SmartCtrl 2.1 Help

SmartCtrl
Users Guide
Powersim Inc.
SmartCtrl Users Guide

Version 2.1
Release 1.0
March 2014
Copyright 20092014Carlos III University of Madrid, GSEP Power Electronics Systems Group,
Spain.All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be photocopied or reproduced in any form or by
anymeans without the written permission of Powersim and the Carlos III University of Madrid.
Disclaimer
Powersim Inc. (Powersim) and the Carlos III University of Madrid make no representation or warranty
with respect to the adequacy or accuracy of this documentation or the software which it describes. In no
event will Powersim and the Carlos III University of Madrid or its direct or indirect suppliers be liable for
any damages whatsoever including, but not limited to, direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential
damages of any character including, without limitation, loss of business profits, data, business
information, or any and all other commercial damages or losses, or for any damages in excess of the list
price for the license to the software and documentation.
Powersim Inc.
email: info@powersimtech.com
http://www.powersimtech.com
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1
WhySmartCtrl?
1.2
ProgramLayout
CHAPTER 2:
MAIN MENUS AND TOOLBARS
2.1
FileMenu
2.2
DesignMenu
2.3
ViewMenu
2.4
WindowMenu
2.5
MainToolbar
2.6
ViewToolbar
2.6.1
SmartCtrladditionaltransferfunctions
CHAPTER 3:
3.1
DESIGN A PREDEFINED TOPOLOGY
DCDCConverterSingleloop
3.1.1
SingleLoop
11
13
13
13
3.2
DCDCConverterPeakCurrentModeControl
15
3.3
DCDCconverterAverageCurrentModeControl
19
3.4
PowerFactorCorrector
23
3.4.1
PowerStage
31
3.4.2
Graphicpanels
33
3.4.2.1
Oscillatorrampandinternalcompensator
33
3.4.2.2
LineCurrent
33
3.4.2.3
Rectifiedvoltageandexternalcompensatoroutput
34
3.4.3
Multipliers
35
3.4.3.1
Multiplier
35
3.4.3.2
UC3854Amplifiers
36
CHAPTER 4:
4.1
DESIGN A GENERIC TOPOLOGY
sdomainmodeleditor
37
37
4.1.1
sdomainmodel(equationeditor)
38
4.1.2
sdomainmodel(polynomialcoefficients)
41
4.1.2.1
4.2
PlantWizard
Importfrequencyresponsedatafrom.txtfile
43
46
CHAPTER 5:
DESIGN A GENERIC CONTROL SYSTEM
51
CHAPTER 6:
DCDC PLANTS
55
6.1
Buck
56
6.2
Boost
59
6.3
BuckBoost
62
6.4
Flyback
65
6.5
Forward
67
CHAPTER 7:
SENSORS.
70
7.1
VoltageDivider
70
7.2
Embeddedvoltagedivider
70
7.3
IsolatedVoltageSensor
71
7.4
ResistiveSensor(PowerFactorCorrector)
71
7.5
ResistiveSensor(PeakCurrentModeControl)
72
7.6
Halleffectsensor
72
7.7
CurrentSensor
72
CHAPTER 8:
MODULATOR
73
8.1
Modulator(PeakCurrentModeControl)
73
8.2
Modulator(PWM)
73
ii
CHAPTER 9:
9.1
COMPENSATORS
75
Singlelooporinnerloop
75
9.1.1
Type3compensator
75
9.1.2
Type3compensatorunattenuated
76
9.1.3
Type2compensator
77
9.1.4
78
9.1.5
PIcompensator
79
9.1.6
PIcompensatorunattenuated
80
9.2
Outerloopandpeakcurrentmodecontrol
81
9.2.1
Singlepolecompensator
81
9.2.2
Singlepolecompensatorunattenuated
82
9.2.3
Type3regulator
83
9.2.4
84
9.2.5
Type2compensator
85
9.2.6
86
9.2.7
PIcompensator
87
9.2.8
PIcompensatorunattenuated
88
CHAPTER 10: GRAPHIC AND TEXT PANELS
89
10.1
Bodeplots
89
10.2
Nyquistdiagram
91
10.3
Transientresponseplot
94
10.4
Steadystatewaveform
97
10.5
Textpanels
98
CHAPTER 11: SOLUTIONS MAPS
105
CHAPTER 12: EDITOR BOX
107
CHAPTER 13: IMPORT AND EXPORT TRANSFER FUNCTION
109
13.1
Export
109
13.1.1
Exporttransferfunction
109
13.1.2
ExporttoPSIM
110
13.1.3
Exporttransientresponses
114
13.1.4
ExportGlobal.
116
iii
13.2
Import(Merge)
117
13.2.1
AddFunction
119
13.2.2
ModifyFunction
120
CHAPTER 14: DESIGN METHODS
123
14.1
KfactorMethod
124
14.2
KplusMethod
125
14.3
Manual
126
14.4
PItuning
127
14.5
SinglePoletuning
128
CHAPTER 15: PARAMETRIC SWEEP
129
15.1
InputParametersParametric
129
15.2
CompensatorComponentsParametricSweep
133
CHAPTER 16: DIGITAL CONTROL
135
16.1
IntroductiontoDigitalControl
135
16.2
DigitalSettings
135
16.3
Parametricsweepindigitalcontrol
137
16.4
Simulationissueswithdigitalcontrol
138
iv
Introduction
Chapter 1:
Introduction
1.1 Why SmartCtrl?

SmartCtrl is the control designing tool for power electronics. It provides an easy to use
interface for designing the control loop of almost any plant.
It includes the predefined transfer functions of some of the most commonly used power
electronics plants, such as different DC-DC topologies, AC-DC converters, Inverters
and motor drives.
However, it also allows the users to import their own plant transfer function by means
of a text file. Therefore, this feature provides flexibility to design an optimized control
loop for almost any system.
In order to make easier the first attempt when designing a control loop, an estimation of
the stable solutions space is given by the program under the name of "solutions map".
Based on the selected plant, sensor and type of regulator, the solutions map provides a
map of the different combinations of fc and phase margin that lead to stable systems.
Thus, the designer is able to select one of the points of the stable solutions space and to
change the compensator parameters dynamically in order to adjust the system response
to the user requirements in terms of stability, transient response, ... Since the program
provides, at a glance, the frequency response of the system as well as the transient
response and the compensator component values for the open loop given features. All of
them are real time updated when any parameter of the system is varied by the designer.
Key Features
Pre-defined transfer functions of commonly used DC-DC converters, Power
Factor Correction converters, sensors and regulators.
Different control techniques for DC-DC converters are supported:
o Single control loop structures: voltage mode control and current mode
control.
o Peak current mode control.
o Double control loop structure: two nested control loops that implements
an average current mode control.
Capability of designing the controller of any converter by means of:
o Importing its frequency response data from a .txt file.
o Defining its transfer function through the equation editor.
Capability of designing a generic control system.
Digital control is also available.
Estimation of the stable solutions space ("Solutions Map").
Sensitivity analysis of the system parameters.
SmartCtrl
Introduction
Real time updated results of the frequency response (bode plots), transient
response and the steady state waveforms.
Possibility of importing and exporting any transfer function by means of .txt
files.
2 SmartCtrl
Introduction
1.2 Program Layout

When SmartCtrl is started, all the available options are shown, and the user can select
which of them is going to use. The aforementioned window is shown below. It is
divided into four sections:
1. Design a predefined topology

This option provides an easy and straightforward way of designing the
control circuit of the most widely used power converters. Through a guided
process, the user will be able to select amongst different control strategies:
DC-DC Converter- Single loop
Two different control strategies are available in this case: voltage
mode control and current mode control.
DC-DC Converter - Peak Current mode control
DC-DC Converter - Average current mode control
Two nested loops are needed to implement the average current mode
control. The outer loop is a voltage mode control loop, and the inner
one is a current mode control.
PFC Boost converter
2. Design a generic topology.
This option allows to design a converter by two different ways:
s-domain model editor.
Importing the frequency response data from .txt file
SmartCtrl
Introduction
3. Design a generic control system - Equation editor.
SmartCtrl also provides the option of defining the whole system though its
equation editor. And so, help the user though the designing process of any
control problem regardless its nature, for example temperature control,
motor drives, etc
4. Open...
Default file. It opens a pre-designed example.
Recently saved file. It opens the last file the user worked with.
Previously saved file. It opens the folder where user used to save its designs
Sample design. It opens the folder where SmartCtrl examples have been
previously recorded.
Regardless of the selected option, once the converter is completely defined, the main
window of the program is displayed. Different areas are considered within the main
window and all of them are briefly described below:
1. There are six drop-down menus, this is:
File It includes all the functions needed in order to manage files, import
and export files, establish the printer setup and the print options.
Design SmartCtrl libraries, modification of input data, access to the digital

control settings (only available in SmartCtrl 2.0 Pro) and parametric
sweep.
View Allows the user to select which elements are displayed and which are
not.
Window Functions to create, arrange and split windows.
Help SmartCtrl Help.

2. The Main Toolbar provides quick access to the most commonly used program
functions through left click on the respective icon.
3. The View Toolbar icons allows the user a quick selection of the elements
displayed.
4. The Status Bar summarizes the most important parameters of the open loop
control design (cross frequency, phase margin and attenuation at the switching
frequency).
5. The compensator Design Method Box includes the three calculation methods of
the compensator as well as the Solution Map.
6. Graphic and text panels include the most relevant information of the system:
frequency response, polar plot, transient response, input data and the designed
regulator components. To access the help topic regarding each panel just right
4 SmartCtrl
Main Menus and Toolbars
Chapter 2:
2.1 File Menu

New Create a new project (Ctrl+N)
Newandinitialdialog Create a new project and displays the initial dialog box
Open Open an existing project (Ctrl+O)
Opensampledesigns Open a sample design from the examples folder
Close Close the current project window
Save Save the current project (Ctrl+S)
Saveas... Save the current project to a different file
Opentxtfiles Open any .txt file in Notepad
Import(Merge) Merge data of another file with the data of the existing file for
display. The curves of these two files will be combined.
(Ctrl+M)
Export The program provide different exporting options. It allows
exporting the following.
Export to PSIM the schematic and the parameters file,

or update parameters file
Export transfer functions to a file. The available
transfer functions are: plant, sensor, control to output,
compensator, etc.
Export transient responses to a file. The available
transient responses are: voltage reference step, output
current step and input voltage step
Export temporal signals to a file. The available steady
state waveforms are: inductance voltage and current,
diode voltage and current, carrier, modulating signal
and PWM.
Generatereport Generate a report to either a .txt file or notepad. It contains

information regarding both the input data (steady-state dc
operating point, plant input data, ...) and output data
(compensator components, cross frequency, phase margin, ...)
Printpreview Preview the printout of any of the graphic and text panels (
Transfer function magnitudes (dB), Transfer function phase (),
Nyquist diagram, Transients, Data input, Results)
SmartCtrl

Print Print any of the panels of the main window (bode plots,
Nyquist diagram, transient, input data or results)
Printersetup Setup the printer
Exit Exit SmartCtrl program
2.2 Design Menu

The SmartCtrl Design Menu contains the elements that can be used in the SmartCtrl
schematic. The library is divided into the following sections:
Predefinedtopologies Contains the most commonly used DC-DC plants both
in single and double loop configurations, as well as
AC-DC plants.
GenericTopology Allows the user to define a of a generic plant transfer
function either in s-domain or importing a .dat, .txt, or
.fra file. And use the predefined sensors and
compensators provided by SmartCtrl to desing the
closed-loop control system.
GenericControlSystem Allows the user to define the plant and the sensor
transfer functions through the built-in equations
editor. And design the compensator for this user
defined system.
ModifyData Open the schematic window of the current project to
modify the parameters.
Digitalcontrol Access to the digital control settings (only available in
SmartCtrl 2.1 Pro)
ParametricSweeps Allows performing the sensibility analysis of the
system parameters. It is divided into three different
parametric sweeps: Input Parameters, Compensator
Componentsanddigitalfactors.
Resetall Clear the active window
2.3 View Menu

Comments Open the comments window. It allows the user to add
comments to the design. These comments will be
saved together with the designed converter.
Loop Select the loop to be displayed in the active window
(inner or outer loop)
6 SmartCtrl

TransferFunctions Select the transfer function to be displayed
Plant transfer function, G(s)

Sensor transfer function, K(s)
Compensator transfer function, R(s)
Sensor-Compensator transfer function,
K(s)R(s)
Control to output without regulator transfer
function, A(s)
Control to output transfer function, T(s)
Reference to output transfer function, CL(s)
Digital compensator transfer function
Digital control to output transfer function
Digital reference to output transfer function
Additionaltransferfunctions Select the additional transfer functions to be

displayed, like the audiosusceptibility Gvv, the output
impedance Gvi, etc. For more information regarding
these transfer function, see section 2.6.1.
Additionalt.f.toolbar Show a toolbar with all the additional transfer
functions. For more information regarding this
toolbar, see section 2.6.1.
Transients Select the transient response to be displayed.
The available transient responses are:
Input voltage step transient

Output current step transient
Reference step transient.
Organizepanels Resize all panels and restore the default appearance of

the graphic and results panels window.
Enhance Select the panel to be displayed in full screen size
Bode (magnitudes) panel

Bode (phase) panel
Nyquist diagram panel
Transient responses panel
Input data panel
Output (results) panel
(Ctrl+Shift+U)
(Ctrl+Shift+J)
(Ctrl+Shift+I)
(Ctrl+Shift+K)
(Ctrl+Shift+O)
(Ctrl+Shift+L)
Inputdata View design input data

Outputdata View design output data
SmartCtrl
2.4 Window Menu

NewWindow Create a new window
Maximizeactivewindow Maximize the current window
Cascade Arrange the windows in cascade form
Tilehorizontal Tile the currently open windows horizontally
Tilevertical Tile the currently open windows vertically
Split Click on the intersection of the lines that delimit
the different window panels and drag. This will
change the size of the panels
Organizeall It restores the default size of the graphic and text
panels.
2.5 Main Toolbar

