You are on page 1of 28

VISOKA KOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA

SEMINARSKI RAD
Tema:
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

Profesor:Maja Goci

Student:Stefan Tom 311/PE

Vranje,januar.2016

SADRAJ:
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................
2
OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................4
TOP 10 FACTORES AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY........5
WHAT IS LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY..................................................6
MATHEMATICALY IT IS REPRESENT AS......................................7
VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY......8
THE TOP TEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SMALL AND
MEDIUM COMPANY.............................................................................9
THE TOP TEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT LARGE
COMPANIES........................................................................................10
FACTORS THAT AFFECT IN GENERAL ALL...........................11-13
GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY............................................................................14-15
METHODS TO IMPROVE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY...................16
MATERIAL MANGAMET...................................................................17
OF PAY AND ON-TIME PAYMENT..................................................18
FLOW OF WORK (PLANNING).........................................................19
SUPERVISION......................................................................................20
SITE LAYOUT.......................................................................................21
WORK
DISCIPLINE.............................................................................22
OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING...........................23
WORKING AT SIMILAR ACTIVITES................................................24
CONCLUSION......................................................................................25

INTRODUCTION
Construction is the world's largest and most challenging
industry. The
value and demand for the construction projects of any
organization mainly depend on
efficiency of the labour and it play an important role towards
the improvement of the
productivity. Labour is an most important and valuable part of
any construction industry and
unfortunately most of the industries in fact all are neglecting
that part, due to this reason may
be most of the construction industry facing a challenges with
regarding to problem associated
with the productivity of labour.
Productivity is the one of the most important factor that affects
overall
performance of any small or medium or large construction
industry. There are number of
factors that directly affect the productivity of labour, thus it is
important for any organization to
study and identify those factors and take an appropriate
action for improving the labour
productivity

OBJECTIVES

In this project work it is proposed to do the following work To study the different factors affecting the productivity of the
labour.
To analyze all factors.
Identifying all the critical factors depending upon the volume of
work.
Deciding the methodology for improving the labour productivity.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this the various factors influencing the labour productivity in


turkey are Determined,
Defined and Examined in detail. A survey was applied to 8 firms
to obtain required data, then
according to results the most effective factors group is
organized.
Construction industry faces challenges with regard to problems
associated with productivity
and the problems are usually associated with performance of
labour. The performance of labour
is affected by many factors and is usually linked to the
performance of time, cost, and quality.
Poor productivity of construction workers is one of the causes of
cost and time overruns in
construction projects. The productivity of labour is particularly
important especially in
developing countries, where most of the building construction
work is still on manual basis.

TOP 10 FACTORES
AFFECTING LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY
1. Incompetent supervisors
2. Lack of skills from the workers
3. Rework, lack of tools and equipment
4. Poor construction methods
5. Poor communication
6. Inaccurate drawings
7. Stoppage because of work being rejected by a consultant
8. Tools/ equipment breakdown.
9. harsh weather condition.
10.Delay in arrival of material.

WHAT IS LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY ?

Productivity can be defined in many ways. In construction,


productivity is
usually taken to mean labour productivity, that is, units of work
placed or produced per manhour.
The inverse of labour productivity, man-hours per unit (unit rate),
is also commonly used.
Productivity is the ratio of output to all or some of the resources
used to produce
that output. Output can be homogenous or heterogeneous.
Resources comprise: labour, capital,
energy, raw materials, etc.
Productivity = Output
Resources used

MATHEMATICALY IT IS
REPRESENT AS

At the project site, contractors are often interested in labor


productivity. It can be defined in one of
the following ways Labour Productivity = Output
Labour cost
OR
Labour Productivity = Output
Work hour
There is no standard definition of productivity and some
contractors use the inverse of
above ,
Labour Productivity = Labour cost / work hour
Output

VARIOUS FACTORS
AFFECTING LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY

Based on the studies, Factors affecting construction labour have


been identified and were grouped
into 15 groups according to their characteristics, namely :
1. Design factors
2. Execution plan factors
3. Material factors
4. Equipment factors
5. Labour factors
6. Health and safety factors
7. Supervision factors
8. Working time factors
9. Project factors
10.Quality factors
11.Financial factors
12.Leadership and coordination factors
13.Organization factors
14.Owner/consultant factors
15.External factors

THE TOP TEN FACTORS


THAT AFFECT THE SMALL
AND MEDIUM COMPANY

1. Lack of material
2. Labour strikes
3. Delay in arrival of materials
4. Financial difficulties of the owner
5. Unclear instruction to labourer and high absenteeism of
labours
6. Bad weather (e.g. rain, heat,etc.)
7. Non discipline labour and use of alcohol and drugs
8. No supervision method, design changes, repairs and
repetition of work, and bad resources
management
9. Bad supervisors absenteeism and far away from location of
material storage, and
10. Bad leadership

THE TOP TEN FACTORS


THAT AFFECT LARGE
COMPANIES

1. Unclear instruction to laboure


2. Delay in arrival of materials,
3. Lack of material and financial difficulties of the owner,
4. There is no definite schedule,
5. Low supervisors capability/incompetence supervisors,
6. No supervision method, lack of equipment, and high
absenteeism of labours,
7. Supervisors absenteeism, frequent damage of equipments,
and labour strikes,
8. Design changes,
9. Incomplete drawing and inspection delay,
10. Poor communication in site and inaccurate design.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT IN


GENERAL ALL

1. Lack of material,
2. Delay in arrival of materials
3. Unclear instruction to laboure,
4. Labour strikes,
5. Financial difficulties of the owner,
6. High absenteeism of labours,
7. No supervision method,
8. Supervisors absenteeism,
9. Lack of equipment and design changes,
10. There is no definite schedule.
11. Poor management
12. Unproductive time ( internal delay, extra break, waiting &
relaxation )

