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: on warming, HNO 3 (g) and red brown nitrogen dioxide gas are
(aq)
(g)
(g)
(aq)
(g)
(g)
(g)
is
NO3- (s) + 4Zn (s) + 7OH- (aq) + 6H2O (l) 4 [Zn (OH) 4]2- (aq) + NH3 (g)
Add iron (II) sulfate and concentrated sulphuric acid: crystals of FeSO4 are mixed with the
nitrate solution and then concentrated sulphuric acid is gently added to the mixture such tha
the sulphuric acid forms a layer above the aqueous solution. A brown ring forms at the
junction of the two liquids owing to the presence of Fe(NO)SO4; this test is known as the
brown ring test. The NO3- ion is reduced by iron (II) which is oxidized to iron (III) and forms
a nitrosyl complex.
NO3- (aq) + 3Fe2+ (s) + 4H+ (aq) NO(g) + 3Fe3+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)
NO (g) + FeSO4 (s) Fe(NO)SO4 (s)
/H+
(aq)
concentrated HCl.
(aq)
(s)
sulfite.
Add Pb2+ (aq): a white precipitate of PbSO4 (s) is formed which is soluble in hot concentrated
sulphuric acid.
Pb2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) PbSO4 (s)
Pb2+ ions can be obtained from lead (II) ethanoate.
Sulfite (SO32- )
Chlorides (Cl -)
Add Silver Nitrate solution followed by aqueous ammonia: a white precipitate of Silver
Chloride is formed which is soluble in aqueous ammonia to form Ag(NH3) 2+ (aq).
Bromides (Br - )
Iodides (I-)
Three tests are available:
Add Silver Nitrate solution followed by aqueous ammonia: a yellow or cream precipitate of
Silver Iodide is formed which is insoluble in aqueous ammonia.
(s)
Colourless, odourless
ii)
When bubbles through lime water (Calcium Hydroxide Solution), the mixture turns
milky. The milky appearance is due to the formation of a solid precipitate of Calcium
Carbonate.
Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
Hydrogen
i)
Colourless, odourless
ii)
Pops with lighted splint or may burn with a blue flame. Hydrogen gas is recognized
by the
popwhen it burns. This
popis the sound of a small explosion since H2 is
extremely flammable.
Hydrogen Chloride
i)
Colourless, pungent
ii)
iii)
Fumes in moist air; turns moist blue litmus red; fumes with ammonia gas. The fumes
are due to the formation of Ammonium Chloride.
Hydrogen Sulfide
i)
ii)
Ammonia
i)
Colourless, pungent
ii)
Turns moist red litmus blue; fumes with Hydrogen Chloride gas.
iii)
Nitrogen dioxide
i)
Red-brown, pungent
ii)
Oxygen
i)
Colourless, odourless
ii)
iii)
Oxygen is the only gas which supports burning and hence will relight a glowing splint
Sulfur dioxide
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Chlorine
i)
ii)
iii)
Bromine
i)
Red-brown, pungent
ii)
Moist blue litmus turns red then bleached; fumes in moist air
iii)
Iodine
i)
ii)
iii)