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Waste Treatment 4 -1

CHAPTER IV

WASTE TREATMENT

4.1

Introduction
Waste is general problem in a chemical plant and is global problem in a

developing country. The waste whether is in solid, liquid, gases or mixture form must
not exceed levels at which they will harm the environment. Normally, a plant takes the
raw materials to produce, through stages of processing steps, one or more products for
sale with purpose to generate income. It is impossible to convert 100% of the raw
materials into saleable products, and there is always some waste or residual. This
follows the second thermodynamics law, which states that, there is no process which can
achieve 100% efficiency. Therefore, waste treatment plays the role to protect the
environment from the wastes from the industries.
Waste treatment is an essential process in order to decrease and minimize the
environment pollution, especially for those contain toxic components. It is responsibility
to treat the waste to an acceptable form or level before discharge, as direct discharge of
the unwanted material into the ecosystem will bring about detrimental effects. Waste
treatment is an economic burden to a process plant since it does not bring any economic
advantage to the company participated. However, the implication of waste treatment

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plant becomes important with regards to environmental pollution. Thus, waste treatment
is important in order to contribute to a safe environment.
As far as the environment pollution is concerned, the chemical waste either in the
form of solid, liquid or gases must be treated before being discharge to sewage, drain or
atmosphere. The quality of discharge should comply with The Environment Quality
(Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979 and Environmental Quality (Clean
Air) Regulation 1978. Under these regulations, the factory owner or waste generator
must ensure the waste generated is handle and disposal off appropriately to prevent
environmental pollution. Disposal of hazardous waste on-site or governed by
Department of Environment, Malaysia (DOE) regulations on scheduled waste. The
Quality of discharge should comply with the Environmental Quality (Scheduled
Wastes) Regulations 1989. The requirements are:
a) Under the regulations, 107 categories of wastes have been classified as scheduled
wastes.
b) Scheduled wastes can be stored, recovered and treated within the premises of a
waste generator.
c) Waste generators shall also keep an up-to-date inventory of scheduled wastes
generated, treated and disposed off.
d) In the case of transporting the waste from the waste generator to the treatment
and disposal facilities, shall be monitored until it reaches the approved
destination.
The details of the regualtions and standards which concerned with the production of
hydrogen plant is enclosed in Appendix E.

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4.2 Waste Management Hierarchy

Figure 4.1: Hierarchy of Waste Management (Davis, 1998)


In the waste management hierarchy, pollution prevention or source reduction is
always the top priority option in waste management decisions. Source reduction is
defined as any onsite activity, which reduces the volume or hazard of waste generated at
a facility. Meanwhile, recycling is defined as practices in which wastes are either
reclaimed or reused. A reclaimed waste is one, which is processed or treated through
some means to purify it for subsequent reuse, or to recover specific constituents for
reuse. Reused waste is those, which serve directly as feedstocks without any treatment.
Source reduction is most preferred because recycling the generation of waste still occurs
and the recycling process results in waste residues. If these two preferred options were
impossible, then the waste treatment should be considered before the final and least
preferable option disposal is considered.

4.2.1

Waste Management
Waste treatment management should follow some of the steps as below:

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i. Facilities Planning
Facilities plan are documents established to analyze the technical economic,
environmental and financial factor necessary to select a cost effective waste
management plan. The scope of the facilities plan includes:
a. Problems defining
b. Identifying design year needed (usually 20 years).
c. Defining, developing and analyzing alternative treatment and disposal systems.
d. Selecting a plan
e. Outlining an implementation plan including arrangements and a schedule for
design and construction
ii. Design
There are many steps of designing need to be adhered in order to design an
optimum waste treatment plant. Conceptual design is used to finalize the preliminary
design criteria. Here, principal engineering decisions are made, equipment is selected
and the layout of the plan. It is also advisable to have topographic surveys.
In preliminary design, the site plan is finalized, equipments are defined,
alternative mechanical equipment and piping arrangement are made as well as support
systems and utility requirements are determined. At this stage, a preliminary cost
estimate can be made and be absorbed into project budget.
iii. Special Studies
Here, the pilot plant testing of equipments or processes are made. It is important
that these investigations be completed before the final design starts in order to eliminate
uncertainties and costly redesign.

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iv. Final Design


Here construction plans and specification is prepared. Various engineers
specializing in their area usually carry out this task.
v. Value Engineering
Value engineering is an intensive review of a project in which a specialized cost
control technique is used to identify unnecessary high costs in a project. The team
members whom are assigned to this task are senior professionals who are not involved
with the design of the project. The purpose of this step is to obtain the best project at the
least cost without sacrificing quality or reliability.
vi. Constructions
The quality of the design plans and specifications are often measured by:
a. Ease of integration of new facilities into existing sites.
b. Clarity of presentation that allows contractors to submit bids with small
allowances for undefined or unforeseen conditions
c. Specification of high quality materials of constructions to ensure a long useful
life of the facilities
d. Timely completion of the work
e. A minimum of changes required during construction.
vii. Startup and Operations
Some of the principals concern in waste treatment engineering related to the
startup, operation and maintenance of treatment plants. The challenges facing the design
engineer and the treatment plant operator include the following:

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1) Providing, operating and maintaining a treatment plant that consistently meets its
performance requirements.
2) Managing operations and maintenance costs within the required performance
level
3) Maintaining equipment to ensure proper operation and service
4) Training operating personnel
One of the principal tools used for plant startup, operation and maintenance is the
operations and maintenance manual. The purpose of this manual is to provide treatment
system personnel with the proper understanding of recommended operating techniques
and procedures, and the references necessary to efficiently operate and maintain their
facilities [Burton and Tchobanoglous, 1991]

4.3 Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention


Based on all waste management techniques, waste minimization is at our top
priority option in effluent solution to the prevention of future hazardous waste problems.
By using materials more efficiently, industry can the generation of the waste and achieve
the desirable protection of human health and the environment. At the same time, the
costs of waste management and regulatory compliance can be lowered and long-term
liabilities and risks can be minimized.
However, the regulatory requirements and the costs of complying with them that
make it difficult for industry to give waste minimization the priority and resources it
deserves if it is to have broad implementation. In practice, waste minimization is
sometimes subordinated to pollution control, even though reducing waste can be the
most effective way to prevent environmental risk. Pollution control has dominated over
waste reduction for a long period of time and is only being reserved.