Create a new project
Create a new project and open initial dialogue box
Open an existing project
Open sample design
Close the current project window
Generate report
View document comments
DC-DC converter - Single loop
DC-DC converter - Peak Current Mode Control
DC/DC - Average Current Mode Control
PFC Boost converter
Design a generic topology using a s-domain model
editor
Design a generic topology from a .txt file
8 SmartCtrl
Main Mennus and Too

olbars
Desiggn a genericc control sy
ystem
Moddify data
Openn the dialog
g box to sttart the calcculation off digital
regullators
Savee the currentt project
Expoort transfer function
f
to a file
Impoort transfer function frrom a file tto be mergeed with
the ccurrent projeect
Expoort to PSIM (schematicc)
Expoort to PSIM (parameterrs file)
Updaate parameeters file of
o the preeviously ex
xported
schem
matic
Maxiimize activee window
Tile w
windows
See aall panels
Orgaanize all pan
nels
View
w input dataa
View
w output datta
2.6 View To
oolbar
Displlay the frequ
uency respo
onse (Bode pplot) of the plant
transffer function
n
Displlay the frequ
uency respo
onse (Bode pplot) of the sensor
transffer function
n
Displlay the frequ
uency respo
onse (Bode pplot) of the control
to outtput withou
ut compensaator transferr function
Displlay the frequ
uency respo
onse (Bode pplot) of the sensor
comppensator tran
nsfer functio
on
Sm
martCtrl

Display the frequency response (Bode plot) of the
compensator transfer function
discrete compensator transfer function
Display the frequency response (Bode plot) of the control
to output transfer function
Display the frequency response (Bode plot) of the control
to output transfer function with digital control
reference to output transfer function
reference to output transfer function with digital control
View additional transfer functions toolbar
Display transient response due to a reference voltage step
Display the transient response due to an output current
step
Display the transient response due to an input voltage
step
Display inner loop results
Display outer loop results
Enables or disables the display of the compensator
calculation method toolbox
Input Parameters Parametric sweep
Compensator Parameters Parametric sweep
Digital Factors sweep
10 SmartCtrl
Main Mennus and Too

olbars
2.6.1 SmartC
Ctrl additional tra
ansfer fu
unctions
All tthose transsfer functio

ons coloredd in grey are
a not allowed for tthe design.. The
nomeenclature off the transfeer functions is as follow
ws:
Subsccript 1 referrs to the tyype of tran

nsfer functio
on studied. The charaacter t
denotees that the transfer
t
funnction has beeen evaluated in closedd loop; otheerwise
it refeers to open loop.
l
Subsccript 2 referss to the pertturbed magn
nitude:
iL: inducttor current.

iD: diode current.
vo: outpu
ut voltage
Subsccript 3 referss to the pertturbing mag

gnitude:
io: outputt current.

vi: input voltage.
v
The cconsidered transfer fun

nctions are:
Open
n loop tran
nsfer functiions.
Gvvvi
vo
vi
vo
Gvvio
io
i
GiL
Lvi L
vi
i
GiL
Lio L
io
GiDvi
iD
vi
Open loop Audiosusceeptibility

Open loop Output imppedance
Open loop Input voltagge to inducttor current transfer
t
func
nction.
Open loop Output currrent to inductor currentt transfer fuunction.
Open loop Input voltagge to diode current tran
nsfer functioon.
SmartCtrl
11

Closed loop transfer functions.
Gtvvi
vo
vi
v
Gtvio o
io
Closed loop Audiosusceptibility

Closed loop Output impedance
Gtivi Closed loop Input voltage to inductor current or diode current transfer
function
Gtiio Closed loop Output current to inductor current or diode current transfer
function
The nomenclature will be clarified through two examples.

Example 1: Open loop transfer function.
Zo
Io
+
Vin
Vout
Gvio
vo
io
Load resistor is included within de output impedance transfer

function
Example 2: Closed loop transfer function.

L
Io
+
Ra
C
Vin
Vout
R
Rb
v
Gtvio o
io
12 SmartCtrl
Vref
Closed loop Output impedance transfer function
Design a preddefined topo

ology
Cha
apter 3:
Dessign a prredefine
ed topollogy
The most widelly used top

pologies aree available as pre-defined topologgies, in ord
der to
ease their designn.
Pre-ddesigned toppologies available are:
DC-D
DC convertter - Single lloop (Voltaage mode co
ontrol and cuurrent modee
Conttrol).
DC-D
DC convertter - Peak cuurrent modee control.
DC-D
DC convertter - Averagge current mode
m
controll.
PFC Boost conv

verter
3.1 DCDC C
Converte
er Single
e loop
3.1.1
1 Single L
Loop
The single loopp is formeed by threee different transfer fu
unctions: pllant, sensorr and
comppensator, whhich must be
b selected ssequentially
y.
The first step too define the system is tthe selection
n of the plaant.The plannt can be eitther a
pre-ddefined onee or a userr own one. This is, th
he user can
n import a generic traansfer
functtion by meaans of a .txt file or selecct one of thee pre-defineed topologiees.
SmartCtrl
13
Design a predefined topology
The predefined DC-DC plants

are the following:
Buck
Buck-Boost
Boost
Flyback
Forward
Once the plant has been selected, regardless the magnitude to be controlled is voltage or
current, the program will display the appropriate type of sensor.
The different sensors
available are the following:
Voltage Divider.
Embedded Voltage
Divider.
Isolated Voltage
Sensor.
Current Sensor.
Hall Effect Sensor.
Finally, the compensator is selected. The ones provided by SmartCtrl are:

Compensator types:
14 SmartCtrl
Type 3
Type 3 Unattenuated
Type 2
Type 2 unattenuated
PI
PI unattenuated
Single Pole
Single Pole
unattenuated

ology
Oncee the system
m has been
n defined, S
SmartCtrl calculates
c
th
he stable soolution spaace in
whicch all the poossible com
mbinations oof crossoverr frequency and phase margin thatt lead
to staable solutionns are show
wn graphicallly. It is called Solution
ns Map.
The ddesigner is asked to seelect a pointt within the solution sp
pace to conttinue. To do
o that,
just cclick on Sett and select a point withhin the whitte zone.
Now
w accept thee selected point and coonfirm the design,
d
the program w
will automatically
show
w the perforrmance of th
he system inn terms of frequency
f
response, traansient resp
ponse.
(See Graphic annd text panels window ffor detailed
d information).
3.2 DCDC C
Converte
er Peak C
Current M
Mode Control
Theim
mplementattionofthepe
eakcurrentm
modecontro
olincludesfivvedifferenteelementswh
hich
aredescribedalo
ongthefollow
wingparagraaphs:
DC/DC converter
c
(p
pre-defined topologies)).
Current sensor (imp

plemented bby means off a resistor).
Modulattor.
Voltage sensor.
Compennsator.
The program will

w guide you
y throughh the param
meterization
n of the diffferent elem
ments,
whicch must be carried
c
out sequentially
s
y.
The ffirst step to define the system
s
is too select the plant
p
from an
a existing library.
SmartCtrl
15

are the following:
Buck
Buck-Boost
Boost
Flyback
Forward
Oncetheplanthasbeenselected,thevalueoftheresistorthatimplementsthecurrentsensor
mustbeset.
Current sensor available:
Next,themodulatormustbeconfigured(seesection8.1)
16 SmartCtrl
Resistance
Modulators available:
Modulator (Peak
Current Mode Control).
Voltage sensor available:
Voltage devider.
Embedded Voltage
Divider
Thelastelementthatmustbesetisthecompensator.
SmartCtrl
17
Regulator types:
Type 3
Type 3 Unattenuated
Type 2
Type 2 unattenuated
PI
PI unattenuated
Finallytheusermustselectthecontrolloopinitialcharacteristics(crossfrequencyandphase
margin),aidedbytheSolutionsMap.Afterthat,clickOKandtheprogramwillautomatically
showthegraphicspanels.
18 SmartCtrl
3.3 DCDC converter Average Current Mode Control

The average current control is formed by an inner current loop and an outer voltage
mode loop. As well as the single loop, the double loop setup must be built sequentially.
The program will guide you to built it, enabling the following step and keeping
everything else disabled.
In all the available plants, the outer loop is a voltage mode control (VMC), while the
inner loop is a current controlled one. Depending on the selected plant, the current is
sensed either on the inductance (LCS) or on the diode (DCS). The DC/DC plant must be
selected among the following list.

are the following:
Buck (LCD-VMC)
Buck-Boost (LCSVMC)
Boost (LCS-VMC)
Boost (DCS-VMC)
Flyback (DCS-VMC)
Forward(LCS-VMC)
Next, the inner control loop will be configured. This is, the current sensor and the
regulator type must be selected.
The available current sensors

are the following:
Current Sensor
Hall Effect Sensor
Finally, the inner loop compensator is selected.
SmartCtrl
19
Desiggn a predeffined topology
Regulator
R
tyypes:
Typee 3
Typee 2
PI
Singlle Pole
Oncee all the innner loop tran

nsfer functioons have been defined, the cross frrequency an
nd the
phasee margin must
m
be seleected. Undeer the namee of Solution Map, Sm
martCtrl pro
ovides
the stable solutioon space in which all tthe possiblee combinatio
ons of cut ooff frequency and
phasee margin thhat lead to stable solut
utions are sh
hown graph
hically. Justt clicking on
o the
"Soluutions map (inner loop
p)" button thhe solution map corresp
ponding to the inner lo
oop is
displlayed.
The designer is asked to select the crrossover freequency and
d the phasee margin ju
ust by
clickking within the
t white zo
one to contiinue.
Oncee the cross frequency and the ph ase margin have been
n selected, tthe solution
n map
will be shown on the righ
ht of the sside of the DC-DC av
verage currrent controll data
winddow. If, at any
a time, th
he two aforrementioned
d parameterrs need to bbe changed
d, just
clickk on the show
wn solution
n map. (See next figuree).
20 SSmartCtrl

ology
Now
w, the outer loop
l
can be defined.Firrst, the voltaage sensor must
m be seleected.
Thee different seensors available

are the followinng:
Voltagee Divider
Embeddded Voltagee
Dividerr
Nextt, the outer loop

l
compeensator mustt be selected
d.
SmartCtrl
21
Com
mpensator ttypes:
Type 3
Type 3 Unattenuatted
Type 2
Type 2 unattenuateed
PI
PI unatttenuated
Single PPole
Single PPole
unattennuated
As w
well as in thhe case of th
he inner looop, the crosss frequency and the phhase margin must
be seelected. Alsso in this caase, the soluutionmap is availablee to help thee selection of an
stablle solution.
Presss the "Soluttion map (o
outer loop)"" button an
nd the soluttion map w
will be displlayed.
Thenn select a pooint just by clicking
c
witthin the white area.
It should be rem
marked thatt, due to staability consstraints, the crossover ffrequency of
o the
outerr loop cannot be greateer than the crossover frequency
f
of the inner loop. In ord
der to
preveent the sellection of an
a outer looop fc greaater than th
he inner looop one, a pink
shadoowed area has
h been inccluded in thhe solutions map of the outer loop..
Oncee the crossoover frequeency and thhe phase maargin have been selectted, the sollution
map will be shoown on the right of thee side of thee DC-DC av
verage curre
rent control input
data window. Iff, at any tim
me, the twoo aforementtioned param
meters needd to be chaanged,
ution map. ((See next figure)
just cclick on the shown solu
22 SSmartCtrl

ology
Now
w accept thhe selected configurattion and co
onfirm the design, thhe program
m will
autom
matically shhow the peerformance of the sysstem in terms of freqquency resp
ponse,
transsient responnse.(See Graaphic and teext panels window
w
for detailed
d
infoormation).
3.4 Power F
Factor Co
orrector
The ppower factoor corrector based on a boost topology has a double
d
conttrol loop, fo
ormed
by ann inner currrent loop an
nd an outer vvoltage mod
de loop. Thee double looop setup mu
ust be
built sequentiallly. The program will gguide you to
t build it, enabling thhe following
g step
and kkeeping eveerything elsee disabled.
The aavailable pllant is a boo
ost converteer. The outeer loop is a voltage
v
modde control, while
the innner loop iss a current controlled
c
onne, and the current is sensed on thhe inductancce.
The ffirst step chhooses betw
ween the twoo types of multiplier
m
an
nd Vrms feeed-forward:
Multiplieer: It corressponds by deefault the Hall

H Effect resistance H
H(s).
UC38544A Multiplieer: It correspponds by deefault the cu

urrent sensoor resistancee
R(s).
SmartCtrl
23
Depending on the first choice, there are two different options to generate the power
factor corrector.
If the selection is a Generic Multiplier, the current is sensed by the Hall Effect sensor
H(s).
Otherwise, if the selection is UC3854A multiplier, the current sensor is a resistor Rs.
24 SmartCtrl
It is followed by the choice of the plant. The predefined plants are the following:
Boost PFC (Resistive load)
Boost PFC (Constant power load)
Next, the inner control loop will be configured: since the current sensor has been
already configured, it is necessary to select the inner loop compensator.
SmartCtrl
25
Com
mpensator tyypes:
Type 3 (It
( is only av
vailable for Multiplier option)
Type 2
PI
Oncee all the innner loop traansfer functtions have been

b
defineed, the crosssover frequ
uency
and tthe phase margin
m
musst be selectted. Under the name of
o Solution Map, SmaartCtrl
proviides the staable solution
n space in which all th
he possiblee combinatioons of crosssover
frequuency and phase
p
marg
gin that leadd to stable solutions are
a shown ggraphically. Just
clickking on the "Solutions map (innerr loop)" buttton the solu
ution map ccorrespondiing to
the innner loop iss displayed.
The designer is asked to select

s
the crrossover freequency and the phasee margin ju
ust by
clickking within the
t white zo
one to contiinue.
26 SSmartCtrl

ology
map will be shhown on the right of the side off the PFC Boost convverter inputt data
a time, th
he two aforrementioned
d parameterrs need to bbe changed
d, just
winddow. If, at any
clickk on the show
wn solution
n map. (See next figuree).
Now
w, the outer loop
l
can be defined. Fiirst, the volttage sensor must be sellected.
The vvoltage sensors availab
ble are the ffollowing:
For Multtiplier optio

on:
o Isolate V sen
nsor
For UC33854A Multtiplier optioon:

o Voltage
V
Div
vider
o Embedded
E
Voltage
V
Divvider
SmartCtrl
27
Next, the outer loop compensator must be selected.
Compensator types:
For multiplier option:
Type 3
For UC3854 multiplier option:

