Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GRAMMAR
BY
R. O.
MALAY
WINSTEDT
CIVIL SERVICE
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1913
HUMPHREY MILFORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UXIVEESITV
pLSh
PREFACE
This grammar was commenced
a text-book for
.//
want of
supply the
to
the
for ofTicials.
is
not strictly
(printed in Singapore),
book
will in
of print
which
it is
a century behind
among
far
modern
as
scholars
goes
it
grammars
is
research.
Out
ai'e
This
elementary.
quite
is
no way supplant or
owe
but Dutch
is
an
in-
if
the refraction of
me anywhere
to distort the
Arrangement
is
it
is
chapter as derivatives
the radical form
and
it
is
30085 Z
>:.*:-:'.':;;
preface
"^
.-.
Now
and
that
obtained on
have
that
to advance
opinions of
may
originally in the
minable
my
ward of a
and analyse
my
views
an
inter-
books of reference
found
an amusement
it
results of
of being
risk
formed
to all
I
to
theory.
found that
The
simple and
different
adjectival,
distinction I
me
premise,
fortunately
me on
Some-
times
the
moot point
from access
At the
own.
all
Hence
adjectival.
terribly
egotistical, I
important
While considering
the
viz.
that
would seem
me
to
underlie
in
put 'subjective
passive'
theory,
that
which
far as to
deny
in
are
unthe
that the
count
I
I
it
an important point
this
grammar
the Sejarah
in
all
Mclayu and
the
Hikayai
Hang
Tiiah.
sulted.
after
References to chapter
some
hesitation, to
enough
Dutch grammars
have no
will
and page
it
was decided,
find
their
difficulty in
who
way about
are
in
turning to the
PREFACE
passage required, while for others
references
are tiresome.
The
arrangement
suggested to
who has
me
ground-plan
or
originally by
most of
also read
Mr. R.
J.
member
work
this
was
Wilkinson, C.M.G.,
manuscript.
in
it
of
am
greatly
many months
extended over
his research
work
scholarship.
Above
this
out
improvements;
in
if
Talaing
all,
is
book
for
my
me
to say so,
inaccuracies,
upon
my
allow
trouble he lavished
will
many
he
it
it
so generously.
CONTENTS
page
CHAP.
Bibliography
I.
IF.
Etymology
II
Phonetics
25
III.
Spelling
33
IV.
51
V.
of Speech
Substantive
(b) Adjective
(c)
VI.
VII.
Verb
The System
of Affixation
Other Parts
of Speech
73
106
Pronoun
Numeral
123
(c)
Adverb
131
107
(d) Preposition
(e)
Conjunction
(f) Interjection
Notes on Syntax
140
148
164
166
(a)
Emphasis
167
(b)
Balance
i68
(c) Ellipsis
IX.
55
56
60
(b)
(a)
VIII.
65
Style
177
Appendix.
By R.
173
J.
183
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED
Etymology
I.
Kern
De Fidjitaal
',
Akade?m'e
lijken
va?i
Konink-
Amsterdam, 1889.
Outlines of a
Language (Second
Chi'tia, vol.
i,
Grammar
of the Malagasy
to
Indo-
Asiatic Society).
Brandstetter, R.
in
191
1.
1,
Niemann
Tjam
Taal-,
Land-
en
Volkenhinde
iol
de
van Ncderlandsch-Indie,
Leyden, 1891).
ii.
Pagan Races of
the
Malay Peninsula,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Schmidt
'
:
Khmer,
et
trait
d'union
de I'Austronesie
d' Extreme-Orient,
'
entre les
tome
vii,
and
Frangaise
4).
Phonetics
II.
FoKKER, A. A.:
'
INIalay Phonetics,
III.
Spelling
IV.
Wijk,
F.
M.
S.
Government Printing
Marsden, W.
Van
Grammar
A Grammar of the
Gerth
Druk, G. Kolff
Tendeloo, Dr. H.
&
J.
E.
Maleische Grammatica,
vols..
ed.,
Breda, 1911.
Maleische
Spraakkunst,
Leiden,
9 10.
V,
Hikayat
Sri
Rama
Malay Texts
Library, Oxford).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
lo
Hika3'at
Hang Tuah,
parts,
ed.
Singapore,
Shellabear,
1908-10.
Bustanu's-salatin,
vols,,
ed.
R.
J.
Wilkinson, Singapore,
1900.
a folk-tale, ed. A.
J.
Sturrock
VI.
R.
J.
Wilkinson:
(lith.) et alia.
Miscellaneous
Malay-English Dictionary,
vols.,
R.
J.
Wilkinson:
An
CHAPTER
ETYMOLOGY
1.
Malay
Straits Settlements of
is
embraces the
Pahang,
States, Perak,Selangor,
and
and
in
It is
West
Menangkabau
Coast of Borneo.
as
Sundanese
is
It
is
as closely related to
akin to Javanese.
The language
or Austronesian family, as
it
Madagascar
New
to Easter Island,
to
variously,
Zealand, from
To
the easternmost
western
or
Indonesian branch
Menangkabau
Madurese
in
Sumatra
Balinese
known
the
belong Malay
in the Philippines
;
Sundanese,
Dayak
in the Celebes,
Batak and
Javanese,
dialects
the
Malagasy
of
and
Borneo
less-
tongues.
branch
To
it
Khmer
or
Khasi of Assam
Cambojan
Hon
or
Munda
Taking and
ETYMOLOGY
the
was
first
and
Austria,
ultimate
now
is
generally accepted
establishes
it
between Malay
relationship
prehistoric
This connection
definitely asserted
an
and the
summarize
fessors
it is
impossible to do
more than
briefly
bibliography on
concerning
pp.
INIalay
IMalay,
2.
become
difficulties
language.
which phonetically
grammar, comes
common
m,
Suffixes
(f)
Infixes in,
the
which
it
has
modern
body of
has developed,
n and
{b)
well preserved,
Under
be handled in the
will
a stratum, out of
to Indonesia.
{a) Prefixes
is
morphologically.
simplified
by a study of
raised
t.
i.
m and
less
widely spread
and
r.
makan
minum
from
inum
drint:,
salt,
masing
As a
masam
acid from
several from
asing
verbal formative,
revolve,
latter are
asam
point.
m alone or
cat,
move^ that
mengidar
masin salty from
a sour fruit,
masing-
apart.
and the
maleh
kan
literature in place of
from a root
compound forms
is
uncertainty on
ETYMOLOGY
adjectival or participial force
13
adding an agent to an
It
47).
is
act,
quite possible
of
viations
merderma
b
is
group and
is
from root
eli,
in the family,
said to
belah
to split
occurs like
In modern Malay
may
best be
addition,
from elah.
as an adjectival prefix.
it
and possession.
it
It
reciprocity,
would probably be
safer to
same general
functions
as having the
verbs.
Examples of its
Malay are pantul (also antul) caicse to rebound,
pengap (also ngap) to mal<e a pant, to pant; and to form a
verbal use in
substantive,
pangkat
angkat
raise, he
raised.
pe + r (orl)(54-6).
k, which
tvhither
is
and so
ka
a prefix
signifying place
common
to the
of lime.
forms
In modern Malay
many
abstract
now
57)
It
is
also
employed
it
is
an and
may be added
suffix
'
Mr. Blagden
tells
me
that in Talaing
pa =
to do, to viatic.
either
In view
ETYMOLOGY
14
side
alah, kalah
be
aleh,
fakir miskin
from
modern Malay
the
offood
all in receipt
the prince.
same nuances
different
in
Polynesian family.
In
Fiji
te(r) ( 52)
It
has even
languages of the
Malayo-
',
'
words
But
itself.
appears to be used
it
also,
whom
form of the
that
come
Kern
sees
in the
malam
this or
tunjok,r//(?w outright;
anggul
in
tiba
In Malay one
it
in rebah/^?//,
sleep,
instances.
by
verb.'
arrive, for
and
pitch {of a
(^c^i?/)
offer
with
with
tanggul
n.
suffix formatives,
from labuh
to
an
suffix
one substantival as
loiver
in
labuhan anchorage
{anchor or curtain,
&jci);
the other
^^(7,
which
was once
still
also like
a substantival suffix,
tui master in
Fiji
rough woollen
cloth
from
rambut
hair.
Like prefix k,
this
ETYMOLOGY
suffix i
was
originally a preposition.
15
It signified
place where
'
-in-
is
and
is
found in the
which he
summarizes
expressing
fairly
use in
its
calls
'
common
Malay as a crystallized
and repetition
in
kunchup
plant
santan
7nilk.
It is
{of a flower),
yellow,
coco-nut milk
relic
as
It is
'.
and conveys
closing
kuning
Schmidt
a durative.
kemuning
kemunchup
sensitive
a yelloiv-wood
nyiur semantan a
tree
coco-nut producing
cherlang-
semilir waving
-r-
and
-1-
to
andfro
duration,
are infixes,
as can be
common enough
no longer
in
Malay
in
So
far
living formatives.
plurality,
reciprocity,
confusion
and
survive as prefixes
rug.
ETYMOLOGY
They
kindred ideas.
are
forms.
as verbs
jubong, jerubong a
-r-.
stretch
chondong
leaning,
aslant,
shake thoroughly
up
kemut
blister
cut)
kembong
tingkah
conduct,
longed trembling
telingkah
k.edxit crun/pled,
geletar
tremble,
gigit
ii^flated,
kangkang
getar
{faster)
geremut
throb of a boil
-1-.
sadong, seradong
kelembong
line
a-sir addle,
kelang-
(also
of conduct
sidek
siseh,
These
degree
madu
single
may be
'
rival,
or
padu
thwarting, vexatious,
kalang
or
simple
iveld;
alang
palang
cross
galang roller,
Dr. Fokker
affixes
or
'
affixes
of the
first
adu contest,
cross,
malang
tlnvarts
across,
remarks that
all
infixes
prefixes, found in
+ n.