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There are some general approaches to pollution prevention and waste


minimization from stream such as:
i)

Improving process technology and equipment that alter the primary sources
of waste generation.

ii)

Improving plant operations, such as housekeeping, material handling and


equipment maintenance and monitoring and waste tracking; automating
process equipment and integrating mass balance calculations into process
design.

iii)

Recycling a potential waste or portion of it on the site where it is generated.

iv)

Substituting raw materials that introduce fewer hazardous substances or


smaller quantities of such substances into production process.

v)

Redesigning or reformulating the end products.


Recycling is usually the step before pollution control, which may make it the

easiest to recognize and implement. However, there are important economic limits to
recycling and often other waste reduction opportunities offer greater benefits.
In spite of concerns about product quality, improvements in process technology
and equipment appear to be a viable means of waste minimization. Such improvements
are important because often an entire waste stream can be eliminated. This method
depends on the type of industry. Mature industries that use continuous process are likely
to have fewer opportunities for changes in the process technology but they may still
have waste minimization opportunitie.

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4.4 Waste Treatment for Hydrogen Plant

4.4.1

Waste Streams for Hydrogen Plant


Generally there are 5 waste streams from the Hydrogen Production Plant which

are stream 5, 24, 34, 37 and 42. These waste streams are from five different sources as
shown in Figure 4.2.
Stream 3

Stream 22

Stream 32

Stream 35

Stream 40

Flash, F-3

Flash, F-19

Flash, F-27

Flash, F-29

Membrane
Separator S-32

Stream 5

Stream 24

Stream 34

Stream 37

Stream 42

Liquid Waste
water

Waste water

Vapor Waste

Vapor Waste

Vapor Waste

Figure 4.2: Wastewater Source for Hydrogen Plant


Figure 4.2 shows the sources of waste of every waste stream of the hydrogen
plant where the streams can be classified into two forms which are liquid stream and
vapor stream. The liquid streams are stream 5 and stream 24. These streams are

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discharged from flash, F-3 and from flash, F-19. The liquid streams discharged contain
various types of chemical compound including methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, nbutane, isopentane, n-pentane, n-haxene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, and water. These chemical compounds must be treated and ensured to comply
with the Malaysia Environmental Quality Act 1979 before discharged into environment.
The vapor streams are stream 34, stream 37 and stream 42. These streams are from flash,
F-27, flash, F-29 and membrane separator, S-32. These vapor form of waste streams do
contained various types of hydrocarbon and chemical compounds which are mentioned
just now in the liquid waste streams.
For the waste treatment in this Hydrogen Production Plant, the liquid form waste
streams will be treated separately with the vapor form waste streams. The waste
treatment method for these two different types of streams will be discussed in section
4.4.3 and 4.4.4. The waste streams composition will be further described in next section.

4.4.2

Waste Streams Composition


The composition for every waste streams of the Hydrogen Production Plant are

shown in Table 4.1 below.


The wastes from this Hydrogen plant have contained various types of chemical
compounds. These all-chemical compounds should be to ensure to comply with the
Malaysia Environmental Quality Act 1974 before the waste discharged to the
environment. Therefore, some consideration must be done including:
1.

To consider from the economic aspect, either the waste can be recover and sell as
product or not

2.

To consider the waste properties aspect, either it can be discharged directly ti the
environment or need to treat it before discharged to environment.

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3.

To consider from the safety reason, either it is dangerous to the environment


or not.

Table 4.1: Waste Streams Composition


Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane
N-Butane
Iso-Pentane
N-Pentane
Hexane
Carbon
dioxide
Nitrogen
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydrogen
Water
Methanol

Stream 5

Stream 24

Stream 34

Kgmol/hr

Kgmol/hr

kgmol/hr

104.3663
75.5910
33.9750
9.2250
10.5750
4.2750
2.9250
6.0750

40.0388
28.9995
13.0341
3.5391
4.0570
1.6401
1.1221
2.3306

6.0556
2.9987E-03
2.1226E-06
1.4910E-09
1.3666E-10
3.8623E-14
3.2054E-15
8.8723E-21

3.4063
7.1585E-05
1.0701E-08
2.5322E-12
1.5452E-13
1.4943E-17
8.8517E-19
6.2484E-25

32.7337
4.8665E-03
5.0098E-07
7.3402E-11
3.6700E-12
1.8432E-16
8.9590E-18
2.4885E-24

1.0276
1.5278E-04
1.5728E-08
2.3044E-12
1.1522E-13
5.7865E-18
2.8126E-19
7.8125E-26

13.2750

5.0928

160.5587

17.7986

1270.5926

39.8892

0.3804

0.1459

1.6535E-01

7.3765E-02

8.8695E-01

2.7845E-02

0.0000

0.0000

1.2666

3.7202E-01

6.6594

2.0907E-01

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

134.4826
176.5199
0.0000

78.3479
1.3224E-03
0.0000

660.2488
1.5163E-03
1214.1773

20.7280
4.7602E-05
38.1181

Table 4.1 (continued)


Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane

Stream 37

Stream 42

kgmol/hr

kgmol/hr

6.5732E-01
1.0317E-03
2.6341E-07
5.7104E-11

1.0616E-01
1.6662E-04
4.2544E-08
9.2228E-12

252.0880
2.3065E-07
7.2057E-17
1.5896E-24

50.9436
4.6612E-08
1.4562E-17
3.2125E-25

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N-Butane
Iso-Pentane
N-Pentane
Hexane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Water
Methanol

4.4.3

3.0033E-12
1.5832E-16
7.3842E-18
1.7206E-24
25.4119
2.2596E-02
2.6275E-01
17.3269
5.2755E-04
575.4725

4.8506E-13
2.5570E-17
1.1926E-18
2.7790E-25
4.1043
3.6495E-03
4.2436E-02
2.7985
8.5205E-05
92.9447

2.7592E-27
2.5560E-35
7.6811E-38
3.5642E-49
182.2484
5.2634
24.1234
23.5536
9.4519E-38
7.5605

5.5761E-28
5.1654E-36
1.5522E-38
7.2029E-50
36.8300
1.0637
4.8750
4.7599
1.9101E-38
1.5279

Wastewater Treatment
There are two wastewater streams, Stream 5 and Stream 24 in Hydrogen

Production Plant. These two streams will be flowed in a mixer and a stream consist of
two phase will occured due to the combination of two different conditions of the
streams. The separation process need to be done with the stream before treatment using
flash. The vapor stream is flowed to the vapor stream waste treatment plant for treatment
while the liquid stream will be treated in the wastewater treatment plant.

