Endangered Species Cloning - Aff-Neg

Josh and Beni Wilson Cloning endangered species Page 1 of 15
Cloning Endangered Species AFF Brief

Cloning Endangered Species AFF Brief.............................................................................................1
Case:......................................................................................................................................................3
Inherency/Harms.........................................................................................................................................3
Many species are in eminent danger of extinction within the next few decades..........................................................3
Biodiversity loss empirically causes conditions that threaten human survival – increased loss threatens ecosystem
collapse and humanity’s very existence. .....................................................................................................................3
So what can we do about it?........................................................................................................................4
Cloning works and it may be the only way to save species from extinction................................................................4
The Frozen Ark project can preserve DNA from endangered animals to be used for cloning....................................4
Plan...............................................................................................................................................................5
Solvency/Plan advocacy...............................................................................................................................5
Scientists can clone endangered species and preserve genetic information.................................................................5
Advantages...................................................................................................................................................6
1) Endangered Species Act conflicts with private property rights ..............................................................................6
And secondly) The ESA lowers property values..........................................................................................................6
Increased Bio-diversity protects the Economy and furthers human health and wellbeing ..........................................6
Affirmative Backup...............................................................................................................................7
The ESA isn’t so hot.....................................................................................................................................................7
Cloning works...............................................................................................................................................................7
Cloning works (Includes info on how it works)...........................................................................................................7
Cloning works (Includes info on how it works)...........................................................................................................7
Cloning is a success story.............................................................................................................................................7
Cloning could resurrect newly extinct species.............................................................................................................7
There is plenty of knowledge and expertise for cloning...............................................................................................8
Cloning could save endangered species while preserving genetic diversity................................................................8
Cloning could save endangered species.......................................................................................................................8
AT: “Redirects money from conservation efforts” Nope.............................................................................................8
AT “Cloning is inefficient” Scientists are perfecting the cloning method...................................................................8
AT “Cloning is inefficient” The reason that many of the Guar fetuses didn’t make it to term was because they were
intentionally aborted.....................................................................................................................................................9
AT “The clone died” Noah’s death was not related to cloning....................................................................................9
AT “Leads to human cloning” Nope, cause human cloning is banned by the UN.......................................................9
Human cloning is illegal, animal cloning isn’t, regulations will not harm the industry...............................................9
Cloning could resurrect newly extinct species.............................................................................................................9
AT: “Cloning inefficient” But it’s the only way to save certain species....................................................................10
SQ measures can preserve DNA from endangered animals.......................................................................................10
Technology and Institutes are available to preserve endangered species through cloning .......................................10
Cloning animals could make them more disease resistant and save endangered species from extinction.................10
Many species are in eminent danger of extinction within the next few decades........................................................10
AT: “Cloned animals have genetic defects” Genetic defects have been overcome...................................................11
Current cloning price is 10-20 thousand dollars.........................................................................................................11
NASA research on origin of life in the solar system: $1.3 billion.............................................................................11
ESA INFO..................................................................................................................................................................11
Cloning success stories...............................................................................................................................................12