ETYINFOLOGY
kelok
kelun
3.
n)
What
has
prefix
and
and an
"^
or
'
bay,
boivl),
made
it
group
prefixes even in
prefix
telok
arc,
curve,
(suffix
17
infix frequently
combine
The
formative.
crystallized
is
that a
form a compound
to
giving rise to a
'
new
is
it
obliterated.
In
INIalay
{a)
we
m + nasal
p + nasal
{b)
and
m+r
get
infix, 44, especially II.
infix, 54.
that
adjectives,
to
is
be seen as a
relic in
and
especially plant-names,
certain
for
nouns
example
in
merawan
mer
of adjectival
t
+ r,
and verbal b.
52.
P + r, 54-56.
1
In addition to the
'
simple
'
affixes
Real
From
'
compound
prefixes
'
43
(II).
r.
-r terminations of such
ETYMOLOGY
i8
This r
but
is
it
commonl}- wriilen
is
often omitted in
colloquial Malay.
Malay,
Dr. Fokker's
'
initial
bakar forms
r.'
'
initial
than
From kirim we
a.'
beserta, pesertakan
get
bekirim
from serta,
from do-
from
tedorong
from peranjat, teperanjat
kerja, bekerja, pekerjaan; from permena, tepermenai.
rong,
'
ferable
thus
initial
besisek
is
better than
is
pre-
From
bersisek.'
ribu we
is
(c)
this
never sounded at
all.
dudok, sekedudok a
sengkarut interlaced;
long-snouted gavial
kendudok, sen-
like
sembelit
sembuang
kendiri
costiveness;
offering
self;
senjolong
sembulu
roughto be
prefixes as raeng-
it is
Kota Kapur
(2)
it is
in conflict
it
is
links,
parsumpahan
mangujari
curse,
and the
to
speak 7uith
like.
marjjahati
to do
which
harm
tot de Taal-,
probable that
(?j't'.r,
ETYMOLOGY
19
gulong
buku, tembuku knoi
hewn
gulong a inillipide ivhich rolls up.
;
infixes
mistletoe
fishing),
5.
',
where a prefix
teng-
compounded with
dalu, mendalu and bendalu, kemendalu
two
up,
roll
gerlap
Jlas/i,
to flash,
be
will
gemerlapan
{iised in
flashing.
in
alone
INIalay
shows
suffixation,
(of teeth), enggil-berenggil serrated (of hills), ringgit tooth(2) iku zigzag, siku elhoiv, sigong rest on
biku zigzag pattern, bengkok, chengkok, chelengkok zigzag, tivisted. (3) kuku claiu, kokol cuired,
kokot claw-shaped, kokong, kerukut very claw-shap(d,
edged, milled.
elboius,
kukur
pinched
rasp, rasper.
ofl^,
(4)
ketip nip
To
to the
ketit a pinch,
pi)ich,
teeth.
(5)
kait hooking,
clutch, grab.
how hard
it
Indonesian
to discover
is
aflfixes.
infixes of
It
kokol,
gigil, enggil,
and
getu, getil
hctivecn the
kukur
exhibit
the province
to
Depending mainly, so
suffixes.
of comparative
Malay grammar.
like gigir,
identities in
considering
futile
far as
grammar, Schmidt's
it
brilliant synthesis of
Austro-
The two
families have
system.
B
ETYIMOLOGY
20
{d)
(c)
Both use
of the
inclusive
noun.
after the
for the
pronoun
person plural.
first
{d) There
is
The
Pijnappel a quarter of a
Professor
(and one
and belatok,
sparroiv
folloAving
tangkap
hand,
seize,
tongkat
tangan
in
many
have
white,
ulu
langit
disyllables like
mata
head,
eye,
sky,
bulan
puteh
moon,
kan
eat,
all
the
And
critical
side has
shown
mono-
syllabic words.
ie)
Both
families exhibit
remarkable identity in
prefixes k, p,
infixes
m,
n, r,
suffixes
their
So they have
n and
i.
And
in
1
In this context
Mr. R.
J.
similar.'
may be
Wilkinson
cited
some
'
known
which
in
its
vocabulary
Malay to-day,
in Peninsular
twelve hours
by
language
jis daylight,
on)
jenis a day,
ETYIMOLOGY
2t
7.
Foreign loan-words.^
The
are found
Sanskrit, which
kenoh
club, striker;
chok/;W,
chenok prodder,
spike.
prefix
per turns the root into a verb or a passive root into an active root
dat die, perdat /'///; noyxg Journey, pernong to go; lot extinguished,
perlot to put out (a fire') bet sleep, perbet close the eye. These two
dat die, perendat
forms can be combined to form a verbal noun
murder; perenglot extinguisher; goi be married, pergoi zvcd,
perenggoi marriage. In certain cases the final letter of a Sakai word
changes to n, ng, or m. Sometimes this follows a law of euphonychip bird, chimklak
owing to the coincidence of two consonants
cherok long, cherong-sok longha'tvk
klak hawk, klang-blok roc
haired vampire.
But there are cases where the alteration cannot be
;
so explained
a house
rok
shows goi
to
vaa,i
person,
da>t,
uu
be
married; bersop
to feed,
'mbersop
darts.
golang-golek.
There is one other peculiarity of (Southern) Sakai word formation that
paralleled in Indonesian idiom, for the building of polite and
is
common words.
Given a word in Javanese ',
Mr. Blagden in The Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, with
an open penultimate syllable (and a final syllable preferably open and
honorific doublets to
'
writes
'
it
into a
Krama
more
rarely with a
liquid),
modify the
initial
now closes
the penultimate and change the vowel of the final syllable (as
may
consonant of the
it
be
a,
i,
or u).'
planting.
And
again,
J.
;;
;
ETYMOLOGY
22
then in
Philippines,
The
Celebes, the
as the
far afield
and Madagascar.
some
few
agama
kara
religion
violence
alpa negligence
angkasa
heavens
^i,--//? ;
-penjara prison
jper'k.ara affiair;
pcf^fect
semua
all;
;;
ETYMOLOGY
jata wcapoji
upaya
singa
lion
surga heaven
tSnggala plough
rcsoiuxiS.
and law
religion
are so
23
common
in
Among
arif wise
the commonest
akal ingenuity
kadar
shak douht
fikir think;
strong
sphere
the
of
many
Malay by adoption.
alam world
dunia world;
kuat
a grave
with
especially
are
adat custom
sebab
kubur
/^zcvr, ability;
cause
sujud
kneel in prayer.
mainly
in
literature,
and
bandar
bedebah unlucky
darya sea diwau
court ofjustice
ganduro. corn jadah bastard; jam clock
kawin marry kenduri /east lashkar
juadah cakes
mohor die-mark nafiri trumpet nakhoda master
soldiery
of a ship nesan grave-stone pahlawan champion peri
astana palace
biadab discourtesy
seaport
fairy;
biaperi merchant
tan
s^rban turban;
Ivoadcloth;
lagam
bit
ras
reins
sardi
stable.
tandil
overseer
Chinese
tirai curtain.
loan-words
are
rare
and
apply
Chinese
to
things
kongsi a
{sec7'et)
society
you; pekong
y't^w
tanglong
left
a great
bangku
garfu fork
loteng
number
(^t'<;7/
/tzz/Ar//.
ETYMOLOGY
merinyu
snperinfendeni
peniti pin
rial dollar;
tuala
perada
sepatu
paderi
gold-leaf;
shoe\-
teratu
priest
torhire;
towel.
tub
peluru huUei
renda lace
terucgko prison
;
pita ribbon
senapang
sopi gin
cent;
seturup syrup
rijle;
gelas glass
bom
;
are
pGlek.oX placard
ransum
sekopong
rations
tong
botol
bottle
lampu
lamp.
CHAPTER
II
PHONETICS
8.
vehicle of
to
its
remember
sounds.
language
it
is
necessary
is
but of
It
so elusive
Consonants.
9.
(a)
Guttural
glottal
class.
or k, as in
It is
^yJ poke'
rendered confusingly by
there
need be no
difficulty, if
in A/i
a,
vowel made by
j, romanized
or
Arabic or
Roman
script,
It is
in
it
Amy, Ah
dbl)
e. g.
pokok
or fjSyi
symbol
Whatever the
on).
final
represented by
Isabel,
sounded
o ... o
leher.
Ah
uncle; a semivowel
distinctly only
as in
between
rahang, bohong,
for a vowel,
beginning of
which
in Arabic
by a consonant;
as semivowels
and
e.g. for
w and y
and
except
when
ulu
vowel
e,
PHONETICS
26
which there
for
no Arabic symbol, an
is
sometimes
indififerenily
alif or 4
initial
emas,
;_,.*^l
^a
tuan,
liiji'
tuha,
oaU
is
no aspirate sound
at all.]
gagah, gusi
never as in
germ.
k, usually represented by
tical
with
ng
in kiss, Kaffir,
is
iden-
Koran.
In the south
lingual, only
more
trilled
than in English
in the north
It
it
is
it is
guttural.