4.4.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant


Introduction of Activated Sludge
The activated sludge process is a biological wastewater treatment tehnique in
which a mixture of wastewater and biological sludge (microorganisms) is agitated and
aerated. The biological solids are subsequently separated from the treated wastewater
and returned to the aeration process as needed.

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The activated sludge process derieves its name from the biological mass formed
when air is continuously injected into the wastewater. In this process, microorganisms
are mixed thoroughly with organics under conditions that simulate their growth through
use of the organics as food. As the microorganisms grow and are mixed by agitation of
the air, the individual organisms clump together (flocculate) to form an active mass of
microbes (biological floc) called activated sludge.
Process Description of Wastewater Treatment Plant
Stream 5 Mixer
W1

V1, To vapor waste treatment


Flash
Clarifier

Stream 24
Tank 1

Influent
Q, Xo
Valve

X, S
Q + Qr

Aeration
tank

Effluent
Xe, Se
Q3
Pump 3

Qu, Xu
Pump 2

Pump 1
Oxygen is fed
to the tank

Waste Activated
Sludge (WAS)
Qw, Xw, Sw

Qr, Xr
Figure 4.3: Process Flow sheet of Wastewater Treatment Plant
The process involved in wastewater treatment plant is biological treatment with
activated sludge system. Stream 5 and Stream 24 is fed into a mixer and came out with
Stream W1 which consist of two phase: vapor and liquid. Stream W1 is then fed into a
flash to separate the two phase. Vapor phase stream, V1 is then flowed to the vapor waste
treatment plant while liquid phase stream, Q is stored in a waste water tank and treated
in wastewater treatment plant. Q is fed into an aeration tank, where air from atmosphere
is bubbled into the tank or the mechanical surface aerator is used to saturate the
wastewater with oxygen. Microorganisms exist in the aeration tank to digest the wastes
that contains hydrocarbons: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane hexane,
methanol, nitrogen and so on. The general equation describing the reaction can be
written as below:

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Organic waste + O2 CO2 + H2O


The biological treatment of wastewater stream is based on the ability of a mixed
population of microorganisms to utilize organic contaminants as nutrients. Organic
constituents can be removed by aerobically converting them into carbon dioxide and
water (mineralization) or by other mean we can anaerobically decompose them into
methane and carbon dioxide or bio transferring to less toxic or non-toxic organic
compounds.
The microorganism population in the biological treatment process can either be
natural or developed to act on specific compounds in the waste. Both procaryotic and
eucaryotic organisms have potential for biological treatment of toxic organic.
Eucaryotic, which includes protozoa, fungi and most groups of algae, has highly
organized cell structure. Procaryotic, which includes bacteria and blue-green algae, has a
much simpler cell structure without a classical nucleus.
Because biological systems contain living organism, they require specific ratios
of carbon and nutrients. The most important nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and
others. Water is also a necessary component of all living organisms and therefore is a
vital part of the biological waste treatment systems. Industrial wastewater often lacks the
essential macro- and micronutrients, which must therefore be added during treatment.
The outlet stream from aeration tank is then being pump into a clarifier. Here, the
microorganisms and suspended particles are given enough time to settle down. The
sludge formed will then be recycled back into the aeration tank. The purpose of
recycling the sludge is to maintain the concentration of microorganisms inside the
aeration tank. The effluent from clarifier will be nearly pure water and is safe to
discharge into drainage system.

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Table 4.2 shows the summary of the composition of the waste water streams. The
composition of the streams after the flash is calculated in mass balance in Appendix E.
Table 4.2: Composition wastewater for streams
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane
N-Butane
Iso-Pentane
N-Pentane
Hexane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Water
Methanol

Stream 5
(kmol/hr)
104.3663
75.5910
33.9750
9.2250
10.5750
4.2750
2.9250
6.0750
13.2750
0.3804
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

Stream 24
(kmol/hr)
6.0556
2.9987E-03
2.1226E-06
1.4910E-09
1.3666E-10
3.8623E-14
3.2054E-15
8.8723E-21
160.5587
1.6535E-01
1.2666
134.4826
176.5199
0.0000

Stream W1
(kmol/hr)
110.4219
75.5940
33.9750
9.2250
10.5750
4.2750
2.9250
6.0750
173.8337
0.5458
1.2666
134.4826
176.5199
0.0000

Stream V1
(kmol/hr)
110.3722
75.0045
32.9196
8.4910
9.4132
3.2291
2.0412
2.4798
173.6341
0.5454
1.2655
134.4162
17.6520
0.0000

Stream Q
(kmol/hr)
0.0496
0.5894
1.0554
0.7340
1.1618
1.0459
0.8838
3.5952
0.1996
0.0003
0.0011
0.0664
158.8679
0.0000

4.4.3.2 Sizing and Costing of Water waste Treatment Equipment


The activated sludge system is used as waste water treatment plant in this
hydrogen plant. The sizing of this activated sludge system is done based on the
Introduction to Environmental Engineering 3rd Edition by Davis and Cornwell from
page 382 to 397.
From the literature [Davis and Cornwell, 1998], the variables are summarized as
follows:
Q

= waste water flow rate into aeration tank, m/day


= 2.9789 m3/hr x 24hr/day
= 71.4936 m/day

X0

= microorganism concentration (volatile suspended solids or VSS) entering


Aeration tank, mg/L

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Va

= volume of aeration tank, m

= maximum growth rate constant, d 1

= soluble BOD5 in aeration tank and effluent, mg/L

= microorganism concentration (mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids or


MLVSS) in aeration tank, mg/L

Ks

= half velocity constant


= Soluble BOD5 concentration at one-half the maximum growth rate, mg/L

Kd

= decay rate of microorganisms, day-1

Qw

= flow rate of liquid containing microorganisms to be wasted, m/day

Xe

= microorganisms concentration (VSS) in effluent from secondary settling


tank, mg/L

Xr

= microorganisms concentration (VSS) in sludge being returned

At steady state, the mass balance equation for food (soluble BOD5) may be written:
Food in
Influent

Food
Consumed

Food in
Effluent

Food in
WAS

Where, WAS stands for Waste Activated Sludge.

