CV3012 EC3 Design of Bolted Welded Connections Xx1

CV3012: Steel Design Eurocode 3
Loadings one way slabs for steel structures
Members subjected to axial loads only
Fully restrained beams
Completely unrestrained beams
Columns subjected to axial load and nominal moments
Columns subjected to axial load and moments
Angle, channel and tee sections under tension and compression
Typical structural connections
CV3012 STEEL DESIGN EUROCODE 3 LIE SENG TJHEN AY2012/2013 JANUARY 2013
Types of Joints or Connections
Pinned joints
A pinned joint should be capable of transmitting the internal

forces, without developing significant moments which might
adversely affect the members or the structure as a whole.
A nominally pinned joint should be capable of accepting the

resulting rotations under the design loads.
Rigid joints
Joints classified as rigid may be assumed to have sufficient

rotational stiffness to justify analysis based on full continuity.
Typical Simple (Pinned) Connections
NEd
(a) Web Cleats
NEd
(b) End Plate
NEd
(c) Fin Plates
Typical Rigid (Moment) Connections

MEd
(a) Haunch Connection
NEd
MEd
(b) Extended End Plate
NEd
A Typical Pinned Connection

NEd
Bolt Subjected to Shear and Tension
VEd
Nt,Ed
A Typical Rigid Connection

NEd
F1
MEd
Nt,Ed
F1
Failure of Plate by Block Tearing and Plain Shear

NEd
NEd
A Typical Connection Bracket Plate
Components check bolt group under resultant shear, plain shear and block
tearing of bracket plate.
NEd = 75 kN
40 50
50
40
50
50
40
12 mm
M20 class 8.8 bolt
203 203 UC 60
(Tf = 14.2)
A Typical Connection Welded End Plate
Components check bolt group under direct shear, end plate under plain shear &
block tearing, strength of fillet welds, beam web under local shear across partial
depth D.
NEd = 65 kN
10
A Typical Connection Double Web Cleats
Components check bolt group A under resultant shear, bolt group B under direct
shear, web cleat under plain shear and block tearing, block tearing of cross beam,
and reduced moment capacity at notched cross beam end
NEd = 165 kN
Main beam
Cross beam
Web cleat
Bolt group B
through main
beam
Bolt group A
through cross
beam
11
A Typical Connection Extended End Plate
Components check compression zone, tension zone, horizontal shear zone and
vertical shear zone
Tension zone checks:
bolts in tension, flange to end plate weld,
end plate in bending, column unstiffened
flange, column web tension.
NEd
Nt,Ed
VEd
MEd
NEd
Compression zone checks:

column unstiffened flange, column web
crushing, column web bearing.
Horizontal shear zone check:

column web panel shear.
Vertical shear zone checks:

Bolts in direct shear, beam web to
end plate weld.
12
A Typical Connection Base Plate
Components check base plate thickness and holding down bolts
Nc,Ed
fck= 30 N/mm2
w1
w2
13
Eurocode 3: Part 1-8: Design of Joints

Clause 3.1
Bolts, nuts and washers
Clause 3.4
Categories of bolted connections
Clause 3.5
Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets
Clause 3.5(1)
Minimum spacing, end and edge distances
Clause 3.5(2)
Maximum spacing, end and edge distances
Clause 3.6
Design resistance of individual fasteners
Clause 3.8
Long joints
Clause 3.9
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
Clause 3.10
Deductions for fastener holes
Clause 3.10.2
Design for block tearing
Clause 3.11(1)
Prying forces
14
Eurocode 3: Part 1-8: Design of Joints

Clause 4.5.3
Design resistance of fillet welds
Clause 4.5.3.1
General method
Clause 4.5.3.2
Directional method
Clause 4.5.3.3
Simplified method for design resistance of fillet weld
Clause 4.7
Design resistance of butt welds
Clause 4.7.1
Full penetration butt welds
Clause 6.2.6.12 Anchor bolt in tension

Clause 6.2.7
Design moment resistance of beam-to-column joints and spices
Clause 6.2.8
Design resistance of column bases with base plates
Clause 6.2.8.2
Column base subjected only to axial forces
Clause 6.2.8.3
Column base subjected to axial forces and bending moments
15
Critical parts to be checked in connections
Base plate thickness
Plain shear
Block tearing
Bolts in shear and bearing
Bolts in tension
Design moment resistance of an unstiffened flange
16
Base Plates - Effective Edge Distance