{b)
Palatal class.
as in mayor, ratepayer;
words
ny
exists
it
unexpressed between
is
Spanish
by gn
Dental
2.
or the individual
in neiv, nude,
by ni
in
in vignette.
class.
glides, while in
an
affricate,
English
it
is
fricative,
j
t a
tort,
initial
t in topple,
Tom.
See Dr. Fokker's edition of Beech's
Press, 1908).
Tidong Dialects
Clarenrlon
PHONETICS
n may
'
27
is
it
more
little
distinctly
pronounced,
i.e.
in
tliough
'.
'
What
the
The Malay
of the palate.
consonant formed
not in
produced
write
1,
of
when pronounced by
well-bred people.'
in hill-top
its full
1 is
Dutch
i.e.
with
it
/;///.
w
in
grammar)
this
as in
coivard^ poivcr,
sozvcr
the
like rue it or in a
semi-
word
like dual.
b
p
as in English
as in English
as in English.
10. Vowels.
Broadly the vowels in Malay are
as in langit, api,
kayu, ratus.
e as in bela.
i
as in ingin.
o as
in
as in
e as in
gopoh.
kayu.
enam.
the
body of
this
will
be distinguished
The problem
of definition
is
PHONETICS
28
Malay
differences in
least
dialects, of
which
Dr. Fokker,
moreover,
first five
Long and
(a)
sahut, batu.
in
re
ivcck
tolak.
(b)
I believe,
each of the
in
in
szvfar
o as
like oo in n/oor
German
German Sinn
o
cup
ikat,
oleh,
in
or almost like
German
sing
Some
long clear a
would seem
by o and u,
It
is
fit
with the
easy to exaggerate
chebek,
as in
{/)
as in
German
bohong, komeng, korek. u as
sering, betis.
and a
like
Butter,
album
ce in
as
lot
as
/ in kitchen
to
i as in kitten,
ge'rattium,
e,
oleh, orang,
a as in canto or nearly
lenyap, kurap, lapis, banding, ganti. e
Gott or nearly as o in
{b)
bore
ejek.
in
a nearly equivalent
in some
the
beta, merah.
kurang, surut.
as in
bongkar, pohon.
in
Ah
as in
ca
like
ekur, perentah.
{c)
siram, kirim.
isap, kerap.
Ijccn:
dear,
who
who
is
less definite
than in accented
and
20
{e);
e.g.
this
and
Moreover,
elaborate as
to exhaust
all
it
is,
the sounds in
Malay
the
first
in pilloiv
that in beta.
in
;
fails
and
PHONETICS
29
Diphthongs.
11.
German Kaiser
ai as in
approximates to ai in
till it
7?iaid.
au
ow
as
syllables
in cow,
till it
approximates to
ow
in
know.
And
these differences
Moreover
The
Peninsula
is
fortunate in that
'
the language of
Malacca
roughly
13.
and
that
its
Koivrj
pronunciation
is
in
Foreign sounds.
in
'
These are
TM
Malays
as follows
th
Cj
into
as
in
//lifi,
an s sound
but
commonly corrupted by
thalatha pronounced
as selasa,
ithnain as isnain,
Hd ^
from the
dropped out
in speUing, e.g.
it
is
never
ukum.
KM
word
loc/i,
Bzai
or in the Scotch
k.
z, or j.
PPIONETICS
30
Za
j-=. English
by Malays
^=
Shm
z, e.g.
zaman.
pauh janggi
to j, e.g.
But
for
it is
often corrupted
pauh zanggi.
as an ordinary
this
and
consonant practically
Dlad \^
pronounced
s.
unaflfected.
a sort of aspirated
d pronounced something
it
like
as a soft
7a
Jtf
nounce
Tld
it
as ordinary
nounced by Malays
t,
the
Malay 1.
t.
Jfl
d and
as in redla,
as
or
dh
z,
lohor, dhohor.
'ain
like
an
often
ghaib
as raib,
Fa L_j = f
pah am, arip.
Kdf J
mashghul
often
as
mashrul.
by
pronounced
Malays as ordinary k.
The
mind
e.g.
is
e. g. ^jJL!
laksa.
Accent.
The need
idea of
Malays as p,
commonly pronounced by
letter
like
its
that
importance in Malay.
there is
It
is
an exaggerated
necessary to bear in
syllable
in a
PHONETICS
Malay word
words
that
perkataan, perbuatan,
like
nounced
same
Ordinarily
for
stress
Malay word,
in the
31
the
on every
accent
syllable.
on the
falls
when
(i)
penultimate
the
is
in
on the
last syllable,
enam, tengah;
(2)
when
syllabic
a derivative
built
is
namely, on the
up by
prefixes
from a mono-
the accent
root,
last syllable
root,
is
last syllable.
The
case of
words
The Arab
problem.
built
and
to indicate quantity,
up of
Malay
and
(S
treated
open
in accented
mark of accent
syllables.
l?^4 :^
jadikan from
.ila.
^J5^^>
ketahui from
jadi,
^:S
left
^X^^
per,^-j*-
sli'
except in the
{j\:S kuda-nya from ^S kuda, and so on
of the particles lah, tah, kah.
The Indonesian rule is
the accent falls
case
that
derivative words.
The
on the same
this
chemburiian from
ehemburu,
The
rule
to
insisted
Two
notable
Only the
scientific
differ.
common
fully
how
who have
experts have
I
lived
come
had supposed
there a
in
quarter
PHONETICS
32
Indonesian
purposes of
and
to
accent
at
all
rule.
this
in the
words
in question,
still
CHAPTER
III
SPELLING
15.
The
from
other characters
tion
Letter.
left
;
equivalents.
left.
to
The
The form of
writing, of
the
letters
differs
the
Roman
right
some
letters
34
Letter.
SPELLING
SPELLING
Letter.
35
SPELLING
36
In Malayo-Javanese works
as p.
found
and
in Sanskrit
in Javanese,
Malayo-Polynesian languages
now.
lajn alt/,
exotic
letters, is
sometimes
So too
of the alphabet.
letter
is
*.
16.
Arabs
the
d
in
a combination of two
regarded as a separate
hamzah
it is
represents a palatal
certain
become almost
I\Iala}'s
most of which
signs,
diacritical
These are
have
The vowel
Malay
haris or senjafa,
when
followed by
and
(i)
^s,
1,
Fathah or
laris
become long
di-alas
vowels.
short
a or
= short
e or
if
followed by
alif long a.
Kasrah
by
or haris di-haivah -^
long e or
r<7,
haris di-hadapan
DIaminah or
followed by
wau
Hamzah
* is
word
no sound except
For
(3)
found in Arabic
this
it
is
one
i8
or
if
being replaced
consonant
see 18
commencement
alif by
itself
of
having
serves to prolong
it
use of hamzah
Malay use
(</)).
at the
prop
which
fresh
its
followed
o or u,
that after a
vowel fathah
Malay.
= short
huruf saksi
the
if
long o or u.
or
i.
is
not practised in
{i).
that the
consonant over
word
is
kh
in
bakhshish
it
bakheshish.
(4)
The tashdid-^
17.
extant,
From
it
is
see
18
[c).
clear that
there
was a
Malay manuscripts
fixed
SPELLING
Malay
spelling of
in
37
Arabic characters,
very beginning
at the
many
Malayan Archipelago. The introduction of this foreign alphabet was a direct consequence of the
The earliest and most
conversion of INIalays to Islam.
important missionary centre was N. Sumatra, which strictly
different places in the
in speech,
com-
for
MSS.
eja acheh
there
Moluccas, to
But
it
Malay settlements
in
is
Borneo, the
of
Java and
more
spread of
the
at
Malacca.
and
than repetition
the
own system
to
make
different modifica-
Malay
MSS. would
began
same as they
own
The
{a)
to
language.'
Certainly in
The
on unusual words
at their
first
mention
in the
Bodleian Sri
Cp. Shellabeai's
'
at
is
Rama
fully
in a
work, so that
vowelled on
its first
were
'
occurrence
spellings
in the spelling
If
Malay
'
an adaptation of their
',
y.A'..-l. ,3'.,
Straits
SPELLING
38
The
{b)
which
idshdid
is
is
it
twice, e.g.
cdIj
as
galant or gallant')
and
is
kk
the double
it
jokkan, which
hardly existed at
k j
better^
i.e.
fellow,
compare
^^^^is^ilij
pertun-
tempted
is
and
double-letter forms
first
it
such words as
in
the
(One
to
is
on.
iya, iu-usiyang,
(J'l
it
sounded
tengngah.
^k:i
when
is
ngng, and so
as
all in
of
due
to
Acheen, and
is
it
more probable
that
check (9).)
The
[c)
omission of
(j^ kayu,
final
aku,
e)l
j and
J^^j' terlalu,
c:>.;i
pintii,
uj^J;-^
y dua,
s^i
tuba.
Exceptions
(i)
final
Sanskrit
pei'kasa
vowel
is
inserted
puri
is
is
written sometimes
inserted
when
{d)
.ys
Sn'
Rama
the
is
{J the
tupai,
written \j6j.
(2) It
\S
when
In the Bodleian
foreign word.
tion of a
ai.
^S
kilau,
y^,
risau,
^y
helai.
The omission
{U)
can
SPELLING
The
(e)
omission of
1,
and
ij as
39
medial vowels in closed
syllables.
cijyj
When
(i)
may
1,
kitab
and
ttian,
_i^..
syllables
dan and
tumboh.
in
^_^j5.
is
retained (though
pun.
