CRUDE OIL TRANSPORT, OFF - SHORE LOADING

AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

M.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. ukasz Lewkowicz

Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Grzegorz Rutkowski
Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Andrzej Krlikowski

DIFFERENT TYPE OF OFSHORE AND ONSHORE TERMINALS

TERMINALS, PLATFORMS, OIL RIGS, SHUTTEL TAKERS AND STANDBY

VESSELS AS A PART OF OFF SHORE BUSINESS

An Example of Off Shore Systems

Bow Loading System

System SAL
(Single Anchor Loading)

Vessel-Buoy
System SPM
(Single Point Mooring)

Vessel-Platform

System SBM
(Single Buoy Mooring)

Vessel-Buoy
System Tandem Loading

Ship to Ship

DRAUGEN OIL FIELD

SPM BUOY

Gullfaks Oil Field

SPM Loading 2 Buoys

SCHIEHALLION OIL FIELD

FPSO

An Example of Off Shore Systems

Bow Loading Systems

CALM

SAL

SPM

Stationary gravity platforms and jack-up type usually are placed on 100 150m
depth. Jackup has long leg structures, which it lowers to and into the seabed
raising the rig out of the water

Troll is the one of the bigest GBS

platform placed at North Sea 80km northwest of Bregen Norway. The Troll A platform
has an overall height of 472 meters and
Another kind of stationary platform is
weighs 656,000 tons and stands on the sea
Guayed Tower Platform GTP, where
the platform is kept vertically by 16- floor 303 meters (994 feet) below the surface
of the sea.
24 special anchored lines.

These platforms have

hulls (columns and
pontoons) of sufficient
buoyancy to cause the
structure to float, but of
weight sufficient to keep
the structure upright.
Semi-submersible
platforms can be moved
from place to place; can be
ballasted up or down by
altering the amount of
flooding in buoyancy
tanks; they are generally
anchored by combinations
of chain, wire rope and/or
polyester rope during
drilling and/or production
operations, though they
can also be kept in place
by the use of dynamic
positioning. Operational
water depths from 200 to
10,000 feet (60 to 3,050 m).

A drill-ship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drilling apparatus. It is
most often used for exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells in deep water but
can also be used for scientific drilling. Early versions were built on a modified
tanker hull, but purpose-built designs are used today. Most drill-ships are
outfitted with a dynamic positioning system to maintain position over the well.
Drilling water depths unlimited.

Two types of Tankers

Shuttle Tanker

Conventional Tankers

M/T Kiowa Spirit build at 09th September 1998 Samsung Heavy Industry,
Koje / Korea. Double hull with 113 269 DWT, L = 249.00 m, B= 44.0 m and
T = 14.62 m summer draft.

M/T Stena Natalita has been build at 25th of May 2001 at Japan.
Double hull with 110 000 DWT and L= 247 m, B= 43 m, T= 15 m. Equiped
with DP2 System, which is capable to maintain vessels position with accuracy
(
2 m ) and fix heading (
1o) durinig off-shore operations and bad weather
conditions (wave higth 9m).

VESSELS WITH DYNAMIC POSITIONING SYSTEM

M/T Stena Spirit build at 10th January 2001 at Samsung Heavy Industry
Shipyard, Koje / Korea. Double hull with 151 293 DWT, L = 277.30 m, B= 48.0 m
and T = 16.42 m summer draft.
Vssel equipted with Dynamic Positioning System Class 1 (DP1)

FPSO Bleo Holm is located in the Ross Field of UK Central North

Sea. The vessel commenced operations in the first half of 1999 at the
Ross & Parry Fields for Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd.
Total FPSO Length 242.3m Breadth 42m DWT 105 000t,
Water Depth 105-110m

An Example of Off Shore Systems

Side Loading System

Ship to Ship

Ship to Terminal

FPSO PP-48

An Example of Off Shore Systems

Submerged turret Loading

System STL
(Single Turret Loading)

Strategy Covers Impacts from

Shipping
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

Particulate Matter

Ozone Depleting Substances

(i.e., Halons, CFCs)

Fuel
Consumption
Engine Room Bilge
Pump Room Bilge
Decanted Slops
Sewage
Grey Water

Garbage
Hazardous
Waste
Sludge

Ballast Water

Hull Antifouling (i.e., TBT)

Accidental Oil Spills

Fore Castle, Submerged

Turret Loading or Bow
Thruster Space Bilges

Overall, 3 Main Types of

Impacts

Emissions to Atmosphere

Discharges/releases to Sea

Waste Disposal

The Impact of Emissions

CO2 Contributes to Global Warming

SOURCE : Shipboard Fuel Consumption resulting in
release of CO2; Methane-VOC emissions

Greenhouse Gases
(water vapour, carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide)

Traps Infrared Radiation that
warms the earth.