EC3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(4) and Clause 6.2.8
2c+tf
2c+tw
2c+tw
Effective edges offset by a distance
17
Effective area, EC3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(4)

Effective Area, A eff
(h 2c)(b 2c) (h 2c 2t f )(b t w ) (hb 2bc 2hc 4c 2 )
(hb 2bc 2bt f ht w 2t w c 2t f t w ) 4c 2 (2h 4b 2t w )c (2bt f ht w 2t f t w )

4c 2 (section perimeter) c (section area)
(h-2c-2tf)
(tf+2c)
a
tw
(b + 2c) (tw + 2c)
tf
b
(tw+2c)
= (b tw)
(b+2c)
= 2a
h
(h+2c)
18
Base plates thickness, EC3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(4)
The required area Areq = NEd / fjd where Ned = applied force and fjd = design bearing
strength
With reference to EC2:1.1 Clause 3.1.6(1), the compressive strength of

concrete fcd is defined as fcd=(ccfck)/c where c=partial safety factor of concrete
(1.5 for persistent and transient design), cc=0.85 for compression,
fck=characteristic cylinder strength
It is shown that fcd = fjd Eurocode 3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(7)
Using the effective area method, equate effective area Aeff with required area Areq
to obtain the value of c
Substitute c into the following equation to get the base plates thickness t
3f
t c jd M 0
fy
0.5
EC3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(4)
where M0 = 1.0 (UK National Annex) and fy = yield strength of the base plate
19
Base plate thickness t

NEd
Assume unit width cantilever strip,
Wel,y
I
y
max
2 1.0 d
t
12 d
6
6
bd
and, bending moment at column face assuming

single action under the baseplate. For a cantilever
subjected under UDL, My,Ed = wl2/2 where l = c,
M y ,Ed f y Wel,y
2
wc f y t
2
6
2
2
t 2 6 wc 3wc
2fy
fy
1.0
t=d
1.0
Therefore,
t c 3w
f y
0.5
3f
c jd M 0
fy
0.5
x
20
Example 1
4300 kN
305 x 305 UC 137
fck,cube = 30 N/mm2
600
600
21
Example 1
f cd
EC2 :1.1 Clause 3.16(1)
cc ck
f ck, cube 30 N/mm 2

f ck 25 N/mm 2
EC2 :1.1 Clause 3.1.2(3) Table 3.1
c 1.5 (persistent and transient design)
cc 0.85 (compression)
f cd
A eff
EC2 :1.1 Clause 2.4.2.4(1) Table 2.1N

UK National Annex Table NA.1
0.85(25)
14.17 N/mm 2 f jd f cd 14.17 N/mm 2
1.5
4c 2 (2h 4b 2t w )c (2bt f ht w 2t f t w ) 4c 2 1850.2c 17243.26
Now, A req
Therefore,
N
f
Ed
jd
4300 10
14.17
3f
t c jd M 0
fy
0.5
303.5 10 3 mm 2 Solving A req A eff gives c 122.4 mm
3(14.17)(1.0)
122.4
255.0
0.5
50 mm
22
Extension to eccentric base plate

Ned=1380 kN
e 70 mm
Med=185 kNm
Taking moment about point A :

N Ed (h 2 e) M Ed FEd (h e)
N Ed TEd FEd
h/2
h/2
z
TEd
FEd
Assume uniform pressure
and symmetrical around the
compression flange
b + 2c
tf + 2c
Effective portion of the
compression zone, Aeff
23
Example 2
f cd
EC2 :1.1 Clause 3.16(1)
cc ck
f ck, cube 30 N/mm 2

f ck 25 N/mm 2
EC2 :1.1 Clause 3.1.2(3) Table 3.1
c 1.5 (persistent and transient design)
cc 0.85 (compression)
f cd
EC2 :1.1 Clause 2.4.2.4(1) Table 2.1N