1^ are inserted in
Malay
riias,
A^.-ft.^
sekedudok,
j:>^jS^
A-..5
in
monosyllables ^jb
^y
!u*)
orang,
(/')
bimbang,
A.^_
The
c^^l
Arabic pronunciation
(2)
sebut,
c:*.*.*.
^c-\J
hulubalang.
Exceptions
A
JX^
few words
like dL
maka,
si
because
it
1, .
and
little
jadikan,
nya.
:,Ji
Many
ili
tahu,
omitted
it.
(j^^-4--^
,^*a.
chemburu,
ui;0
^jj^-j***
^^--Ja-
on
on
ehemburuan,
stress
fall
on
this shifting
still
remains
Consequently
it
has
Javanese forms and phonetics, which seems improbable considering the small influence Java had in the north of
or that
it
Sumatra
spell-
SPELLING
40
falls
Of course
alike).
pronounced
time
at the
when
not so used in
its
it
is
now.]
commonly
of words was
angka dua
words
derivative
that accentuation
native tongue
after a
r
signified
raja-raja,
-.'^
by
word, a symbol
r
^^a
berkata-kata.
The modern
18.
differs
from the
Malay
spelling of
of three
script
in
Arabic characters
centuries ago
several
in
ways.
never uses vowel points except over words quoted
It
((?)
It
(t)
It
employs
1,
and
as linals, even
when
aku,
S\
j)!lj
terlalu,
^.ijii
pintu,
ijjiU.
\^:>
^^^
these final
y^
meribu,
kayu,
api,
dua, \y tua.
Exceptions
(1)
st)le
L_il
J.5
few stereotyped
c:*il
apa,
itu,
(jrl
^J^
ia,
ini,
(^.^
them
common words
^\jm suatu,
dia,
^J\*
^^S
preserve
\^Ji^ seperti,
the old
jl
ada,
mana,
^*
manusia most
of
finals in a.
(2)
The change
in the use of
is
according to the
words.
will
SPELLING
{d)
I,
and
ij are
in closed syllables
ratus.
f^j^y
'
The
l^ji-o
The
minta,
1,
to
Arabic alphabetical
LL.
41
is
opposed
should
syllable
two
consist of
letters
'must have
to
some
The
the
MSS.
innovation
but
it
if
must be remembered
influence.
It
printing of
hands of
entirely in the
The power
European
done
may
It
of
be predicted that
if
nothing
is
to
all
This solution
words.
At present,
among
among
police
pundits proud of a
propound three
than
scientific
(i)
that
the
and
when
J
(^
fail
Arabic learning.
which pretend
to
lines
than
The
latter
be practical rather
or the
syllables
theories,
but
little
easy.'
[j
c^i^)
c.^y
case of tulang
io/ics
burong.
Apply
and tolong
either
/u//>
the
but ^i'tinggi,
theory
to the
tunggal
solitary
this
or
spelling
of
each
pair
SPELLING
42
must be
accented vowel,
The
theory
i.
e.
theory
employment of
the
the
to
represent the
is artificial,
Another
(2)
and
arbitrary
and impracticable.
would revert
huruf saksi
for
to the
guidance
in
the
same system
that
rare words.
the Sanskrit
(3)
theory would
third
words
tinguish
would be
like
spelt alike.
literature.
to dis-
Modern
(t)
( 1 )
first
is
As
in
hamzah
MSS.,
in early
to indicate
*,
which
is
rare
spiriius lenis, or in
other words
yil,
= kail
and so too
are
\\ith
a diphthong
lain
^^{3
conmionly written
c^^i sa-orang,
kekayaan,
jlS
For instance
As an
kai;
oX^^
lavit
sa-ikat,
keenam, ojb
^^ l^
ia itu,
kealatan, J^~SS
{j\^^
namai
(2)
=. ka'il
j^-.)
JjIS^
hamzah
JjIS^ with
is
is
it
must
preceded
omitted.
J-svil
inchek.
SPELLING
19
(a)
The
sa
joined
is
And
so
the
too,
personal pronouns
ku
eJ
word
following
the
to
ka
((5) The prepositions di and
ka-rumah, sJcJj ditengah.
(c)
43
sa-ribu,
j-^h*
unemphatic
short
forms
i.^jji
of
the
IjLu.^
kau-bawa.
mu, Q nya
((/)
(and
ku
kau
and
oleh-mu,
{e)
bawah-nya,
dengan dikau.
The
particles lah,
after
diri-ku, lss^^
jX),?.i
(jA^^>.
dia, ^^a:^^
kah, tab,
alang-kah,
pun
^-^.sl
^\^\
akan
apa-tah.
yang
di-dapati.
compound words
(;')
hulubalang.
apabila,
iJLU
J^sl
I'he
The
component
are joined
parts of
Malay phonetics.
20.
Romanized Malay.
The
letters in
old
of rendering
kh
Roman characters
the
Arabic
in
Roman
ch by
Malay
by ch).
represented by oe,
y by
j, j
by dj,
SPELLING
44
(2)
The newer
that the
The
Dutch
at scientific phonetics.
old
in
attention.
On
modern system,
there
is
purely
phonetic
must be bound
image of
its
system that
to
system,
one
phonetic
will
fulfil
serve
to
dialect
peculiarities.
practical
purposes,
scientific
The
true
semi-phonetic
So
of the
texts
most famous
literary
productions
civilization (sixteenth
century
this
owing
image
is
so
at
that time.
that, the
a. d.),
But
of the
and besides
many changes
As
political
Malay
style
and orthography
and
literary centres
increasing influence
the spreading of
upon
Malay over
and
very disadvantageous to
separate languages.
of communication
makes
deeply
felt
than before.
We
Malay more
SPELLING
45
which
alphabet
is
of three
very imperfectly
is
the pronunciation of
(3)
known
to us
[c)
So a mean
deal.
has every-
it
will
have to be
The language
of Malacca
of civilized speech,
of
its
con-
left
siderable traces in
may be
sister dialects,
but these
nevertheless have to be
last
The
local diversity of
To
put
[a)
How
this
the
is
represented
observed.'
Malay indeterminate
Some
marampas
seize
old
used a
writers
short
bassar
e,
The
besar.
or
''
grra/,
vowel to be
it
missionary
bsar
and
b'sar, b'sar.
modern
besar.
Now a
Malay nor
and e represent
to the foreigner
and e
its
sound neither
will
to
the
be confused with e
in
Use no symbol and an agglomeration of consonants kbsaran results. Use or ' and
engkau becomes 'ngkau and keenam becomes k"nam
words
like
'
than a dotted
its
sound and
is
no harder
to
German
diaeresis.
(<5)
How
are
^ ng
as in
^:> dengan,
to
c^^i
q ny
The scientific
oi'ang, and
be written?
;;
SPELLING
46
especially the
Orientalist,
he
will
demand,
will
The
for instance,
is
in
or
for
p.
and n
for
^.
on Malay, whether
in the
Straits
by
local presses,
Native
symbols.
readers of
And
kindly to change.
take
the
wants
of Malay
student
number
adopted
b}-
the
Dutch Government
Holland
is
in
is
It
and
it
is
international
prejudice
scientific
solitary writer
on Malay
to
system
pit
the
of past
for
this,
'
letters
c and
^j,
in
pronunciation
certainly impracticable
to scholarship,
is
ng and ny
1904.
SPELLING
no
difficulty.
convention and
this
Government
h and h
not by s and s
;
J by z
i by gh
vogue
by
double
exotic
by
s,
all
by
not by t and t
t,
(^ and
]b
and
(_^
by th.
language have
no
letters
Unusual
representing
letters
the IMalay
in
ciation
]o
to
it
and
<::j
swayed the
of expediency has
regard
with
Arabic sounds,
dz
will
it
Govern-
the English
(c)
47
literary
in
represent
longer
and
pronun-
sound.
in
religious
them
all
Roman
dress
khattu'l-istiwa.
minor importance.
The spelling
The symbol
is
for
it
IMalay
the
from
if
they
recognize
especially as
for example,
Arabic
k, but
it
of very
is
final
repre-
^_J
The q
matter.
difficult
of exotic words
more
will
in
cijjJ.9
does not
Spat uses
as in (j,y, burok.
Malay convention ( i8 (f)) the hamzah and
The
prints buro' which has a strange hybrid appearance.
Dutch and English Government spelling uses k alike for e)
the
other
and J.
On
as logical as
is
now by
convention
j^iU',
ciUi'lj,
difficulty, if
or
it
is
j^ils.
by
\^
used for
remembered
^ now
that
ng
is
for
final
at
the
check
but uses
need cause no
end of a Malay
j
n
elsewhere
for
in
SPELLING
48
which
The
{d)
uw
representing of ij and j by
Mr. Wilkinson
debatable.
is
w or a
y.
It
'
or iy and
has
'The popular
few Sanskrit
in
be easily recognized.
will
or
spelling of
tuwan
as
spiritus Icnis
when
really
it
begins
is
suatu which
implies that
is
for instance,
fact
the second
is
watu
this
Malay spelling
trivial;
in great
is
but
measure
by the
tion to the
sound of a
literation of certain
tuan
Arabic
is
word but
certain
letters.'
an exact trans-
is
The popular
spelling
And
it
can be defended
requirements
automatically
makes
of
No
system of
etymology.
when one
calculated to suggest a
Phonetically,
slips
in
tu'an
more
distinct
tuwan
is
actually enunciate.
Roman
Wilkinson's
Ma Iay- English
Dictionary, vol.
ii.
p. 714.
