concentration, size distribution and composition. The
Standard methods tend to involve discontinuous gravimetric sampling whereas some of
these other techniques provide continuous or near continuous sampling and parameter
determination.
8
England, G.C and McGarth, T.P., Development of Fine Particulate Emissions Factors and Speciation Profiles for Oil and Gas-Fired Combustion
Systems, Topical Report: Fine Particulate Test Protocol.
9
Final report available here : http://www.nyserda.org/programs/environment/emep/08_CriticalReviewUpdate_R1-V0.pdf
14
Although field testing using the dilution tunnel approach was demonstrated, the
measurement protocol has not been adopted by USEPA but the work has provided input to
conditional test methods for determination of PM10 and PM2.5 at stationary sources.
in particles.cm-3 each second. These counts are then stored as data and also transmitted via
the RS-232 to an external data acquisition device.
16
Supporting Measurements
5.1 Overview
A number of parameters are required in addition to the particulate measurements in order to
allow standardisation of the particulate emission data and, to characterise operation of the
boiler and, where relevant, abatement equipment during the particulate measurements.
Table 2 summarises recommended requirements for supporting measurements for heating
boilers (different parameters may apply for other types of appliance). Some of the
measurement parameters (for example moisture, flow, temperature) should be undertaken
as part of the particulate measurements but it is important that, as far as practical,
measurements and samples are undertaken simultaneously to ensure plant operation is the
same throughout the test period.
Table 2 Supporting measurement requirements
Area
of Measurement
Standard
measurement
Sampling position Flow,
assessment
and traverse
measurement plan
Emission
standardisation
Combustion quality
Comment
pollutant EN 15259
O2
EN 14789
Moisture
EN 14790
Flow
EN 13284-1
Temperature
EN 13284-1
CO2
ISO 12039
CO
EN 15058
VOC (OGC)
EN 13526
EN 12619
Boiler load
Water
temperature
difference
Fuel quality
Fuel size
EN 15149
Fuel type
EN 14961
Calorific value
EN 14918
Moisture
EN 14774
Ash
EN 14775
Fuel sampling
EN/TS 14778
C/H/N
EN/TS 15104
Consumptions,
efficiency
Electrical
compressed
fuel use
flow, EN 303-5
load, EN 303-5
air,
17
Alternatively,
for
appliances larger than
300kW, BS 845 Part 1, EN
12953 Part 11 or, EN
12952 Part 15
Peak,
service
use,
auxiliary equipment loads
Area
measurement
of Measurement
Abatement
technology
Standard
Electrical
load,
compressed
air,
consumables,
efficiency,
compatibility
with
boiler
Comment
Some
standards
on
durability and performance
of cleanable filter elements
but
little
on
overall
abatement system and
integration impacts.
5.2 Emissions
A good sampling position (and sampling facilities) and appropriate test plan is key to
ensuring valid test results. EN 15259 provides a procedure for assessing and verifying the
suitability of the sampling position and also requires production of a test plan to help assure
that all requirements of the measurements are addressed.
In addition to particulate measurements, measurements are recommended to allow
standardisation of emission results (for example to a reference O2 content or to allow
expression as an emission factor). Monitoring of carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic
compounds is proposed in order to assess whether combustion efficiency is satisfactory and
to determine if the emission may contain a significant condensable component10.
18
EN303-5 (for solid fuel central heating boilers up to 300 kW output) includes several generic
commercial fuel definitions but there are also a suite of Standards and Technical
Specifications produced by CEN TC335 on solid biofuels which also define fuel classes.
The fuel should be classified in accordance with the TC335 Standards and Technical
Specifications on solid biofuel.
19
Methodologies
for
Assessing
Particulate Abatement Efficiency
11
20
6.3 CEN
6.3.1 Overview
CEN have produced a Workshop Agreement (CWA) to provide technical review of
abatement equipment and the measurements associated with the performance of air
emissions abatement technologies:
CWA 16060:2009 Environmental technology verification. Air Emissions
abatement technologies.
This reviews the procedures for verification of air emission abatement technologies but is not
specific to abatement of wood combustion processes. A staged process is described:
6.3.3 Verification
The aim is to assess whether test results verify the claims; an external and independent
review of the test report is provided in a review report which essentially judges the validity of
the claims from the test results. The review report has to provide a justified evaluation with
additional attention where results are not provided by independent test organisations.
Guidance is provided on the scope of the evaluation, key headings include evaluation of:
Test implementation
21
6.4 ISO
6.4.1 Overview
ISO have published a draft Standard:
ISO/DIS 11057 Test method for filtration characterisation of cleanable filter media.
It is based on German, Japanese, American and Chinese national Standards. The draft
Standard is intended to provide a method for characterisation and evaluation of cleanable
filter media (typically a cartridge or filter bag cleaned by a compressed air pulse). The aim of
the draft Standard is to allow statements about the filtering properties of filter media in longterm operation. Design of filtering systems, selection of media are stated to be largely
based on data obtained empirically from process plant or pilot plants.