UK National Annex Table NA.1
0.85(25)
14.17 N/mm 2 f jd f cd 14.17 N/mm 2
1. 5
Lever arm, z h e
tf
2
320.5 70
Taking moment about A, 1380 (
21.7
379.65 mm
2
EC3 :1.8 Clause 6.2.8.3(1)
320.5
70) 10- 3 + 185 = Fc, r, Ed 379.65 10- 3
2
Fc, r, Ed = 1324.233 kN
24
Example 2
A eff = (t f + 2c)(b + 2c) = 4c 2 + (2t f + 2b)c + t f b
Eurocode 3 :1.8 Clause 6.2.8.2(1)
= 4c 2 + 661.8c + 6709.64
Now, A req
N
f
Ed
jd
1324.233 10
93.453 103 mm 2
Solving A req A eff gives c 86.181 mm
14.17
h + 2c and b + 2c < 600 mm (O.K.)
Therefore,
3f
t c jd M 0
fy
0.5
86.181 3(14.17)(1 .0)

265.0
0.5
34.517 mm 40 mm (O.K.)
25
Anchor bolts in tension EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 6.2.6.12
Shear key
Base plate
Grout
Concrete foundation
Ft,Ed Ft,Rd
where Ft,Rd is design tension
resistance of the bolt
Holding down bolts should be designed for the effects of factored loading. Where they
are required to resist tension they should be properly anchored into the foundation by
a washer plate or other load distributing member embedded in the concrete.
26
Rigid beam-to-column connections EC3: Part 1-8

Clause 6.2.7
The applied design moment Mj,Ed should satisfy:
M j,Ed
1.0
M j,Rd
where Mj,Rd is the design moment resistance of the joint.
Mj,Rd
FRd is total resistance of the fillet welds.
27
Rigid beam-to-column connections EC3: Part 1-8

Clause 6.2.7
FRd is the total tension

resistance of the bolts.
FRd is the total tension

resistance of the bolts.
FRd is the total resistance

of the fillet welds or total
tension resistance of the
bolts, whichever is lower.
28
Plain Shear EC3: Clause 6.2.3
The usual approach is to use the plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd in

practice.
The plastic shear resistance is essentially defined as the yield

strength in shear multiplied by a shear area Av, i.e.
Vpl, Rd
AV
fy
M0
where Av = effective shear area, i.e. Av = A Ah where A = gross

area and Ah = total area of holes
29
Block Tearing EC3: Clause 3.10.2
Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts along

the shear face of the hole group accompanied by tensile rupture
along the line of bolt holes on the tension face of the bolt group
Ned = design tension force

1 small tension force
2 large shear force
3 small shear force
4 large tension force
Block Tearing
30
Block Shear EC3: Clause 3.10.2
For a symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading the

design block tearing resistance, Veff,1,Rd is given by
Veff,1,Rd
f u A nt
M2
1 f y A nv
3 M0
Eqn. (3.9)
For a bolt group subject to eccentric loading the design block

shear tearing resistance Veff,2,Rd is given by
Veff,2,Rd 0.5
f u A nt
M2
1 f y A nv
3 M0
Eqn. (3.10)
where Ant = net area subjected to tension;

Anv = net area subjected to shear
31
Block Shear EC3: Clause 3.10.2(2)

Veff,1,Rd
Veff,1,Rd
Lv
Lv
End Plate
Lt
Lt
Block shear capacity : Veff,1,Rd f u Ant / M2 (1/ 3)f y Anv / M0
32
Block Shear EC3: Clause 3.10.2(3)

Veff,2,Rd
Lv
Cut-off top
flange of beam
Lt
Block shear capacity : Veff,2, Rd 0.5fuAnt / M2 (1/ 3)f yAnv / M0
33
Example 3
Determine bolt shear resistance, bolt bearing resistance, plain shear

resistance and block tear resistance of the connection
Veff,1,Rd
70
40
M20 Grade 8.8

6 mm thick S275 fin plate
120
70
Lv
70
40
Lt
34
Example 3
Plain shear resistance: f y 275 N/mm 2 ; M 0 1.0; A v 300(6) 3(20 2)(6) 1404 mm2
A (f / 3) 1404(275/ 3)
Vpl, Rd v y
222.91 kN
1.0
M0
Block tear resistance : f u 430 N/mm 2 ; M 2 1.25; f y 275 N/mm 2 ; M 0 1.0

A nt [(70 40) 1.5(20 2)](6) 462 mm 2
A nv [(120 70 70) 2.5(20 2)](6) 1230 mm 2
Veff,1, Rd 430(462)/1.25 (1/ 3)(275)(1230)/1.0 354.22 kN
35
Failure Modes of Bolt and Plate
Top Plate
Bottom Plate
NEd
Shear
NEd
Bearing
Bearing on Plate and Bolt
Bolt under Shear
36
Shear and tension resistance of fasterners EC3:1-8