Cloning Endangered Species NEG Brief..........................................................................................13
Inherency............................................................................................................................................13
Solvency..............................................................................................................................................13
1
Cloning is an epic fail, it rarely works and when it does the animals die..............................................13
Cloning is very inefficient and only rarely works......................................................................................................13
The ‘successful’ clone died soon after cloning...........................................................................................................13
Only one in five cloning attempts succeeds...............................................................................................................13
Cloning doesn’t work on all species...........................................................................................................................13
Disadvantages.....................................................................................................................................14
Massive spending.......................................................................................................................................14
Cloning costs more than other methods......................................................................................................................14
Decreased respect for life..........................................................................................................................14
Encouraging cloning cheapens life and makes human cloning more likely...............................................................14
Genetic mutations......................................................................................................................................14
Cloning can cause genetic defects..............................................................................................................................14
Cloning could reduce genetic variability....................................................................................................................14
Masks the root causes without solving.....................................................................................................15
Cloning doesn’t solve anything because it ignores and masks the root causes..........................................................15
Cloning masks the need to conserve habitat...............................................................................................................15
Redirects money from conservation efforts................................................................................................................15
2
Case:
We face a crisis, Biodiversity (the number and quantity of species) is declining quickly, many
creatures are on the verge of extinction and this threatens us as humans greatly. But we have it
within our power to preserve the wondrous diversity that we have been given and it is for this reason
that we stand before you affirming the United States Federal Government ought to significantly
reform its environmental policy,
Just so that everyone starts on the same page we offer the EPA’s definition of environmental policy:
Environmental Policy: “Official statements of principles, intentions, values, and objective which are based
on legislation and the governing authority of a state and which serve as a guide for the operations of
governmental and private activities in environmental affairs.”
USDA National Agricultural Library, EPA’s Definition, “Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture”,
2009, http://agclass.nal.usda.gov/mtwdk.exe?s=1&n=1&y=0&l=60&k=glossary&t=2&w=environmental+policy
Any other definitions can be brought up at the negative’s request
We will be presenting a net benefits case today, basically, we don’t claim to create utopia but we do
hope that you will join us if we can make things better than they are now.
Inherency/Harms
Lets take a look at some of the Harms Inherent in the SQ
Many species are in eminent danger of extinction within the next few decades
Telegraph media UK July 27, 2004 “Endangered species gain a place on Frozen Ark”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3326088/Endangered-species-gain-a-place-on-Frozen-Ark.html
Hundreds of species become extinct every week and thousands more are expected to disappear over
the next 30 years.
They include 1,130 species (24 per cent) of mammals and 1,183 species (12 per cent) of birds,
according to a report presented to the United Nations Environmental Programme.
Biodiversity loss empirically causes conditions that threaten human survival – increased loss
threatens ecosystem collapse and humanity’s very existence.
David Diner 1994 [JD-Ohio State, Military Law Review, Winter, Lexis] (HEG) [ellipses in original]
Biological Diversity. -- The main premise of species preservation is better than simplicity. As the
current mass extinction has progressed, the world's biological diversity generally has decreased. This
trend occurs within ecosystems by reducing the number of species, and within species by reducing the number of
individuals. Both trends carry serious future implications. Biologically diverse ecosystems are
characterized by a large number of specialist species, filling narrow ecological niches. These
ecosystems inherently are more stable than less diverse systems. “The more complex the ecosystem,
the more successfully it can resist stress... like a net, in which each knot is connected to others by
several strands, such a fabric can resist collapse better than a simple, unbranched circle of threads --
which is cut anywhere breaks down as a whole.” By causing widespread extinctions, humans have artificially
simplified many ecosystems. As biologic simplicity increases, so does the risk of ecosystem failure. The
spreading Sahara Desert in Africa, and the dustbowl conditions of the 1930s in the United States are
relatively mild examples of what might be expected if this trend continues. Theoretically, each new
animal or plant extinction, with all its dimly perceived and intertwined effects, could cause total
ecosystem collapse and human extinction. Each new extinction increases the risk of disaster. Like a mechanic
