Three-Phase Induction Motor

(Asynchronous )

Contents

Introduction
Rotating Magnetic field
Construction and Principle of Operation
Equivalent Circuit
Performance Characteristics
Starting Methods
Speed Control

Laws of Electromagnetism

Faradays Law
Lenzs Law
Flemings Right Hand rule
Flemings Left Hand rule
Interaction of two magnetic fields

Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction

When the magnetic flux

through a circuit is
changing an induced
EMF is setup in that
circuit and its magnitude
is proportional to the
rate of change of flux

Lenzs Law

The direction of an
induced EMF is such
that its effect tends
to oppose the change
producing it

Flemings Right Hand rule

Used to measure the direction of
induced current in a conductor when
cut by a magnetic field.

Flemings Left Hand rule

Used to measure the direction of

motion of a current carrying
conductor when placed in
magnetic field.
6

Interaction of two magnetic fields

Electromagnetics

Rotor
Stator

Introduction

About 65% of the electric energy in the United States is

consumed by electric motors.
In the industrial sector alone, about 75% is consumed by
motors and over 90% of them are induction machines.
Simple construction, Robust, Cheap

TYPE OF ASYNCHROUNOUS
MOTOR

Production of three phase

rotating magnetic field (RMF)

RMF may be set up in two-phase or three-phase

machines.
The number of pole pairs must be the same as the
number of phases in the applied voltage.
The poles are displaced from each other by an
angle equal to the phase angle between the
individual phases of the applied voltage.

10

+ When Current positive and going into

When Current negative and coming from

11

Rotating Magnetic Field

When three-phase balanced currents
are applied to a three-phase winding,
(aa', bb', cc', displaced from each other
by 120 electrical degrees in space), a
rotating magnetic flux is produced.
The speed at which the magnetic flux rotates is called the
synchronous speed ns,
120 f s
ns
p
Where fs is the supply frequency and p is the total number
of poles.

12

Rotating Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Currents in different phases of AC Machine

t01 t12

Amp

t0

t1

t2
1 Cycle

t3

t4

time
13

MMF due to ac current in phase a

Axis of phase a
a

Fa
Axis of

a +

phase a

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.
a 2
0

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-90

t1
t12

t0
t01
a

a
t2

-40

10

60

110

160

210

260

Space angle ( ) in degrees

Pulsating mmf
14

MMF due to three-phase currents in threephase winding

1.5

Fc
a
b
c
Fa
c
b
a Fb

Fc
b

c
a
t = t1

Fa

0.5

Fc

t = t0

Fb

-0.5
-1
-1.5
-93

t = t0

F
Fb a

10

113

216

Space angle () in degrees

Fb a

c
Fa

c
b
Fc a
t = t2

c
b
Fc a Fb
F t = t3

MMFs at various instant (Rotating mmf)

15

Rotating Magnetic Field

Time

t1

t2

t3
16

Rotating Magnetic Field

a

Time

t1

t2

t3

c
a

ia

ib

ic

17

Rotating Magnetic Field

3
max
2

3
max
2
3
max
2
3
max
2

Time
3

max
2

t1

ia

t2

t3

3
max
2

At t1

At t2
3
max
2

3
max
2

ib

At t3

b
ic

3
max
2
18

Rotating Magnetic Field

www.ewh.ieee.org

19

Principle of Operation
If the stator windings are connected
to a three-phase supply; a rotating field
will be produced in the air-gap. This field
rotates at synchronous speed ns. This
rotating field induces voltages in the
rotor windings. Since the rotor circuit is
closed, the induced voltages in the rotor
windings produce rotor currents that
interact with the air gap field to produce
torque. The rotor will eventually reach a
steady-state speed nm that is less than
the synchronous speed ns.
The difference between the rotor
speed and the synchronous speed is
called the slip, s ,

www.ewh.ieee.org

ns n
S
ns

s
S
s
2n

60

n in rpm
in rad/s
20

Analytical expression for the rotating mmf

An analytical expression may be obtained for the resultant mmf wave at
any point in the air gap, defined by an angle .
F ( ) Fa ( ) Fb ( ) Fc ( )
Nia cos Nib cos( 120) Nic cos( 120)
The currents ia , ib and ic are function of time thus

F ( ) NI m cos t cos NI m cos( t 120) cos( 120)

NI m cos( t 120) cos( 120)

1
1
F ( ) NI m cos( t ) NI m cos( t )
2
2
1
1
NI m cos( t ) NI m cos( t 240)
2
2
1
1
NI m cos( t ) NI m cos( t 240)
2
2
3
NI m cos( t )
2

21

22

Construction
1- STATOR
A three-phase windings is put in slots cut on the inner
surface of the stationary part. The ends of these
windings can be connected in star or delta to form a
three phase connection. These windings are fed from a
three-phase ac supply.