Result: Global Warming /
Climate Change

Global Warming
SOURCE : Shipboard Fuel Consumption resulting in
release of CO2; Methane-VOC emissions

Ave Global Temperature

increasing

Atmospheric CO2
Concentration Increasing in
the same time period

Global Warming
IMPACT: Climate Change (i.e., changes in temperature,

precipitation/storms, sea level)

Drought,
Severe Winter Weather
Flooding
Severe Storms
Tropical Cyclones

Global Warming
IMPACT: Climate Change THEN Impacts Human Life,
Wildlife & Natural Vegetation
Human Life

A few Examples:
Wildlife

Potential extinction due to

loss of habitat, food
source, disruption in
breeding cycles

Vegetation

Changes in
temperature can
damage vegetation
or prevent future
growth

Hurricane Katrina Photos from www.katrina.com; Wildlife/Vegetation Photos from WWF Website

The Impact of Emissions

OVERALL, SHIPS ARE THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

This Slide taken from Intertanko ISTEC Committee, Distillates Presentation (Feb 2007)

Other Examples
1000 Tonnes of CO2 is produced
by:
Driving a Toyota Corolla 6
million kilometres (150 times
around the earth
s equator
earths

An individual flying from New

York to Tokyo 400 times

EXAMPLE - Trans-Atlantic Voyage

From Sarroch (Italy), Load in Arzew (Algeria), Discharge in Philadelphia

(USA)

Ballast Passage:
Load Port Consumption:
Laden Passage:
+ Discharge Port Cons:

100 MT
35 MT
650 MT
180 MT

TOTAL:
965 MT
x 3.2 = Carbon Footprint of 3088 metric tonnes
How much fuel must be saved in order to reduce Carbon Footprint by 5%?

TOTAL: 965 MT HFO x 0.05 = 48.25 MT.

How can we save this much fuel?

What is Acid Rain?

SOURCE : SOx, NOx, Soot Emissions from Engine During
Fuel Combustion
US
US EPA
EPA

NOx
SOx
Soot

Water,
Oxygen, and
Other
Atmospheric
Chemicals

Mild Sulphuric
Acid and Nitric
Acid

Acids can be blown to other areas by wind, then

Wet Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with rain, fog, snow
Dry Deposition: Acids fall to the ground with dust or smoke

Acid Rain
IMPACTS: Deterioration/destruction of forests and waterways;
Effects to wildlife and human life
Lakes, Rivers and Streams

Disrupts lake ecosystems and kills

wildlife

Depletes natural oxygen levels in lakes.

Destroys food source (micro organisms

or larger marine life)

Harms birds that live or feed in affected

waters.

Soil / Vegetation

Washes away soil nutrients.

Damages tree roots affecting nutrient

absorption

Changes the colour of leaves affecting

photosynthesis.

Acid Rain
IMPACTS: Deterioration/destruction of forests and waterways;
Effects to wildlife and human life
Human Life:

Lung disorders, such as asthma and

bronchitis.

Sickness from contaminated seafood

from affected lakes or rivers.

Can leach metals (i.e., copper, lead or

alumnium) into potable water sources

Deterioration of buildings, statues,

bridges, etc.