Table 4.3: Value of growth constants for domestic wastewater


Value
Parameter
Basis
Range
Ks
Mg/L BOD5
25-100

1
Kd
0.025-0.075
D
1
2-10
D
m
Y
Mg VSS/mg BOD5
0.4-0.8

Typical
60
0.06
5
0.6

Table 4.3 shows the typical values of the microbial growth constants for domestic
wastewater which is going to used at the calculation for the sizing of the activated sludge
system.

i)

Finding volume of aeration tank:

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S = 20 mg/L
S

K S (1 K d c )
c ( m K d ) 1

20

60 * (1 0.06 c )
c (5 0.06) 1

= 0.84 day

If we assume microorganism concentration in aeration tank, X = 3000 mg/L and


So = 1000mg/L, the hydraulic detention time:

c (Y )( S o S )
(1 K d c )

3000

0.84(0.6)(1000 20)
(1 0.06 0.84)

= 0.1638 day

Hydraulic retention time,

= 3.9315 hr

Volume of aeration tank, Va


Va

= Q

Va

= 3.9315 hr x 2.9789 m3/hr


= 11.7117 m

ii)

Finding Sludge return information:


From Figure 5-24 [Davis and Cornwell, 1998], gives us a reasonable range to
assume a value for SVI. At design reactor basin temperature = 18C and
microorganism concentration in aeration tank, X = 3000 mg/L, SVI = 200
Maximum return sludge concentration, X r
=

10 6
mg/L
SVI

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10 6
200

= 5000 mg/L
Volume of sludge wasted daily, Qw
Qw

=
=

VA X
c X r
11.7117 m 3 3000mg
L

0.84day
L
5000 mg

= 8.3655 m3/day
Return Sludge flow rate, Qr
=
=

QX Qw X r (Q Qw ) X e
Xr X
(71.4936)(3000) (8.3655)(5000) (71.4936 8.3655)(20)
5000 3000

= 85.6954m/day
(Check this result using Figure 5-23 [Davis and Cornwell, 1998], showed it is a valid
result.)

iii) Finding Volume of Clarifier


Flowrate water from aeration tank to clarifier
= Qo + Qr
= 71.4936 + 85.6954
= 157.189 m/day
= 0.0018 m/s
Utilizing an average overflow rate of 33m/day (typical)
Surface area required

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157.189m 3 / day
33m / day

= 4.7633 m
Diameter of the tank
4.7633 m

= D/4

= 2.4627 m
= 2.5 m

From the Table 5-12 [Davis and Cornwell, 1998], we select side water depth
(SWD) of 3.4m
Now we must check the solids loading. (1mg/L=1g/m)
SL

3000 g 0.0018m 3
4

3
s
m
( 2.5 2 )m 2

21.6 g
10 3 kg 86400 s

g
day
19.6350 sm 2

= 95.0466 kg/d.m
From Figure 5-27 [Davis and Cornwell, 1998], we find that for an SVI = 200, we
have the maximum allowable solids loading of 150 kg/d.m.
The weir loading for a single weir located at the periphery
WL

0.0018 86400
2 .5

= 19.8014 m/d.m
From literature [Davis and Cornwell, 1998], the GLUMRB has set
maximum recommended weir loadings for secondary settling tank at 125 to 250
m/d.m. The WL calculated is below the maximum value, therefore the result is
acceptable.
iv) Summary for Costing Wastewater Treatment Equipment

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Details calculations please refer Appendix E.


Table 4.4: Summary for Costing Wastewater Treatment Equipment
Equipment
Mixer
Flash Drum
Aeration Tank
Clarifier
Pump 1
Pump 2
Pump 3
Tank 1
Total
4.4.3.3 Recycled Water Treatment

Cost (RM)
RM 246579.05
RM 222,657.59
RM 30,000.00
RM 80,000.00
RM 27, 397.00
RM 30,773.15
RM 26,352.30
RM 27,889.85
RM 663,759.09

Utilities
RM 28276.01/year
RM 73.58 / year
RM 135.01/ year
RM 54.24/ year
RM 28,538.84/year

In the production of hydrogen plant, there is a water recycled which is flowed


from the flash (F-17) to the mixer (M-7). The main objective of this recycled stream (S21) is to recover the water removed from the process flow and recycle or reuse the water
as raw material for the plant. The water recycled contain contaminates components
(carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen) which affect the performance of the major
equipments in the plant such as reactors. The amount of contaminates might be
accumulated from time to time and the purity of the water will become lower and lower.
Therefore in order to prevent the consequences, the recycled water stream must be
treated before flowed into the mixer as raw material. Table 4.5 shows the composition of
the water recycled stream of the hydrogen plant before treatment.
Table 4.5 Composition of recycled stream (S-21) before treatment
Components
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane
N-Butane
Iso-Pentane
N-Pentane
Hexane
Carbon dioxide

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Flow rate (kgmole/hr)


5.761045204
0.001753541
1.81632E-06
2.32319E-09
2.65107E-10
1.52782E-13
1.53696E-14
1.0619E-19
21.88334593

Waste Treatment 4 -20

Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Water
Total

0.159688305
1.277293109
186.7950638
5975.103343
6190.981535

From Table 4.5, we can see that the components of the recycled stream are more
or less the same with the waste stream in waste water treatment plant. The only different
is that 96.5% of the composition is consisted of water. Therefore, the same treatment
system activated sludge system is used for the recycled water treatment. In order to
save cost for this production hydrogen plant, the wastewater treatment plant will be used
as the recycled water treatment plant instead of another water treatment plant is built.
The same treatment plant will be used alternately for both wastewater treatment and
recycled water treatment. Figure 4.4 shows the layout of water treatment plant.
Figure 4.4: Recycled Water Treatment System
Tank 1