removing, one by one, the rivets from an aircraft's wing, mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.
3
So what can we do about it?
Cloning works and it may be the only way to save species from extinction
BBC news 12 January, 2001, “Endangered animal clone dies” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1113719.stm
The animal researchers cloned is a wild ox native to Asia. The gaur is generally brown or black with
a humplike ridge on its back and with white or yellow stockings on all four legs.
Gaur numbers have dwindled to about 36,000 because the animals have been hunted by humans and
because the forests, bamboo jungles and grasslands in India and Southeast Asia where they live have
become degraded.
Some researchers believe cloning may offer the only way to save such species from extinction. And
the particular circumstances of Noah's cloning also suggest that animals that have recently gone
extinct could be brought back into existence.
The Frozen Ark project can preserve DNA from endangered animals to be used for cloning
Scientists are developing the world's first DNA and tissue bank to preserve thousands of animals
facing extinction, in an international project called the Frozen Ark.
Hundreds of species become extinct every week and thousands more are expected to disappear over the next 30 years.
They include 1,130 species (24 per cent) of mammals and 1,183 species (12 per cent) of birds, according to a report
presented to the United Nations Environmental Programme. Under the initiative, launched yesterday, tissue from
thousands of mammals, birds, insects and reptiles will be frozen to ensure that genetic blueprints are
secured, to be used if the species die out.
Priority is to be given to animals in danger within the next five years and those already extinct in the
wild. The first entrants to the Frozen Ark will include the yellow seahorse, a small fish depleted partly by trade in
traditional Chinese medicine.
Another is the British field cricket, whose population by the early 1990s was reduced to a single colony of fewer than
100 in West Sussex. Polynesian tree snails, first recorded on volcanic islands of the Pacific during Cook's voyage of
1774, will also be included. The introduction of a predatory snail wiped out half of the original 100 species.
Without the Frozen Ark - an initiative between the Natural History Museum, the Zoological Society
of London and the Institute of Genetics at Nottingham University - researchers say the world would
be left with only brief descriptions in scientific papers and specimens in museums.
It will build a global list of DNA collections and future biologists could find many more uses once
its world-wide network of complementary banks is up and running.
Prof Phil Rainbow, the keeper of zoology at the National History Museum, said: "Natural catastrophes apart, the current
rate of animal loss is the greatest in the history of the Earth and the fate of species is desperate. For future biologists and
conservationists and for the animals they seek to protect this network will be of immeasurable value."
Scientists also admit the samples could be used to create clones of extinct animals.
Prof Alan Cooper, the director of the Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre at Oxford University and a member
of the Frozen Ark steering committee, said: "I think it will be used for cloning eventually.
"We are cautious about cloning because it gets so sexed up, but who knows what we will be using these specimens for in
the future?"
Dr Anne McClaren, who chairs the committee, said the primary motive was an ethical one. "I think Noah would have
been proud of this project."
4
In recognition of these facts and the danger of inaction we propose the following:
Plan
The United States federal government shall implement the following plan through any constitutional
means:
1) The US fish and wildlife service shall collaborate with the frozen ark program in order to
provide DNA from United States endangered species to the Frozen Ark project
2) The United States shall allocate 1.3 billion per year to the cloning of species on the
Endangered Species List starting with those are shown to be of the most benefit to mankind
and in the most imminent danger of extinction that they have genetic information for. Once a
species populations has been stabilized it shall be removed from the jurisdiction of the
Endangered Species Act.
3) Grants shall be made available to zoo owners in possession of endangered species that meet
the previous cloning guidelines, these grants shall not exceed three quarters of the cost
incurred
Funding shall come from cutting NASA research on the evolutionary origin of life
Mandate 1 will take effect immediately after an affirmative ballot, Mandates one and two shall be
implemented at the beginning of the next fiscal year.
All affirmative speeches have legislative intent for the clarification of this plan.
Solvency/Plan advocacy
Scientists can clone endangered species and preserve genetic information
World Watch Institute. (An independent research organization recognized by opinion leaders around the world for its
accessible, fact-based analysis of critical global issues.) "Scientists clone endangered species". FindArticles.com. 29
April, 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6376/is_1_14/ai_n28848134/
Scientists clone endangered species: In October 2000, scientists with the Massachusetts-based
biotech firm Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) announced that they had successfully produced the
first clone of an endangered species, a humpbacked, ox-like creature called the Asian gaur. The
embryonic gaur, dubbed "Noah," is also the first cloned animal to gestate in the uterus of another
species--an Iowa dairy cow named Bessie.
Noah's creators hope their success will be a springboard to wider use of cloning in conservation
efforts. Like many proponents, they view the technology not as a way to "play God," but as a tool to
boost species numbers and ultimately redress past human wrongs against nature. By introducing the genes of
dead individuals back into the population, says ACT scientist Philip Damiani, cloning can actually
increase genetic diversity in species that may be at risk of inbreeding or other collapse.
5
Advantages
In addition to increasing biodiversity we will also decrease violation of property rights and
raise property values this is because
1) Endangered Species Act conflicts with private property rights