LEGISLATION UPDATE

CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Legislation

Currently, CO2 emissions not regulated in
shipping.
Worldwide focus on global warming
Public perception that shipping has not
done much to reduce emissions.
Expect IMO regulations perhaps in 4-5
years

NOx Legislation
Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May
2005
Proposed amendments to be finalized in
2008

SOx Legislation
Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May
2005
Proposed amendments to be finalized in
2008

VOC Legislation
Regulated by Marpol Annex VI since May 2005. No
reduction targets stated
Proposed Amendment VOC Management Manual
Vapour Emission Control Systems (VECS) fitted but lack
of port reception facilities to collect VOCs
Shuttle tankers in the North Sea must adhere to
reduction targets for cargo loading in the Norwegian
Continental Shelf.
Emissions during transit not addressed
 NOTE: Global warming potential of methane from VOCs
is 20 TIMES HIGHER THAN CO2.

Strategies for Reducing

Emissions

* Reducing CO2 Emissions is a PRIORITY from 2008-2012

Optimizing Fuel Consumption (CO2 Emissions)

Vessel Performance Program for Optimizing
engine/equipment efficiency
Use Vessel Performance System
(VPS) and CASPER to monitor
performance

Trim Optimization Tool

~60 MT of fuel saved per vessel/year

Trim Optimization Tool

Success Stories:

Optimizing Fuel Consumption (CO2 Emissions)

Specific Fuel Oil Cons.
SFOC

135.5

vs Pmax

135.0

SFOC

134.5

1.8%
reduction

134.0
133.5

Source: MAN B&W

133.0
132.5
132.0
115

117.5

120

122.5

125

Pmax in Bar

10 bar increase in Pmax

SFOC units in gms/bhp hr

1.8% drop in Specific Fuel Consumption

Optimizing Cylinder Oil Consumption

~30% reduction in Ave consumption since 2001. $3.7 Million saved
Going forward:
Retrofit with Alpha
Lubricators

Fleet Average Cylinder Oil Consumption

1.211
1.134

SCOC in gms/bhp hr

1.25

1.05

1.15

0.984
1.05

0.925

0.95

0.819

0.85
0.75
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Examples of Optimization
Example of a vessel with silicone
coated propeller and rudder to improve
performance and avoid fouling

Model testing benefits

establishment of improved
guidelines on vessels draft and
trim condition for optimization of
fuel consumption and speed

Examples of Alternatives
Propellers
Propeller Boss Cap Fin (PBCF)
Reduces stern vibrations, propeller noise and rudder erosion.
(Estimated 5% fuel savings or 2% increase in speed)

Teekay Model Tests followed by on board test to come

Environmental Leadership Program

ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce NOx Emissions
Onboard test: Selective Catalytic Reduction Plant
6-year study onboard Dania Spirit
Plant decommissioned, study ongoing

MONITOR & RESEARCH: Other NOx technologies

(i.e., slide valves, Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

Environmental Leadership Program

ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce SOx and Particulate Matter
Emissions
Use Low Sulphur (1.5%) Fuels
used where required in Sulphur
Emission Control Areas (SECA)
Baltic (May 2006)
North Sea (Aug/Nov 2007)
Teekay policy that purchased
bunkers not exceed 3.5% sulphur
(this is 1% below Marpol
regulation)
Research Seawater Scrubbers
Seawater Scrubber
(Mainly for SOx but can remove
NOx & Particulate Matter)

Environmental Leadership Program

ELP OBJECTIVE: Reduce VOC emissions from cargo
Shuttle Tanker VOC Plants

Conventional Tanker Methods

 Vapour Emission Control
Systems (VECS), but lack of
shore reception facilities
 VOCON Procedure (SVP)

Stena Sirita Plant used during loading

Other Shuttle Tanker Plant types:

Absorption

Adsorption

Condensation

RESEARCH: Teekay Norway, Technologies and Projects Group

VOC reduction during transport, w/ GBA recirculation system and tank

overpressure

The Impact of Vessel

Discharges/Releases

Potential Oil Pollution

HAZARDS: Discharge of treated bilge water; Decanted
Slops; Cargo/Bunker Spill

Potential Oil Pollution

IMPACTS: Potential Contamination of the Seas/Shorelines;
Effects to Marine Life; Criminal Charges

TREND: WORLDWIDE CRIMINALIZATION OF MARINERS

USA
Department of Justice
CANADA
Bill C-15
European Union
Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-Source Pollution
FRANCE
Perben 2 Law
Captain Mathur of ERIKA
VANCOUVER SPIRIT / AEGEAN SPIRIT