For Voltage Divider:
For Embedded Voltage Divider:
Type 2
Type 2
Type 2 Unattenuated
PI
PI
PI unattenuated
Single Pole
Single Pole
Single Pole unattenuated
As well as in the case of the inner loop, the crossover frequency and the phase margin
must be selected. Also in this case, the solution map is available to help the selection of
a stable solution.
Press the "Solution map (outer loop)" button and the solution map will be displayed.
Then select a point just by clicking within the white area.
28 SmartCtrl

ology
It should be rem
marked thatt, due to staability consstraints, the crossover ffrequency of
o the
outerr loop cannot be greateer than the crossover frequency
f
of the inner loop. In ord
der to
preveent the sellection of an
a outer looop fc greaater than th
he inner looop one, a pink
shadoowed area has
h been inccluded in thhe solutions map of the outer loop..
map will be shoown on the right of thee side of thee DC-DC av
verage curre
rent control input
data window. Iff, at any tim
me, the twoo aforementtioned param
meters needd to be chaanged,
just cclick on the shown solu
ution map. ((See next figure)
SmartCtrl
29
Now
w accept thhe selected configurattion and co
onfirm the design, thhe program
m will
autom
matically shhow the perrformance oof the system
m in terms of frequenccy responsee, line
curreent shape... (See Graph
hic panels w
window for detailed
d
info
ormation).
Oncee the designn has been generated,
g
ttwo possiblle warning messages ccan appear in
i the
soluttion map wiindow:
In the caase of a sing

gle pole com
mpensator in
n the outer loop,
l
whichh is a typicall
compenssator for pow
wer factor ccorrectors, the
t gain at low frequenncy may be low.
A warninng appears when
w
the esstimated Vo
o (shown in the methodd panel) difffers
from thee specified one
o in more than 10%.IIn these cases, a compeensator with
ha
higher gain at low frequency
f
iss recommen
nded.
The line current wav

veform is c alculated asssuming thaat the currennt loop follo
ows
perfectlyy well the reeference gennerated by the
t outer loo
op. Howeveer, in some
occasionns there is a zero-cross distortion and
a the actual line curreent would differ
d
from thee one represented. In thhese cases, a warning message
m
apppears. The crrossfrequenccy of the inn
ner loop com
mpensator should
s
be in
ncreased to m
minimize th
his
problem.
In thhe method panel,

p
additiional inform
mation is prrovided both
h for the innner loop an
nd the
outerr loop:
Attenuattion (fsw)(d
dB). This is the attenuattion in dB achieved
a
byy the open lo
oop
transfer function at the switchinng frequenccy. It should
d be low forr the inner loop
and the outer
o
loop.
Attenuattion (2fl)(dB
B) . This is tthe attenuattion in dB achieved
a
by the open lo
oop
transfer function at twice the linne frequenccy (100 Hz or 120 Hz).. It should be
b
high for the inner lo
oop and low
w for the outter loop.
T is the eestimated ou
utput voltag
ge of the connverter. Thiis
Estimateed Vo (V). This
parameteer is important becausee, if the freq
quency gain of the openn loop transfer
function is not high enough, theere will be a steady-staate error andd the estimaated
30 SSmartCtrl

output voltage can be different from the specified output voltage. As mentioned
above, if the estimated Vo (shown in the method panel) differs from the
specified one in more than 10%, there is a warning.
Finally, the flowchart to generate the types of the power factor is the following:
POWERFACTORCORRECTOR
MULTIPLIER
&Vrms
FEED
FORWARD
Multiplier
INNER
LOOP
SENSOR
Halleffect sensor
PLANT
BoostPFC(Constantpowerload)
Boost PFC(Resistiveload)
INNER
LOOP
REGULATOR
Type2
Type3
PI
OUTER
LOOP
SENSOR
OUTER
LOOP
REGULATOR
Isolate Vsensor
Type 2
Type 3
PI
SinglePole
H(s)
Voltage divider
UC3854A
Multiplier
Resistive sensor
BoostPFC(Constantpowerload)
Boost PFC(Resistiveload)
Type 2
PI
SinglePole
Type2
PI
Regulator
Embedded
Voltage Divider
Rs
Type 2_unatt
PI_unatt
SinglePole_unatt
3.4.1 Power Stage

The Boost PFC is based on a double loop control scheme, and therefore the output
voltage and a current through the inductor are sensed simultaneously. There are four
options for the plant, depending on the load and the multiplier:
Generic multiplier + Boost PFC (Resistive load)
Generic multiplier + Boost PFC
SmartCtrl
31
UC3854A multiplier + Boost PFC (Resistive load)
UC3854A multiplier + Boost PFC (Constant power load)

The current loop is designed considering a piecewise linear model of the plant: using
quasi-static assumption, the small signal model for each operating point is calculated as
in a DC-DC boost converter.
The input data variables are listed and defined below:
Input data
Vin(rms) Input Voltage (V)
RL Equivalent Series Resistor of the Inductance (Ohms)
L Inductance (H)
Rc Equivalent Series Resistor of the output capacitor (Ohms)
C Equivalent Series Resistor of the output capacitor (Ohms)
Vo Output Voltage (W)
R Load Resistor (Ohms)
Po Output Power (W)
wta Line angle(). The current loop is designed considering the plant
calculated for this operating point. This line angle is indicated as a
red dot in the output panel that represents the Rectified voltage and
external compensator output(See Graphic and text panels window for
detailed information)
FSW Switching frequency (Hz)
Linefrequency Line frequency (Hz)
32 SmartCtrl

3.4.2 Graphic panels
The window is divided in six different panels:
The graphic panels are:
Bode plot Magnitude (dB)
Bode plot Phase ()
Polar plot
Line current
Oscillator ramp and internal compensator
Rectified voltage and external compensator output
3.4.2.1 Oscillator ramp and internal compensator

This graphic panel provides information about the output of the inner control
compensator (blue line) compared to the oscillator ramp (red line). The output of the
internal compensator is represented for the line angle corresponding to the maximum
current ripple through the inductor. This line angle is identified by means of a blue dot
in the Rectified voltage and external compensator output graphical panel.
This comparison can be useful to determine whether there could be oscillations. If the
slopes of both functions are too similar, there could be more than one intersection per
period.
3.4.2.2 Line Current

This graphic panel provides information about the line current and its harmonic
distortion. The line current waveform is calculated assuming that the current loop
follows perfectly the reference generated by the outer loop. However, in some occasions
there is a zero-cross distortion and the actual line current would differ from the one
represented. In these cases, a warning message would appear in the solution map
window.
SmartCtrl
33
3.4.2.3 Rectified voltage and external compensator output

This graphic panel provides information about the external compensator output voltage.
Its phase shift compared to the rectified voltage can be assessed. If the compensator
output voltage has not an appropriate phase shift compared to the rectified voltage
(reference), the line current distortion will increase.
The current loop is designed considering a piecewise linear model of the plant. The
current plant represented in the Bode plot panels (see Graphic panels window)
corresponds to the operating point marked with a red dot in the rectified voltage. The
small signal model for the plant is calculated as in a DC-DC boost converter for this
operating point. This dot can be moved by clicking and dragging with the mouse,
resulting in a variation of the operating point. As the dot changes its position, the Bode
plot corresponding to the inner loop varies, as well as the attenuation information in the
K-factor panel refreshes according to the indicated operating point.
The blue dot in the rectified voltage represents the operating point that corresponds to
the maximum current ripple through the inductor. The graphics in the Oscillator ramp
and internal compensator panel have been represented for this operating point.
34 SmartCtrl

ology
3.4.3
3 Multipliers
3.4.3
3.1 Multip
plier
Usinng feed-forw
ward:
The m
multiplier has
h the follo
owing param
meters:
G of the current
c
referrence for the inner loop
p.
KB Gain
M
gaain.
Km Multiplier
And,, when the use
u of feed-forward is sselected:
Gain of the feed-forwaard. It is th
he ratio betw
ween the rm
ms input vo
oltage
KFF G
a the averrage input vvoltage to th
and
he multiplier.
R
betweeen the ampplitude of th
he first harm
monic of thhe rectified input
1st Ratio
v
and its averagee value.
harm
m.rip.(%) voltage
M
gain.
g
Km Multiplier
SmartCtrl
35

3.4.3
3.2 UC385
54 Amplifie
ers
The U
UC3854A multiplier
m
has
h the follow
wing param
meters:
ween the rm
ms input voltage
KFF Gain of thee feed-forwaard. It is thee ration betw
and the aveerage input vvoltage to th
he multiplieer.
g
Km Multiplier gain.
nt reference for the inneer loop (Oh
hms)
Rac Resistance to introducee the curren
rt the multiplier outpu
ut current into a volltage
Rmo Resistance to convert
reference fo
or the inner compensattor (Ohms)
36 SSmartCtrl
Design a ggeneric topo

ology
Cha
apter 4:
Dessign a ge
eneric to
opology
y
SmarrtCtrl not only helps the desiigner when

n a pre-deefined pow
wer convertter is
consiidered, it also allows th
he design off the control loop of an
ny generic cconverter.
To ccarry out thhe design of
o the contrrol when th
he plant is not a pre--defined DC
C-DC
convverter, the plan
p
must bee provided either by means
m
of an
n s-domain ttransfer fun
nction
or im
mporting thhe plant freq
quency respponse from
m a .txt file. Dependinng of the deesired
inputt method, thhe designer must selectt between:
s
s-domain
mo
odel editor.
Im
mport frequ
uency respoonse data fro
om a .txt filee
4.1 sdomain modell editor

The s-domain model
m
edito
or providess two differrent optionss in order to define the
t sdomaain transfer function pllant:
s
s-domain
mo
odel (equatiion editor)
s
s-domain
mo
odel (polynnomial coeffficients)
In booth cases, thhe user mustt select the control straategy.
SmartCtrl
37
Design a generic topology
4.1.1 sdomain model (equation editor)

When the power converter is defined through its s-domain transfer function, the design
procedure is as follow:
First, the user must define the s-domain transfer function of the plant, To do that are two
different options:
Import a previous design (click on open)
Define a new transfer function (click on editor).

To check the syntax rules of the equation editor, please refer to Chapter
12: Editor Box
Once the equation has been introduced:
Click on "Save" to save the mathematical equations in a text file with

extension .tromod
Click on "compile" to continue.
If desired, the frequency response of the transfer function can be

exported as a .txt file by clicking on "Export transfer function".
If default option "Bode plot" is selected, the frequency response of the previously
defined transfer function is shown on the right hand side panels.
38 SmartCtrl

ology
To ccheck the gain, phase and rectanggular components of the frequenccy responsee at a
particcular frequeecy, the opttion "One frrequency" iss frequency
y is providedd. As depictted in
the ffollowing figure:
fi
first "one frequuency" musst be selecteed, secondlly the frequ
uency
shouuld be speciified and fin
nally, clickk on compille and the gain,
g
phase and rectan
ngular
compponents at thhe specified
d frequencyy are shown below.
SmartCtrl
39
Desiggn a genericc topology
Afterr that, select the sensorr.
And afterwards select the compensator

c
r.
40 SSmartCtrl
And finally select the cross frequency and the phase margin on the Solutions Map.
4.1.2 sdomain model (polynomial coefficients)

SmartCtrl offers the possibility of describing the data of the plant introducing the
coefficients of its transfer function. This feature is only available for single loop
designs, and two options are available:
Voltage mode controlled (Shift+L)
Current mode controlled (Shift+U)
SmartCtrl
41
The coefficients of the s-domain transfer function have to be introduced. The maximum
order of the transfer function is 10. The coefficients in the numerator are n0 to n10 and
the coefficients in the denominator are d0 to d10.
It is also possible to introduce the transfer function data by using the option Plant
wizard.
Some additional data must be specified:
The frequency range (minimum frequency and maximum frequency) to consider

in Hertz.
The switching frequency (Fsw) in Hertz.
The desired output voltage (Vo) in Volts. (Only if the plant is voltage mode
controlled).
42 SmartCtrl

By clicking View bodes it is possible to visualize the frequency response (magnitude
and phase) that corresponds to the introduced transfer function in the selected frequency
range.
4.1.2.1 Plant Wizard
The plant wizard is an assistant that allows to introduce a every coefficient of the
transfer function (n0,n1,,n10, d0, d1,,d10) as a symbolic expression.
Global block
The Global block corresponds to the definition ofthe variables and expressions that
are common for most coefficients of the transfer function.By clicking on the button
Edit, a new edition box is opened (Edit box), which helps the user to introduce the data
and the equations with the appropriate format.
SmartCtrl
43

Coefficients block
The Coefficients block corresponds to the expressions to calculate the coefficient
selected in the combo box. These equations can use the global variables defined in the
Global block or new ones can be defined that will be available only locally for the
selected coefficient.
By clicking on the button Edit, a new edition box is opened (Edit box), which helps the
user to introduce the data and the equations with the appropriate format.
Once the equations have been introduced, it is recommended to click the button
Compile. This way, the numerical value of the coefficient is calculated by means of
the mathematical expression in the return assignment, considering all the variables
previously assigned both in the Global block and the Coefficients block.
If the compilation is successful, the numerical value of the selected coefficient will be
displayed in the Value box. Otherwise an error message will appear.
Syntax of the Global block and the Coefficients block:
1. There are two types of instructions: assignment and return.
2. Only one instruction per line is permitted (whether it is assignment or return).
3. Blank lines are allowed.
4. The syntax of the assignment statements is: Var = Expr, where 'Var' is the name
of a variable and 'Expr' represents a mathematical expression.
5. Regarding the variable names in the assignments:
a. They must begin with an alphabetic character.
b. They can consist of alphabetic or numeric characters, or underscore.
c. The names sqrt, pow, return and PI are reserved names that cannot be
used as variable names.
6. Regarding the mathematical expressions:
a. Algebraic expressions are expressions where valid operators are +, -, *,
/.
44 SmartCtrl

b. Expressions can use the function sqrt(a), which calculates the square
root of a, and the function pow(a, b), which calculates 'a' raised to 'b'.
c. Expressions can use grouping parentheses.
7. The syntax of the return statements is: return Expr, where 'Expr' represents a
mathematical expression.
8. The overall block can only contain assignment statements.
9. In the Coefficients block, each coefficient can have assignment statements,
but it is mandatory to have at least one return statement, which will always be the
last instruction in the block. This return statement defines the mathematical value of
that particular coefficient.
10. Comments can be included as annotations made by the designer in order to
make the text readable. Comments start with the delimiter doble slash // and
continue until the end of the line. These annotations are ignored by the compiler.
All coefficients block

In the block All coefficients, some commands can be executed that affect all
coefficients:
Compile: the numerical values of all the coefficients are calculated. If an error
occurs, a message will be displayed.
Save as: the contents of the Global block and the Coefficients block are
stored in a file with extension .trowfun.
Load: the data stored in the files with extension .trowfun is loaded. Therefore,
the Global block and the Coefficients block will be updated with the loaded
information.
View: the content of the Global block and the Coefficients block, as well as
the numerical value of the coefficients, is displayed in a new window.
Results box and OK button

All the warning messages are displayed in the Results edit box.
Once the OK button in pressed, all the coefficients are automatically recalculated. If
an error occurs, a warning message will be displayed. If the calculation is successful,
SmartCtrl
45

the coefficient values are displayed in the Plant from s-domain transfer function
window.
4.2 Import frequency response data from .txt file

The single loop is formed by three different transfer functions: plant, sensor and
regulator, which must be selected sequentially. Whether the imported plant is voltage
mode controlled or current mode controlled, the single loop design process is the same
in any case. The only differences are the sensors available in each case.
To perform the single loop design from an imported plant transfer function, just enter
the data menu and select imported transfer function. It is also available at.
SmartCtrl allows the designer to import his own transfer plant function and design an
appropriate control loop. This feature is only available for single loop designs. To
define the imported transfer function the user must specify the intended control type:
Take into account that, wether the imported plant is current mode controlled or voltage
mode controlled, the single loop design process will be the same. The only difference is
related to the available sensors, which are different for each case.
Once the control type has been selected, the file that contains the plant frequency
response must be selected. SmarCtrl is able to load the following file formats: *.dat,
*.txt, *.fra
46 SmartCtrl
Once the file has been selected, the data is loaded to SmartCtrl and the magnitude and
phase are displayed as depicted in the next figure.
And some additional data such as the output voltage (only in voltage mode control) and
the switching frequency must be specified.
Click OK to continue.
Depending upon it is a current mode controlled or voltage mode controlled, the
available sensors are the following:
SmartCtrl
47
Voltage mode controlled
Voltage divider
Embedded Voltage
Divider
Isolated V. sensor
Current mode controlled
Current sensor
Hall effect sensor
Finally, it is necessary to select the compensator.

