FOUNDATION

SYSTEMS
The foundation is the building element which
distributes and transmits
the building load to the earth.

Building
Load

Settlement

Settlement

Soil Bearing Capacity

Applications
Large Distributed
Weight

Very Large Concentrated

Weight

Low
Weight

Soft to
Firm Clay
Dense Sand
Strong Rock

All foundations will settle to some

extent
Settlement Magnitude:
Uniform Settlement:
Differential Settlement:

Usually less that 1

Acceptable if within the 1
Unacceptable if differences
exceed the 1

What are the different loads which

constitute the building load?
Dead Load
Live Load
Wind Loads
Thrusts
Seismic

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Transfer building load far below soil surface
1. Drilled Piers/Caisson
Friction
End Bearing
Belled
Socketed
2. Piles
Friction
End Bearing

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

LOAD

DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

FRICTION
BETWEEN PILE
AND SOIL

DRILLED SHAFT
FILLED WITH
CONCRETE

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DRILLED PIER/CAISSON

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
PIER /CAISSON PIER CAPS

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
BELLED PIER /CAISSON

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

LOAD

BELLED PIER /CAISSON

DRILLED SHAFT AND

BELL FILLED WITH
CONCRETE

BELL

BEARING PRESSURE
UNDER BELL

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Driven Piles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Driven Piles
Floor Slab

Floor Slab

Pile Cap

Piles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Driven Piles - Types of Pile Caps:

2 Pile Cluster

3 Pile Cluster

4 Pile Cluster

9 Pile Cluster

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Types of Piles:

UNCASED PILES

CASED PILES
Steel Point

Concrete
Plug

1,2,3,4

1.

Mandrel
Driven

Open
Ended
2

Fluted
Tapered

Compressed
Base

Compressed
Concrete

Pedestal
Pile

2. Driven from the top of the tube

3. Driven from the bottom of the tube

Steel Point
2

4. Jetted

PILES

MATERIALS
TIMBER
Pressure treated/ submerged

STEEL:
H-piles/ Pipe piles
Corrosion possible

CONCRETE: No corrosion/ economical

Sitecast
Precast

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Pile Driver

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
CAISSONS
PILES

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
CAISSONS
Reaches down
through layers of
unsatisfactory soil until
it reaches a
satisfactory bearing
soil strata

PILES
A pile is driven
into the earth
rather than drilled
and poured
TYPES
END BEARING
FRICTION PILE

PILES
Friction Piles

PILE LOAD TEST

PILES CLUSTER

CUTTING OFF PILES

FORM WORK FOR PILE CAP

PILE CAP FORMED

Reinforcing bar
extends up to tie
into future concrete
column

SEISMIC
BASE
ISOLATORS
Layers of steel
and rubber
Lead core
Between two
steel plates
With isolator

Without isolator

METHOD OF STATIC - PILE DRIVEN

WHERE:
f = unit skin friction,
Asurface = pile surface (skin) area,
q = ultimate bearing capacity of soil at the tip of the pile,
Atip=area of the tip

PILE DRIVEN IN SAND

Where:
K = coefficient of lateral earth pressure (0.6 1.25 dengan nilai yang
terkecil digunakan untuk pasir berkolodak dan nilal tertinggi digunakan
untuk endapan yang lain.
= coefficeint of friction between sand and pile materials (refer
table 10-4)

Where: pv = effective vertical pressure adjacent to piles tip

N*q= bearing capacity factor (see figure 10-2)

Dc = Critical Depth
Dc = 10 D ( Bagi pasir longgar)
Dc = 20 D ( Bagi pasir tumpat)
Where :
D = pile diameter

Figure 10-5

PILE DRIVEN IN CLAY

Where :

adhesion factor (refer figure 10-10)

c = cohesion
A surface =
A tip =

Multi Layer of soil

Figure 10-11

0.9
284 kN
284 kN
142 kN

Figure 10-12

Figure 10-13

PILE DRIVING FORMULAS

Danish Formula

EXAMPLE 10-7

Given
1. The design capacity of a 300-mm steel-pipe pile is 445 kN.
2. The pile's modulus of elasticity is 2x105 MPa.
3. The pile's length is 12 m.
4. The pile's cross-sectional area is 103.2 cm2
5. The hammer is a Vulcan 140C with a weight of pile hammer ram of
623 kN and manufacturer's hammer energy rating of 50 kN-m.
6. Hammer efficiency is assumed to be 0.80.
Required .
1. What should be the average penetration of the pile from the last few
driving blows?
2. How many blows/ft for the last foot of penetration are required for
the design capacity, using the Danish formula?

UJIAN BEBAN CERUCUK(LOAD TEST)

END