Leigh Raymond and Andrea Olive ( Purdue Univ. Dept of Political Science). June 2006, Protecting
Biodiversity on Private Property: The Role of Landowner Norms and Beliefs, http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-
2006/Raymond-Olive.pdf
In the United States, the primary mechanism for preventing extinction is the Endangered Species
Act, passed on the heels of two ineffective statutory precedents in 1973. Yet the Endangered Species
Act (ESA) has struggled in its efforts at conservation for a plethora of reasons, most importantly its
conflicts with private property.
And secondly) The ESA lowers property values

Brian Seasholes (expert on a wide variety of issues related to wildlife, land use and property rights, community-based
conservation, co-management of wildlife between private and public entities, markets and wildlife, privatization of
wildlife, private approaches to conservation in the United States and around the world, and the U.S. Endangered
Species Act; master's degree in geography from the University of Wisconsin-Madison) 1 Sept 2007, Bad for Species,
Bad for People: Whats Wrong with the Endangered Species Act and How to Fix It, National Center for Policy Analysis,
http://www.ncpa.org/pub/st303?
For the entire state of Texas, the survey found that the ESA reduced the value of farmland and
rangeland by 10 percent to 20 percent below what it otherwise would have been. The real estate
brokers also predicted the average decline in land values over the next five years due to the Act
would range from 10.3 percent for urban land to 27 percent for rural land on the transitional edge of
urban land.
Impact: As species recover and are taken off the ESA, private property will be better protected
and property values will rise.
For all these reasons and in order to preserve the rich diversity that we are stewards of we
respectfully ask that you join us in affirming the resolution and thus protecting the economy and
furthering human health and wellbeing as the Natural History Museum stated on 2009
Increased Bio-diversity protects the Economy and furthers human health and wellbeing
Natural History Museum, “Convention on Biological Diversity,” 2009
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/biodiversity/convention-biodiversity/convention-
faqs/index.html
“At least 40 per cent of the world's economy and 80 per cent of the needs of the poor are
derived from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversity of life, the greater the
opportunity for medical discoveries, economic development, and adaptive responses to such new
challenges.
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Affirmative Backup
The ESA isn’t so hot
Alexander F. Annet (Former Research Assistant in Domestic Policy Studies at the Heritage Foundation., November
13, 1998, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/1998/11/Reforming-the-Endangered-Species-Act
A 1998 report in the Journal of Economic Perspectives notes that, of the 1,104 species in the United
States listed as threatened or endangered by July 1997, slightly more than 40 percent have approved
recovery plans in place. According to the Environmental Defense Fund, fewer than 10 percent of the
listed species have exhibited an improved status, and the status of four times that amount is
declining.
Cloning works
The clone [speaking of Noah the endangered bull guar] was carried to term by a cow called Bessie.
"The data collected clearly indicate that cross-species cloning worked and, as a scientist, I am
pleased," explained Dr Philip Damiani, a researcher with ACT [Advanced Cell Technology].
Cloning works (Includes info on how it works)

Noah was produced in a cross-species cloning procedure. The genetic material taken from the skin
cells of a male gaur, which had died eight years previously, were fused with the emptied egg cells of
common cows. From a total of 692 eggs used in the experiment, only one live clone was produced - Noah. He was
delivered at a research centre in Iowa where he weighed 36 kilos (80 lbs) at birth. "Science has
advanced to the point of being able to successfully create a healthy trans-species gaur clone," said Dr
Kurt Benirschke, former president of the Zoological Society of San Diego.
Cloning works (Includes info on how it works)

CNN, January 12, 2001 “First cloned endangered species dies 2 days after birth”
http://archives.cnn.com/2001/NATURE/01/12/cloned.gaur/
[To] clone the gaur, scientists removed the nucleus from a cow's egg cell and replaced it with the
nucleus of a gaur skin cell. The nucleus contains all the genetic material needed for the gaur to grow
and develop.
"The chromosomes are 100 percent gaur and, of course, the chromosomes are responsible for all of
our traits," Dr. Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology said before the birth.
Cloning is a success story

The New York Times, 28 Dec 2002. “Experts Are Suspicious of Claim of Cloned Human’s Birth,”
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/28/health/28CELL.html
In the six years since scientists in Scotland shocked the world with their announcement that they had
cloned a sheep, scientists have cloned seven species and have even made clones of clones. Dolly the
sheep is a grandmother, entering old age.
Cloning could resurrect newly extinct species

Telegraph media UK, 31 Jan 2009 “Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html
Research carried out by Japanese geneticist Teruhiko Wakayama raised hopes that even species that
died out long ago could be resurrected after he used cells taken from mice frozen 16 years ago to
produce healthy clones.
7
There is plenty of knowledge and expertise for cloning

"There are hundreds of publications describing how to do it," said Dr. Mark West- husin, a cloning
expert at Texas A&M University who has cloned cattle, goats and a cat. "The basic techniques and
protocols are out there."
Human cloning also would require embryologists and physicians with expertise in the delicate tasks
of manipulating eggs and even poking them with needles. Those experts are everywhere, scientists
said, working at fertility clinics.
"There are lots of people who have these skills," Dr. Westhusin said.
Cloning could save endangered species while preserving genetic diversity

Some scientists counter cloning could be used to bolster valuable genetic diversity needed to rebuild
a species when their numbers have been severely compromised. And they do not suggest cloning would be
used to create large numbers of animals to completely repopulate a depleted species.
"When you get down to a few dozen members of a species you're really talking about very serious problems," Lanza
[Dr. Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology] said. "So this is a tool. From now on that there's
no need ever really to ever lose that genetic diversity that's remaining in these wild populations."
Analysis: The longer we wait the more genetic information is lost, cloning could stop that
Cloning could save endangered species

The gaur is an ox native to Southeast Asia and India, and while about 30,000 exist in the wild, their
numbers are declining because of hunting and habitat loss. Scientists say the cloning of such
endangered animals could save them from extinction, or even bring back species already extinct.
"The data collected clearly indicate that cross-species cloning worked and, as a scientist, I am
pleased," researcher Philip Damiani said in a statement. Damiani is with Advanced Cell Technology,
the biotech company that conducted the research,
AT: “Redirects money from conservation efforts” Nope