Compensator types:
Type 3
Unattenuated
Type 2
Type 2
unattenuated
PI
PI unattenuated
Single Pole
Single Pole
unattenuated
Once the system has been defined, SmartCtrl calculates the solutions map in which all
the possible combinations of crossover frequency and phase margin that lead to stable
solutions are shown graphically.
To continue, click on set and the solutions map will be displayed. After that, select a
point within the stable solutions area (white area) and then click OK.
48 SmartCtrl

ology
Now
w confirm thhe design an
nd the proggram will automaticall
a
y show thee performan
nce of
the ssystem in teerms of freequency ressponse, tran
nsient respo
onse. (See G
Graphic and
d text
panels window for
f detailed
d informatioon).
SmartCtrl
49
50 SmartCtrl
Desiign a generiic control sy

ystem
Cha
apter 5:
Dessign a ge
eneric ccontrol ssystem
SmarrtCtrl allow
ws the desig
gn of a genneric contro
ol system regardless thhe nature of
o the
systeem, since it is possible to define thhe whole sysstem with th
he equationn editor.
It is aalso availabble at:
In orrder to desiggn a genericc control syystem, the definition

d
off all the sysstem compo
onents
transsfer functionns is needeed. The defi
finition of each
e
compo
onent can bbe carried out
o by
meanns of the deffinition of the
t algebraicc s-domain transfer fun
nction.
First, the user must
m define the
t s-domaiin transfer function
f
of the
t plant, chhoosing am
mongst
two ddifferent opptions:
Import a previous design

d
(clickk on open)
Define a new transffer function (click on ed

ditor).
To checkk the syntax
x rules of thhe equation editor,
e
please refer to C
Chapter 12:
Editor Box.
B
Additionnally, there is a predefinned transferr function th

hat can be looaded by
clicking on "set defa
faults".
SmartCtrl
51
Design a generic control system

Once the equation has been introduced:
Click on "Save" to save the mathematical equations in a text file with extension
.tromod
Click on "compile" to continue and the Bode plot will appear on the right side of
the window.
If desired, the frequency response of the transfer function can be exported as a

.txt file by clicking on "Export transfer function".
If default option "Bode plot" is selected, the frequency response of the previously
defined transfer function is shown on the right hand side panels.
To check the gain, phase and rectangular components of the frequency response at a
particular frequency, the option "One frequency" is frequency is provided. As depicted
in the following figure: first "one frequency" must be selected, secondly the frequency
should be specified and finally, click on compile and the gain, phase and rectangular
components at the specified frequency are shown below.
52 SmartCtrl
Desiign a generiic control sy

ystem
Righht afterwards of the plaant definitionn, the samee process is needed to ddefine the sensor
s
transsfer functionn by means of the equaation editor.
SmartCtrl
53
Design a generic control system

And finally, the compensator must be selected to complete the definition of the system
components.
Once the compensator type is set, the Solutions Map will help the user to select the
phase margin and the crossover frequency.
54 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
P
Cha
apter 6:
DCDC Plan
nts
For eevery DC-D

DC converteer, the inputt data windo
ow allows the user to sselect the deesired
inputt parameters and alsso providess useful in
nformation such as tthe steady state
coperating poinnt. For any of the considered DC-DC topologies,
t
the input data
correespond to thhe white shaadowed boxxes, and the additional information
i
n provided by
b the
progrram will bee shown in th
he grey shaadowed boxes.
Letss consider any
a of the available
a
coonverters. In
I the follow
wing picturre it can bee seen
that the parameeters which define thee steady-statte dc operaating point are placed right
below
w the conveerter image. Dependingg on the topology consiidered in eaach case, som
me of
them
m will be inpput data and
d some otherrs will be ou
utput data.
The D
DC-DC avaailable plantts are the foollowing:
Buck
Boost
Buck-Booost
Flyback
Forward
SmartCtrl
55
DC-DC Plants
6.1 Buck
When a single loop control scheme is used, the magnitude to be controlled in a buck
converter can be either the output voltage or the inductance current. Both possibilities
have been included in SmartCrl. If the control technique is peak current mode control,
the current is sensed in the inductor, as shown in the table. The schematics are shown
below.
VoltageModeControlledBuck
LCurrentSensedBuck
PeakCurrentModeControl
In the case of an average current control scheme, two magnitudes must be sensed
simultaneously, a current and the output voltage. The resultant buck scheme is the
following:
Buck(LCSVMC)
The input data window allows the user to select the desired input parameters and
provides useful information such as the steady state dc operating point. This information
is placed right below the converter image.
Two examples of the input data window are shown below, in each of them, the white
shadowed boxes correspond to the input data boxes while the grey shadowed ones
correspond to the additional information provided by the program.
Please, note that the input data is different in case of a voltage controlled plant (output
voltage is an input) or a current controlled plant (in this case the current to be controlled
is the input data). An example of the input data windows is provided below:
56 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
P
In
nputData WindowoffaVoltage ModeControlledBucck
aWindowoofaPeakC
CurrentModelControll
InputData
In
nputData WindowoffaCurrent ModeControlledBucck
he input datta windows are defined

d below:
The pparameters shown in th
Steaddy-state dc operating point
p
Continuous or
o Discontin
nuous
ConductiionMode It can be C
ton/T of thee active swittch
D
DutyCycle
urrent (A)
ILavg Inductancee average cu
ILmax Maximum value of the inductancce switchingg ripple (A)
ILmin Minimum value of thee inductancee switchingg ripple (A)
nt (A)
Ioavg Output aveerage curren
Vo Output volltage (V)
SmartCtrl
57
DC-DC Plants
Other parameters of the converter

Vin Input Voltage (V)
L Inductance (H)
C Output Capacitor (F)
Po Output Power (W)
58 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
6.2 Boost
There are three possible magnitudes to be controlled in the boost converter when a
single loop control scheme is selected. This is the output voltage, the inductor current
and the diode current. The corresponding schematics are the following:
VoltageModeControlledBoostConverter
LcurrentsensedBoostConverter
DiodeCurrentSensedBoostConverter
In the case of a peak current mode control (PCMC), the output voltage and a current
must be sensed simultaneously.
Boost(PCMC)
In the case of an average current control scheme, the output voltage and a current must
be sensed simultaneously. The available plants for an average current mode control are
included below:
Boost(LCSVMC)
Boost(DCSVMC)
SmartCtrl
59
DC-D
DC Plants
The input data window allows
a
the uuser to sellect the dessired input parameterss and
proviides useful information
n such as thhe steady staate dc operaating point. T
This inform
mation
is plaaced right below
b
the co
onverter imaage.
Two examples of
o the input data winddow are sho
own below, in each off them, the white
shadoowed boxees correspon
nd to the iinput data boxes
b
while the grey shadowed ones
correespond to thhe additionaal informatioon provided
d by the program.
Pleasse, note thaat the input data is diffe
ferent in casse of a voltaage controllled plant (o
output
voltaage is an inpput) or a currrent controolled plant (in
( this case the currentt to be contrrolled
is thee input dataa). An examp
ple of the innput data windows
w
is provided
p
bellow:
In
nputDataW
Windowof aVoltage ModeConttrolledBooost
an
ndofaPea kCurrentM
ModeControl
In
nputDataW
Windowof aCurrent ModeConttrolledBooost
The pparameters shown in th

he input datta windows are defined
d below:
Steaddy-state dc operating point
p
us or Discon
ntinuous
Condu
uctionMode It can bee Continuou
60 SSmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
DutyCycle ton/T of the active switch
ILavg Inductance average current (A)
ILmax Maximum value of the inductance switching ripple (A)
ILmin Minimum value of the inductance switching ripple (A)
Ioavg Output average current (A)
Vo Output voltage (V)

L Inductance (H)
Po Output Power (W)
SmartCtrl
61
DC-DC Plants
6.3 Buckoost
In a single loop control scheme there are three possible magnitudes to be controlled in
the buck-boost converter. This is the output voltage, the inductor current and the diode
current. The corresponding schematics are the following:
VoltageModeControlledBuckBoostConverter
LcurrentsensedBuckBoostConverter
DiodeCurrentSensedBuckBoostConverter
In the case of an average current mode control scheme or a peak current mode control
(PCMC), the magnitudes sensed are the output voltage and the L current.
BuckBoost(LCSVMC)
BuckBoost(PCMC)
62 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
InputDataWindowofaVoltageModeControlledBuckBoost
andforaBuckBoostwithaPeakCurrentModeControl
InputDataWindowofaCurrentModeControlledBuckBoost
The parameters shown in the input data windows are defined below:
Steady-state dc operating point
ConductionMode It can be Continuous or Discontinuous
SmartCtrl
63
DC-DC Plants

L Inductance (H)
Po Output Power (W)
64 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
6.4 Flyback
In a single loop control scheme, the magnitude to be controlled in a Flyback converter
can be either the output voltage or the diode current. Both possibilities have been
included in SmartCtrl. The schematics are shown below:
VoltageModeControlledFlyback
DiodeCurrentSensedFlyback
In the case of a peak current mode control scheme(PCMC), the magnitudes sensed are
the output voltage and the MOSFET current.
Flyback(PCMC)
In the case of an average current mode control scheme, the magnitudes sensed are the
output voltage and the diode current.
Flyback(DCSVMC)
SmartCtrl
65
DC-DC Plants
InputDataWindowofaVoltageModeControlledFlyback
andalsoforaPeakCurrentModeControlTechnique.
InputDataWindowofaCurrentModeControlledFlyback
66 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
L Inductance (H)
Po Output Power (W)
(*)N2 is the transformer secondary side number of turns
N1 is the transformer primary side number of turns
6.5 Forward
The magnitude to be controlled in a Forward converter can be either the output voltage
or the inductance current. Both possibilities have been included in SmartCrl. The
schematics are shown below:
VoltageModeControlledForward
LCurrentSensedForward
In the case of a peak current mode control(PCMC) scheme, the magnitudes sensed are
the output voltage and the L current (sensed in the MOSFET).
Forward(LCSVMC)
In the case of an average current mode control scheme, the magnitudes sensed are the
output voltage and the L current.
SmartCtrl
67
DC-DC Plants
Forward(LCSVMC)
InputDataWindowofaVoltageModeControlledForward
andforPeakCurrentModeControl.
68 SmartCtrl
DC-DC Plants
InputDataWindowofaCurrentModeControlledForward
L Inductance (H)
Po Output Power (W)
(*)N2 is the transformer secondary side number of turns.
N1 is the transformer primary side number of turns
SmartCtrl
69
Sensors
Cha
apter 7:
Sen
nsors.
7.1 Voltage
e Divider
The
T Voltagee Divider measures
m
and
d adapts thee output voltage
level to the rregulator vo
oltage refereence level.
Its transfer ffunction corrresponds to
o the follow
wing equatio
on:
K (s)
Vref
Vo
Where:
Vref is thhe compensaator referencce voltage
Vo is thee DC-DC co
onverter outp
tput voltage
7.2 Embedd
ded volta
age divid er
The two resistoors that forrm the volttage dividerr (R11,Rar)) are embeedded withiin the
regullator. So, no
n sensor is
i represent
nted in the correspond
ding box. A
And the vo
oltage
dividder resistorss are highlig
ghted in the compensato
or figure:
Giveen the desirred output voltage,

v
thee compensattor referencce voltage aand the vallue of
R11, SmartCtrl calculates the
t resistor Rar. the transfer functiion of the vvoltage divid
der at
wing:
0Hz is the follow
Vo
Rar
Vrref Rar R11
70 SSmartCtrl
Seensors
7.3 Isolated
d Voltage
e Sensor
The Isolated vooltage senso
or is a volttage sensorr that proviides electriccal isolation. Its
transsfer functionn is described below. IIt is available for the fo
orward and the flyback
k DCDC ttopologies.
n
Gain
s
1
2 fpK
f
gain [dB]
K (s)
20lo
og(K)
20dB/dc
Where:
Gainn
F
Freq
[Hz]
phase [o]
G
Gain is thee sensor gaain at 0dB
B, its
givenn by the output
o
and
d the refereence
voltaage.
0o
45o /dc
Vo
Vref
90o
F
Freq
[Hz]
fpK is the pole frequency

f
in
n Hertz
7.4 Resistiv
ve Sensorr (Powerr Factor C
Correctorr)
If thee current is sensed using a resistoor Rs, the current sensor gain willl be the vallue of
this rresistor: Rs..
K ( s ) Rs
This resistor is represented

r
in the pictuure of the po
ower plant, Rs:
UC385
54A multipliier + Boost PFC
P (resistivee load).
UC3854A
A multiplier + Boost PFC (constant po
ower load).
SmartCtrl
71
Sensors
7.5 Resistive Sensor (Peak Current Mode Control)

The resistator measures the inductor
currentandtransformsthecurrentintoan
equivalentvoltage.
The sensor gain corresponds to its
characteristicresistancevalue(Rs).
G=Rs
7.6 Hall effect sensor
The Hall effect is a current sensor represented through a generic transfer function box.
Internally, its transfer function corresponds to the following equation:
Gain
s
1
2 fpK
gain [dB]
K ( s)
20log(K)
20dB/dc
Freq [Hz]
phase [o]
Where:
Gain is the sensor gain at 0dB.
fpK is the pole frequency in Hertz
0o
45o /dc
90o
Freq [Hz]
7.7 Current Sensor

The current sensor is represented by a
generic transfer function box. Internally,
the transfer function corresponds to a
constant gain in V/A.
K ( s ) Gain
For example, if the current is sensed using a resistor Rs, the current sensor gain will be
the value of this resistor:
K ( s ) Rs
72 SmartCtrl
Modu
ulator
Cha
apter 8:
Mod
dulatorr
8.1 Modula
ator (Peak
k Curren
nt Mode C
Control)
From
m top to botttom, the mo
odulator inpput signals are
a defined as
a follow:
Vramp Is the
V
t characteeristic comp
pensation slo
ope used wiith this typee of
thhis control technique.
t
T
This compeensation slop
pe is added to the senseed
c
current
in orrder to ensuure the systeem stability
y with duty ccycles abov
ve
5
50%.
V
Vsensed
Iss the equivaalent voltagee of the senssed inductorr current.
V Is the sensed regullator output voltage.