SPAIN
Captain Mangouras of PRESTIGE

Incarceration

Penalties

prison sentences for vessel personnel (maximum to date 5

years)
shore side personnel (maximum to date 37 months)

Fines
both individuals and companies
maximum individual to date - $100,000
maximum company to date - $40,000,000

Ballast Water
HAZARD: Ballast water and sediments from other ports

7,000 to possibly more than 10,000 different species of microbes,

marine plants & animals can be carried in ballast water

Ballast Water, when discharged at load port

IMPACTS: Disruption or changes to marine ecosystems

Ecological

New bio-invasion every 9 weeks

Economical

Losses in 100s of billions USD per
year globally

Human health

Paralytic shell fish poisoning

Cholera outbreaks

Strategy / Practices for Minimizing

Discharges

Engine Room Bilge Water

ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management Systems

Shipboard Effluent Control and Treatment (SECAT)

Soot
Collectin
g System

Bilge
Water
System

Oil
Residue
System

Environmental Leadership Program

ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management System

Ensuring overboard discharge contains less than 15 ppm oil.

Alfa Laval, Ecostream

Centrifugal Separator

White Boxes

Legislation Update Ballast

Water
Proposed international convention.
Still awaiting ratification by IMO member states.

Ballast Water
ELP OBJECTIVE : Minimize the transfer of invasive
marine organisms
In place today:

Ballast Water Management
Plans

Ballast exchange
2008 ELP

Evaluate Alfa Laval Pureballast
System (IMO Approved) and
others

Advanced Oxidation Technology (AOT)

Alfa Laval Pureballast System

The Impact of Waste Disposed

at Sea

Garbage
IMPACT: Potential Pollution of the Seas, Depletion of
Land Fills and Natural Resources, Disruption to
Marine Life
Visual Pollution
and Disruption to
Marine Life

photos by: Dirk Bruin, SBB Vlieland

Entanglement

Ingestion

Garbage
Litter types in Fulmar stomachs

pollutants
chemical ?

industrial
plastic

non plastic
rubbish

user
plastic

Strategies / Practices for Waste

Management

* Reduce Garbage Disposed at Sea Where Possible

Minimizing Garbage Disposed at Sea

Categories 2, 3 and 4
Food Waste
is OK, but
should still
minimize.

Minimizing Garbage Disposed at Sea

2006, Teekay averaged fleet wide a
disposal of approximately 12 m3 of
category 2, 3 and 4 waste overboard.
2007, our objective/target was to reduce
this to 8 m3. Achieved: 8.16 m3 Great !!
2012 Target 6 m3
Ave per ship

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

M.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. ukasz Lewkowicz

Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Grzegorz Rutkowski
Dr.Sc.Naut.Eng.Capt. Andrzej Krlikowski

KONCEPCJA OBSUGI
STATKW DO PRZEWOZU LNG
W REJONIE ZATOKI GDASKIEJ

dr in. kpt. . w. Andrzej Krlikowski

dr in. kpt. . w. Grzegorz Rutkowski

Schemat terminalu odbiorczego LNG z funkcj regazyfikacji

Schemat terminalu LNG

Przykady terminali odbiorczych LNG

Terminal przybrzeny

Terminal pywajcy

Przykady magazynowania LNG

Crude Oil Export & Import

Crude Oil Daily Consumption

Crude Oil Top Producing

FPSO PP-31

FPSO PP-33

FPSO PP-43

FPSO PP-43

Deck Bilge Water

ELP OBJECTIVE: Efficient Bilge Management System
Pump room Bilges
Approval to transfer to slop tanks
Dispose Ashore
CANNOT be combined with engine room bilges
Fore Castle

Clean up spills/leakages and dispose of contaminated
materials accordingly
Submerged Turret Loading, Bow Thruster Space

Discharge to sea permitted
RESEARCH/PILOT:

Deck retention tanks for pump room and other options
for STL and Bow Thruster Space

EXERCISE: How can you contribute to achieving the Strategy?

Split up into 8 groups. Use flip charts to identify ways to

reduce energy consumption and minimize garbage
onboard in below areas. Choose the best option in each
area as per below (15 minutes). Nominate a speaker to
present.
Reduce Energy

Cargo Ops
Engine Room
Accommodations

Minimize Garbage