10

11
13. Lack of skill
14. Supervision delay
15. Lack of tools & equipment
16. Poor instructions
17. Poor quality of labour
18. Supervision factor
19. Material factor
20. Execution plan factor
21. Health & safety factors
22. Labour shortages
23. Working time factor
24. Accident

12
There has been much work identifying the factor that affects
productivity. Ineffective management
has been cited as a primary cause of low productivity rather
than other factors. Apart from that
there are also some barriers to improve the productivity and
these barriers are as follows :
Lack of alignment of goal
Contractual conflict
Difficulties in measuring productivity
Weak commitment to continuous improvement
Lack of labour force focus

GUIDELINES FOR
IMPROVING THE LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY

1 Properly training to the labourers


2 Motivation to workers towards project completion
3 Properly and in advance material procurement and
management
4 On time payment to the workers
5 Systematic flow of work
6 Properly , clearly & in time supervision
7 Advance site layout

13

14
8 Maintain work discipline
9 Facilities to the labourers
10 Clearance of legal documents before starting of work
11 Systematic planning of funds in advance
12 Premansoon plan to avoid work stop
13 Maximum use of machinery and automation system
14 Advance equipment planning

METHODS TO IMPROVE
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
1.Quality of site management

15

Improving productivity could be best carried out by means of


development
in management quality. Namely, the principal difference in
construction productivity is the
management influence. Stages of estimating construction time
and cost reliably, where the
knowledge of labour productivity takes a considerable part, are
the main items of successful
management understanding. In the study of Sandino ineffective
management was cited as
the primary cause of poor productivity rather than unmotivated or
unskilled manpower. One
of the primary means of rising worker productivity through
management is to procure and
control adequate working conditions since productivity in
construction is greatly affected by
work conditions that change from project to project.

MATERIAL MANGAMET

16

Problems with adverse material management conditions that


consist of supplying and
shipping have been cited in the literature among major causes of
productivity loss. Effective
material management systems are counted as taking measures
against fluctuations in material prices,
informing vendors or fabricators precisely concerning the desired
material features, and suitable
material planning and organization, i.e. logistics management.
The problems that can be appeared in
material management applications are the following:
running out of materials,
Extensive multiple-handling of materials,
Improperly sorted or marked materials, which makes to define
them difficult,
Wrong or damaged materials that exceed acceptable
specification tolerances, or production errors
pointing to a poor quality,
Unsystematic flow of materials

Production rates of materials in plant incongruous with those


on site.

OF PAY AND ON-TIME


PAYMENT

17

Remuneration is seen as the most important reason of why an


individual has to
work in a job. Because it both meets the physiological needs that
are the most basic
requirement of people, and gives esteem in a society. The
amount of pay and on-time payment
is the most vital factors required to meet the first hierarchy need
of Maslow.

18

FLOW OF WORK (PLANNING)

Judicious planning of labour resources are the foremost agent in


fulfilling these
constraints. Poor planning, however, can adversely affect labour
productivity through the need
for rework and can result in lost time for workers, since
operatives are often paid on work done
satisfactorily alone.

SUPERVISION

19

To follow-up and supervise labour while working is a vital aspect


of any
organization because both it can result in extensions of project
time and cost, and the quality on
site is controlled through inspection of the work completed by the
gang. Supervisors
communication with labour has a supreme importance as well. It
is a fact that workers feel
embarrassed and pressed with the existence of tight audits.
Multiple tiers of field supervision
reduce overall crew efficiency.

SITE LAYOUT

20

Layout can influence productivity and enhance space


management capability. It
defines the location of the tools and supporting utilities for
optimum product flow, and thus has
a direct impact on the facilities time and cost of construction. In
this context, the location of
the management office has a strategic importance as well as
worker dormitories on site,
especially there are many shifts that may cause loud noise and
thus a possibility to sleep.

WORK DISCIPLINE

21

One of the primary conditions for improving systematic working


habits is to have a
complete work discipline on site. Discipline can be defined as a
concept that determines the
human being behavior by means of reward or punishment. This
concept becomes more
important in Turkey, since workers in the construction sector are
still composed of individuals
coming from the rigid regions of patriarchal society.

22

OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

Vocational education, particularly in developing countries, is the


total of activities,
which enable the reasonable employment of unskilled labour by
educating and directing them
to vacant fields of labour market, to regulate and control those
who come from farming and do
not have any continuous working habit. Poor productivity and
high costs in every branch of
industry are due partly to low levels of training.

WORKING AT SIMILAR
ACTIVITES

23

To work constantly in the same or similar activities in the


construction sector, where
tasks vary in a very wide spectrum, or, in other words, to have a
complete experience in one
trade is one of the key elements guaranteeing the work to be
performed by a worker in a
definite standard. Experience is the warranty of success and
productivity in any job. Working
with experienced crews in the sector has many advantages. If
experienced labour is known to

be available, supervisors do not have to explain details of how to


perform the tasks to
experienced workers.

24

CONCLUSION
The groups of factors which are highly effective are: supervision,
material, execution
plan, and design. Moreover, for large companies, equipment
factors have also highly effective.
While in small and medium companies, owner/consultant factors
also need special attention
because it has high effect too. Research findings also show that
health and safety factors has
not been a concern of small, medium companies and has some
effect, while in large companies

are better, although not as major concern and has average


effect.
Practically it is difficult task to all to improve labour productivity
up to 100%. But if
you have properly control on above factors, productivity can be
improved up to large extent

25

You might also like