Vc
From
m top to botttom, the mo
odulator dessign criteriaa are defined
d as follow:
S
Sn
The inductor
i
chaarge slope.
S
Sf
The inductor
i
disscharge slop
pe.
Se
S
Is thee slope of thhe compensation ramp, it is compuuted as funcction
o Sn and S
of
A
Att
Is thee attenuationn applied to

o the regulattor output vvoltage.
8.2 Modula
ator (PWM
M)
The P
PWM moduulator is dissplayed as ppart of the reegulator.
SmartCtrl
73
Moddulator
Signaal Ramp is defined by:
V
Vp
Peak voltage
V
Vv
Valleey voltage
trr
Risin
ng time
F
Fsw
Switcching frequeency
T
Tsw
Switcching periodd
74 SSmartCtrl
Graphic and text panels
Chapter 9:
Compensators
9.1 Single loop or inner loop

9.1.1 Type 3 compensator
Input Data
R11(ohms) Its default value is 10 k
Vp(V) Peak value of the ramp voltage (carrier signal of the PWM modulator)
Vv(V) Valley value of the ramp voltage
Tr(s) Rise time of the ramp voltage
Tsw(s) Switching period
Output Data
The compensator components values (C1, C2, C3, R1, R2) are calculated by the
program and displayed in the corresponding text panel
SmartCtrl
75

9.1.2 Type 3 compensator unattenuated
The voltage divider needed in order to adapt the sensed output voltage to the reference
voltage is embedded within the compensator. It corresponds to R11 and Rar. This
compensator configuration eliminates the attenuation due to the external voltage
divider.
Input Data
Vref(V) Reference voltage
Output Data
The compensator components values (C1, C2, C3, R1, R2) and the resistor Rar are
calculated by the program and displayed in the corresponding text panel
76 SmartCtrl

Input Data
Output Data
The compensator components values (C2, C3, R2) and the resistor Rar are calculated by
the program and displayed in the corresponding text panel.
SmartCtrl
77

divider.
Input Data
Output Data
calculated by the program and displayed in the corresponding textpanel
78 SmartCtrl

9.1.5 PI compensator
Input Data
Output Data
The compensator components values (C2, R2) are calculated by the program and
displayed in the corresponding text panel.
SmartCtrl
79

9.1.6 PI compensator unattenuated
divider.
Input Data
Tr(V) Rise time of the ramp voltage
Output Data
The compensator components values (C2, R2) and the resistor Rar are calculated by the
program and displayed in the corresponding text panel.
80 SmartCtrl
9.2 Outer loop and peak current mode control

9.2.1 Single pole compensator
Input Data
R11 Its default value is 10 k
Vsat Saturation voltage of the op-amp. In the case of the power factor
corrector using a UC3854A multiplier, this value is equal to 6.0 V
Output Data
SmartCtrl
81

9.2.2 Single pole compensator unattenuated
divider.
Input Data
Vref Reference voltage. In the case of the power factor corrector using a
UC3854A multiplier, this value is equal to 7.5 V
Vsat Saturation voltage of the op-amp. In the case of the power factor
corrector using a UC3854A multiplier, this value is equal to 6.0 V
Output Data
program and displayed in the corresponding text panel.
82 SmartCtrl

9.2.3 Type 3 regulator
Input Data
Output Data
The regulator components values (C1, C2, C3, R1, R2) and the resistor Rar are
calculated by the program and displayed in the correspondingtext panel.
SmartCtrl
83

Input Data
Vref Reference Voltage
Output Data
calculated by the program and displayed in the correspondingtext panel.
84 SmartCtrl

Input Data
Output Data
The compensator components values ( C2, C3, R2) and the resistor Rar are calculated by
SmartCtrl
85

divider.
Input Data
Output Data
The compensator components values (C2, C3, R2) and the resistor Rar are calculated by
86 SmartCtrl

9.2.7 PI compensator
Input Data
Output Data
SmartCtrl
87

9.2.8 PI compensator unattenuated
voltage is embedded within the regulator. It corresponds to R11 and Rar. This regulator
configuration eliminates the attenuation due to the external voltage divider.
Input Data
Output Data
program and displayed in the correspondingtext panel.
88 SmartCtrl
Graphicc and text panels

p
Cha
apter 10
0:
Gra
aphic an
nd text p
panels
The w
window is divided in six
s differennt panels. Fo
our of them
m are graphiic panels an
nd the
two oother are texxt panels.
The grapphic panels are:
B
Bode
plot Magnitude
M
(ddB)
B
Bode
plot Ph
hase ()
P
Polar
plot
T
Transient
ressponse plot
The text panels are:
Innput Data
O
Output
Data
10.1
1 Bode pllots
The Bode plot is
i used to characterize
c
ncy responsse of the syystem. It consists
the frequen
of tw
wo differentt graphs, th
he gain or m
module plott and the ph
hase plot vversus frequ
uency.
Frequuency is plootted in a lo
og axe.
ots the maggnitude of a given transsfer functionn in decibels (dB)
Maagnitudeplo
ot(dB) Plo
versus frequeency. It is reepresented in
i the uppeer left panell of the
Sm
martCtrl winndow.
ots the phaase of a giv
ven transferr function iin degrees versus
Phasep
plot() Plo
freequency. Itt is represeented in th
he bottom left panel of the
Sm
martCtrl winndow.
SmartCtrl
89
Grapphic and texxt panels

In Sm
martCtrl theere are seveen different transfer fun
nctions thatt can be plootted in the Bode
plot. To represennt any of th
hem, just cliick on the correspondin
ng icon of thhe View To
oolbar
or seelect the corrresponding transfer funnction withiin the View
w Menu.
Man
nual placem
ment of poless and zeross
Addiitionally, when
w
a type 3 or type 2 is used, poles
p
and zeeros of the compensato
or are
repreesented by means
m
of thrree little squuares.
Yellowcorresponds to fz
Red
corresponds to fp
Blue
corresponds to fi
The pplacement of
o the aforeementioned zeros and poles
p
can bee varied by the designeer just
by cllicking and dragging on
o each squuare. To enaable this option manuaalmethodttag in
the d
designmeth
hodbox must be selecteed.
Crosss frequencyy
The ccross frequeency of the open loop iis shown by
y means of a pair of dasshed lines on
o the
openn loop transffer function
n of the systeem.
Clickk on right button
b
By riight clickingg on each plot a new w
window is op
pened with some additiional option
ns.
Copy Copy de Bode Plot to clipboard
n allows exp
porting the data of the all
Export This option
frequencies response in
i several foormats.
martCtrl helpp
Help Link to thee on-line Sm
hort explanaations aboutt how to meeasure
QuickHelp Shows a sh
directly on
n the plot
Meassurement toools
Two different tyypes of curssors are avaiilable:
ve the mouuse. Two crrossed red
Ctrl+m
mouse Keeep the Ctrll key pressed and mov
lin
nes are dispplayed and the
t two coo
ordinates off the point on which
thee mouse is pplaced are given.
g
You can measurre at any po
oint within
thee graph areaa.
o of the
Shift+m
mouse Keeep the Shiift key presssed and pllace the moouse near one
dissplayed moodule tracess. The curso
or will trackk itself to that
t
trace,
and the cursoor will measure simultaneously thhe phase an
nd module
of the trackedd trace.
If you want too track the cursor to other
o
trace, jjust left clicck on that
traace.
Ad
dditionally, if the seleected trace is open looop transfer function,
Sm
martCtrl willl measure simultaneou
s
usly on bothh Bode plotts (module
and phase) annd on the Ny
yquist diagrram.
90 SSmartCtrl

p
10.2
2 Nyquistt diagram
m
The N
Nyquist diaagram, togeether with thhe Bode plo
ots, is a graaphical repreesentation of
o the
frequuency respoonse of a linear system.
For eeach , thee resulting open
o
loop ttransfer fun
nction is rep
presented ass Im(T) vs R(T).
So, tthe gain at this
t
he distancee from the represented
r
point to thee origin, an
nd the
is th
phasee is the corrresponding angle.
In terrms of stabbility, the po

olar Nyquistt diagram provides
p
a graphic
g
and easy to evaaluate
criterrion of the closed loop
p system sttability baseed on the open
o
loop syystem frequ
uency
respoonse. This is,
i if the opeen loop trannsfer functio
on is stable (no RHP ppoles), the closed
c
loop system will be unstablle for any enncirclementt of the poin
nt (-1, j0).
In Sm
martCtrl thee designer can determ
mine the sysstem stabilitty at a glannce since a unity
circlee is provideed (in blue).
SmartCtrl
91

Poless and zeross
Poless and zeros of the comp
pensator aree representeed by meanss of three litttle squares.
Yellowcorresponds to fz
Red
corresponds to fp
Blue
corresponds to fi
How
wever, unlikee in the Bod
de plots, theey cannot bee placed maanually.
Zoom
m
A zooom-in and zoom-out tool
t
has beeen implemeented by lefft-clicking aand draggin
ng the
mousse within thhe white areea of the pollar plot. The relative sccale is givenn by the rad
dio of
the oouter circle both
b
in dB and
a natural scale.
Copyy to clipboaard
The same way as
a in the Bo
ode plots annd the transiient responsse plots, a ccopy to clipb
board
optioon is availabble through
h right clickk on the po
olar plot aree that will aallow the usser to
copyy the currentt graph to th
he clipboardd.
Clickk on right button
b
By riight clickingg on each plot a new w
window is op
pened with some additiional option
ns.
Copy Copy de Bode Plot to clipboard
martCtrl helpp
Help Link to thee on-line Sm
Shows a sh
hort explanaations aboutt how to meeasure
QuickHelp
Q
directly on
n the plot
92 SSmartCtrl

p
Meassurement toools
Two different tyypes of curssors are avaiilable:
ve the mousse. Two crrossed red
Ctrl+m
mouse Keeep the Ctrl key presseed and mov
lines are displaayed and thee two coord
dinates of thhe point on which the
mou
use is placeed are given
n. You can measure
m
at any point within
w
the
grap
ph area.
ft key presssed and plaace the moouse near one
o of the
Shift+m
mouse Keeep the Shift
disp
played moduule traces. The
T cursor will
w track ittself to that trace, and
the cursor will measure siimultaneoussly the phasse and mod
dule of the
track
ked trace.
If you want to track the cursor
c
to otther trace, j ust left clicck on that
trace.
ditionally, iif the seleccted trace is
i open looop transfer function,
Add
SmaartCtrl will measure siimultaneoussly on bothh Bode plotss (module
and phase) andd on the Nyq
quist diagram
m.
SmartCtrl
93
10.3
3 Transie
ent respo
onse plot
Trannsient responnse specificcations, suchh as setting time and vo
oltage peak transient vaalues,
are uusually criticcal specificaations whenn designing the control stage of a ppower conv
verter.
Therrefore, proviiding a quicck view to tthe transientt response of
o the conveerter may grreatly
help the designeer during thee design proocess.
In Sm
martCtrl thee three mosst significannt transient responses have
h
been ddeveloped. They
can bbe plotted just by cliicking on tthe correspo
onding icon
ns of the V
View Toolb
bar or
seleccting the corrresponding
g transient reesponse witthin the Vieew Menu.
By riight clickingg on the tran

nsient respoonse plot, th
he following
g options arre displayed
d.
Expoort
This option alloows the useer to exporrt the curreent transientt responsess to a file which
w
couldd be either .txt or .smv
v format. It is placed within
w
the menu displayyed through
h right
clickk on the trannsient respon
nse panel.
Time shiift:
This optiions allows the user to shift the tim
me axis
Print step
ep:
This opttion allows modifying the numberr of points to be expoorted. If the print
step is multiplied
m
by
y 2, only onne point perr two ones will be saveed. This helps to
reduce thhe size of th
he output fille.
94 SSmartCtrl

p
Copyy
This allows the user to copy
y the currennt graphs in the clipboaard
Moddify transien
nt parameteers
This option alloows the usser to custoomize the transient
t
response plott as well as
a the
param
meters of thhe computattion algorithhm
SmarrtCtrl makees an autom
matic selecttion of thee parameters as the usser modifiees his
desiggn. By rightt clicking on the transiient plot and
d selection the Custom
m option, a set of
slideers are displaayed so thatt the user iss able to cusstomize the settings listted bellow.
ws modifyinng the time interval between data points.

Timee step: This option allow
Freqquency resoolution: Thee transient response computation
c
n is based oon samplin
ng the
frequuency respoonse of the power connverter. Thee higher thee resolutionn, the higheer the
numbber of samppled points, which meaans higher accuracy
a
bu
ut also longeer computattional
time.. Therefore,, the trade-o
off can be coonsidered by
b the user.
SmartCtrl
95

Show
wn time: Thhis option allows
a
the user to mo
odify the tim
me period displayed in
i the
winddow. The maximum
m
vaalue is limiited by the time step multiplied
m
bby the frequ
uency
resollution.
A zooom effect could
c
be ob
btained by ddecreasing the shown
n time, deccreasing alsso the
timee step paraameter and finally
f
increeasing the frequency
resolution
r
if necessary
y.
In adddition, the following in
nformation is displayed
d for inform
mative purpooses.
Freqquency step:: The frequency separaation betweeen two sam
mpled frequeency pointss. It is
deterrminate byy the frequ
uency resollution and the bandw
width. An excessive high
frequuency step may
m lead to an incorrecct transient plot.
p
Banddwidth: It determinates
d
s the maxim
mum sampled frequenccy and is diirectly relatted to
the time step seelected by the
t user. Ann excessiveely low valu
ue may leadd to an inco
orrect
transsient plot.
96 SSmartCtrl

p
10.4
4 Steadystate waveform
The "steady-staate waveforrm" panel displays th
he most sig
gnificant waaveforms of
o the
poweer plant andd the modulaator once thhe steady staate is reacheed.
Power stage wavefforms.

The
T available
e wave formss are:
Induc
ctor voltage
Induc
ctor and diodde current
Output voltage
m
waveforms.
w
PWM modulator
The
e available waveforms
w
arre:
Carr(V)): Carrier siggnal (ramp)
Mod(V)): Modulatingg signal
PWM (V): MOSFET

T gate
voltage
e
Peak cuurrent modee control moodulator waaveforms.