Clause 3.6.1
Shear resistance per shear plane, Fv,Rd is given by Fv, Rd
f A
v ub
M2
where fub = ultimate tensile strength (Table 3.1); A = As if the shear plane
passes through the threaded portion of the bolt; A = A if the shear plane
passes through the unthreaded portion of the bolt; v = 0.6 for classes
4.6, 5.6 and 8.8 and v = 0.5 for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9.
Tension resistance per tensile stress area, Ft,Rd is given by Ft, Rd
k f A
2 ub
M2
where fub = ultimate tensile strength (Table 3.1); As is the tensile stress
area of the bolt; k2 = 0.63 for countersunk bolt; and k2 = 0.9 for
hexagonal bolt.
37
Nominal values of ultimate tensile strength fub for bolts
38
Shear resistance of bolts
39
Bearing and tension resistances of bolts
40
Bolt resistance Non Preloaded, Class 4.6
41
42
43
Long joints EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.8
When the distance Lj between centers of two end bolts in a joint exceeds
more than 15d (d=nominal bolt diameter), the design shear resistance
Fv,Rd of all fasteners should be reduced by multiplying it by a reduction
factor Lf given by:
Lf 1
L j 15d
but Lf 1.0 and Lf 0.75
200d
Lj
44
Packing plates EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.6.1
Where the fasteners transmitting load in shear and bearing pass through
packing of total thickness tp greater than one-third of the nominal
diameter d, the design shear resistance Fv,Rd of all fasteners should be
multiplied by a reduction factor p given by:
9d
8 d 3 tp
but p 1.0
45
Positioning of holes for bolts EC3:1-8 Clause 3.5
e1
p1
e4
e2
Ft,Ed
p2
d0
e3
0.5d0
End, edge distances and spacing
End and edge distances for slotted holes
Symbols for end and edge distances and spacing of fasteners
46
Bearing resistance of bolts EC3:1-8 Clause 3.6.1
Bearing resistance per shear plane, Fb,Rd is given by
Fb, Rd
k f dt
1
b u
M2
where b is the smallest of d; fub/fu or 1.0;

parallel to the direction of load transfer:
- for end bolts: d
3d
; for inner bolts:
3d
1
4
perpendicular to the direction of load transfer:

e
- for edge bolts: k1 is the smallest of 2.8 2 1.7 or 2.5
d
0
- for inner bolts: k1 is the smallest of 1.4
p
d
1.7 or 2.5
47
Example 3
Shear resistance of the bolts :
v f ub A
Fv, Rd
M2
EC3 :1- 8 - Clause 3.6.1(1) Table 3.4
v 0.6 for Class 8.8

M2 1.25
f ub 800 N/mm2
A As 245 mm2
For one bolt, Fv, Rd
EC 3 :1- 8 - Clause 2.2(2)

EC 3 :1- 8 - Clause 3.1.1(3) Table 3.1
EC Bolt Table
0.6(800)(245)
10 3 94.08kN
1.25
For six bolts, Fv, Rd 6 94.08 564.48 kN
48
Example 3
Bearing resistance of bolts :
Fb, Rd
k1 bf u dt
M2
f u 430 N/mm 2
f ub 800
1.86
f u 430
EC3 :1- 8 - Clause 3.6.1(1) Table 3.4

EC 3 :1-1 - Clause 3.2.1(1) Table 3.1
Parallel to the direction of load transfer :

e
d 1 120 1.818
3d0 3(22)
p
d 1 1 70 1 0.811
3d0 4 3(22) 4
d smallest of 1.818 or 1.86 or 1.0 1.0
d smallest of 0.811or 1.86 or 1.0 0.811
for end bolts

for inner bolts
for end bolts
for inner bolts
49
Example 3
Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer :
e
40
2.8 2 1.7 2.8 1.7 3.39
d
22
0
1.4
p
d
1.7 1.4
70
1.7 2.75
22
for edge bolts

for inner bolts
k1 smallest of 3.39 or 2.75 or 2.5 2.5
k1 b f u dt 2.5(1.0)(430)(20)(6)
103.2 kN
M2
1.25
k f dt 2.5(0.811)(430)(20)(6)
Fb, Rd 1 b u
83.695 kN
M2
1.25
Fb, Rd
for end bolts

for inner bolts
Bearing resistance of 6 bolts 2(103.2) 4(83.695) 541.18 kN
50
Minimum and maximum spacing, end and edge distances
51
Bolts Components
Bolt
22
mm
< 22 mm
Washer
Nut
52
Categories of Bolt Connections EC3:1-8 Clause 3.4