SPELLING
4(j
vowel in
iinal syllables
selection of the
tiie
un
not
um
not
ur
om
not or
not et
not e,
But
(3)
the
if
vowel
penultimate
e or o,
is
sound of o and
u and
that of
wise,
it
would suggest
u and
that
fact
is
not
not
that in the
dialect they
Consequently there
final
in
Kedah
e, while in the
i.
or
the
u pohon
gesil, dongeng
approach
a certain
is
aflinity
tlie
Kedah pronunciation
So much
21.
tion
The recommenda-
of the
certain
Foreign words
'
as follows
magistrate
their original
{!))
'
'
20
court
[e)
'
khattu'l-istiwa
supra be spelt as in
language.
Trisyllabic
be written with
h between two
.,14),
first
and so on,
letters
shall
sahaya,
always
sahaja,
baharu.
(c)
SPELLING
50
form which
lends
itself
will
harmony.
closely into
menyabelah
sufficient
from
there
word
is
no
words with
distinct
we consider
sa-belah,
distinct
spellings of their
retained'
the
same
(i.e.
own, and we
menyabelah
time,
a distinction
lo go out and
ka-luar outwards, though etymologically they are the same
and we recommend that where a derivative form has become
may be
fairly
specialized in use,
{d)
'
The
possible.
it
(such
much as
menyakiti from sakit)
may be
But prepositional
and other
di'dalam-nya.'
as
thus sa-kali
pun, ka-rumah,
CHAPTER
IV
22.
The
INIalay
word may be
Simple.
I.
api//r, besar
II.
chekek
big,
Derivative,
e.
i.
built
tiga
strangle,
/hrte,
kurang
less.
up by
menchekek
ketiga
{b)
terkurang
third,
luuch
sir angling,
less.
reduplication ( 63)
'
noose,
tiga-tiga three
chechekek
kurang-kui'ang
together,
at the loivest.
III.
Compounded
( 65)
acquire a conventional
them taken
ehief,
ratus
meaning
separately,
that
kayu-api
firewood,
to
orang besar
chSkek kedadak violent strangling, vomiting, tigathree hundred, kurang akal stupid, rumah tangga
wi/e.
Of
reduplication, and
word
compounding.
will
Some
undergo
compounded
aftixation,
are never
definitely
THE MALAY WORD
52
used
as
house
pandai besi
a clever person,
beberapa
semua,
segala
substantive
after the
yt'zc,
stand
all
in the
first
may
usage
Classical
adjectives.
as
sedikit
a blacksmith,
sakalian,
several,
we
it
cannot extinguish
its
essential
versatility.
main ka-panas
menurut adat dan bodoh orang
go playing
in the heat;
clipped
usage
classical
to be parsed as adjectives,
popular phrase
of the
writer
has
of the
language.
substantive
Similarly
distinguished
rigidly
to ivipe,
'
Baik-lah
the
to
'
queen.
all the
'
function of
a road,
a
to
chisel,
of words
to
travel;
carve;
jala casting-net,
kapak an
axe,
to
to
the
in
So,
cast a
cleave,
may be
Sejarah
too,
net;
jalan^
pahat
are examples
substantive or
verb.
1
'
Tendeloo.
THE
66
will
pronoun
how many
the table in 43
affix
are adverb
adjective,
will attach
to
several parts of
probably unscientific
are wont
53
WORD
iAIALAY
to
do
in
words which
our
in
speech,
copula
grammar would be
that
it
is
we
concepts of our
required
is
so
derivatives as
its
No
own grammar.
differentiate
to
and
Malay,
in
subject words,
in
to con-
is
good.
To sum
up.
Malay abounds
in
the
chameleon word as
(sakit itu terok /haf sickness
orang sakit
ia sakit he
a sick
is
severe
man
is sick.
house
[dalam rumah
interior
dalam
[dalam pekan
deep ivell
and
it is
telaga
/;/
0/ a house
the town.
as subject words
as Dr.
Malay words
Tendeloo
did.
that
54
ordinarily a
defined as
24.
gender
all
practical purposes be
whether
the
word
is
inflexion to denote
numeral.
25.
inflexion to denote
number.
26.
undergoes
no
declension
to
denote case.
27.
As
verb,
the
inflexion
for
CHAPTER V
THE CHIEF PARTS OF SPEECH
THE NOUN
(A)
then
the substantive
male and
perSmpuan
female
anak
and
in
|\
in
qualified
is
hoy-:,
I want
female ;
la
above.
state,
'
the^noun in
its
simple
signification,
than
is
singular
more properly
or
that
to
order
in
its
be considered as plural
to
the
determining
its
'
The
Marsden
Malay language
despite their animism. But there are a very few exceptions bah jantan
the male flood which is greater than bah bStina tlie female flood; busut
jantan attt-Jii/l kokot jantan, kokot betina tlie parts of a pintleremarks,
'
itself to
'
rudder.
2
(Perak).
THE
r/y
is
CMIF.F
PARTS OF SPFECII
indefinite plurality.
/here
example,
for
in
phrase
the
numeral of imity
is
pensable.'
It
is
safer
on the evidence
Number
therefore
is
(a)
by context.
(/y)
by reduplication
variety in
it,
indis-
that
the
expressed.
is
determined
to
is
say
to
form
an
with
plural
indefinite
63.
their coefificients.
commonly
versation
alone
does, have
employed
brackets
in
are
Malay
in literary
pukul budak
heat a child
beri (ka-pada)
child;
emas
its
(to) one's
baju budak
budak
ivipe
give
country
{lo)
Ihe coat
a child;
chawan
of a
pulang
(dari-pada)
dudok
(di-)
rumah
sit in
ones house
(B)
31. It
may be
vi.
THE ADJECTIVE
hamhoo
China
Chinese workmanship.
perak
tenun Kelantan Kelantan
a boivl of silver
weaving
buatan
THE ADJECTIVE
The
may be
adjective
57
The
As
I.
as follows
adjective follows
the
attribute,
qualifies, the
is
demonstrative pronoun,
if
vi,
vide 43.
the substantive
used,
coming
it
after the
adjective.
rumah besar
a house of some
tinguished captain.
As
(i)
II.
if
predicate,
the combination
besar
may come
it
its
Then,
+ adjective, rumah
But
use as attribute.
pronoun
or possessive
merely substantive
is
is
if
demonstra-
(I)
that house
is large.
(2)
predicate
first
besar-lah
hamba
?nore
Melayu
7vell
frequently the
rumah
born are
as
87) and
iSfiiC
itu large
gracious
adjective
emphatic lah,
is
is
termanis muka
berbangsa-lah raja
*L' ho7/se
jny face;
Malay princes.
Comparison of Adjectives
32.
change
The comparison
in
of adjectives
is
expressed not by
circumlocution.
I.
Equality of degree.
This
((?)
is
denoted by
tietel
palm
as tall as a coco-nut
5M
palm
cuToed
like
{li)
or
taji the
a cork's spur.
like
is
No
belum
these.
distinction
is
made between
order, accent
and
antithesis
(b)
ic) yang:
pinang nyiur, pinang yang tinggi or dari-pada
nyiur, pinang yang tinggi tin bdel palm is taller than the
THE ADJECTIVE
59
(d)
intensive
kurang
adverbs
tess,
lebeh, lagi
?/iore,
yang
rendah
more high
there is
The
where there
may
comparison)
opposed
to the relative
be expressed by
{a) reduplication
tinggi-tinggi
pokok lembari
very tall
is the
lejnbari tree
anak rimau
although
it is
very tiny
it
a tiger cub.
{!))
sa + reduplication
is
used
by
middling,
main
710
few
phrases
bukan olah-olah
bukan kepalang
7iot
bukan
child's play.
literally
without shilly-shallying;
field
was vny
///osquitocs
very
THE
Go
PARTS OF SPEECH
CFTIEF
THE VERB
(C)
Even
33.
derivative,
The
Malay
earlier
Then
subjective-passive
theory
'
scholars in
called,
is
'
grammar.
as
it
Javanese
be formed
to
aku tutup
pronouns
I shut,
by
kau-tutup hy you
out the subject as
It
is
is
The
'
mc
shui\
is
if its
shut.
is
it
has
is
opposed
/ stay.
to
scholars
down
and saw
still
object.'
undergone by the
to
Derivatives in
me
must be some
be urged that
is
by
Hassan was
sort of passive
it
all
Against
a needless torturing of
theory
may
it
grammar and
logic,
me
derivative.
Now
Tendeloo returned
on the whole,
it
is
many
1
exceptions, too
many
at
down
verb
is active.
is
often active.
of the dicluvi
l.Tid
THE VERB
6i
derivative
for
one
to
be
able to discern any fundamental logical conception or distinction of voice in the INIalay language.
One
voice.
the passive
Context determines
60
el
passim):
but with
exceptions
sorong
io
shoved); belali
gugur
suddenly
andfill down
split,
io
llie
angkat
to picl< up, to
adopt,
anak angkat an
/<?
eat up.
to
34.
sitive
ist,
datang
come,
dudok
sit,
jatoh
fall,
tidur
like
sleep,
pergi
go,
which we
all.
than the
full
forms
on the agent
his
view of di
is
( 37).
words
like
in the
It is safe to
say that
62
transitive
passive
i
as suffixes
it
remedy
to
akan and
want.
this
Words
than
Anyhow,
is
intransitive
in
is
it
European languages.
like
aim, in
35, There
no
is
to
mark mood.
Iha/
1 may hair;
Malay verb
inflexion in the
listen
How
come
prefixes
far
mood
express
in
indirectly
a rudimentary
36. There
denote tense,
sahaya
no
is
i.e.
lari
and unconsciously
39
c,
in
to
dis-
d).