The
e available wave forms arre:
Vc(t): Modulating
M
siggnal
Vcr(t): Compensatin
C
ng ramp
Vsensed(t): Sensedd MOSFET

current or inductor ccurrent.
In th
he case of Forward convverter,
Vsill(t) signal is also
a
plotted tto show the
outp
put filter indu
uctor current..
PWM (V
V): MOSFET
T gate
voltage
SmartCtrl
97

Measurementttools
Twodifferenttyypesofcurssorsareavaailable:
Ctrl++
mouse
KeeptheCtrlkeypresseddandmove
ethemouse
e.Twocrosssedredline
esare
dissplayedand
dthetwocooordinateso
ofthepointtonwhichtthemouseiisplaced
areegiven.You
ucanmeasuureatanyp
pointwithinthegraph area.
Shiftt+mouse KeeptheShifttkeypresseedandplace
ethemousenearone ofthedisplayed
mo
oduletracess.Thecursoorwilltrackkitselftotha
attrace,anndthecurso
orwill
meeasurethettwocoordinnates.
Ifyyouwantto
otracktheccursortoothertrace,justleftclickkonthattraace.
10.5
5 Text pa
anels
Two text panelss are availaable to provvide a comp
plete list of the numeriical values of all
the eelements thaat compose the whole ccircuit as weell as some selection p arameter su
uch as
type of regulatorr, type of seensor, etc.
Text panels aree shown thrrough the V
View Menu
u or by cliccking on thhe correspon
nding
buttoons in the main
m toolbar:
View menu
u
Main
M tool baar
Icon
n
Opens Input Dataa Panel
Icon
n
Openss Output Daata Panel
The Input Dataa Panel sum

mmarizes thhe input parrameters off the conveerter such as
a the
poweer stage parrameters, th
he steady-sttate dc operating point, the regullator param
meters,
etc...
The Output Daata Panel shows
s
the numerical information
n about thee design of
o the
comppensator. Thhe regulatorr resistors aand capacito
ors values as
a well as thhe frequencies of
its poles and zeeroes, are updated
u
in real time. In addition
n, the mostt important loop
T
is, thee phase marrgin, gain margin
m
and attenuation
a
at the switching
charaacteristics. That
frequuency.
98 SSmartCtrl

The following example shows the text panels contents for a Forward converter with
double loop control. Therefore, input and output information regarding the inner and
outer loop is provided
Input data panel.
Output data panel.
The following example shows the text panels contents for a Forward converter with
double loop control. Therefore, input and output information regarding the inner and
outer loop is provided
INPUT DATA PANEL
Description
Text shown in the panel

INPUT DATA
Frequency range
DC-DC double loop (outer loop)
Minimum and maximum frequency to be plotted in the graphic

panels.
-------------------------------------Frequency range (Hz) : (1, 999 k)

Cross frequency (Hz) = 10 k
Phase margin
Cross frequency
Selected crossover frequency for the open loop gain of the outer
loop (0 dB crossing frequency).
() = 65
Phase margin
Plant
Selected phase margin for the open loop gain.
-------------------------------------(inner loop)
Plant
The type of converter is shown. In the case of double loop
control, the outer loop plant is the inner loop closed loop
transfer function.
SmartCtrl
99

INPUT DATA PANEL (Cont I)
Description
Sensor
Sensor
--------------------------------------
The type of outer loop voltage sensor is shown. In the

case isolated voltage sensor, the sensor gain and the cutoff frequency are provided.
Isolated voltage sensor

Vref/Vo
= 0.0892857
When a voltage divider is used as voltage sensor, the

resistor values (Ra, Rb) and its power dissipation are
given:
HFPole(Hz)= 500 G
Sensor:
VO
--------------------------------------
VFB
Ra
(Ohms) = 30.3413
Rb
(Ohms) = 94.8168
Ra
Pa
Rb
Pb
Pa (Watts) = 21.0933 m
Pb (Watts) = 65.9166 m
Compensator
The type of outer loop compensator is shown. Users
input values are shown: Input impedance resistor, R11,
the reference voltage, Vref and the error amplifier
saturation voltage are provided.
Compensator
-------------------------------------Type 3
R11(Ohms) = 10000
Vref(V)
The initial conditions for the regulator capacitors are

provided.
= 2.5
Vsat_minimum(V) = 13

-------------------------------------IC_C3(V)
= -7.5
IC_C2(V)
= -7.5
IC_C1(V)
= 0
INPUT DATA PANEL (Cont II)
Description
INPUT DATA
Frequency range
DC-DC double loop (inner loop)
Minimum and maximum frequency to be plotted in the

graphic panels.
-------------------------------------Frequency range (Hz) : (1, 999 k)

Cross frequency (Hz) = 20 k
Phase margin
100 SmartCtrl
() = 60

INPUT DATA PANEL (Cont III)
Description
Plant
Cross frequency
--------------------------------------
Selected crossover frequency for the open loop gain of

the inner loop (0 dB crossing frequency).
Forward (LCS_VMC)
R (Ohms)
= 2.8
= 14 u
Phase margin
RL(Ohms)
= 1 n
Selected phase margin for the open loop gain.
= 2.2 m
(H)
(F)
RC(Ohms)
= 1 n
Plant
Vin
(V)
= 270
Vo
(V)
= 28
The type of converter and the type of control are shown.

The abbreviation LCS-VMC is referred to inductor
current sensed Voltage mode Control. The values of
power stage parameters are provided.
Fsw (Hz)
= 100 k
Nt
= 218 m

-------------------------------------Mode
= Continuous
Duty cycle= 0.475705

Vcomp(V)
= 2.18926
IL
= 10
(A)

Mode indicates de conduction mode of the converter.
Vcomp is the steady state voltage at the output of the
operational amplifier of the regulator.
IL is the average value of the inductor current.
ILmax is the maximum value of the inductor current.
ILmax(A)
= 15.2429
ILmin(A)
= 4.75705
ILmin is the minimum value of the inductor current.
Io
(A)
= 10
Io is the output DC current of the converter.
Vo
(V)
= 28
Vo is the output DC voltage of the converter
Sensor
Sensor
-------------------------------------Current sensor
Gain
= 1
Compensator and PWM modulator parameters
Compensator
-------------------------------------Type 3
Gmod
The type of inner loop current sensor voltage sensor is

shown. In the case of current sensor, the sensor gain is
provided.
= 0.4
R11i(Ohms)= 10000
Vp(V)
= 3
Vv(V)
= 1
tr(sec)
= 8e-006

--------------------------------------
The type of outer loop compensator is shown. Users

input values are shown:
Input impedance resistor: R11i,
Ramp parameters: Peak voltage value (Vp), valley
voltage value (Vv), rise time (Tr). Gmod is the small
signal gain of the modulator.
Steady-state dc operating point (regulator initial

conditions)
The initial conditions for the regulator capacitors are
provided.
IC_C3_i(V) = 7.81074
IC_C2_i(V) = 7.81074
IC_C1_i(V) = 0
SmartCtrl
101

OUTPUT DATA PANEL Operational amplifier based regulator
Description
RESULTS
Components values
Regulator (Analog):
The resistor and capacitor values are provided.
-------------------------------------R1
(Ohms) = 6.03942 k
R2
(Ohms) = 902.951 k
C1
F ) = 1.61707 n
C2
F ) = 28.7245 p
C3
F ) = 17.3479 p
Poles and zeroes frequencies

The frequencies of the regulator poles and zeroes are given
accordingly to expression (1).
fz1 ( Hz ) = 6.13625 k
fz2 ( Hz ) = 6.13625 k
fi
( Hz ) = 345.445 k
s
s
(1)
1
1
2 fz1 2 fz2
R ( s)
T3
s
s
s
1
1
2 fp1 2 fp2
2 fi
b2
( s^2) = 6.72719e-010
s-domain coefficients
b1
( s
The coefficients of an equivalent s-domain transfer function (2)

are given:
fp1 ( Hz ) = 16.2966 k
fp2 ( Hz ) = 16.2966 k
b0
) = 5.18736e-005
= 1
R
a3
( s^3) = 4.39429e-017
a2
( s^2) = 8.99901e-012
a1
( s
a0
) = 4.60725e-007
= 0
T3
( s)
(2)
b 2 s 2 b1 s 1
3
2
a3 s a 2 s a1 s 1
Loop performance parameters

At PhF frequency, the phase of the open loop gain, reaches 180.
GM. Gain margin
Loop performance parameters:

--------------------------------------
PhF ( Hz ) = 23.6721 k
GM
( dB ) = 11.506
Atte( dB ) = 6.55592
102 SmartCtrl
Atte. Attenuation of the gains product sensor x regulator at the

switching frequency.

OUTPUT DATA PANEL Digital control
Description
RESULTS
Regulator (Digital).
Compensator (Analog):
Only in SmartCtrl - Pro
--------------------------------------
z-domain coefficients
R1
(Ohms) = 2.32153 k
R2
(Ohms) = 36.6071 k
C1
F ) = 2.36137 n
C2
F ) = 794.811 p
C3
F ) = 184.518 p
fz1 ( Hz ) = 5.47005 k
fz2 ( Hz ) = 5.47005 k
The Type 3 regulator in z-domain can be expressed as the

following transfer function:
T3
( z)
b0 z 3 b1 z 2 b 2 z b3
a 0 z 3 a1 z 2 a 2 z a3
When a0 = 1, the output y and the input u can be

expressed by the following difference equation:
fp1 ( Hz ) = 29.0323 k
fp2 ( Hz ) = 29.0323 k
y n b0 u n b1 u n 1 b 2 u n 2 b3 u n 3
fi
( Hz ) = 16.2514 k
a1 y n 1 a 2 y n 2 a3 y n 3
b2
( s^2) = 8.4656e-010
b1
( s
b0
) = 5.81914e-005
= 1
a3
( s^3) = 2.94311e-016
a2
( s^2) = 1.07374e-010
a1
( s
a0
) = 9.79329e-006
= 0
Compensator (Digital):
--------------------------------------
b0
= 3.54492
b1
= -2.625
b2
= -3.48438
b3
= 2.68359
a0
= 1
a1
= -1.92383
a2
= 1.13672
a3
= -0.212891
SmartCtrl
103

OUTPUT DATA PANEL Digital control (Cont I)

Sensor:
--------------------------------------
Ra
(Ohms) = 30.3413
Rb
(Ohms) = 94.8168
Pa (Watts) = 21.0933 m
Pb (Watts) = 65.9166 m
Loop performance parameters:

--------------------------------------
PhF ( Hz ) = 2.63194 k
GM
( dB ) = -36.5853
Atte( dB ) = 2.73095
104 SmartCtrl
Description
Solutionss Map
Cha
apter 11
1:
Solu
utions M
Maps
The aappropriate selection of

o fcross and P
PM is one of
o the key isssues for looop optimizaation.
In orrder to easee the first attempt
a
wheen designin
ng a controll loop, an eestimation of
o the
stablle solutions space has been develooped underr the name of
o solutionss map. Baseed on
the sselected plaant, sensor and type oof regulatorr, the soluttions map pprovides a safe
operaating area of the different combinnations of fcross
and PM
M that lead too stable sysstems.
c
The ttwo parameeters involveed are repreesented as PM
P vs frequency.
Just by clicking
c
with
hin the whitte area, a seet of (fcross and
a PM) thaat lead to an
n
stable soolution is selected.
The inpuut boxes (wh

hite backgroound) are au
utomatically
y updated
And so is
i the attenu
uation achievved at fsw box. It is an output paraameter (grey
y
backgrouund) and rep
presents thee attenuation
n achieved by the openn loop at thee
switchinng frequency
y.
Addiitionally, whhen any of the three afforemention

ned values is uncommoonly low or high,
the bboxes backgground is red
d-colored inn order to drraw the designer attenttion.
Boun
ndaries
The bboundaries,, that determ
mine the vaalid area (white area), represent
r
thhe maximum
m and
minim
mum phasee margin thaat can be achhieved for any
a kind of compensatoor.
The simpple integrato

or is a parti cular case of
o any regullator, therefo
fore it provides
the loweer PM limit by adding 990 degrees to
t the phasee of the openn loop transsfer
function without reg
gulator (plan
ant, sensor and
a modulattor) (green lline).
The uppeer limit of the solution map is giveen by the maximum

m
phhase boost
providedd by each kiind of comppensator (blu
ue line).
In terrms of frequuency, the solutions

s
sppace is limited by the sw
witching freequency, fsww.
Sma
artCtrl
105
Solutions Map
When the first design point has been selected within the Solution Map, SmartCtrl
shows its main screen. In the main screen the solutions Map will be shown as a floating
window. The position of this window can be changed by the user by right clicking on
the Solution Map window plus mouse move. Important Warning messages will be
shown in the bottom part of the Solution Map window.
106 SmartCtrl
Editor box
Chapter 12:
Editor box
Following are detailed the rules of procedure of the editor.

1.
There are two types of instructions: assignment and return.
2.
Only one instruction per line is permitted (whether it is assignment or return).
3.
Blank lines are allowed.
4.
Rules for naming variables in assignment instruction:

a. The names must begin with an alphabetic character.
b. The name can be formed of alphabetic or numeric characters, or underscore.
c. The names sqrt, pow, return and PI are reserved names that cannot be used
as variable names.
5.
Rules related to mathematical expressions:

a. Valid operator for algebraic expressions are +, -, *, /.
b. Expressions can use grouping parentheses.
c. The available built-in functions are:
sqrt(a)
calculates the square root of a
pow(a, b)
calculates 'a' raised to 'b'.
d. Algebraic expressions can include the built-in functions.
SmartCtrl
107
Editor box
108 SmartCtrl
Import and export transfer function
Chapter 13:
13.1 Export
13.1.1 Export transfer function
SmartCtrl provide three different exporting options which are available under the export
item of the File Menu. The first of the exporting options is export transfer functions
which is also available through left click on the icon
placed in the main toolbar.
Any of the transfer functions available can be exported to a .txt file. To do that, the
designer must select the function to export within the available list and set the options of
the file in the corresponding dialogue box.
The addressed file is formed by three columns containing the frequency vector, the
module in dB and the phase in degrees respectively.
The file options and characteristics are contained in the "Exporting transfer function
dialogue box" and they are described below:
SmartCtrl
109
FileHeader It contains the name of the three columns of the file.