23

Construction (Cont.)
2- Rotor
it can be either:
a- Squirrel-cage (brushless)
The squirrel-cage winding
consists of bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at
both ends by end rings.
The squirrel-cage rotor is the
most common type because it
is more rugged, more
economical, and simpler.

24

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (SCIM)

Short circuits all

rotor bars.

/rotor winding

25

Construction (Cont.)
b- Slip ring (wound-rotor)
The wound-rotor winding has the same
form as the stator winding. The windings
are connected in star. The terminals of
the rotor windings are connected to three
slip rings. Using stationary brushes
pressing against the slip rings, the rotor
terminals can be connected to an
external circuit.

26

Construction-Wound Rotor Induction Motor (WRIM)

Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical woundrotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings

Brushes
27

APPLICATION OF SLIP RING

MOTOR

Wound rotr
compressor

Central air conditoining

29

ADVANTAGES OF SLIP RING AND

SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR
SQUIRREL CAGE

SLIP RING

cheaper and more robust

slightly

the starting torque is much

higher and the starting current
much lower

higher efficiency and power

factor

the speed can be varied by means

of external rotor resistors

explosion proof, since the

absence of slip-rings and brushes
eliminates risk of sparking.

Principle of Operation

If the stator windings are connected to a

three-phase supply; a rotating field will
be produced in the air-gap. This field
rotates at synchronous speed ns. This
rotating field induces voltages in the
rotor windings. Since the rotor circuit is
closed, the induced voltages in the rotor
windings produce rotor currents that
interact with the air gap field to produce
torque. The rotor will eventually reach a
steady-state speed nm that is less than the
synchronous speed ns.
The difference between the rotor speed
and the synchronous speed is called the
slip, S , and is defined as

n s nm
S
ns

31

Definitions

nm = the rotor speed (the motor speed) w.r.t. stator

ns = the speed of stator field w.r.t. stator or the synch. speed
nr = the speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor
S = the slip
fs = the frequency of the induced voltage in the stator (stator
or supply frequency)
fr = the rotor circuit frequency or the slip frequency

nr nS nm snS
fr

Slip rpm

p
p
p
( nr )
( n S nm )
( S nS ) S f S
120
120
120
32

Induced EMF
The instantaneous value of the induced voltage
in N turns coil is given by:

phase voltage is 1/3

of the normal voltage

d
e N
dt
Let m sin( t )
e N m cos( t ) N 2f m sin( t 90)
The r.m.s. value of the induced voltage per phase is

E rms 4 . 44 f N

ph

pK

where
Nph is the number of turns in series per phase
f is the frequency
p is the flux per pole
Kw is the winding factor

phase voltage is equal

to the line voltage.

33

Equivalent Circuit Per Phase

At standstill (nm= 0 , S = 1)
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor at standstill is the
same as that of a transformer with secondary short circuited.

R1

Rc

R2

Ir I2

Ic

I1
V

X2

X1

Xc

E2
N2

E1
N1

E1

N1

N2

E2

I2
N1
I2

I
N2
I1
34

Equivalent Circuit Per Phase

At standstill (nm= 0 , S = 1)
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor at standstill is the
same as that of a transformer with secondary short circuited.
X1

R1

X2

I2

R2

Ic
I2

I1
V1

Rc

Xc

E1=E2

All values are

per phase

Where
E2 = per-phase induced voltage in the rotor at standstill
X2 = per-phase rotor leakage reactance at standstill
35

Equivalent Circuit Per Phase (cont.)