Malay verb
to
time relation.
/ run
esok sahaya
or a?n running;
lari
to-morrow
me
derivatives
to
correspond
to
an
confusing
indicating
from
ti/ne
the
use of these
such comparisons
terms
to
denote
are
tense
in other languages.
be
context.
To
no more than
say
me
means
THE VERB
63
in the
happening
and
was, or will be
is,
To
sekarang noiv
esok to-uiorroiv.
kemudian af/envareis or mau, hendak, akan, kelak (and
for Past time, telah, sudah,
in the colloquial nanti);
Such
habis for the Imperfect lagi, tengah, sedang.
words need not come next die verb they qualify but may
stand in the emphatic forefront of the sentence.
Such of
them as are adverbial may stand anywhere, kelak, sudah,
will
be used
words
to emphasize Future,
like
like
To
command
proper:
will
it
ada,
letter
this leads to
to
con-
neitlier
//;;',
clause.
rather than
ivere ivell,
ka-benua Siam
^
end of a
to be expressed,
is
balk
be employed,
fusion as
at the
when exhortation
rumah besar
itie
Iwuse
is big,
Malay dispenses
belum elok it is not
perfect,
ti
kali itu
the trutli
is
is
be not grieved ;
is
that
grows on
the
THE
64
Siam;
togelhcr
li'w
brother si/
mumbang
choba bertanam
alone;
out
coeo-nut seedlings
silakan
try
dudok
please be seated.
37. As there
there
is
Van
the
no conjugation
is
no conjugation
to
Malay verb
is
for
indicating
first
or tense, so too
said,
that
((z)
mood
It
Van Ophuijsen
(b)
is
more
usually accusative,
where the nominative ia would be expected and an inexplicable and redundant use of pronouns in the construction
;
+ simple
di(a)
verb
+ nya.
Further proof
{c)
write
easily explained
is
ivill give.
use of adverbs and the rule that the position for an emphatic
word
at the
is
When
agent, or
solely
the verb
the
is
state
or condition as a
;;
THE VERB
phenomenon, then
This
65
form
used.^
is
is
107) proper use of the simple verb, to which other rules are
but corollaries.
This
may be
rule
No
(a)
attaches
prefix
spontaneous
words signifying
intransitive
to
and simple
states of feeling
emu _/(('/
by
illustrated
/o7't'
suka
acts
ytrl pleasure
harap
diam
bangun rise turun
naik ascend; masok enter;
deseend; terjuu leap doivn
be
cane
hendak jvish pergi go
ada
mau,
datang
kneel; tunduk sloop
arrive;
sujud
sampai
terebangyT;)';
/io/>e;
keep
silent
sa/ic/y
jatoh fall
tidur
sleep;
run
lari
tahu
kuenv;
;
is
may
say,
when
is
Were
practicable,
it
arranged and
Mr. Blagden
its
'
Is
expresses
the
to
my
mind, ought to be
with a system
Royal Asiatic
by
suggested
Society, October,
it
way
Why
other
subordinate or adjectival.
is
accordance
in
Journal of
the
in
1908, p. 1204,
marshal
written
it
Malay grammar,
way about
What
Could
it
(if
one
may
its
into
conceive as possible
fall
is
so style
it)
the
dynamic
element of the sentence, as the subject, making the words that we should
take as subject, object, &c., subordinate to
(which
in
involved
system
in
.
it,
by a
by the verb-subject
is
an actuality) would
itself.
To me
such a syntactical
I believe it to exist
some-
fact.
her child).
1554
(Jy
its
motJier over
66
head; tiada
the
ka-dalam sungai
hap
and a
as
for
the
the river;
into
hvo hounds
muda
itu
at the sight.
The
by
of
affixes.
conscious) attitude;
their
birth
heads
there
homage
conscious
place
took
besar-lah
{b)
in
7ny
became a large
toivn.
slaughter
done
by us
on
the captain's
of
basoh tangan
ivater
is
was no
the dollars
(membasoh would
the point
is
tears
there
I mention
were wasted
zvashing-
like
THE VERB
go yon
engaged
sea-folk
me)
t/irre
bawa utusan
in fishing
//
especially
is
(a)
at the
There
di-
is it
on Batin
must be shown.
common
is
to
point
diam
pada ketika
no
is
belat
was
there
membuat
ia-lah melihat
ivas he ivho
67
is
been somehow
j/i?//r
act, fact,
;
affected.
event
the emphatic
all the
counsel,
rice.
Under
pronoun
this
is
head
fall
the object
relative sentences
and
the emphasis
is
where the
on
its
relative
the attribute or
subject,
which
ini-lah
night" s spectacle
God the
'
is
"
68
Or
the
may be what
but
in
our grammar
the object
(b)
tions,
and not
contlition
towards
agent
commands,
prohibi-
is
it
in view.
is
act or
of an agent
Contrast 48
(r).
attitude to my ivill
jangan kamti tukarkan agama dengan dunia exchange
not your religion for ivorldliness a general maxim; Sultan
minta sandari ka-pada dayang-dayang the Sultan begged
turut wasiat-ku kt
propped up
to be
obedience be
he asked
an attack on
his
land;
Court damsels
the
your
it
were
zvell
baik-lah kita
our order
di-suroh-nya bunch
the
issue
for
mandate
zvas death?
1
bawa kamu
is
might mean
/i/r/^
you
as well as
you
fetcli
oleh.
(lit.
got^
verb
lin'll
see tlie
(i)
budak-budak
Where an
derivative form
affix
is
this section
derivative
'
'
THE VERB
In the case of
(t )
actual result
69
where
final clauses
the
end
in view is
an
is
found
U'c
baik-lah baginda
the
king
Similarly in conditional
id)
the hypothesis
is
employment of
an
act, fact,
and concessive
clauses,
where
binasa
means destruction
to your
country
your
orders, assuredly
it
peri raja
itu
ketahui oleh-mu
sail';
don'i
be
It
taiigti.
Where
the verb of
70
prince of
Pahang
intended
to
attack the
Malacca palace
all
also evocable
di
that
only
is
by the prefixing of
the
locative
di.
it
seems certain
It
an idiomatic
preposition in
di-hukum-nya all rajas are ruled by him. Or take senbunga di-naung batu Jlowers in the shadow
of a rock, mati di-rahang buaya dead in the jaws
tences like
of a
where even
crocodile,
nya
di-lihat-nya
in his hearing
is
in
Then
character of preposition.
take
it
a genitive).
It is to
is
its
conjunction with
in
di-dengar-nya
passive,
and
nya
way does
its
]\Ialay verb.
me derivatives,
which are
'
adjectival
'
and attaching
the
act to
an
agent
Nor
yet again
do te'r)
Moreover
derivatives.
di
is
or
kan,
41.
The
use of di
is
rule as that
The noun
act
is
is
is
It is
in the third
verb incidentally as
it
were and
whom
an
if
may
be said to be in the
THE VERB
genitive
or
the sentence
if it
oleh before
of
made
is
71
place in
its
clear
it.
muka yang
musoh
will often
be pleonastic
itself
or introduce a pleonastic
The
42.
are notable
{a)
The di
command,
entreaty,
the
is
person or thing.
daughter
be
married
titah
ask thai
my
baginda hendak-lah
di-
be
negeri
let the
It will
relative
'
There
'
biar di-lihat-nya
or prohibition
is
quite general
to
any one
in
particular.
this,
accept
it ;
jangan di-terima
otherwise
let
far
aivay.
let
it
lei
ini,
maka
ivhere there
be refused;
terimais
a seal
jangan
permission be given
to
di-
play
72
{3)
The
construction
usual,
is
when
the
subject
is
not
word
the
verbs
follow
it,
the
i.
e.
in co-ordinate
second
verb but stands remote, stress falling on the act and not
on the agent
raja Melaka pun berdiri di-tepi balairong itu menyambut adinda baginda di-bawa dudok bersama-sama
the
Hanuman
the
Maharaja shouted
mace at Sang
Hanuman
baginda pun naik-lah ka-atas maligai itu lalu dilihat-nya ada sa-orang puteri the prince mounted the toiver,
when
the spectacle
(f a princess met
his eyes.
CHAPTER
VI
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
43. (I) The following table will illustrate the Malay
modern system of affixation and show how difficult and improper it is to make strict divorce between parts of speech
:
I.
Simple prefixes
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
74
The
(II)
which
I.
following
(3)
Stems lengthened by
(c)
II.
is
prefixed to a,
be(r) to
IV. te(r) to
V. di to
(III)
the
me
III.
suffix i
e.g.
peristerikan.
I.
a, b of I.
a, b
a, b, c,
The
d of
b, c,
forms
useful
is
(a)
{d)
verb
of
I.
of
I.
my
following will be
paradigm
use of tense
terms
not
strictly
Malay
for the
to
avoid
Malay
grammar
The Verb
is
and
Active
The radical
expresses the
Passive'^
pe(r)
be(r)
forms a mid- forms
or die, denoting causa-
ine(ng)
denotes
te(r)
denotes
the realizphenomenon.
activity
ed act or
(The idiomatic process; a the reflexive, five
verbs
condition
di use comes kind of
reciprocal,
under thishead- finite par- &c. (Active- and an and forms
ingbut may best ticiple.
middle and impera- a (non-
be described as
only passive.)
(Usually
passive-
active.)
middle.)
me + nasal
44.