The ACT team and other cloning supporters counter that there is no competition for resources,
because the money the biotech companies put up for cloning would probably not otherwise go to
conservation. But this view fails to take into account the additional time, money, and biological
expertise needed to eventually re-introduce the cloned animals into the wild.
AT “Cloning is inefficient” Scientists are perfecting the cloning method

"The Zoological Society is saddened by the news of Noah's death. Still, we are encouraged that
scientists are learning to perfect this process and have continued hope for its inevitable role in the
conservation of endangered species."
8
AT “Cloning is inefficient” The reason that many of the Guar fetuses didn’t make it to term
was because they were intentionally aborted
Bessie was one of 40 cows to have a cloned gaur embryo placed in her womb. Some of the other
cows miscarried; in other cases, gaur fetuses were aborted so scientists could check whether they
were developmentally and genetically normal.
AT “The clone died” Noah’s death was not related to cloning

American scientists have announced the birth - and death - of the first endangered animal clone. The
baby bull gaur, Noah, was delivered on Monday but died within 48 hours of a common dysentery.
Researchers from Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) in Massachusetts said the problem was unlikely
to be related to the cloning procedure itself.
AT “Leads to human cloning” Nope, cause human cloning is banned by the UN

UN General Assembly press release, August 3, 2005 “General assembly adopts United Nations declaration On
human cloning” http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/ga10333.doc.htm
The General Assembly this morning adopted the United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning, by
which Member States were called on to adopt all measures necessary to prohibit all forms of human
cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life.
Acting on the recommendation of the Sixth Committee (Legal), contained in its report A/59/516/Add.1, the Assembly
adopted the text by a vote of 84 in favour to 34 against, with 37 abstentions (See Annex).
By further terms of the Declaration, Member States were also called on to protect adequately human life in the
application of life sciences; to prohibit the application of genetic engineering techniques that may be contrary to human
dignity; to prevent the exploitation of women in the application of life sciences; and to adopt and implement national
legislation in that connection.
Human cloning is illegal, animal cloning isn’t, regulations will not harm the industry
BBC News 27 April, 2004 “Carbon kitty's $50,000 price tag” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3663277.stm
Animal cloning in America is not illegal - unlike human cloning. On the legislative front, the
commercial launch of cat cloning has not ruffled any feathers, yet.
But opposition might not be long in rearing its head. Earlier this year, officials in California cited
ethical concerns when they prohibited the sale of Glofish, genetically modified zebra fish that
fluoresce.
Mr Hawthorne is not worried and argues the company operates to the highest standards, and believes
regulation would drive out the charlatans.
Cloning could resurrect newly extinct species

The Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, was officially declared extinct in 2000 when the
last-known animal of its kind was found dead in northern Spain.
Shortly before its death, scientists preserved skin samples of the goat, a subspecies of the Spanish
ibex that live in mountain ranges across the country, in liquid nitrogen.
Using DNA taken from these skin samples, the scientists were able to replace the genetic material in
eggs from domestic goats, to clone a female Pyrenean ibex, or bucardo as they are known. It is the
first time an extinct animal has been cloned.
9
AT: “Cloning inefficient” But it’s the only way to save certain species
Despite the highly inefficient cloning process and death of the cloned bucardo, many scientists
believe similar approaches may be the only way to save critically endangered species from
disappearing.
SQ measures can preserve DNA from endangered animals