Shear connections EC3:1-8 Clause 3.4.1
Bolted connections loaded in shear should be designed as one of the following:
a) Category A: Bearing type
In this category bolts from class 4.6 up to class 10.9 should be used. No
preloading is required. The design ultimate shear load should not exceed the
design shear resistance.
b) Category B: Slip-resistant at serviceability limit state
In this category preloaded bolts in accordance with 3.1.2(1) should be used.
Slip should not occur at the serviceability limit state. The design serviceability
shear load should not exceed the design slip resistance.
c) Category C: Slip-resistant at ultimate limit state
In this category preloaded bolts in accordance with 3.1.2(1) should be used.
Slip should not occur at the ultimate limit state. The design ultimate shear
load should not exceed the design slip resistance.
53

Tension connections EC3:1-8 Clause 3.4.2
Bolted connection loaded in tension should be designed as one of the
following:
a) Category D: non-preloaded
In this category bolts from class 4.6 up to class 10.9 should be used. No
preloading is required.
b) Category E: preloaded
In this category preloaded 8.8 and 10.9 bolts with controlled tightening in
conformity with 1.2.7 Reference Standards: Group 7 should be used. The
design checks for these connections are summarized in Table 3.2.
54
55
Bolts under Single and Double Shear

Single Shear
Shear
NEd
NEd
Double Shear
Shear
NEd/2
NEd
NEd/2
56
Bolted Connections
Non-preloaded bolts of Class 4.6, 8.8 and 10.9 in S275
Diameters are 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 24 mm and 30 mm
Direct shear or direct tension connections
Bolts in single and double shear joints
57
Single Shear and Double Shear

The shear stress in the bolts is given by
Single shear:
Shear stress, f b
or
Load (NEd )
No. of bolts (n) Root Area (A s )
NEd n f b As
Double shear:
Shear stress, f b
or
Load (NEd )
2 No. of bolts (n) Root Area (A s )
NEd 2 n f b As
58
Eccentric Bolted Connections

There are two types of eccentrically loaded connections:
bolt group in direct shear and torsion

bolt group in direct shear and tension
P
P
T = Pe
M = Pe
P
P
(a) Bolt group in
direct shear and torsion
(b) Bolt group in

direct shear and tension
59
Bolt Group in Direct Shear and Torsion
The moment applied in the plane of the connection tends to rotate the side plate
about the bolt group centre of gravity.
A linear variation of loading due to moment is assumed with the both farthest from
the centre of gravity of the group carrying the greatest load.
The direct shear is divided equally between the bolts.
cos = r2/r1
Therefore,
FT cos = FT r2/r1
60
Let the force due to the moment on bolt A be FT. Then, the force on any bolt
r2 from the centre of rotation is FTr2/r1, and so on for all the other bolts in the
group.
The moment of resistance of the bolt group is given by
M R FT
r1
r1
r1 FT
2
r
FT
r1
r2
r1
r2 . . .
FT
r1
(r12 r22 ...)
( x 2 y 2 ) Pe
The load FT due to the moment on the maximum loaded bolt A is given by
FT
FT
r1
Per1
2
2
x y
The load FS due to direct shear is given by
FS
P
No. of Bolts
61
Resolving the load FT vertically and horizontally produces

Vertical load acting on bolt A = FS + FT cos
Horizontal load acting on bolt A = FT sin
Resultant load on bolt A is equal to
FR Fv,Ed [ ( FT sin )2 ( FS FTcos )2 ]1/2 ( FT2sin 2 FS2 2FSFTcosFT2cos2 )1/2

( FT2 FS2 2FSFTcos )1/2
The total shear stress fb = FR/As should not exceed the permissible shear stress
of the bolt as defined in EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.1.1.
62
Bolt Group in Direct Shear and Tension

The centre of rotation is assumed to be at the bottom bolt of the group, and the
loads vary linearly.
A
Centre of rotation
A bracket subjected to a load P at an eccentricity e.