(I)
The
tive.
temporal)
perfect.
infix.
i.e.
in this derivative as
well as in
its
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
ngada, mengada
hoasl
menyanyi
nyanyi,
75
memakan eat
j///;'
wakil,
assert
to surge.
When
{b)
me + ng
hela,
the
menghela
mengiring/t?/^zf'
(c)
When
me + m
is
balut,
the
drag; ambil,
mengambil
is
k, g, then
take; iring,
bite,
prefixed and
membalut
dropped':
is
7vra/>
palu,
memalu
(d)
me + n
alif,
are dropped:
mengepit
kepit,
menggigit
gigit,
and ab/zw^
prefixed
is
prefixed and t
dropped
is
strike.
j,
d, or
t,
then
prefixed
suroh, menyuroli
These
(II)
order.
Riau-Johor
Malay, and even there with some few vaiiants and exceptions
e.g.
from dengar,
and
chinta,
menengar
menyukur
pohon, pimpin we
get
also
is
formed
and menyinta;
minta, mohon,
chukur
from
from pinta,
mimpin
as well as
(^7)
i
is
prefixed to
But
this
prefix pe(r), or
riionctics.
SYSTEIM OF AFFIXATION
76
kan
suffix i or
(d)
verbal
catching birds
awan
c/oud,
menepi
sea
mengawan
going along
merantau
vaengoil fishing
stone,
traversing
tvith
panah
a cast-net;
laut
meniti employing
titi bridge,
reach,
the edge
membatu
a hook
arroiv,
stream
aku
/,
stress
on
me,
throiving
shooting arroivs
jarum
batu
needle,
putehzt'/z/A',memuteh
kail a hook,
menjala
stone, petrifying
needle-like point;
tepi edge,
reaches;
cast-net,
memanah
becoming
jala
as
river
melaut traversing
a bridge rantau river
sea,
menyaberang cross-
mengaku
taking
on oneself,
acknoivledgiug.
46. Laying
activity,
express the active voice, but there are exceptions, and the
prefix has not entirely extinguished the dual nature of the
root verb
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
77
'cverc
priests or readers.
which lays
in
tives
stress
me
on
direction, the
activity,
movement towards an
or event and
act, fact
may
It
to
me
is
essentially
or
movement
participial,
derivatives in
its
verbaP; and
at the
or rather perhaps
finite as
deiiving person
finite participle if
such
can be conceived.
Instances of the use of the derivative as a
common
are
itu as soon as
menugerahi persalin
ihe
finite participle
Raja memandang
saiu the
It
surat
baginda pun
iter;
not very
common
marang
itu tiada
but
is
quite normal
membunoh
is
Laksamana me-
slashing, the
Laksamana did
not slay.
pulang dari
So, too, its employment as a verbal noun,
menchari makanan return from searching for food mudah
juga membunoh dia easy is the hilling of him mengambil
kayu api juga 'k.Qv'^Si-nja, getting firewood zvas his ivork.
;
cofne
'
It is
very
hendak
its
me
derivative
may
special usages.
common
after
desirous of;
boleh
he able,
pandai
datang
clever at,
to onr idiom
split
in
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
78
takut afraid
and so on.
hairan astonished
of,
iveeping
at,
tempat
place for,
mendengar-nya
it
bolehlah sudah menu lis Koran had the skill for ivnting the
Koran tiada boleh hendak melalui dari-pada hukum
you must not be desirous of transgressing the law tiada boleh
And so on, even in the imperative mood, pergi-lah membawa ayer utama jiwa menghidnpkan Sang Sambah
the ivater of Ife for restoring Sang Sambah
pergilah membuangkan Si Tuah go about the business 0/
banishing Si Tuah mari-lah kita melihat yang bernyalanyala sa-malam come and see ivhat ivas blazing last night;
kata Temenggong, ada pun di-tempat kayu Melaka
ini-lah membangunkan astana dan balairong said the
go and get
'
'
Temenggong 'At
the place
of
this emblica
tree this
is
the place
{b)
opposed
to
laid
down
me
in
form
42
is
if),
employed
as
bah
the
merchant
itu
billet ivith
Hang Tuah
quickly picked up an
axe and
split the
it.
Similarly,
when
there
is
the
and
principal sentence
of scent concluded
{c)
memakai bau-bauan
use
SYSTEIM OF AFFIXATION
tion
laid
is
Contrast
on
79
39 (/>).
biar kita menghantarkan
anakanda
lei
us he your sou's
deputed
Where
[d]
and
act,
and the
titah
is
me
comes
object
the
derivative
at
the
required to
repeated by
is
employed
beginning of the
equally on agent
fall
means of
Contrast
pronoun
(a).
39
highness' s mandate
obey
to
it
baik-lah
warriors proceed
to
slay him.
be(r)
49.
It
is
no sharp
dis-
That
distinction
be(r), as will be
voice, but this
many
cases
may be
called active
bergantong
hatiging,
may be
active
berkemas
or passive
rice
into
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
8o
bauan mh
kuda
scent on oneself;
folk
It is
mood nor
Examples
will
INIalay verb,
namely
tense.
in all
moods and
in all
Tendeloo
tives
in
stands to derivatives in
]\Ialay,
when he wants
me
is
speaking of a phenomenon
or of a process.
midway between
'
is
in
which something
done
to the subject.
'
INIalay
and reciprocal
action, of repetition
ideas of reflexive
where something
is
added
It is to
be noted that
berkata,
f/ian
to
may mean
example,
for
man, speak
all together
Bi
bernyanyi
all together
is
to another,
only an
singing
artificial
way
The
prefix
attach nouns
such of
is
reflexive
and
that in
parallel to the
me
system
and
It is to
various nuances
be
is
can
It
entity
51.
an
its
remembered
tives
verbal.
may
when
its
deriva-
finite verbs.
heads
(i) Reflexive.
one's {countenance)
berdiri
raise
prepared
yang laki-laki berkabong lagi berchukur dan segala perempuan bertokong rambut diinto three parties;
kerat
the
in
their
heads and all the ivomen had their hair cut; berjalan seperti
J-
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
82
five
Chinamen
with
live
Where
action
the
external (and
affects
dongkan
oneself viewed
expressed by diri, in
if
me may
its
as something
primary sense of
be employed
melin-
memaling muka
turn
to the
feel
{oneself)
berasa
mendiri
don (a
thing),
erect
coat),
mabok fel
drunk
bernaung
or a thing,
menaung
shelter oneself;
memakai
berpakai
dress oneself;
berangkat
travel
object) in the
sim
(lit.
remove
memalit smear
(any-
berjemur dry
Sometimes the
distinction has
been nearly
lost, as in
the
used indifferently throughout a long paragraph; but evenhere probably, a distinction should be marked in translation
Sultan
the
Bejidahara
to
order a
palace
to he
(lit.
make
oneself zvicked)
;;
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
can never be changed into
83
Reciprocal
(2)
bergomol tvrestle
bertukar exchange
bersalin.
bergelut rival
another;
berkait
interlock
berlaga
berantok
bergurau sport one with another; berjanji contract; berpinang plight oneself to another berkelahi fighting together
bersual, bertanya put one's gnestions to another bergadai
pawn {a thing for a consideration) berengkau nsi//g thou
;
'
'
in
denial to a person
another
bermohon
berchinta
one another
bertitah
take
Hang Tuah
bertidak making
one's commands to
issue
correspond.
tiada
ivith
bertulis
pelbagai cherita
gave them
makan
ada yang menjadi penchuri, ada yang bertikam some beca?ne thieves, others slabbers (lit. exchanging stabs
mortar)
ivith
peoples^
or
making themselves
slabbers, practising
as
slabbers).
expended
in a pleonastic
sendiri-nya
con-
against another
another
is
ombak berpalu
struction,
one
one
another.
may
Again, one
menaroh
against another
to
me
contrast derivatives in
menjual
another)
bertaroh
sell {a thing),
memegang
stake,
berjual
hold,
F 2
ivith
sell,
barter
berpegang
hold
menggosok
another menen-
and be(r).
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
84
tang
front,
tangkap
bertentang
seize
bermohon
and
confronl
be seized
menangkap
memohon
ber-
seize,
menyimpan
keep,
with
the other
two
the
relatives
came and
jniitual tears
and
where
the child
is
mother
a passive
object.
Denoting
(3)
bertindeh
storey
susun
repetition or addition to
in layers;
by measure
roiv
berbanjar tier on
berlingkar
original.^
storey
berlapis/b/d? on fold
tier
after another;
an
bertingkat
coiled, coil
upon
ber-
bergantang measure
berganti
upon
coil;
/;/
turn, one
berpusing
dogs, tens
of dogs accompanied.
in
kampong, berhimpun
company with
assemble together
bersaeng
bertravel
berbini possessed of a
magic
*
berbulu
Most of the
adjectives.
hairy
wife,
married
berilmu possessed of
berbudi tactful
berguna useful
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
berbangsa of good
birth
berperahu
85
(a) possessing
a boat,
(b) using
cloth.
(lit.
Here again
ivas possessed
derivatives in
me and be(r)may be
contrasted
(^possess)
same nuances
berlarian running
berluroh.an falling
one another
together
{in
berputusan
berterbanganyfy/;/^
numbers)
kerjaan
possessed of ivork
another
acquaintance
berkeliling encircling
from
bepe-
together
berpandangan facing
;
berkesudahan having an end, barang siapa yang memandang dia tiada berkesudahan puji-nya ivhoever saiv
him praised him tvithout end; berkeputusan endowed ivith
ability to be broken.
te(r)
its
primary
terchabut
mereka
itu
tiada terchabut
could extract
batu
terangkat
pergi-lah
pun
lifted,
mari-lah
ini,
sa-orang
itu,
'
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
S6
lift
it
to
tiada-lah
unable
to
man who
terjalan alle
ivorstcd;
is
to
travel;
terjalan
travel further
lagi
Sultan
Sultan
these examples
53.
