Fri. Sept.

5, 2014
Todays Lecture
2.1 Early History of Chemistry
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws, etc
2.5 Characterizing the Atom

Lecture 2

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

(Zumdahl, Chapter 2)

History of Chemistry:

Robert Boyle (1627-1691): First Chemist

quantitative behavior of gases

element cannot be broken down into 2 or more simpler
substances

Lavoisier (1743-1794):

mass is neither created nor destroyed

________________________

Proust (1754-1826):

a given compound always contains exactly the same

proportion of elements by mass
________________________
CO2 always contain 2.66g of O for every g of C
2

Dalton (1766-1844):

____________________

Daltons Atomic Theory (1808):

marked the beginning of Modern Chemistry

1 -Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms
2 -The atoms in an element are identical
3 -Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements combine with each other.
4 -Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms
Butproposed OH as the formula for water

 Absolute formulas:

Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)
measured the volumes of gases that reacted
with each other:

2 vol. of H + 1 vol. of O 2 vol. of water

Avogadro (1776-1856)
hypothesis: at the same T and P, equal
volumes of different gases contain the same
# of particles
Conclusions:
2 molecules of H2 + 1 molecule O2 2 molecules
of water
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TV, Magnet, deguassing coil,

Tesla Coil,

 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom:

J.J. Thomson (1856-1940):

Fig. 2.8

experimented with Cathode-ray tubes

produced a beam of electrons in an evacuated tube
deflected beam with an applied electrical field
measured charge-to-mass ratio of an electron:

e
= 1.76 x 10 8 C / g
m

C = Coulomb
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02_25

proposed the first atomic model:

electrons distributed randomly in a diffuse
positive cloud.
plum pudding model: raisins dispersed in
pudding.

Plum Pudding Model

Fig 2.8

 Millikan (1868-1953):
determined the charge of an electron
Charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C
using e/m, the mass of an electron was determined:
mass = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
8

 Radioactivity:

certain elements spontaneously produce high

energy radiation
Becquerel: a mineral of U can produce an
image on a photographic film in the absence
of light
3 types of radiation:

_________ (g): high energy light

_________ (b): high speed e-s

_________ (a): He2+ ions (mass 7300 x

larger than the e9

The Nuclear Atom:

Rutherfords Apparatus
Some alpha
particles are
scattered

Uranium source of
alpha particles (embedded
in a lead block to absorb
most of the radiation)

Beam of
alpha particles

Most particles
pass straight
through foil

Luminescent screen
to detect scattered

Thin
metal foil

Fig 2.11
10

 Rutherford (1911):

bombarded gold foil with a-particles

(positively charged particles):
most particles passed straight through the
foil.
Some were reflected at large angles
a few were reflected right back.

Fig. 2.12

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 this experiment led to the following conclusions:

atom is mostly __________
massive positive center (_____): Thomson was
incorrect
e-s moved around the nucleus at
a relatively large distance

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 Modern View of Atomic Structure:

Chemist perspective:

an important feature of an atom is its electrons since

they dictate the chemical properties of an element

Simple view of an atom:

small nucleus ~ 10-13 cm in diameter

electron cloud 10-8 cm across

Atoms are made of:

electrons
protons
neutrons

Mass
9.11 x 10-31 kg
1.67 x 10-27 kg
1.67 x 10-27 kg

Charge
-1
+1
0

nucleus is very small and very dense

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Seeing Atoms with Scanning Probe Microscopy

15

Image of a ring of cobalt atoms placed

on a copper surface.

Source: IBM Research

16

CAPA #1
:The MassDensityVolumeDisplacement Question

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Read Section 2.6-3.1 incl.

for Monday
Begin CAPA Assignment

Tutorials start next week

come prepared.

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