The moment of resistance MR of the bolt group is given by
M R 2 (FT
y12
y1
FT
y 22
y1
FT
y32
y1
. . .)
2FT
y1
[(y12 y 22 y32 . . .)]
2FT y 2
y1
Pe
63
The load FT due to the moment on the maximum loaded bolt A is given by
FT
Pey1
2 y 2
P
No. of Bolts
The load FS due to direct shear is given by FS
Tensile stress is given by f t
Shear stress is given by fs
The combined tensile and shear stresses should also satisfy the conditions given
in EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.6.1.
FT
As
FS
As
FT Ft,Ed f t As
FS Fv,Ed fs As
Fv,Ed
Ft,Ed
1.0
Fv,Rd 1.4Ft,Rd
64
Tension No Prying Action
2Ft,Rd
Mode 1
Flange is fully rigid.
There is no prying
force.
Bolt failure.
Ft,Rd
Ft,Rd
65
Tension Prying Action

2Ft,Rd
Mode - 2
Flange is flexible.
There is prying force.
Total bolt force
= Ft,Rd + Q
Tension in bolts is 90% of
resistance value.
Bolt failure with flange
Ft,Rd
+
Q
Ft,Rd
+
Q
yielding.
Prying action due to flexible end plate
66
Tension Prying Action
2Ft,Rd
Mode - 3
Flange is completely
flexible.
There is prying force but
smaller in magnitude.
Total bolt force
= Ft,Rd + Q
Column flange fails by

yielding.
Ft,Rd
+
Q
Ft,Rd
+
Q
67
Preloaded or High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG)

Bolted Connections
Preloaded Bolts Connections
68
Difference between Non-preloaded and Preloaded Bolts

NEd
Friction
Bearing
Shear
NEd
Non-preloaded Bolted Connection in Shear
Preloaded Bolted Connection in Shear
69
Preloaded Bolts Tension and Tightening
70
Preloaded or High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts
HSFG bolts consist of high-strength steel bolts, nuts and hardened steel
washers.
The bolts are tightened to a predetermined shank tension so that the

clamping force will transmit the force in the connected members by
friction.
The bolts do not act in shear or bearing as in non-preloaded bolted

connections.
There is no slip or movement between the connected parts, hence this type
of joint is useful where rigid connections are required.
If there is a slip the bolts are then in tension and shear, and the
conditions given in EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.6.1 has to be checked
accordingly.
71
Slip-resistant connections using class 8.8 or 10.9 bolts

EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.9.1
The design slip resistance at serviceability limit state (SLS) and

ultimate limit state (ULS) of a preloaded class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt
should be taken as
Fs, Rd
k n
s
M 3,service
Fp,C
or
Fs, Rd
k n
s
Fp,C
M3
where
ks = 1.0 for bolts in normal holes; n = number of friction surfaces;
= 0.5 slip factor (coefficient of friction) and Fp,C = 0.7fubAs
preloading force to be used in the above equation. fub is obtained
from Table 3.1 and As is the bolts root area. M3, service is 1.1 at
serviceability limit state and M3 is 1.25 at ultimate limit state.
72
Slip-resistant connections using class 8.8 or 10.9 bolts

EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 3.9.2
Combined tension and shear

If a slip-resistant connection is subjected to an applied tensile force, Ft,Ed
or Ft,Ed,ser, in addition to the shear force, Fv,Ed or Fv,Ed,ser, tending to produce
slip, the design slip resistance per bolt should be taken as follows:
Fs, Rd
k n(F
s
p, C
0.8F
t, Ed
M3
It applies for both slip-resistant at serviceability and slip-resistant

at ultimate limit state.
73
Example 4
A bracket shown below is constructed from a cut 300 x 200 x 77.3 kg/m UB
with a 15 mm thick plate welded on top if it. The bracket is subjected with a
factored vertical design load of 380 kN acting at an eccentricity of 160 mm
from the face of the column.
A total of 8 numbers of M20 class 8.8 preloaded higher grade high strength
friction grip (HSFG) bolts in S275 and designed to be non-slip in service, and
assuming the slip factor = 0.5 and there is no prying force.
Assuming the centre of rotation is at point A, the bottom of the bolts group,
and the loads vary linearly, show that the proposed 8-bolt group is adequate
under combined shear and tension action.
74
Example 4
380 kN
Two bolts one
in each side of
flange of column
50
70
160
Maximum load due
to moment Ft
8 No. M20
class 8.8
bolts
Ft y1/y1
70
Ft y2/y1
y1
y2
70
Ft y3/y1
y3
60
75
Example 4
The moment of resistance MR of the bolt group is given by
Applied moment is equal to the moment of resistance MR of the bolt group,
Therefore, the tensile load per bolt Ft due to the moment on the maximum loaded
bolt is given by
76
Example 4
The shear load per bolt Fv,Ed due to direct shear is given by
If a slip-resistant connection is subjected to an applied tensile force, Ft,Ed or