Exportfunctionbetween The designer is able to set the frequency range of the
exported transfer function
Numberofpoints Number of points to be saved in the file
Points will be equi-spaced along a:
Logarithmic scale in the frequency axis
Decimal scale in the frequency axis
Data separated by:
tabs
spaces
commas
13.1.2 Export to PSIM
SmartCtrl provides a link with PSIM software. Once the regulator has been designed,
the power stage and the compensator can be exported to PSIM, providing an automatic
generation of the schematic and/or an exportation of the parameters of the design
performed in SmartCtrl. This schematic can be used to validate the design using PSIM.
There are three different options for exporting to PSIM, which are briefly described
below:
Export to PSIM (schematic)
The designer is able to export the parameters of the design to a PSIM schematic that is
automatically generated by the program.
110 SmartCtrl
Import and export transfer fun

nction
In thhe first step the
t user willl be asked tto select thee path and the name off the PSIM file
f in
whicch the schem
matic will be
b insertedd. If the filee has not allready beenn created, a new
PSIM
M file will be
b created with
w the nam
me provided by the userr.
In the next step, the user wiill be askedd to choose between

b
diffferent optioons:
Comp
mpensator exxporting wa
ay
Compo
onents (R1, C1, ... aree given): the schemaatic and paarameters of
o the
compennsator will be exporteedwith an analog im

mplementatiion (Operattional
amplifieer and passsive compponents) lik
ke in the following example.C
Check
simulattion issues in this seection in orrder to get some tips to speed up
u the
PSIM siimulations.
Sma
artCtrl
111
Impoort and expoort transfer function
112 SmartCtrl

nction
s-domaain coefficieents: the scchematic an
nd parameters of the com
ompensator will
w
be exporrted in the form
f
of PSIIM control blocks,
b
like in the folloowing example.
z-domaain coefficieents: the scchematic and parameterrs of the com

mpensator will
w
be exporrted in the form
fo of a z-ddomain tran
nsfer functio
on. Thereforre it is neceessary
to configgure the "Diigital Settinngs" before selecting
s
the z-domainn format for
exportatiion to PSIM
M.Besides thhe z-domain transfer fu
unction thatt represents the
digital coompensatorr, additionall blocks are added:
o T
Time-delay block: it reppresents thee accumulated delay off the controll loop
m
minus
the tim
me delay coorrespondin
ng to the mo
odulator, i.e.., the ADC delay
a the calcu
and
ulations dellay.
o L
Limiter befo
ore the compparator of th
he modulato
or which ennsures that the
d
duty
cycle iss at least low
wer than 97
7%.
More infformation ab
bout the sim
mulation wiith z-domain
n coefficiennts is provid
ded in
the sectioon Chapter 16: Digital control of this
t documeent.
Note: when
w
the selected senssor is "Emb
bedded V.d
div." the sschematic is
i not
exportedd to PSIM because thhis sensor is especiallly orientedd to the analog
implemeentation with
h componennts.
Sma
artCtrl
113
Power stage and sensors

The schematic and parameters of the power stage and the sensors will be exported.
Initial conditions
The initial voltage across the output capacitor and the initial current through the
inductor will be exported. This way the initial transient of the simulation can be
reduced.
Export to PSIM (parameters file)
Only the text file with the necessary parameters will be exported to a PSIM schematic
previously generated. Similarly to the previous option, SmartCtrl will ask the designer
to select the path of the PSIM schematic to which the parameters file must be exported.
Then the designer will have to select the exporting options (regulator exporting way,
power stage and sensors and initial conditions).
Update parameters file
Once one of the previously described options has been configured, only the updating of
the existing parameter file is needed. When the designer clicks, the previously inserted
parameter file will be updated automatically.
Simulation issues
13.1.3 Export transient responses
SmartCtrl provides three different exporting options which are available under the
export item of the File Menu. The third of the exporting options is "export transient
functions" which export any of the available transient responses to a file.
114 SmartCtrl
This option is also available through right click on the transient response graphic panel.
The corresponding dialogue box is displayed below. It shows the transient response to
be exported as well as the following parameters:
Timeshift The user is able to set a customized time shift (in seconds) if
necessary, and the transient response will be translated
accordingly along the time axis.
N.ofpointstobeexported SmartCtrl shows the total number of points of the graph.
Printstep Its default value is 1 and it means that every data point will
be exported to the file. If it is 4, only one out of 4 points will
be saved. This helps to reduce the size of the resultant file.
The two buttons placed at both sides of the pint step box
allow to increase (x2) or decrease (/2) the print step easily.
SmartCtrl
115

f
Clickk Apply to update the parameterss and OK to continue. At this pooint, the pro
ogram
will aask you the name and location
l
of tthe file.
13.1
1.4 Export Global.
From
m the main menu it is possible
p
to select Expo
ort Global. This optionn allows thee user
to exxport to texxt files diffferent inforrmation reg
garding the design. Deepending on
o the
seleccted inform
mation, the text files will havee different names, shhown below
w the
correesponding check
c
boxess.
116 SmartCtrl
It is possible to export the following information:
Input and output data of the design.
Transients: time (s) and magnitude (V or A) of a transient step.
Transference functions: frequency (Hz), magnitude (dB) and phase (deg) of the
basic transfer functions.
Additional transfer functions: frequency (Hz), magnitude and phase (deg) of

additional transfer functions, like audiosusceptibility, impedances, etc.
The designer is asked to configure the file format for the transference functions, like in
Export transfer functions.
Finally, the user is asked for the path to save the file/s.
13.2 Import (Merge)

Import (Merge) data of another file with the data of the existing file for display. The
curves of these two files will be combined. The Merge function is available within the
File Menu and through click on
response curves (Bode plots).
. Itis oriented to the comparison of frequency
The file to be merged with the current one can be either a .tro file, a .txt file or a .fra file.
This is, the comparison of the current file results can be compared with the results
previously saved by the SmartCtrl Program, with any transfer function saved in a .txt
format or with a PSIM frequency AC analysis, respectively.
SmartCtrl
117

f
Neithher the .tro file or the .fra file needd to be form
matted in order to be ussed by the merge
m
functtion. Howevver, if a .txtt file is goinng to be useed the follow
wing considderations mu
ust be
takenn into accouunt:
The ffile must bee organized in three collumns (from
m left to righ
ht)
First coluumn corresp
ponds to thee frequency
y values
Second column
c
corrrespond to tthe module in dB
Third column corresspond to thee phase in degrees
d
The firstt line of the file correspponds to thee columns heeadings
The next steps will guide you to addd, modify or
o delete traansfer functtions to/from
m the
compparison, eithher from a .tro file or a .txt file.
11. Merge
You can select the Merge function bboth from th
he File Menu or throuugh left clicck on
from
m the main tooolbar.
22. Availablle actions

You can choosee among the following aavailable acctions:
ds a new traansfer functiion to the co
omparison
Add Add
dify the seettings of a previouslly added tr

transfer fun
nction
Mo
odify Mod
(chaange color, ffile of origiin...)
n
De
elete Deleetestheselecctedfunction
Dele
eteall Deleeteallthefunnctions
App
plythecurrenntsettings
A
Apply
ply the curreent settings and close th
he merge w
window
OK App
b don't apply any chaange
Caancel Closse the Mergge window but
playthehelppwindow
Help Disp
118 SmartCtrl

nction
13.2
2.1 Add Fun
nction
The Add functiion to merrge allows the user to
o add a neew transfer function to
t the
compparison.
11. SelecttheeFunctionType
Where::
G(s) Plant Transfer

Function
K(s) Sensoor Transfer
Fucntion
A(s) = G(s))K(s)
R(s) Regullator Transffer
Function
K(s)R(s)
T(s) = A(s))R(s) Open
n
loop transffer function
CL(s) Clossed loop traansfer
function
22. Select thhe color
33. Load funnction from .tro or .txt file

Load funnction from either a .troo file or a teext file (.txt))
Sma
artCtrl
119

f
44. OK
And the transfer function will be added to
t the modu
ule and phaase panels of
o the
Bode Ploots.
13.2
2.2 Modify Function
The Modify funnction allow
ws the userr to Modify
y the settin
ngs of a preeviously merged
transsfer functionn (change co
olor, file off origin...)
11. Select thee Function too be modifiedd
22. Click on the Modify button

b
33. Modifyseettings
120 SmartCtrl

nction
The
T user is able to mod
dify
the
t followinng parameteers:
Loadd a new filee

Chan
ange the tracce
coloor
However,
H
iff the user
modifies
m
thee function type,
t
a new file m
must be load
ded
Sma
artCtrl
121
122 SmartCtrl
Design meethods
Cha
apter 14
4:
Dessign Metthods
The design methhod box is enabled or disabled by

y clicking on
o the
Toollbar.
icon of theeView
The ddesign methhod box inccludes the foollowing utiilities:

Desiggn method tags
Eachh tag corresspond to on
ne of the tthree differrent design methods aavailable fo
or the
regullator calculaation, this iss:
K-methood
K plus method
m
Manual
Atten
nuation at switching
s
frequency
fr
This output boxx displays th
he attenuatiion achieved
d by the op
pen loop tran
ansfer functiion at
the sw
witching freequency.
Solutions map
Baseed on the selected plantt, sensor annd type of reegulator, thee solutions m
map provid
des an
estim
mation if thee stable solu
utions spacee that lead to
t stable sollutions. Thee two param
meters
invollved are reppresented ass PM vs freqquency.
Two change thee considereed cross freequency an

nd the phasee margin, tthe designeer can
eitheer change thheir values in
i the whitee-coloured boxes,
b
use the
t sliders oor just click
k on a
different point within
w
the so
olutions maap.
Sma
artCtrl
123
Desiggn methodss
14.1
1 Kfactorr Method
d
The K factor allow the dessigner to chhoose a partticular open
n loop crosss-over frequ
uency
and pphase margin, and then
n determinee the necesssary compon
nent values to achieve these
resullts. In SmarttCtrl, the reegulator com
mponent vallues are disp
played withhin theresultts text
panel.
The two input parameters of the K factor (fc, PM) can be
b easily chhanged in the
t K
methhod tag of thhe design method
m
box.
Theyy can be also modified

d by clickinng on the solutions
s
map
m and thee K method
d will
recallculate the regulator
r
to fit the new values. Rem
member thaat the stable solutions area
a is
the w
white one.
In SmartCtrl it is possiblee to use thhe K metho

od for both
h, the Typee 2 and Ty
ype 3
regullators.
K facctor for Typpe 3 regulattor
A Tyype 3 regulaator is form
med by two zzeroes, two poles and a low frequeency pole. When
W
a Tyype 3 regulaator is chossen, the K factor meth
hod assumees that a doouble pole and
a a
doubble zero musst be placed
d to design tthe compenssator.
f
frequency
y
K
The doubble zero is placed

p
at
The doubble pole is placed

p
at f K frequeency
Where K is deefined as th
he ratio off the doublle pole freq
quency to tthe double zero
frequuency and the frequen
ncy f is thee geometricc mean betw
ween the ffrequency of
o the
doubble zero andd the frequen
ncy of the ddouble pole.
124 SmartCtrl
Design methods
So, the maximum open loop phase boost is achieved at frequency f, and it is assumed
that the regulator is designed so that the open loop cross-over occurs at frequency f also.
K factor for Type 2 regulator
A Type 2 regulator is formed by a single zero, a single pole and a low frequency pole.
When a Type 2 regulator is selected the pole and the zero are placed as follows:
f
K
The zero is placed at
The pole is placed at f K
Where the K factor is defined as the square root of the ratio of the pole frequency to the
zero frequency andf is the geometric mean of the zero frequency and the pole frequency.
The maximum phase boost from the zero-pole pair occurs at frequency f, and it is
assumed that the regulator is designed so that the open loop cross-over occurs at
frequency f also.
14.2 Kplus Method

The Kplus method is based on the Kfactor and the inputs are the same:
The desired cross-over frequency (fc)
The target phase margin (PM)
However, unlike K-factor method, cross-over frequency is no longer the geometric

mean of the zeroes and the poles frequencies.
The Kplus method provides an additional design freedom degree with respect to the
conventional Kfactor method, since the Kplus method places the double zero frequency
f
fz a factor below fcross ( f Z C ) and the poles a factor above fcross ( f Z fC ).
Where is set from fcross and phase margin. This parameter allows the designer to
select the exact frequency in which the zeroes will be placed. After that, is
automatically calculated.
The additional degree of freedom obtained with Kplus can be used as follows:
If is set to be lower than K (from the K-factor method), higher gain at low
frequencies but less attenuation at switching frequency (fsw) are obtained.
On the contrary, if is set higher than K (from the K-factor method), the
control loop has less gain at low frequency but more attenuation at fsw. It should
be remarked that the phase margin is the same in all cases.
When is equal to K, both methods are equivalent.
Therefore, the Kplus method can be used to improve the overall performance of the
control loop in those cases where a slightly larger high frequency ripple could be
admitted at the input of the PWM modulator.
SmartCtrl
125
Desiggn methodss
In thhe same wayy as the K method, whhen the Kp
plus tag is selected,
s
thee user can easily
e
channge the input parametters, phase margin an
nd cross-ov
ver frequenccy And alsso an
addittional param
meter, Kpluss, which corrresponds to
o the aforem
mentioned factor.
Theyy can also be

b modified by clickingg on the solutionsmap
p and the Kpplus method
d will
recallculate the regulator
r
to fit the new values. Rem
member thaat the stable solutions area
a is
the w
white one.
14.3
3 Manuall
This method alllows placing
g poles andd zeroes ind
dependently
y from eachh other. It iss used
whenn the desiggner would like to reffine the ressults obtain
ned from thhe K and Kplus
K
methhods or wheen these auto
omatic methhods do nott provide a valid
v
solutioon.
The manual meethod is provided for bboth the typ
pe 3 and typ
pe 2 regulat
ators. Their poles
and zeroes freqquencies can
n be variedd by directlly dragging
g and droppping them in
i the
Bodee plots.
Or tyyping the frequencies
f
of poles aand zeroes in corresp
ponding inpput boxes of
o the
desiggn methods box.
In the casse of a Typ
pe 3 regulattor, the desiigner can ad
djust
the frequuency valuess of:
T
The two zero
oes,
T
The two polees
A
And the low frequency pole
In the casse of a Typ

pe 2 regulattor, the avaiilable
frequenccies are:
126 SmartCtrl
T
The zero
T
The pole
A
And the low frequency pole
Design methods
14.4 PI tuning
The PI tuning method input parameters are the same as in the K-factor method:
Phase margin
Cross-over frequency
From these two input parameters, SmartCtrl calculates the both the proportional (Kp)
and integral (Kint) gains and shows them in the corresponding output boxes.
The same as in the other automatic calculation methods, the phase margin and crossover frequency can be set directly by clicking in the solutions map.
Additionally, there is a Kp and Ti Solution Map that allows the tuning of the PI
regulator by directly tuning its parameters Kp and Ti.
A Proportional Integral controller(PI) is defined by the following transfer function:
1 Tis
Kp :is the Gain of the PI controller.
where
G ( s) Kp
Tis
Ti :is the time constant of the PI controller, in seconds.
The constant time Ti is located on the x-axis of the graphic and the gain Kp is placed on
the y-axis. Any change will involve an instantaneous update of the rest of the windows
of the graphic panel, as well as in the solution map.
Every point in the recommended area of the Solution Mapbox has an equivalent point in
the Kp and Ti Solution Map control box, which is also expected to be stable.
However, several points of the Kp and Ti Solution Map control box might correspond
to an unique point in the Solution Map.
SmartCtrl
127
Desiggn methodss
Sincee there manny possible combinatioons of Kp and

