Ural Industrial District

A) More than 1,00 mineral types

1) Lack of energy sources
2) Shipped frm other places
Kuznetsk Industrial District
A) Lots of iron, invest in other capital (steel)
Easter Ukraine
A) Lrgst coal reserves in world
Silesia
A) Near coal fields, leading manufacturer
North America
A) Grew faster in US, was more expensive bc labor scarce
1) 1st textile: Pawtucket, RI and embargo imposed to stop Napoleonic
Wars interrupting
2) Iron and steel indus: not unitl late 19th cent
U.S. Industrial Areas
A) Traditionally in NE US + SE Canada
1) 1/3 pop + 2/3 manu output
2) Dominant bc: W. Eur settlers + essential raw materials
3) N. Amer manu belt
New England
A) Began w/ cotton textiles
1) Cotton frm S, made in N, shipped to Eur, N. Eng now skilled
expensive labor
Middle Atlantic
A) Lrgst US market
Mohawk Valley
A) Was imp for steel + food processing, aluminum, paper,
+electrochemical indus to reg
Pittsburg-Lake Erie
A) Imp for steel + steel-using companies
Western Great Lakes

A) Chicago: nations transportation network

1) Transfer point for water, air, truck, rail systems
2) Car indus bc lrg transportation route
Canadas Industrial Areas
A) Hydroelectricity, automobiles in Toronto, cheap energy= manufacturing
indus
East Asia
A) Use of lrg labor force
1) Lower wages= cheap labor for companies
2) Japan: cheap+ highly skilled workers
3) Japan manu in Tokyo + Nagasaki
4) China; 2nd lrgst + near eastern portion

Key Issue 2: Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions?

Situation + site factors
SF: transporting materials to + frm factories
SIF: unique traits of location (labor, kand, capital)
Situation Factors
A) All manus try to aggregate making + transporting product
1) Locate close to buyer and sellers
2) Determines where to locate factory
Proximity to Inputs
A) Frm phys envi (nat resources) or made by other companies
Copper Industry
A) 1st step: mining
1) > .7% copper mined in NA is low graded (waste is gaungue)
2) Bulk-reducing industry= econ activity where final product
weighs less than inputs
3) Input for smelters (near concentration mills)
4) Produce copper cathodes
5) 2/3 mined in Arizona
6) Based on energy as well
Origin of Steel Industry
A) Alloy of iron used by removing impurities
1) For weapon + tools by heating and cooling

2) James Watt: steam engine (kept ovens hot for long time)
3) Pumped water better than manual labor
4) Henry Cort: puddling + rolling (reheat pig iron + pass it btwn
rollers)
5) Required energy, turned to coal use not wood
6) More durable, but expensive so luxury item
7) Clustered near raw materials
U.S. Steel Industry
A) Concentrated near where minerals found
1) Built near Mesabi Range to minimize transport costs
2) Were in E + W bc low transport cost, now imp output
Changing U.S. Steel Industry
A) Most closed, derives of access to markets rather than input
1) Located near major markets
2) Shows imp of market access rather than input
Proximity to Market
A) Critical for 3 types: bulk gaining, single market, + perishable
Bulk-gaining Industries
A) Bulk-gaining Industries= gains weight or volume during
production
1) Soda bottling: bottles filled
2) Inputs: syrup + water
3) Water available everywhere, minimizes shipping costs
4) Beer companies: near major pop centers to lower shipping costs
5) Scotch whiskey: higher sometimes bc shipping costs
Fabricated Metals and Machinery
A) Transports them into complex products
1) TV, fridges, and ACs
2) Located near markets
3) Lrgst for motor vehicles
4) Distribution changes (markets change constantly)
5) Change based on diversity of products
6) Japanese or German car companies: US interior bc cheaper than
Coastal
Single-market Manufacturers
A) Manufacturers have 1 or two customers
1) Parts shipped to warehouses (just-in-time)

Perishable Products
A) Food producers: rapid delivery
1) Frozen, canned, + preserved process diff (cheese lasts longer than
milk)
2) Newspaper= perishable
Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?
A) Cheapest one changes w/ distance
1) Farther= lower cost per mile
2) Trucks for short + trains for long bc trucks cheaper than trains to
load + unload
3) Air used for speedy delivery (FedEx)
Break-of-Bulk Points
A) Cost rises each time product moved frm 1 mode to another
1) Break-of-bulk point= location where transfer among
transport modes is possible
2)