Ft,Ed,ser, in addition to the shear force, Fv,Ed or Fv,Ed,ser, tending to produce slip, the
design slip resistance per bolt should be taken as follows:
Fs, Rd
k n(F
s
25.1 kN
p, C
0.8F
M3
t, Ed
) 1.0 1 0.5 ( 0.7 800 245 0.8 93.061 103 )
1.25
Since Fv,Ed Fs,Rd, i.e. 47.5 kN 25.1 kN

Therefore, it is not O.K.
77
Schematic Representation of Welding Process

Welding is a process of permanently joining metal parts, where heat is applied to the
work pieces to melt and fuse to form a permanent bond. Because of its strength, welding
is used to construct and repair parts of many on-shore and offshore steel structures.
Electrode
Electrode, Core Wire, Flux, Slag, Heat-affected Zone, Completed Weld
78
Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) This is the simplest form of welding process. The electrode is
hand held and fed into the weld pool. The wire is covered with an extruded flux coating. It requires a
skilled welder.
It is flexible as it can be manipulated in many situations. Quality of welding is closely related to
operator skill. Typical electrode diameters vary from 2.5 to 6.0 mm and length from 350 to 450 mm.
Open-circuit voltages are from 50 to 90 V, and as soon as the arc is struck, the voltage falls from 20
to 35 V. Typical currents range from 50 to 400 amps and the deposition rates is from 20 to 100
g/min.
The MMAW Welding Process
Different Type of Electrodes
79
Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW) This is a more automated method of welding as compared to
MMAW. This method consists of the emission of wire and gas (CO2, argon or helium). The wires
are supplied on a spool which is placed in a FCAW welding compartment.
FCAW Machines
Mechanism and Spool of Electrode Wire of

FCAW Machine
80
The wire is emitted from a nozzle with a trigger to eject it. Compared to the MMAW method of
welding, welds can be continuous and lengthy, without the need to change electrodes. Thus this
method is more convenient. The FCAW machines can be connected to a special traveling
machine which facilitate the welding of lengthy welds such as a T-beam as shown below.
FCAW Welding Machine
Welder Operating the

FCAW Welding Machine
81
Submerged Arc Welding (SMAW) SMAW is a form of welding that utilizes the use of flux. It is
mainly used for long straight welds usually on flat surfaces. The machine is made up of a flux
hopper, which holds the flux, a compartment to store the spool of electrode wire and a control panel
which allows the operator to control the speed of travel, the height of welding nozzle and voltage of
the SAW machine. Advantages of the SMAW method is that its easily automated, minimum cleaning
required unlike normal welding processes and there is no visible arc light since the welding action is
submerged under the flux that is used.
SAW Machine
Flux Used in the SAW

Process
82
Spool of Electrode Wire for SMAW
SMAW Control Panel
Operating the SMAW with Ease
Hardened Slag
Close up of Hardened Slag
SMAW Producing an Excellent

Quality Welds
83
Weld Types Fillet and Butt Welds
Types of fillet and butt welds
84
Classification of Fillet Welds

F/2
F
F/2
F/2
50 mm
F/2
F
F
F
60 mm
Weld leg length = 6 mm
(a) Side Shear
(b) End Tension
Total weld strength

= 2 x 2 x 50mm x 0.942 kN/mm
= 184.8 kN
Total weld strength =

2 x 60mm x 1.155 kN/mm = 138.6 kN
= 138.6 kN
85
Design resistances of fillet welds
86

EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 4.5.3.3
Simplified method
The design resistance of a fillet weld may be assumed to be adequate if, at every
point along its length, the resultant of all the forces, not necessarily along the
weld axis, per unit length transmitted by the weld should satisfy the following
criteria:
Fw, Ed Fw, Rd
where Fw,Ed is the design value of the weld force per unit length; Fw,Rd is the
design weld resistance per unit length.
The design resistance per unit length Fw,Rd should be determined from:
Fw,Rd f vw,d a
where fvw,d is the design strength of the weld;
welds.
a = throat thickness of the fillet
87