The main purpose of testing is to characterise both the operational performance and the
particle emission of cleanable filter media. Tests are conducted under controlled conditions
and are intended to provide an indicative comparison of the operational behaviour of filter
media it may not give an accurate representation of field performance.
Conditioning
Aging
Stabilising
Measuring
Optional Measuring
The draft Standard sets out requirements for preparation, maintenance and calibration of the
test rig and associated components.
Example report tables are provided within the DIS.
Informative annexes describe
modifications to suit less aggressive cleaning cycles, rigid filter media, PM2.5 measurement,
filtration classes, and durability of filter elements.
22
6.5 Other
VDI 3926:2004 describes a Standard test method for the evaluation of cleanable filter media
and was one of the national Standards used to develop DIS 11057.
VDI 2052 describes a method that determines the filter efficiency as a function of particle
size.
This method involves challenging the filter with material with particles of a specific size and
measuring the concentration of these before and after the filter.
23
Assessment of air quality impacts could be relatively straightforward for example focussing
on emission testing with some adaptation of particulate measurement methods (for example
filtration and filter conditioning temperature) coupled with characterisation of the operation of
the boiler to assure appropriate testing conditions.
However, assessment of abatement plant performance could be a much more substantial
task it may include emission testing under defined and reproducible conditions, filter
challenge testing, consumptions, product durability/construction and identification of essential
parameters to enable combination with a boiler. Some of these may not require testing but
verification that materials used meet performance specifications. However, performance
specifications do not exist for most aspects of abatement design and, such specifications
may not be easy or quick to develop; particularly for rapidly-evolving biomass applications.
That said, if abatement manufacturers are selling equipment aimed at reducing particles it is
natural to assume that the cost burden must fall to them to answer the question of the
effectiveness of their equipment, perhaps initially for marketing purposes, and perhaps later
in response to new regulatory drivers. However there is a clear need to inform manufacturers
what test protocols and standards would be acceptable for testing their equipment, and how
the resulting data should be presented for interpretation.
Perhaps a system similar to that currently in place to exempt appliances for use in Smoke
Control Areas could be developed with the aim of limiting particulate emissions from boilers
and any attached abatement systems in particularly sensitive locations.
13
www.mcerts.net
25
The alternative is to follow the approach of challenging the equipment with known
concentrations of particulate of known composition (size distribution). This would be similar
to tests for clean room or HEPA filters but could be considered an artificial test (i.e. too
removed from real life use).
Guidance on what would need to be considered in assessing an abatement plant is provided
in CWA 16060, however, there are currently few EN or ISO Standards available to allow
development of a performance test addressing all aspects of abatement performance.
26
27
The following Recommendations are made to inform future development of test protocols for
biomass boiler abatement equipment :
1. Determine whether common filtration and weighing temperature criteria are required
for measurement of particulate from biomass combustion the particulate
measurement Standards currently adopt different temperatures.
2. Development of criteria to determine whether condensable emissions are likely to
form a significant component of the particulate emission and hence indicate a need
for further emission testing.
3. Development of clear performance guarantees for particulate emission
concentrations and rates for boiler and abatement equipment would assist developers
and planning officers to determine if an installation represents a risk to local air
quality. Such guarantee criteria may not be appropriate where a large number of
boilers already exist (or are proposed) in an area but could allow distinction between
equipment suitable for use where there is no AQMA, areas which are close to
exceeding air quality standards and areas where an AQMA has been declared.
Ideally such guarantees should be based on emission concentrations or rates which
are unlikely to cause an air quality exceedence.
4. To determine compliance with performance guarantees requires a common test
protocol ideally based on EN and ISO Standards to assure consistency of
interpretation across different stakeholder groups. Such a test protocol should
address emission measurements, fuel and boiler conditions.
5. Development of a test protocol to incorporate testing at low and rated output
conditions would allow demonstration of emissions across the operating range of a
boiler (low and rated output testing). This would allow manufacturers and suppliers to
demonstrate suitability of equipment for planning and other purposes (for example
Clean Air Act Exemption).
6. Development of a protocol (based on Standards where available) to determine
emission and operational criteria could allow abatement and boiler manufacturers to
demonstrate performance of abatement equipment. Performance elements for
inclusion in such a protocol would need to be determined but could include :
- particulate emission
- abatement efficiency (inlet and outlet measurements or filter challenge test)
- acceptable or maximum flow range of abatement equipment
- maximum temperature of equipment
- suitability of materials of construction for biomass boilers
- electrical consumption (peak and continuous load)
- air consumption
- maintenance interval
- filter media life (if a consumable)
This list is not exhaustive. As a first stage, stakeholders need to determine which
parameters are needed to develop a protocol.
28
9 Acknowledgements
AEA gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the project steering group:
sa Hedmark
Tom Bell
Andrew Taylor
Iain McLellan
Allen Hughes
Christine McKay
Paul Smith
Rebecca Carr
Stuart Reid
HW Energy
Janet Brown
Steve Thomson
Angus Council
Daniel Borisewitz
Scottish Renewables
Sam Haston
Neil Ferguson
Scottish Enterprise
Steven Downie
RD Energy Solutions
Owen Watters
Tom Davies
29
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