A number of projects around the world are now attempting to store tissue and DNA from endangered
species. The Zoological Society of London and the Natural History Museum have set up the Frozen
Ark project in a bid to preserve DNA from thousands of animals before they disappear entirely.
Technology and Institutes are available to preserve endangered species through cloning
Professor Robert Miller, director the Medical Research Council's Reproductive Sciences Unit at
Edinburgh University, is working with the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland on a project to use
cloning on rare African mammals including the northern white rhino.
They have set up the Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals in the hope of
using breeding technologies to conserve species including the Ethiopian wolf, the African wild dog
and the pygmy hippo.
Professor Millar said: "I think this is an exciting advance as it does show the potential of being able
to regenerate extinct species.
"Clearly there is some way to go before it can be used effectively, but the advances in this field are
such that we will see more and more solutions to the problems faced."
Cloning animals could make them more disease resistant and save endangered species from
extinction
Tricia Ellis-Christensen (Journalist) “What are the Pros and Cons of Cloning?” Last Modified: 29 April 2010
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-cloning.htm
Cloning could help produce superior food, create more disease resistant animals and address issues of world
hunger. Rare animals might be saved from extinction, especially those animals that do not reproduce
well in changing environmental circumstances.
Many species are in eminent danger of extinction within the next few decades
Prof Phil Rainbow, the keeper of zoology at the National History Museum, said: "Natural
catastrophes apart, the current rate of animal loss is the greatest in the history of the Earth and the
fate of species is desperate. For future biologists and conservationists and for the animals they seek
to protect this network will be of immeasurable value."
10
AT: “Cloned animals have genetic defects” Genetic defects have been overcome
Fox news, April 20, 2009 “Cloner's Ark: Ten Notable Cloned Animals”
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,516943,00.html
Researchers in Dubai made news this week by announcing the arrival of the world's first cloned camel, a singular
achievement in a region where top racing camels are prized.
Iran followed two days later with the birth of the country's first cloned goat, though many other cloned goats have been
born elsewhere.
Most cloned mammals now lead regular lives, but as recently as 10 years ago they often died young
of lung malformations, a problem that appears to have been largely overcome. Healthy cloned dogs and
cats are the most recent significant achievements.
Current cloning price is 10-20 thousand dollars

BBC News 27 April, 2004 “Carbon kitty's $50,000 price tag” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3663277.stm
Cats can now have more than nine lives thanks to a Californian company that is the first US firm to go commercial and
offer the public a pet cloning service.
Five customers have already parted with $50,000 each for a copy of their cats.
Genetic Savings & Clone says work will start in May to clone the animals, with the first kittens
arriving by November
[They goes on to say in the same context]
Genetic Savings hopes to be cloning thousands of pets annually in five years, when the cost should
be down to $10,000 for a cat and $20,000 for a dog.
Analysis: At that price 1.3 billion could clone 65,000 creatures per year
(1,300,000,000/20,000=65,000) (Worst case: 1,300,000,000/50,000=26,000)
NASA research on origin of life in the solar system: $1.3 billion

Morgan P. Muchnick (Masters Degree in Public Policy and International Security from Harvard University's Kennedy
School of Government) , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008, American Association for the
Advancement of Science, AAAS REPORT XXXIII Research & Development FY 2009, "National Aeronautics and Space
Administration - FY 2009 Budget," www.aaas.org/spp/rd/09pch9.htm (brackets added)
The [NASA] Planetary Science theme proposes a budget of $1.3 billion. The purpose of this theme
is to advance scientific knowledge of the origin and history of the solar system, including the history
of life and whether it evolved beyond Earth.
ESA INFO
The Environmental Protection Agency February 2008, “Summary of the Endangered Species Act
7 U.S.C. section 136; 16 U.S.C. section 460 et seq.” www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides a program for the conservation of threatened and
endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) of the Department of the Interior maintains a worldwide list which, as of Feb. 20,
2008, included 1574 endangered species (599 are plants) and 351 threatened species(148 are plants). Species
include birds, insects, fish, reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, flowers, grasses, and trees. Anyone can petition FWS to
include a species on this list. The law requires federal agencies, in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
and/or the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service, to ensure that actions they
authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat of such species. The law also prohibits any action that
causes a "taking" of any listed species of endangered fish or wildlife. Likewise, import, export, interstate, and foreign
commerce of listed species are all generally prohibited.
(1,574-599=948)
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Cloning success stories