Simplified method
The design shear strength fvw,d of the weld should be determined from:
f vw,d
fu 3
w M2
where fu = 410 N/mm2 for S275; w = 0.85 from Table 4.1;
M2 = 1.25
88

Directional method
In this method, the forces transmitted by a unit length of weld are resolved
into components parallel and transverse to the longitudinal axis of the weld
and stresses normal and transverse to the plane of its throat.
Transverse welds are stronger than longitudinal welds up to 25% more
89

FT
K 1.25
Longitudinal resistance,
Fw,L,Rd = fvw,d a 1.0
Transverse resistance,
Fw,T,Rd = K fvw,d a 1.0
1.5
; K 1.25 when 45 and K 1.083 when 0
2
1.0 cos
90

6mm
wt = 6 x cos 45
45
6mm
Longitudinal capacity, Fw,L,Rd = fvw,d a

As an example, a 6-mm fillet weld strength is = 222.80 x 6 x cos 45
= 222.80 x 6 x 0.707 = 0.945 kN/mm run
91

For a transverse force parallel to one leg of an equal leg fillet weld that connects two
elements that are at right angles to each other, = 45 and K = 1.25
FT
450
450
Transverse capacity, Fw,T,Rd = K fvw,d a

As an example, a 6-mm fillet weld strength is = 1.25 x 222.80 x 6 x cos 45
= 1.25 x 222.80 x 6 x 0.707 = 1.153 kN/mm run
Throughout its length, the weld should satisfy the following relationship:
92
Design resistance of butt welds

EC3: Part 1-8 Clause 4.7
Bevel angle
h
Throat
thickness
Root opening
Backing plate
The strength of butt welds should be taken as equal to that of the parent metal
provided matching electrodes are used.
Matching electrodes should have specified minimum tensile, yield strengths,
elongation and impact values each equivalent or better than those specified for the
parent materials.
93

CV3012 EC3 Design of Bolted Welded Connections Xx1

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CV3012: Steel Design Eurocode 3

Loadings one way slabs for steel structures

Members subjected to axial loads only

Fully restrained beams

Completely unrestrained beams

Columns subjected to axial load and nominal moments

Columns subjected to axial load and moments

Angle, channel and tee sections under tension and compression

Typical structural connections

Types of Joints or Connections

A pinned joint should be capable of transmitting the internal

A nominally pinned joint should be capable of accepting the

Joints classified as rigid may be assumed to have sufficient

Typical Simple (Pinned) Connections

(a) Web Cleats

(b) End Plate

(c) Fin Plates

Typical Rigid (Moment) Connections

(a) Haunch Connection

A Typical Pinned Connection

Bolt Subjected to Shear and Tension

A Typical Rigid Connection

Failure of Plate by Block Tearing and Plain Shear

A Typical Connection Bracket Plate

A Typical Connection Welded End Plate

A Typical Connection Double Web Cleats

A Typical Connection Extended End Plate

Compression zone checks:

Horizontal shear zone check:

Vertical shear zone checks:

A Typical Connection Base Plate

Components check base plate thickness and holding down bolts

Eurocode 3: Part 1-8: Design of Joints

Bolts, nuts and washers

Categories of bolted connections

Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets

Minimum spacing, end and edge distances

Maximum spacing, end and edge distances

Design resistance of individual fasteners

Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts

Deductions for fastener holes

Design for block tearing

Eurocode 3: Part 1-8: Design of Joints

Design resistance of fillet welds

Simplified method for design resistance of fillet weld

Design resistance of butt welds

Full penetration butt welds

Clause 6.2.6.12 Anchor bolt in tension

Design moment resistance of beam-to-column joints and spices

Design resistance of column bases with base plates

Column base subjected only to axial forces

Column base subjected to axial forces and bending moments

Critical parts to be checked in connections

Base plate thickness

Bolts in shear and bearing

Design moment resistance of an unstiffened flange

Base Plates - Effective Edge Distance

Effective edges offset by a distance

Effective area, EC3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(4)

(hb 2bc 2bt f ht w 2t w c 2t f t w ) 4c 2 (2h 4b 2t w )c (2bt f ht w 2t f t w )

(b + 2c) (tw + 2c)

Base plates thickness, EC3:1-8 Clause 6.2.5(4)

With reference to EC2:1.1 Clause 3.1.6(1), the compressive strength of