Waste water
stream
Valve 1

Tank 2
Recycled water
stream
Valve 2

Activated Sludge
System (same as
illustrated in Figure 4.3)

Water
(Output)

Waste Activated
Sludge (WAS)

From Figure 4.4, both waste water stream and recycled water stream is treated in
single activated sludge system. But the treatment for waste water and recycled water is
carried out alternately where valves are used to control the flow rate of the waste water
stream and recycled water stream. Once the Valve 1 is open for the waste water stream

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -21

treatment, the Valve 2 will be closed to prevent the flow in of the recycled water stream.
Tank 2 is installed with the purpose to accumulate the continuously recycled stream
from the flash. After the waste water treatment is done, Valve 1 will close and Valve 2
will open and the recycled water stream will flow into the water treatment system. The
function of Tank 1 is to accumulate the continuously wastewater stream from the main
plant while the recycled water is being treated. The activated sludge system is the same
as described in section 8.4.3.1 and will not be described further in this section.
With this system applied, the cost for setting up another water treatment plant
will be saved. There is only one extra equipment installed for this treatment system
which is the Tank 2. The cost for this tank is shown in Table 4.6 and detail calculation is
shown in Appendix E. For certain period which is long enough, the whole recycled
water will be purged from the recycling system and the fresh water is replaced to prevent
the accumulation of contaminates in the recycled stream.
Table 4.6: Cost for equipment needed in recycled water treatment
Equipment
Tank 2

Cost
RM 185,932.33

4.4.3.4 Sludge Treatment


In the wastewater treatment process, another problem is created: sludge. The
higher the degree of wastewater treatment, the larger the residue of sludge that must be
handled. Satisfactory treatment and disposal of the sludge can be the single most
complex and costly operation in a municipal wastewater treatment system.
The sludge is basically made of materials settled from the raw wastewater and of
solids generated in the wastewater treatment processes. For primary treatment, they may
be 0.25 to 0.35 percent by volume of wastewater treated. When treatment is upgraded to
activated sludge, the quantities increase to 0.15 to 2.0 percent of this volume of water

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -22

treated. Use of chemicals for phosphorus removal can add another 1.0 percent. The
sludge withdrawn from the treatment processes are still largely water, as much as 97
percent [Davis and Cornwell, 1998].
Sludge treatment processes are concern with the removal of the large amount if
water from the solid residues. In this section, the basic processes for sludge treatment are
introduced and described briefly. The basic processes are:
a)

Thickening: Separating as much as water as possible by gravity or flotation.

b)

Stabilization: Converting the organic solids to more refractory (inert) forms so


that they can be handled or used as soil conditioners without causing a nuisance
or health hazard through processes referred to as digestion. (These are
biochemical oxidation processes.)

c)

Conditioning: Treating the sludge with chemicals or heat so that the water can be
readily separated.

d)

Dewatering: Separating water by subjecting the sludge to vacuum, pressure or


drying.

e)

Reduction: Converting the solids to a stable form by wet oxidation or


incineration. (These are chemical oxidation processes; they decrease the volume
of sludge.)

4.4.3.5 Sludge Disposal


The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) process residuals (leftover sludge) are
unavoidable in the industrial and have to be proper disposed. There are two ways of
disposing the residuals of WWTP (either treated or untreated sludge) which are
considered feasible. These two methods are land disposal and utilization of the sludge to
produce a product. Among these two methods, land disposal is considered as more
practicable. In this section, we will roughly introduce these two types of sludge disposal
methods which might be applied in our hydrogen production plants WWTP.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -23

Basically, the land disposal is divided into three categories: land spreading,
landfilling and dedicated land disposal. The brief description of these three categories is
explained.
Land Spreading
Land spreading is the practice of applying WWTP residuals for the purposes of
recovering nutrients, water or reclaiming despoiled land such as strip mine soils. In
contrast to other land disposal techniques, land spreading is land-use intensive. The
application rates of this method are governed by the character of the soil and the ability
of the crops or forests on which the sludge is spread to accommodate it.

Landfilling
Sludge landfill can be defined as the planned burial of wastewater solids,
including processed sludge, screenings, grit and ash, as a designated site. The solids are
placed into a prepared site or excavated trench and covered with a layer of soil. The soil
cover must be deeper than the depth of the plow zone (about 0.20 to 0.25 m). For the
most part, landfilling of screenings, grit and ash is accomplished with methods similar to
those used for sludge landfilling.
Dedicated Land Disposal (DLD)
Dedicated land disposal means the application of heavy sludge loadings to some
finite land area that has limited public access and has been set aside or dedicated for all
time to the disposal of the wastewater sludge. Dedicated land disposal does not mean inplace utilization. No crops may be grown. Dedicated sites typically receive liquid
sludge. While application of dewatered sludge is possible but not common. In addition,
disposal of dewatered sludge in landfill is generally more cost-effective.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -24

4.4.4

Waste Gas Treatment


In this hydrogen production plant, there are 3 main vapor waste streams which

are Stream 34, Stream 37 and Stream 42. With an extra one vapor waste stream from the
separation unit (flash drum) of the wastewater treatment plant, there are total 4 vapor
waste streams which are to be treated in the waste gas treatment.
Incineration or combustion is most common ways to treat the gaseous waste. It
is deemed the most appropriate disposal method for these gaseous wastes [Kroschwitz,
1985] since the organic compounds in these streams can rapidly oxidized at high
temperature. The latter differs from the former in that is it involves recovery of energy in
the form of heat generated from the process. Decision to either operate the unit as an
incinerator or combustor weighs heavily on economic scale, with unprofitable energy
recovery not uncommon due to the high capacity and operating costs of auxiliary
equipment. Flare or incinerator, from a different view point is used to minimize the
emission of toxic and dangerous substances as it is designed to push the reaction as close
as possible to completion, leaving a minimum of unburned compounds [Peavy et al,
1985].