Fox news, April 20, 2009 “Cloner's Ark: Ten Notable Cloned Animals”
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,516943,00.html
The following is a list of significant animal species cloned from adult cells, in chronological order — plus one
that's even more remarkable.
Frog: The first amphibians cloned from adult cells were made in 1962 by John Gurdon, a British biologist at Cambridge
University. His experiments showed that cloning adults was theoretically possible (clones made from embryonic cells
had been created a decade earlier). But his tadpoles didn't survive to full adulthood, and it wasn't until years later that he
was able to get cloned frogs that lived full lives.
Carp: Way back in 1963, a Chinese researcher named Tong Dizhou apparently created the world's first
cloned fish when he transferred the genetic material from an adult male Asian carp into a carp egg, which
developed and was born normally, and even sired children. But since his work took place behind the "Bamboo
Curtain" at the height of the Cold War, Tong's achievements went unheralded in the West. He died in 1979.
Sheep: The famous Dolly was born on July 5, 1996, in Edinburgh, Scotland, the first known mammal of any
species to be cloned from an adult donor. She was the only one of 277 cloned embryos to survive. She quickly
became a media sensation, yet went on to live a short but quiet life, bearing six lambs naturally. Cloned cattle,
genetically similar to sheep, followed within the next year. In February 2003, suffering from a virus-borne form of
lung cancer common among sheep, Dolly was put to sleep. Some experts wondered whether she was already "old" at
birth, due to her genes coming from an adult animal, but her creators disputed that.
Goat: The world's first cloned goat was born on June 16, 2000, the result of work by scientists at Northwest
University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology in Xi'an, China. Unfortunately, the kid,
nicknamed "Yuanyuan," died after a day and a half from lung defects. On June 22, 2000, another cloned goat
was born in the same facility. Named "Yangyang," she lived at least six years and had kids, grandkids and
great-grandkids.
Housecat: CC, or Copy Cat, the world's first cloned domestic cat, was born Dec. 22, 2001 on the campus of
Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. Though she was the clone of a calico, her surrogate mother
was a tabby, and CC's coloring was a mixture of the two. She currently lives in the household of one the
scientists who worked to create her and has had naturally conceived kittens of her own.
White-tailed deer: The same Texas A&M team responsible for CC the cloned cat also created the world's
first cloned deer, which was born on May 23, 2003. Dubbed "Dewey," he was cloned from a dead buck.
Three years later, he became the father of female triplets, who were conceived the old-fashioned way.
Horse: Five days after Dewey, the world's first cloned horse was born in Italy. A female named "Prometea" -
presumably after Prometheus, the god who gave man fire in Greek mythology - news reports from the time indicate
she was healthy.
Dog: Snuppy, an Afghan hound born April 24, 2005, was the world's first cloned dog. He was created by a
team led by Korean genetics researcher Hwang Woo-suk, who also claimed to have cloned human stem cells,
later found to be untrue; Snuppy was the sole part of Hwang's work that was untainted. Snuppy has since
fathered 10 puppies through artificial insemination of two cloned female dogs.
Pyrenean ibex: The world's first extinct mammal to be "resurrected" was a subspecies of the more
widespread Spanish ibex, or mountain goat. The last known Pyrenean ibex was found dead in early 2000, but
tissue samples that had been taken when it was alive led to a joint Spanish-French cloning program. After
hundreds of failed attempts, a live Pyrenean ibex was born in January 2009, for the first time in more than a
decade. The surrogate mother was a domestic goat. But the achievement was short-lived; the kid died 9 minutes
after birth due to malformed lungs.
Camel: Injaz, the world's first cloned camel, was born April 8, 2009 in Dubai, one of the United Arab
Emirates. Her name means "achievement" in Arabic, and she likely won't be the last cloned camel, as camel
racing is very popular in the Gulf states and certain animals are prized. However, Injaz won't ever get to know her
older "twin" — the donor animal was slaughtered for its meat in 2005.
And last but far from least:
Fatherless mouse: Japanese researchers went beyond cloning in 2004 to create the world's first fatherless
mammal. The mouse, nicknamed Kaguya, was born in 2004 and was a "parthenote" - she literally had two
mommies. Genetic material from two mouse eggs was modified and combined so that one "fertilized" the
other. Kaguya has almost certainly died of old age since, but bore at least one litter of naturally conceived pups.
12
Cloning Endangered Species NEG Brief

Inherency
Many of the things that the aff references are in the SQ
Solvency
Cloning is an epic fail, it rarely works and when it does the animals die
Cloning is very inefficient and only rarely works
Noah was produced in a cross-species cloning procedure.
The genetic material taken from the skin cells of a male gaur, which had died eight years previously,
were fused with the emptied egg cells of common cows.
From a total of 692 eggs used in the experiment, only one live clone was produced - Noah.
The ‘successful’ clone died soon after cloning

American scientists have announced the birth - and death - of the first endangered animal clone. The
baby bull gaur, Noah, was delivered on Monday but died within 48 hours of a common dysentery.
Only one in five cloning attempts succeeds

In animal work so far only about 1 to 5 percent of cloning attempts succeed, said Dr. Randall
Prather, a cloning expert at the University of Missouri. That is, for every 100 eggs, one to five clones
are born.
Cloning doesn’t work on all species

Dr. [Tanja] Dominko, one of the principle researchers trying to clone monkeys, spent three years,
and made more than 300 attempts, to no avail. Working at the Oregon Primate Research Center, at a
well-financed laboratory, she and her colleagues never got a single pregnancy. Instead, the cloning
*
efforts produced grotesquely abnormal embryos, some with cells with no chromosomes, some with
multiple nuclei, including one cell had nine nuclei. She called the embryos her “gallery of horrors.”
13
Disadvantages
Massive spending
Cloning costs more than other methods
Another of the cons of cloning animals is potential cost. Presently, it is far more expensive to clone
than to reproduce animals by other means. Failure rate remains high, though this is likely to be reduced, in
addition to cost, if cloning is undertaken on a wider scale.
Decreased respect for life