a Ti that lead to a coompensatorr with
the ssame dynam
mic perform
mance, somee areas of the
t Kp and
d Ti Solutioon Map co
ontrol
box hhave been coloredin
c
orrder to avoidd a complex
x definition of the relattionship bettween
pointts of theKp and Ti Sollution Map
p control bo
ox and Solution Mapboox.
The rrecommendded design space
s
corressponds to th
he white areea in betweeen the green and
the bblue lines. These
T
liness represent the limits of
o the set of
o Kp and T
Ti variables that
correespond to feasible
fe
PI regulators.
r
The rest off colored reegions repreesent a weighted
averaage of gainn margin, ph
hase marginn and atten
nuation. Red
d region haas to be avo
oided.
Yelloow and pinnk area in between
b
thee green and
d the blue lines
l
corresp
spond to feaasible
comppensators which
w
attenu
uation at swiitching freq
quency is hig
gher than 0 dB.
14.5
5 Single P
Pole tunin
ng
The I tuning meethod is the equivalent oof the manu
ual method but
b for integgral regulattors.
The simple integrator is formed by a single pole, which freq
quency musst be selected by
the ddesigner. Given
G
this frequency,, the assocciated phase margin iis automatically
calcuulated by the program.
The solutions map

m of an in
ntegrator is a single lin
ne that repreesents the aaddition of 90
9 to
w
regu
ulator transsfer function
n. So, the designer
d
cann also deterrmine
the oopen loop without
the ccross-over frequency
fr
by
y clicking iin the solutiions map, th
he same waay as in the other
desiggn methods..
128 SmartCtrl
Parametric sweep
Chapter 15:
Parametric Sweep
The parametric sweep can be accessed either through the Data Menu or the View
Toolbar icons. The SmartCtrl program distinguish among two different parametric
sweeps:
Input Parameters Parametric Sweep
It allows the variation of all the input parameters of the system. These are:
General Data
Plant
Sensor
Regulator
Compensator Components Parametric Sweep
It allows to vary the component values of the compensator. This is, the resistances and
capacitances that conform the regulator.
15.1 Input Parameters Parametric

To access the input parameters parametric sweep the user can either click must click on
the button
, placed within the View toolbaror through the Data Menu > Parametric
Sweep > Input parameters.
The functions available within the input parameters parametric sweep are the following:
Looptobemodified Select which loop would you like to modify. This
option is only available in the case of a double
loop design, where the designer can select
amongst the inner loop or the outer loop
Tickbox"calculateregulator" When this box is selected, the regulator is
recalculated for each new set of parameters along
the parametric sweep. If it is not selected, the
regulator is fixed to the last one calculated
Looptobeshown Select which loop results would you like to
display. This option is only available in the case of
a double loop design, where the designer can
select amongst the inner loop or the outer loop.
The parameters to be varied are related to the open
loop parameters. The designer is asked to provide
a range of variation. The available parameters are:
Cross Frequency (Hz)

Phase Margin ()
SmartCtrl
129
Parametric Sweep
Tag"GeneralData"
The parameters to be varied are related to the
open loop parameters. The designer is asked
to provide a range of variation. The available
parameters are:
Cross Frequency (Hz)
Phase Margin ()
Tag"Plant"
The parameters available for variation are
related to the plant input parameters. The user
must introduce a minimum and a maximum
value for the variable selected, in order to
provide its range of variation. Only one
parameter can be varied at a time
130 SmartCtrl
Parametric sweep
Tag"Sensor"
Two different sensor are available for variation. The voltage divider and the Hall effect
sensor. The parameter to be varied in the voltage divider is its voltage gain (Vref/Vo). In
the case of the Hall effect sensor there are to available parameters: its gain at 0Hz and
the pole frequency.
SmartCtrl
131
Parametric Sweep
Tag"Compensator"
The parameters available correspond to the
modulator gain and the Resistor R11.
132 SmartCtrl
Parametric sweep
15.2 Compensator Components Parametric Sweep

To access the compensator components parametric sweep the user can either click on
the button
, placed within the view toolbar or through the Data Menu > Parametric
Sweep >Compensator components.
The compensator components parametric sweep is oriented to the variation of the
resistances and capacitances values that conform the regulator. The parametric sweep is
available for Type 3 and Type2 regulators. For instance, in the figure below a
parametric sweep window for a type 2 is shown.
SmartCtrl
133
Parametric Sweep
134 SmartCtrl
Digital co
ontrol
Cha
apter 16
6:
Dig
gital con
ntrol
The D
Digital conttrol feature is only avaiilable in thee SmartCtrl 2.0 Pro
16.1
1 Introdu
uction to Digital C
Control
Digittal control module of SmartCtrrl allows calculating
c
the coefficcients of digital
d
comppensators inn order to be implem
mented by means
m
of digital
d
deviices (as specific
hardw
ware in FPGA or ASIIC, or as a program in
n a microprrocessor, m
microcontrolller or
DSP)).
Digittal regulatoors are obtaained by diiscretization
n of analog
g compensaators, which are
calcuulated follow
wing the an
nalog approaach of SmarrtCrtl.
Three specifics factors are taken
t
into aaccount on digital
d
contrrol calculatiions:
Sampling frequency
y of the reguulator.
Number of bits to reepresent in ffixed point the coefficiients of the obtained

compenssators.
Overall time
t
delay in
i the controol loop.
It is a good pracctice to com

mpare the diiscretized compensator
c
r with the ooriginal analogue
one.
16.2
2 Digital S
Settings
Pushh in the iconn
of thee main toolbbar to start the
t calculation of the ddigital regullators.
This option is ennabled afterr the calculaation of an analog regu
ulator. Digittal regulators are
y discretizaation of an
nalog regulaators usingg the bilineear or
calcuulated in SmartCtrl by
Tustiin transform
mation.
When starting the calculaations of ddigital regu

ulators, threee specific parameterrs are
requiired: sampliing frequency, bits num
mber and acccumulated delay(s).
Sma
artCtrl
135
Digital control
Sampling frequency. It is the sampling frequency of the digital regulator. The
sampling period Tsamp=1/fsamp is the time between two consecutive samples of the
output signal of the regulator.
In many applications, the sampling frequency (fsamp) of the regulator is equal to the
switching frequency (fsw) of the power converter. In SmartCtrl the user can select
different values for switching and sampling frequency, but the sampling frequency
must be a multiple or submultiple of the switching frequency.This parameter is used
to calculate the digital regulator by means of discretization of the analog regulator.
In current loops, the controlled quantity in the converter has a significant ripple.
Therefore, it is recommended to use a Hall Effect sensor that includes a first order low
pass filter that can act as an antialiasing filter.
Bits number. It is the number of bits used to represent the coefficients of the digital
compensator considering a fixed point representation. The obtained coefficients are
rounded to the nearest number that can be represented with the specified number of bits.
One bit is used to represent the sign, and the rest to represent the integer part and the
decimal part.
A low number of bits can result in a digital regulator significantly different from the
analog regulator. It is recommended to check the similarity between the analog and
digital regulator. If analog and digital responses are too much different, especially at
low and medium frequencies, it is recommended to increase the Bits number.
Accumulated delay(s). It represents the total time delay in the control loop (modulator
delay, calculation delay, ADC delay, etc).
This delay affects the actual phase margin obtained with the designed digital regulator.
The delay is a negative phase that is subtracted to the phase of the open loop transfer
function in the Bode plot. As the original (analog) regulator is calculated without
considering the time delay, the obtained phase margin will be lower than the obtained in
the analog regulator. This phase margin loss can be compensated by selecting a higher
phase margin in the specification of the analog regulator.
It is recommended to check the effect of the delay in the Bode plot of the open loop
transfer function and the closed loop transfer function. The accumulated delay is not
represented in the Bode plot of the discretized compensator.
When exporting a design of SmartCtrl to PSIM, a time delay block appears in the
schematic, to take into account the different time delays of the control loop. This time
delay block represents only the ADC delay and calculation delay, since the modulator
delay is included in the behavior of the implemented PWM modulator. Therefore, the
accumulated delay specified by the user must be equal at least to the modulator delay.
Otherwise, inaccurate simulation results may be obtained. For the trailing edge
modulator used in the proposed PSIM circuit, the time delay due to the modulator tpwm
is:
tpwm=DutyCycle/fsw - floor(DutyCycle*fsamp/fsw)/fsamp
136 SmartCtrl
if fsamp>=fsw
Digital co
ontrol
tpwm
m=DutyCyccle/fsw + (fssw/fsamp-1))/2/fsw
if fsamp<
<fsw
16.3
3 Parame
etric sweep in diggital control
The three specific parametters of digiital regulato
ors can be swept:
s
samp
mpling frequ
uency,
numbber of bits and
a accumu
ulated time ddelay.
A waarning box informs thee user abouut limit cyclling. From the four coonditions off limit
cycliing referredd in the tech
hnical literatture [1], [2]], the two depending ollny the regu
ulator
calcuulation are considered.
c
Integgral gain and gain margin

m
are eevaluated and
a
warnin
ng appears in case off non
comppliance of thhe limit cyccling condittions [1], [2
2].When a warning
w
apppears, if thee limit
cycliing effect neeeds to be removed, reddesign of th
he regulator needs to bee done.
When limit cyclling can occcur becausee a too low gain margin
n, it must bbe increased
d. It is
sugggested to inccrease the deesired phasee margin in order to achieve a highher gain maargin.
o
becauuse a too high
h
integrral gain, it is suggested to
When limit cyccling can occur
decreease the dessired cross over
o
frequenncy in orderr to need a lower
l
integrral gain.
Sma
artCtrl
137
Digittal control
[1] A
A.V.Peterchhev, S.R.San
nders, Quaantization reesolution an
nd limit cyccling in dig
gitally
contrrolled PWM
M converterrs, IEEE T
Transaction
ns on Poweer Electroniics, Volum
me 18,
No.1, Jan. 2003, pp.301-30
08
[2] H
H.Peng; D.M
Maksimovicc, A.Prodic,, E.Alarcon
n, Modelin
ng of quantiization effects in
digitaally controllled DC-DC
C converterss, IEEE PE
ESC 2004, pp.4312-431
p
18.
Integgral gain and gain margin

m
are eevaluated and
a
warnin
ng appears in case off non
comppliance of the limit cycling
c
connditions (reeferences 1 and 2). W
When a waarning
appears, if the limit cyclin
ng effect neeeds to be removed, redesign
r
off the regulaator is
recom
mmended.
References:
(1) A
A.V.Peterchhev, S.R.San
nders, Quaantization reesolution an
nd limit cyccling in dig
gitally
contrrolled PWM
M converterrs, IEEE T
Transaction
ns on Poweer Electroniics, Volum
me 18,
No.1, Jan. 2003, pp.301-30
08
(2) H
H.Peng; D.M
Maksimovicc, A.Prodic,, E.Alarcon
n, Modelin
ng of quantiization effects in
digitaally controllled DC-DC
C converterss, IEEE PE
ESC 2004, pp.4312-431
p
18
16.4
4 Simulattion issue
es with d
digital con
ntrol
When a digital controller design is e xported to PSIM in order to be simulated, some
consiiderations should
s
be taken
t
into account. In
n some cases there m
may appear some
probllems with the start of the
t converteer. One possible solutio
on to be useed it to incllude a
limitter block just after the z-domain bblock, whicch values arre in the casse of singlee loop
contrrol (see nexxt figure):
Upper lim
mit: 0.97*V
Vp-Vref
Lower limit: -Vref
138 SmartCtrl
Digital control
In the case of double loop control, this additional limiter can be added both in the inner
control loop and/or in the outer control loop. In the case of the outer control loop de
limits suggested for the limiter are:
Upper limit: 5-Vref
Lower limit: -Vref
In the case of inner control loop, the reference is not fixed. It is suggested to start with
these limits:
Upper limit: 0.97*Vp
Lower limit: -5
SmartCtrl
139

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SmartCtrl

SmartCtrl Users Guide

MAIN MENUS AND TOOLBARS

DESIGN A PREDEFINED TOPOLOGY

DESIGN A GENERIC TOPOLOGY

DESIGN A GENERIC CONTROL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 10: GRAPHIC AND TEXT PANELS

CHAPTER 11: SOLUTIONS MAPS

CHAPTER 12: EDITOR BOX

CHAPTER 13: IMPORT AND EXPORT TRANSFER FUNCTION

CHAPTER 14: DESIGN METHODS

CHAPTER 15: PARAMETRIC SWEEP

CHAPTER 16: DIGITAL CONTROL

1.1 Why SmartCtrl?

1.2 Program Layout

1. Design a predefined topology

Design SmartCtrl libraries, modification of input data, access to the digital

Window Functions to create, arrange and split windows.

Help SmartCtrl Help.

Main Menus and Toolbars

Main Menus and Toolbars

2.1 File Menu

Export to PSIM the schematic and the parameters file,

Generatereport Generate a report to either a .txt file or notepad. It contains

Main Menus and Toolbars

2.2 Design Menu

2.3 View Menu

Main Menus and Toolbars

Plant transfer function, G(s)

Additionaltransferfunctions Select the additional transfer functions to be

Input voltage step transient

Organizepanels Resize all panels and restore the default appearance of

Bode (magnitudes) panel

Inputdata View design input data

Main Menus and Toolbars

2.4 Window Menu

2.5 Main Toolbar

Main Mennus and Too

Main Menus and Toolbars

Main Mennus and Too

All tthose transsfer functio

Subsccript 1 referrs to the tyype of tran

iL: inducttor current.

Subsccript 3 referss to the pertturbing mag

io: outputt current.

The cconsidered transfer fun

Open loop Audiosusceeptibility

Main Menus and Toolbars

Closed loop Audiosusceptibility

The nomenclature will be clarified through two examples.

Load resistor is included within de output impedance transfer

Example 2: Closed loop transfer function.

Closed loop Output impedance transfer function

Design a preddefined topo

The most widelly used top

Pre-ddesigned toppologies available are:

PFC Boost conv

Design a predefined topology

The predefined DC-DC plants

Finally, the compensator is selected. The ones provided by SmartCtrl are:

Design a preddefined topo

Current sensor (imp

The program will