4.4.4.1 Incineration System


Generally, there are four basic types of gas incineration system:
i Direct Flame Incineration
ii Flares
iii Catalytic Incineration
iv Thermal Incineration

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -25

Direct Flame Incineration


In direct flame incineration, waste gases are burned directly in a combustor with
or without the addition of a supplementary fuel. In some cases, heat value and oxygen
content of the waste gases are sufficient to allow them to burn on their own. More often
than not, the introduction of air or the addition of a small amount of fuel will bring the
gaseous mixture to its combustion point.
Direct flame incinerator (Figure 4.5), also refers to as fume incinerators and gas
combustors, are chambers provided with supplemental fuel burners which provide heat
and retention time to destroy gaseous waste materials [Brunner, 1984]. The desired
combustion chamber temperature is maintained by altering the rate of supplementary
fuel entering the furnace as controlled by appropriate control circuit. Its primary use
being for odor control, toxicity elimination or visible emissions, these incinerators are
applicable for most gaseous waste.
However this treatment is not suitable for waste stream that contains high
concentration of nitrogen due to forming of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is inevitable due to
high temperature burning for sufficiently long period of time. Thermal NOx formed at
temperatures well above1600K [Davis and Cornwell,1998]. The configuration of this
equipment lends itself to heat recovery at which two modes are existent. In one case, a
heat exchanger utilizes the high temperatures in combust exhaust to preheat the
incoming combustion air. The second case, on the other hand, consists of a heat
exchanger heating a stream for external use, which can be gas or water to steam.
In normal operation, incinerator is designed for complete destruction of organic
components by incineration, with particulate matter discharges almost nonexistent.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -26

Where other components are present in the gas such as sulfur or halogen, scrubber will
usually be required.

Figure 4.5: Direct Flame Incinerator

Flares
Flares being a low cost means disposal of relatively large amounts of gas
containing combustible components, they are suited to processes, which are not
continuous. Continuous gas generation often lends itself towards heat recovery. Flares
handle process upset and emergency gas releases that the base load system is not
designed to recover. Heat recovery, almost by definition, is not possible with a flare.
Two types of flares are currently in use, namely the ground level and elevated or
tower flares. Ground flares can be used where there is sufficient space around the flare to
provide for safety of personnel and equipment. The tower flare is more preferred choice

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -27

where space is limited as it keeps the flame above the level of surrounding equipment
and personnel, as well as to promote the dilution of its products of combustion into the
air. Temperature developed in flare system normally ranges from 1100-1370C
[Brunner,1984].

Figure 4.6: Typical Steam-Assisted Flare System

Catalytic Incineration
Catalytic incineration is another method available when combustible materials in
the waste gas are too low to make direct-flame incineration feasible. It is normally used
to destroy waste at low concentrations, less than 25 % of the lower explosive limits
[Brunner,1984].

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -28

Factors that affect the performance of a catalytic incinerator includes operating


temperature, space velocity, volatile organic compounds composition and concentration,
catalyst properties and finally the presence of poisons /inhibitors in the emission stream.
The important variables are the operating temperature and space velocity (defined as the
volumetric flow rate of the combined gas stream).
A catalytic incinerator generally consists of a preheating section and a catalytic
section. However, cold catalytic systems are now available that operates at ambient
temperature, eliminating the need for pre-heater. The combustion catalyst consists of
basic material, such as activated alumina, impregnated with a metallic compound. The
catalyst has the property of increasing the rate of oxidation at lower temperatures that is
the use of catalyst promotes destruction of gaseous waste at lower temperature. Catalysts
that are normally used are palladium and metal oxides. The gas stream must be free of
particulate matter to avoid the fouling of catalyst. Thus, pretreatment of gas in the form
of cyclonic separation or electrostatic precipitation, may be necessary upstream of the
catalyst is needed.
A fan is located after burner housing to mix the gases and to distribute them
evenly over the catalyst. Supplemental fuel usage for catalyst incinerator is generally
lower than for thermal incinerators, thus reducing operating costs.
As with direct flame incineration, cost of heat exchange equipment is often more
than offset the savings in supplemental fuel consumption. Investment in larger heat
exchangers will obviously increase the rate of heat recovery. Due to its high cost of
maintenance and catalytic poisoning, this system is usually not preferred.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -29

Figure 4.7: Schematic Diagram of Catalytic Incinerator System


(US EPA Handbook, Sept. 1986)

Thermal Incineration
Thermal incinerator is used when the concentration of combustible materials is
too low to make direct-flame. It is widely used as an air pollution control technique
whereby organic vapors are oxidized at high temperatures.
The most important variables to be considered in the design of this system are
the combustion temperature and residence time since they determine the incinerators

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -30

destruction efficiency (DE). Thermal incinerator can achieve a wide range of destruction
efficiency.
The waste is preheated, often by the use of a heat exchanger utilizing heat
produced by the thermal incinerator itself. The preheated gas is directed into a
combustion zone equipped with a burner supplied with fuel. The temperature of
operation depends upon the nature of the pollutants in the waste gas. A thermal
incinerator requires a strict design for safe and efficient operation.
Thermal incinerator, as complex as its name sounds, requires stringently careful
design for provide safe, efficient operation. The three Ts of combustion (time,
temperature, turbulence) and oxygen level must be carefully monitored to prevent the
production of PIC (products of incomplete combustion). Ideally, the relatively clean
stream of hot air produced is used as heat source for other operations within the
industrial plant and offers the potential to be further incorporated into the Heat
Exchanger Network (HEN) for maximum recovery of heat.