Encouraging cloning cheapens life and makes human cloning more likely
George Pitcher (George Pitcher combines being The Daily Telegraph's Religion Editor with his role as a priest in the
Church of England), November 5, 2008 “Don't cheapen life with off-the-shelf humans” Telegraph media UK
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/georgepitcher/3563252/Dont-cheapen-life-with-off-the-shelf-
humans.html
It's easy to say that this represents the commoditization of human life. That's true. But there's
something both more sinister and more simple that's emerging. We're so accustomed to being
consumers in every other area of our lives that we're becoming consumers of human life itself,
looking for ways in which we can buy a person-shell off the shelf. [Later on in the same context he
states] We're at a technological tipping-point. And you don't have to be a hand-wringing ethicist to
worry about what these frozen mice have offered us. You just have to be a human being.
Genetic mutations
Cloning can cause genetic defects
Sadly, the newborn ibex kid died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs. Other cloned
animals, including sheep, have been born with similar lung defects.
Cloning could reduce genetic variability

Efforts to genetically engineer or fully clone plant and animal species could result in lack of needed
DNA diversity. Diversity helps to improve survivability in the future, especially when unpredictable
things come along. Scientists cannot predict potential development of viruses or other agents of
destruction to which a cloned species might need to react in the future.
For example, perhaps scientists decide to clone all the rice in the world. They gradually produce only
one type, much more nutritional than other kinds. Other rice is no longer produced and its DNA
variants disappear. Some time in the future, a disease hits the rice crop and completely destroys it,
and the world suddenly lacks rice.
This is perhaps the biggest “con” to cloning, and the one most frequently cited. Cloning can
underestimate the possibility of the need for genetic variation in the future, under unpredictable
circumstances. Similar issues could arise for cloned domesticated animals, particularly if they fully
replaced animals that created genetic variation through normal breeding methods.
14
Masks the root causes without solving

Cloning doesn’t solve anything because it ignores and masks the root causes
The particular circumstances of Noah's cloning also suggest that animals that have recently gone
extinct could be brought back into existence.
But conservationists argue there is little point pursuing difficult and expensive technology if the
reasons for an animal's decline or disappearance, such as habitat loss, have not been addressed first.
Cloning masks the need to conserve habitat

Critics worry the cloning of endangered species could hamper efforts to conserve biodiverse habitats
by offering a sort of "silver bullet" solution to saving endangered species.
Redirects money from conservation efforts

Some conservationists also worry that the resources poured into cloning efforts--like those lavished
on other high-profile captive breeding projects--might be diverted from more cost-effective
activities. "Elaborate methods of artificial reproduction are the equivalent of keeping a comatose and
terminally ill patient alive on life-support--and almost as expensive," says Eric Dinerstein, Chief
Scientist with the World Wildlife Fund. Like many biologists, he would rather see the money spent
on ongoing efforts to preserve the few pockets of habitat where rare species are still able to
reproduce on their own, without human intervention.
15

Endangered Species Cloning - Aff-Neg

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Josh and Beni Wilson Cloning endangered species Page 1 of 15

Cloning Endangered Species AFF Brief

So what can we do about it?

1) Endangered Species Act conflicts with private property rights

And secondly) The ESA lowers property values

Cloning works (Includes info on how it works)

Cloning works (Includes info on how it works)

Cloning is a success story

Cloning could resurrect newly extinct species

There is plenty of knowledge and expertise for cloning

Cloning could save endangered species while preserving genetic diversity

Cloning could save endangered species

AT: “Redirects money from conservation efforts” Nope

AT “Cloning is inefficient” Scientists are perfecting the cloning method

AT “The clone died” Noah’s death was not related to cloning

AT “Leads to human cloning” Nope, cause human cloning is banned by the UN

Cloning could resurrect newly extinct species

SQ measures can preserve DNA from endangered animals

Current cloning price is 10-20 thousand dollars

NASA research on origin of life in the solar system: $1.3 billion

Cloning success stories

Cloning Endangered Species NEG Brief

The ‘successful’ clone died soon after cloning

Only one in five cloning attempts succeeds

Cloning doesn’t work on all species

Decreased respect for life

Cloning could reduce genetic variability

Masks the root causes without solving

Cloning masks the need to conserve habitat

Redirects money from conservation efforts

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