At any slip S
When the rotor rotates with speed nm the rotor circuit
frequency will be:
fr S fS

Therefore induced voltage in the rotor at any slip S will

be E2S = S E2 , similarly X2S = SX2
and the rotor equivalent circuit per-phase will be:
sX2
I2

I2
sE2

Where

X2

X2

R2

I2

E2

I2
R2/S

R2

E2

SE 2
E2

R2 jSX 2 ( R2 / s ) jX 2

R2(1-S)/S

36

Combined Equivalent Circuit

X1

R1

Rc

R2 /s

N1 : N2

I2

Ic

I1
V

X2

Xc

E1

E2

37

Combined Equivalent Circuit

R1

Rc

N1

R2
N2

R 2 /s

I2

Ic

I1

R'2

X 2

X1

Xc

E 1 E 2

N2
'

I 2 I 2
N1

N1
'
X 2 X 2
N2

38

R1

X 2

X1

Xc

Rc

R1

E 1 E 2

X 2

X1

Rc

R 2

I2

Ic

I1
V

I2

Ic

I1

R 2 /s

Xc

E 1

E 2

R '2
R '2
'
R2
(1 s )
s
s

R'2
( 1 s )
s

39

Equivalent Circuit of IM
Airgap &
Magnetic Circuit

Stator Circuit

I1
V1

R1

Io

X1
E1

Rc

Rotor Circuit

X
Xm

Load +
Rotational losses

'
2

I2

'
2

(1 S ) R2'
S

40

R1

Rc

R 2

I2

Ic

I1
V

X 2

X1

Xc

E 1

E 2

R'2
( 1 s )
s

Equivalent to transformers
secondary windings
Equivalent to transformers
primary windings

Equivalent to transformers
load
41

R1

X 2

X1

I2

Ic

I1

E 1

Xc

Rc

R1

R 2

R'2
( 1 s )
s

E 2

X 2

X1

R 2

I1
I2

Ic
V

Rc

Xc

E 1 E2

R'2
( 1 s )
s

42

Xeq

I1

Req

I2

Ic
V

Rc

R'2
( 1 s )
s

Xc

'
Req R1 R2

X eq X 1

'
X2
43

Equivalent Circuit Per Phase (cont.)

1-The Complete Equivalent Circuit per phase
Airgap &
Magnetic Circuit

Stator Circuit

I1

R1

Io

E1

V1

Rc

Rotor Circuit

X
X

Load +
Rotation losses

'
2

I2

'
2

(1 S ) R
S

'
2

2-IEEE-Recommended Equivalent Circuit

R1
I1
V1

X2 =2 f1L2

X1=2 f1L1

I2

Xm=2f1Lm

R 2 /S

44

Equivalent Circuit Per Phase (cont.)

3-Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
In order to simplify the computations, IEEE recommended equivalent circuit
can be replaced by the following Thevenins equivalent circuit.

Xm

Vth

R (X1 X m )
2
1

V1
2

Rth

X2

Xth
I2

If R12 ( X 1 X m )2
Xm
Vth
V1 K thV1
X1 Xm

Z th

jX m ( R1 jX 1 )
Rth jX th
R1 j ( X 1 X m )

Rth (

Xm
)2 R1 K th2 R1
X1 Xm

R2/S

Vth

and

gap Air

X th X 1
45

DETERMINATION OF THE EQUIVALENT

CIRCUIT PARAMETERS (cont.)
1. No-Load Test ( S = 0 )
A

W1
V

I
I.M.

V0

Ic
Rc

Im
Xm

No Load

W2

Measured values VoL = V1L , IL , and Pot = W1 W2

Calculate the per phase values V0 , I and P0= Pot /3

cos( o )

Po
V0 I

I c I cos( o )
V0
Rc
Ic

I m I sin( o )

V0
Xm
Im

46

DETERMINATION OF THE EQUIVALENT

CIRCUIT PARAMETERS (cont.)
2. Blocked rotor Test (S =1)
A

IbR1+R 2

W1

I.M.
Vb

X1+X2

Zb

Blocked

W2

Measured values VbL < V1L , IbL , and Pbt= W1 W2

Calculate the per phase values Vb , Ib and Pb = Pot /3

Rb R1 R2
R2 Rb R1

Pb
,
2
Ib

Zb
&

Vb
,
Ib

X b X 1 X 2 Z b2 Rb2
X 1 X 2

Xb
2

47

Power Flow In Induction Motors

dev

= 3V1I1cos

48

Power Flow In Induction Motors

R2
S
PRCL 3( I 2 ) 2 R2
R (1 S )
Pdev 3( I 2 ) 2 2
S

PAG 3( I 2 ) 2

X1

R1
I1
V1

X2

I2
I

Ic
Rc

Im

R2
I2
R2(1-S)
S

Xm

PGA : PRCL : Pdev 1 : S : (1 S )