Emission Source

Dilution Air

Combustion Air
Supplementary
Fuel

Thermal
Incinerator

Stack
Heat
Exchanger

Figure 4.8: Schematic Diagram of A Thermal Incinerator System.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Scrubber

Waste Treatment 4 -31

4.4.4.2 Scrubber
Packed scrubber generally is arranged in one of the four ways based in which the
liquid is contacted with the gas stream. Concurrent flow scrubbers make up two of these
classifications; in both cases the liquid and gas flow in the same direction.
In a horizontal concurrent scrubber, the gas velocity carries scrubbing liquid
into the packed bed and the device actually operates as a wetted entrainment separator.
Normally, superficial gas velocity is limited to a maximum of 9.6 ft/s due to liquid reentrainment at higher velocities. Packed bed thickness is restricted because the
allowable gas velocity limits the depth of liquid penetration into the tower packing.
A vertical concurrent scrubber can operate at very high velocities so that
pressure drops from 1 inch H2O/ft to as high as 3 inch H2O/ft are common. There is no
flooding limit of the packing because the liquid holdup in the packed bed decreases as
the gas rate increases. Contact time between gas and liquid is a function of bed depth as
well as the gas velocity. Absorption driving forces are reduced because the exit gas is in
contact with the highest concentration of contaminant in the liquid phase. The exit gas
phase may contain substantial liquid entrainment that must be removed before this gas
is discharged into the atmosphere.
The third class of scrubber is called cross flow. This device contacts a
horizontally flowing gas stream with a vertically descending liquid flow. Thus, cross
sectional area for gas flow is different flow the area for liquid flow. Liquid flow rates as
low as 2.6 gal/min per 1000 ft3/min of gas may be possible with this arrangement rather

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -32

than a minimum liquid rate of 4.2 gal/min per 1000 ft3/min when the gas flow area is
the same as the liquid flow area [Geankoplis, 1993].
Mass transfer driving forces are intermediate between vertical concurrent
scrubbers and counter current scrubbers. If the absorbed solute obeys Henrys law in the
liquid phase, the mass transfer driving force will limit solute removal efficiency to
about 90 % for typical chemical fumes assuming scrubbing water flow is limited.
However, if the absorption of solute is followed by a rapid chemical reaction in the
liquid phase so that there is no appreciable vapor pressure of solute above the solution,
the mass transfer driving force will be the same as for a countercurrent scrubber.
The most widely used type of scrubber operates with gas and liquid in
countercurrent flow as the liquid flows vertically downward under the influence of
gravity. Maximum gas flow rate is limited by liquid entrainment or by pressure drop.
Packed bed depth as well as gas velocity controls contact time between the gas and the
liquid phases. Mass transfer driving forces are maximized because the exit gas stream
contacts the entering liquid, which contains a minimum or zero solute concentration.
The pressure drop through the tower packing is very important because the cost
of power to move the gas stream through the scrubber may be the largest operating cost
factor. Most tower packing manufacturers can provide experimental pressure drop data
specific to the air/water system. Countercurrent scrubbers generally have these
characteristics [Geankoplis, 1993]:
i. Designed to operate at a pressure drop between 0.25 inch H2O/ft and 0.60 inch
H2O/ft of packed depth.
ii.

Air velocity normally between 5.5 ft/s and 8.0 ft/s if modern, high capacity
plastic tower packing is used.

iii.

Inlet concentrations of contaminant in the gas stream normally do not exceed


5000 ppm by volume.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -33

iv.

Liquid irrigation rates typically are from 2 gal/min/ft2 of column cross


sectional area.

Thus, the countercurrent scrubber is chosen to remove the sulfur present in the
gas flow from the incinerator. The decision to choose a countercurrent scrubber is
because of the inlet gas concentration is at 190C and 101.325 kPa.
4.4.4.3 Chimney
Several types of chimney (referred to as stack by some industry) are used to
discharge incinerator flue gases into the ambient atmosphere. Stub or short chimney are
usually fabricated of steel and extend a minimum distance upward from the discharge of
an induced draft fan. These are constructed either of unlined or refractory-lined steel
plate, or entirely of refractory and structural brick. Tall stacks are constructed of the
same material as short stacks and are used to provide a greater pressure difference
driving force (draft) than that resulting from the shorter stacks and to obtain more
effective dispersion of the flue gas effluent into the atmosphere.
Some chemical and utility application use metal stacks that are made of a double
wall with an air space between the metal sheets. This double wall provides an insulating
air pocket to prevent condensation on the inside of the chimney and thus avoid corrosion
of the metal.
An important factor in handling acid gases in a chimney involves maintaining a
high internal temperature. This often retards the detrimental effect on the masonry
without the necessity for other precautions. If the flue gases are such that high
temperatures alone are not sufficient, it may be necessary to protect the main walls by
using an independent lining for the full height of the stack, and with a 3-4 inch air space
between the lining and the main walls. The independent lining must be built of
impervious brick with a low content and acid-proof mortar; very thin joints should be
used. The mortar should be carefully chosen for its resistance not only to the particular

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -34

acid involved, but to moisture as well. In addition, the top of the chimney should be
protected by a cap covering both the lining and main walls and made of material not
affected by the flue gas. While room should be allowed for expansion, fumes and
moisture must be not allowed to penetrate under the cap.

4.4.4.4 Gases Waste Treatment Plant


The composition of the vapor waste streams which are treated is shown in Table
4.7. While Figure 4.8 shows the gases waste treatment plant of the Hydrogen Production
Plant. For this gases waste treatment plant, the incinerator will be used to burn all the
components in the waste vapor streams except carbon dioxide and water.
Table 4.7: Composition of Vapor Waste Streams
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane
N-Butane
Iso-Pentane
N-Pentane
Hexane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Water
Methanol

Stream 34
(kmol/hr)
32.7337
4.8665E-03
5.0098E-07
7.3402E-11
3.6700E-12
1.8432E-16
8.9590E-18
2.4885E-24
1270.5926
8.8695E-01
6.6594
660.2488
1.5163E-03
1214.1773

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Stream 37
(kmol/hr)
6.5732E-01
1.0317E-03
2.6341E-07
5.7104E-11
3.0033E-12
1.5832E-16
7.3842E-18
1.7206E-24
25.4119
2.2596E-02
2.6275E-01
17.3269
5.2755E-04
575.4725

Stream 42
(kmol/hr)
252.0880
2.3065E-07
7.2057E-17
1.5896E-24
2.7592E-27
2.5560E-35
7.6811E-38
3.5642E-49
182.2484
5.2634
24.1234
23.5536
9.4519E-38
7.5605