PAG

49

Power Flow In Induction Motor

Input Power (Pin)

Stator Losses:
Copper losses (Pcu 1)
Core losses (Piron)

Airgap Power (Pg)

Rotor Copper Losses (Pcu 2)

Developed Power (Pd)

Rotational Losses (Protational)

Output Power (Pout)

50

Power Flow In Induction Motor

R1

X1

Ic

I1

Pin 3 V I1 cos1
V

Pcu 1 3

V2
Piron 3
Rm

R s P

Pcu 2 3 I

' 2
2

Rc

'
' 2 R2
Pg 3 ( I 2 )
Td

I12 R1

'
2

Pd 3 I

Protational

X2

' 2
2

R2

I2
Xc

E1 E2

'

R2
( 1 s )
s

Pg : Pcu 2 : Pd 1 : s : (1 s )

R2'
(1 s) Pg (1 s) Td
s

Pout T

51

Power relations
Pin 3 VL I L cos 3 V ph I ph cos

PSCL 3 I12 R1

PAG Pin ( PSCL Pcore )

PRCL 3I 22 R2

Pconv PAG PRCL

Pout Pconv ( Pf w Pstray )
52

Example

53

Solution
100 hp, 460 V, 8 pole, 60 Hz, star connected, 3-phase IM
Vph= 460/3 = 265.6 V
a) Machine parameters
No Load Test:
Vnl = 460/3 = 265.6 V, Inl = 40 A , Pnl = 4200/3 = 1400 W
cos (nI) = Pnl / (VnI * Inl) = 1400/ (265.6*40) = 0.132
nI = 82.4
Ic = Inl cos (nI)= 40* cos(82.4) = 5.27 A , Rc= Vnl / Ic = 50.38 .
Im = Inl sin (nI) = 40* sin(82.4) = 39.65 A , Xm = Vnl / Im = 6.7 .
Blocked rotor test:
Vbl = l00/3 = 57.74 V, Ibl = 140 A , Pbl = 8000/3 = 2666.67 W
R1+R'2 = Pbl / (lbl)2 = 0.136
But R1 = (0.152/2) * 1.11 = 0.084 , so R'2 = 0.052
Zbl = Vbl/ Ibl = 0.412 .
Xbl ={(Zbl2 -(R1+R'2)2} = 0.39
X1 = X'2.= 0.39/2 = 0.195
54

b) For nm = 873 rpm

ns = 120*fs / P = 120*60/8 = 900 rpm
S = (ns- nm)/ns = 0.03
IEEE recommended equivalent circuit per phase

Z in

(1.732 j 0.195) * j 6.7

0.084 j 0.195
1.732 j 6.895

1.623 + j0.771 = 1.797 25.41

I1 = V 1 / Zin = 147.75 A
p.f. = cos(25.41)= 0.903 lag
Pin = 3 V1I1 cos() = 3 *265.6*147.75*cos (25.41) = 106308 W
2
in = P
PZAG
in -3I1 Rl = 100806 W
PRCL = s * PAG = 3024 W
Pdev = PAG PRCL = 97782 W
Rotational losses = Pnl (total) 3 (Inl)2 R1 = 4200 3 (40)2 (0.084) = 3797 W
Pout = Pdev Rotational losses = 97782-3797 = 93985 W
Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 0.884

55

Problem

56

Performance Characterstics
Torque / speed Curve
Consider Thevenins equivalent circuit
The rotor current referred to stator side is:

I
'
2

Vth

Xth
I2

R2/S

Vth

Rth ( X th X 2 ) 2
s

'
2

Rth

X2

gap Air

And the developed torque T is :

PAG (1 S ) PAG 3( I 2 ) 2 R2

m s (1 S ) s
s
Pdev

Vth2
R2'
T 3
2
S s
R2'
Rth ( X th X 2 ) 2
S

Speed p.u.

57

Torque/Speed Curve (cont.)

Starting Torque:
at starting S =1, so the starting torque is:

Vth2
TSt 3
s Rth R2 2 ( X th X 2 ) 2
R2'

Maximum torque

Unstable
Stable

For maximum torque

dT
0 ,
dS

ST max

Tmax

from which

R2'
2
[ Rth ( X th X 2' ) 2 ]1 / 2

Vth2

2 S Rth [( Rth ) 2 ( X th X 2' ) 2 ]1 / 2

Starting torque

STmax

58

Torque-speed characteristics

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

59

Torque/Speed Curve (cont.)

If the stator resistance is small, so Rth may be neglected

ST max

R2'

( X th X 2' )

and

Tmax

Vth2

2 S ( X th X 2' )
3

and the ratio between the maximum torque and the torque developed at
any speed is given by:
( R2' / S ) 2 ( X th X 2' ) 2
( R2' / S ) 2 ( R2' / ST max ) 2
Tmax
S
S
'
(
)

(
)
2
' 2
'
2
'
2
( R2 / ST max ) ( X th X 2 ) ST max
( R2 / ST max ) ( R2 / ST max ) ST max
T

Tmax S 2 T max S 2

T
2 ST max S
60

Problem

61

Torque Characteristics
Consider The approximate equivalent circuit. The rotor current referred
to stator side is

I 2'

Td

Xeq

I1

R
R1 X eq2
s

'
2

Pd

I2

Ic

V
V

Rc

'
R

( I 2' ) 2 2 (1 s )

Req

Xc

R'2
( 1 s )
s

3 V 2 R2' (1 s )

' 2

R2
2
s R1 X eq
s

62

Torque Characteristics

s
0

Td

n
n
s

Pd

3 V 2 R2'
2
'

R2
2
X eq
s s R1
s

smax

s
1

Tst

T
max

ns n
ns

Torque
63

Torque Characteristics
s

Small Slip
Maximum Torque

0
s max
Large Slip

1
T

st

max

Torque

64

Maximum Torque

Td

Set

Pd

Td
0
s
smax

R'2
2
R12 X eq

Tmax

3 V 2 R2'
2
'

R2
X eq2
s s R1
s

3V

2
2
2 s R1 R1 X eq

65

Starting of IM

Problems:
High starting current
Low starting torque

66

Starting of Induction Motor

Xeq

I1

I2

Ic
V

Req

R'2
( 1 s )
s

Xc

Rc

'
I 2st

2
' 2
R1 R2 X eq
67

Starting by Reducing Voltage

I '2st

n
V2 < V1

ns

3V2

V1

Tmax

s max

Tst

Tst 2

Tst 1

Tmax

' 2
2
R1 R2 X eq

2
2 s R1 R12 X eq

3 V 2 R2'

s R1 R

Torque

' 2
2

smax

X eq2

R'2
2
R12 X eq
68

Starting by Reducing Voltage

Starting current is reduced (good)

Starting torque is reduced (cannot start heavy
loads)
Maximum torque is reduced (Motor acceleration
is low)
Speed at maximum torque is unchanged

69

Starting by Adding Rotor Resistance

Radd3 > Radd2 > Radd1

Radd3

ns

I '2st

Radd2

s max

Tmax

Tst2

' 2
2
R1 R2 X eq
R'2
smax
2
R12 X eq

Radd1

Tst1

Tst3=Tmax

Tst

3V2
2
2 s R1 R12 X eq

Torque

3 V 2 R2'

s R1 R

' 2
2

X eq2

70

Starting by Adding rotor resistance

Starting current is reduced (good)

Starting torque is increased (good)
Maximum torque is unchanged (Motor
acceleration is high)
Speed at maximum torque is reduced

71

Methods Of Improving Starting Torque

In creasing the resistance of the rotor conductors

Using a combination of high and low resistance
Conductors
Using a wire wound rotor connected to variable
resistor

72

Torque/Speed Curve for varying R2

Tmax

Vth2

2 S ( X th X 2' )

ST max

R2'

( X th X 2' )

The
maximum
torque
is
independent
of
the
rotor
resistance. However, the value of
the rotor resistance determines
the slip at which the maximum
torque will occur. The torque-slip
characteristics for various values
of are shown.
To get maximum torque at
starting::