Stream V1
(kmol/hr)
110.3722
75.0045
32.9196
8.4910
9.4132
3.2291
2.0412
2.4798
173.6341
0.5454
1.2655
134.4162
17.6520
0.0000

Waste Treatment 4 -35

To Chimney
Cooling Water
Stream V1
Stream V2

Stream 34

Stream V3

Stream V4

Stream 37
Heat
Exchanger

Stream 42
Mixer

Incinerator
Steam

Figure 4.9: Flowsheet Of Gases Waste Treatment Plant


Waste treatment system consists of three equipments: mixer, incinerator and
chimney) as shown in Figure 4.9. Incinerator is considered as the main equipment where
combustion occur. Gaseous waste streams, Stream 34, Stream 37, Stream 42 and Stream
V1 are mixed in a mixer as stream V2 and fed into incinerator. For high efficiency, this
incinerator is operated with catalyst and at temperature 580C and 1 atm. In this
incineration system, the combustion is assumed 100% efficiency for all the components
fed (except water and carbon dioxide). The combustion reactions involved are as follow:
1.

CH4

+ 2 O2

CO2 + 2 H2O

2.

C2H6

+ 3.5 O2

2 CO2 + 3 H2O

3.

C3H8

+ 5 O2

3 CO2 + 4 H2O

4.

C4H10 + 6.5 O2

4 CO2 + 5 H2O

5.

C5H12 + 8 O2

5 CO2 + 6 H2O

6.

C6H14 + 9.5 O2

6 CO2 + 7 H2O

7.

CO

+ 0.5 O2

8.

H2

+ 0.5 O2

9.

CH3OH

+ 1.5O2

CO2
H2O
CO2 + 2 H2O

A heat recovery system is done by contacting the high temperature stream, V3


with cooling water using and heat exchanger. This is done to prevent the thermal
Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -36

pollution to the environment (atmosphere). The effluent stream (Stream V4) is flowed
through a chimney before releasing to atmosphere.

4.4.4.5 Mass Balance Calculation


The mass balance for each stream waste treatment plant is summarized in the
Table 4.8 below. The detail calculation can be referred to Appendix E.

Table 4.8: Summary Of Mass Balance On Waste Vapor Treatment Plant


Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane
N-Butane
Iso-Pentane
N-Pentane
Hexane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Water
Methanol
Oxygen
Total

Stream V2
395.8512
75.0104
32.9196
8.4910
9.4132
3.2291
2.0412
2.4798
1651.8870
6.7183
32.3111
835.5455
17.6540
1797.2103
0.0000
4870.7618

Stream V3
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
4208.8863
18755.0970
0.0000
0.0000
5734.5335
0.0000
453.0678
29151.5846

Stream V4
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
4208.8863
18755.0970
0.0000
0.0000
5734.5335
0.0000
453.0678
29151.5846

4.4.4.6 Energy Balance for Waste Vapor Treatment Plant

Table 4.9: Summary Of Energy Balance On Waste Vapor Treatment Plant


Equipment

Heat Duty (J/hr)

Incinerator

1.5377E+12

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Waste Treatment 4 -37

Heat Exchanger

3.7120E+11

Table 4.9 shows the heat duty of two major equipments in the waste vapor
treatment plant. From the energy balance, the incinerator heat duty is 1.5377E+12J/hr
and the heat exchanger duty is 3.7120E+11J/hr. The detail calculation is shown in
Appendix E.

4.4.4.7 Equipment Sizing

The detail calculations for equipment sizing are shown in the Appendix E. The
following tables are the summary of each equipment.
1. Mixer
Temperature (C)
Pressure (atm)

49.957
0.1

Volume (m3)

3586.4450

Diameter (m)

5.6974

2. Catalytic Incinerator
Temperature (C)

580

Pressure (atm)

Diameter (m)

13.1356

Length (m)

3.048

3. Heat exchanger
Area (m2)

992.6497 m2

Inlet water temperature (C)

30

Inlet water pressure (bar)

Outlet steam temperature (C)


Outlet steam pressure (bar)

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

260
8

Waste Treatment 4 -38

4. Chimney
Temperature (C)

30

Pressure (atm)

Height (m)

58.0638

Diameter (m)

1.2

4.4.4.8 Equipment and Utility Costing

The detail calculation of the equipment and utility costing are shown in
Appendix E respectively. The following tables (Table 4.10 and Table 4.11) show the
summary of the each equipment and utility cost.

Table 4.10: Equipment Costing For Waste Treatment Plant


Equipment

Cost

Mixer

RM 2,465,790.48

Catalytic incinerator

RM 3,928,039.57

Heat exchanger

RM 591,780.96

Chimney

RM 769,315.25

Total

RM 7,754,926.25

Table 4.11: Annual Utility Cost For Waste Treatment Plant


Utility
Cooling water
Electricity

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

Annual purchase cost


RM 1,301,808.76
RM 284,351.77

Waste Treatment 4 -39

4.4.4.9 Conclusion of Gases Waste Treatment


After going through the waste gaseous waste treatment plant, the percentage of
reduction of each component in final emission stream is shown in Table 4.12. This plant
is very effective as percentages of organic component discharged are reduced
significantly.
Table 4.12: Reduction of Waste After Waste Treatment
Before treatment
After treatment
Components
(kmol/hr)
(kmol/hr)
Methane
395.8512
0.0000
Ethane
75.0104
0.0000
Propane
32.9196
0.0000
Iso-Butane
8.4910
0.0000
N-Butane
9.4132
0.0000
Iso-Pentane
3.2291
0.0000
N-Pentane
2.0412
0.0000
Hexane
2.4798
0.0000
Carbon Monoxide
32.3111
0.0000
Hydrogen
835.5455
0.0000
Methanol
1797.2103
0.0000

Reduction (%)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

From the summary result above, all the organic wastes are completely oxidized
in incinerator. The heat of recovery system in this waste treatment plant generates
7,249.8584 kmol/hr steam at T = 260C and pressure = 8 bar. The detail calculation is
shown in Appendix E.

Production of 100,000 MTA Hydrogen

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