ST max 1

R1< R2< R3
R3

R2

R1

n
nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n
s
NL
nr1< nr2< nr3

i.e. R2 ( X th X 2 )
73

Maximum Torque

Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic

74

Stator current and input power factor

From the IEEE recommended equivalent circuit, the input impedance Zin
is:

R2'
'
jX m jX 2
S

Z in R1 jX 1 '
R2
j X m X 2'
S
Z in Z in
The stator current I1 is :

V1
I1
Z in

And the input power factor is :

p.f. = cos ()

jX2

jX1

R1
I1
V1

R 2 /S

jXm

Maximum or
pull-out torque

T
I1

p.f.

Tst
art

s
Starting
Typical Induction Motor
Characteristics

No-load

75

Classes of squirrel-cage motors

According to the National Electrical Manufacturing Association

(NEMA) criteria, squirrel-cage motors are classified into class A, B,
C or D. The torque-speed curves and the design characteristics for
these classes are :
Class

Starting
Current

Starting
Torque

Rated
Load Slip

Normal

Normal

< 5%

Low

Normal

< 5%

Low

High

< 5%

Low

Very High

8-13 %

C
B

76

Speed control of induction motors

1- Stator voltage Control

T Vs2

T
V1

Rotor

V2
T

i
A

vA
N

vB
vC
C

4T
3

T
6T
5

T
2

V3

Rotor

V decreasing

V1> V2 > V3
nr1> nr2 > nr3

i
c

nr3 nr2 nr1

n
ns~nNL

77

Speed control of induction motors

2- Stator Frequency Control

nm=(1-S)ns , ns= 120 fs/P

Torque-Speed curves at different
stator frequencies with constant
voltage supply

Td

3 V 2 R2'

Speed

R2'
2
s s R1 X eq
s

f1
ns1

f3
ns3

A
B

f2

ns2

iL

f1 > f2 > f3

Inverter

Rectifie
r

DC AC

AC
DC

Rotor

filter
f Control

78

Torque

Speed control of induction motors

3. Rotor voltage Control (Slip-Energy Recovery)

For wound rotor induction motor only
a- Classical technique:
Variation of rotor circuit resistance

Advantages:
Very simple
Very useful at starting:
(high starting torque & low starting current)

Drawbacks:
Low efficiency:extra losses
Slow control
unbalance problems if the three
resistors are unequal.
79

Speed control of induction motors

b- An alternative methods of varying rotor-circuit resistance
Using three-phase diode bridge and a single variable resistor

80

Speed control of induction motors

c- Slip-Energy Recovery System

Diode Rectifier

Controlled Inverter

81

Starting of Induction Motors

1- Direct-On-Line Starting
Induction motors when started by connecting them directly across the
supply line take 5 to 8 times their full-load current. This initial excessive
current may cause large line voltage drop that affects the operation of other
electrical equipment connected to the same lines. This method is suitable
for small motors up to 10-hp rating.
2- Auto-transformer
A three-phase step-down autotransformer may be employed as a reduced
voltage starter. As the motor approaches full speed, the autotransformer is
switched out of the circuit.

82

Starting of Induction Motors

3- Star-delta method
The normal connection of the stator windings is delta
while running. If these windings are connected in star
at starting, the phase voltage is reduced, resulting in
less current at starting. As the motor approaches the
full speed, the windings will be connected in delta.
4- A solid-state controller
The controller can provide smooth starting.
5- Using an external resistance in series with the rotor
For wound rotor induction motor only. The external
resistance can be chosen to get high torque and low
current at starting and can be decreased as motor
starts up.

Rext decreases

83

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

The single-phase induction machine is the most

frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and
so forth.

The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron

core with two windings arranged perpendicularly.

One is the main and

The other is the auxiliary winding or starting
winding

84

Nameplate

85

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

86

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

This single-phase
motors are truly twophase machines.
The motor uses a
squirrel cage rotor,
which has a laminated
iron core with slots.
Aluminum bars are
molded on the slots and
short-circuited at both
ends with a ring.

Stator with laminated

iron core

Main winding

Slots with winding

Rotor with
laminated
iron core

+
+

Bars

_
_
Starting winding

Ring to short
circuit the bars

Single-phase induction motor.

87

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

88