The
(i)
realized condition.^
mengamok
frenzied
the
itu
is
left in
keris itu
///(
dagger xvas
the palace
di-
dengar-nya oleh Hang Jebat suara Laksamana sayupsayup, maka Laksamana berseru-seru pula, maka
suara itu terdengar-lah ka-pada Hang Jebat the
Laksamana s voice 7vas heard faintly by Hang febat; the
Laksamana
kept calling
and
was heard
distinctly
ia
absolutely
complete,
to conscious activity
sometimes sudden
stabbed
tales,
comes under
this
in the
is.
exordium of
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
87
his knees
Accordingly words
like terlupa_/or^^/;
slipped {aca'defifally)
see
oji
teringat remember
tersedeh-sedeh
much
the tray ; he
to rise.
uncontrollable
come
suara-nya terdengar ka-pada Siti
reached Siti Deiva distinctly; sebab aku
into a
man's head
Dewa
his voice
'
'.
lah ia
of
the
garden arrest
the attrition
of
ikan udang
bernang-nang dan lompat-lompat seraya tertawa dan
berpantun fish and pratvns swam about and gave repeated
leaps while laughter overtook them and they sang verses to one
intelligent visitors
and a longing
overtakes them
another.
it
come
to
tiga kali ia hendak melangkah pintu itu tiada terlangkah juga thrice she ivished to cross the threshold but ivas
unable; sedang sa-buah perahu tiada terlawan oleh
kita
since
we
in derivatives
from foreign
SYSTEINI
88
OF AFFIXATION
jawab answer
yat
sfory
hika-
pun
te(r) derivatives
as intensatives.
In
this
connection te(r)
in
is
prefixed to nouns,
bangy}///}' hloivn;
chengang
utterly
lalu,
dapat
able
this section
to,
would appear
and not
to
dapat terkatakan
boleh,
auxiliaries
completely count
tiada
pe
The
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
these
two euphonic
or r,
links, nasal
89
is
as
paan
asceticism
a paddle
(lit.
the
perta-
The
traced between
ber
in
that
one context,
the
be
will
illusory
will in
there are
many
langkahanyi9//'/7;(y
perlihatkan
the
It is to
be noted that
sunting -wearing
lute
for
pelontar missile
pelalau hindering;
:
pelampongy7(V^(7;;/
see
to
salute
per-
pe!^r)-
perlenteh
persembahkan
disso;
and
so on.
We
will deal
55. In
the examples of
nouns and
forms
with
all
it
first
it
is
Indonesian languages
said to
and
in
numerals.
to
as a verbal formative.
pa
its
prefixed
also
or
and
pe
in
is
a formative
some, as
form an imperative.
it
in
is
Malay.^
in
Note
pe+ nasal
i.e. in
^
adjective stems.
of affixation
syste:^!
90
himpunkan
segala
perhamba
riage;
to
ask
to be
minta pergunakan
to take to
wife;
by heart;
to
perhambakan to
pertetapkan
made a
to
make use
enslave;
of;
mar-
peristerikan
perhatikan
to
get
common
it
done
jangan
lah perjamti
its
pe
apa
of
so?}iething,
noun
penabur
and
derivatives,
e.g.
pemanis
is
apparent in
a thing-giving-chartn
;
pevtelan something
pemburu
something-
szuallo7i'ed ;
persalin
the use of
\
;
SVSTEIM OF AFFIXATION
Anyhow it
or thing
and
person
(i)
it
(2)
may
91
if
may be
orang
pengail a fishervian
I.
pemadat opium-smoker
from malas
from
madat
pemalas idler
XJqm^qx grumble
opium
petengkar^;7/Wi5/<';-from
idle;
penyengat
from
suroh (lit.
pengaseh
love-charm
{causing
kayoh
lo
paddle
pemukul hammer
from
pimpin
to
sicl<ness
penyepit forceps
from sakit
use)
suroh
to
order
from kaseh
pengayoh
from
love
cutting grass
sepit
pi7ich
sicf;.
A^ote.
Sanskrit
penebas lalang a
the
knife for
soother of cares;
pra
penghalau itek
penglipur lara a
transitive verb
;
a paddle from
powers of a
from
guide
scattered, a passive
love)
batu pelotar
ayam
permata kwels
OF AFFIXATION
SYSTEI\I
92
stones
for
pelling
fowls
penyudah kaseh
fnialHy in love
(lit.
tive
the
2.
pemelok
the space a
man can
7nan''s
the
embrace
of girth three
kayu
tiines the
space
embrace
perunjong
encircle in his
tree
his head.
These
by sa.
sa-per-
sa-peninggal
the time
it
takes to eat
sa-perpisang
a plantain.
ke^
is
of rare occurrence
formative
it
is
obsolete.
is
roots
an
when
the root
word
See
and a substantive
It
is
adjectival,
nuance according
2 for the
to the nature
Indonesian prefix k.
when
is
It
loved (passive)
kekaseh
kechundang
'
con-
terangan, &c.
ka
ketampi but kahendak, ka-
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
quest
ketua an
;
'
condition
ketiga
three
of
/;/
men
elder
the condition
the third
set, all.
of being knoivn
kesopani
a rudder
the
desire.
ketiga orang
itii all
kesemua-nya
in the condition
ketageh
kehendak
a craving
of being three
yang ketiga
kemudi
93
a complete
of knoiving or
desiring
di-
being respected.)
-an
58. This
suffix
is
Malay equivalent of
the
the Indonesian
which
in
adjectives,
often
not
mainly by context)
number and
and
extent.
it
Its derivatives
may
may sometimes
denote possibility
Substantival.
pangkalan
toran
these
suffix.
dirt
starting-place
hadap
fronting
rear.
There
stantival
is
buritan
no need
derivatives,
illustrated
under
Adjectival
larangan
the
all
hadapan
ko-
position in front
from
to multiply
from burit
as this function
heads.
derivatives
are
forbidden earth
goyangan
bantahan quarrelsome
plantain-tree
the
sivaying
sivaying, pliant, pisang goyangan
junjong supporting, pinang junjongan the betel-palm prop
sulongan tossing, main sulongan a game of pitch and toss
changan
counterfeit;
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
94
(2)
sea
daratan a
stretch
of land {as
to sea)
laws from
hukum
suratan writing
letter
tanaman
in
tanam
from
plants
to plant.
Probably under
this
head are
to
to
connoted, e.g.
rambutan
them too
plurality
rambut hair
to strengthen the
buah-buahan fruits of
all kinds from "buaih fruit
bau-bauan all kinds ofperfumery
from bau smell; anak-anakan ///!/^/f/j- from anak child;
plural sense denoted by the suffix
orang-orangan images on
the pupil
the eye
of
from orang
person.
(3)
(a)
Neuter,
aduan
for
orang aduan)
if) Active,
a complaint from
sfea?nit2g
adu
complain
complainant.
tutupan
pot from
lid
kukus
kukur scrape.
Passive,
hamparan
from tutup
to
steam;
to
shut;
kukuran
kukusan
a
coco-jiut
scraper from
{c)
out; kelian,
carpet from
hampar
to
spread
taking, profession from jawat (jabat) to grasp, hold; kumpulan a collection from kumpul collect; chagaran pledge
from chagar to mortgage; (orang) surohan a messenger
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
from suroh order
ku
pakaian
(d) Active
and
iveigh, consider
buatan
material
wear.
io
(
ikatan
shaer ikatan a
bind;
timbangan
passive,
from timbang
tion
clothes or
set
(i) a binding,
buatan baju
for a
coat ;
(3) capable
95
bukan
of accomplishment,
buatan.
{e)
Causal,
kenang
tance
to
remember
from sesal
kenangan
letter
a keepsake from
affectionately;
repent.
can be iviped
off.
pe
an
nouns denoting
qualities
and
faculties
root,
and more
abstract
rarely
nouns
(i)
perasaan
seeing,
range of
feeling
perjalanan journeying
himpunan
an assemblitig, a
ning, commencement
teaching,
instruction
charian
source
dan perdaraan
meeting
pembunohan
;
pelajaran
of livelihood
that
pergadohan
was
quarrelling
permulaan
teaching,
itu-lah asal
of
perbegin-
pengajaran
lear?iing
pen-
slaughter
the origin
the
perawangan
cojnmon names
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
96
hall.
perempuan
(3)
affinity
zy^vwcz;/
perburuan game
peranakan
ke
60. These
adverbial,
affixes are
pertemuan
an
found with substantival, adjectival,
They denote
dition of persons,
;/a//V^
(Jinntcd).
things, events,
places.
state or
The
con-
derivatives
Denote
1.
state or condition:
is
the place
breaks off i^
assume an
adjectival character
like
these derivatives
keturunan
2.
ia
from
The
descendants.
derivatives
may
be verbal:
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
97
itu
like fish
in the sun.
combined with
have
this
section
verbal,
one
substantive or attribute.
derived from
'hidi\VtQXi livelihood;
ke-
causes destruction;
kerugian occasion of loss; chandu mendatangkan beberapa chelaka dan kebinasaan dan kerugian ivhat
fatalities and occasions of destruction and loss come from opium
k-e-papasin cause ofpoverty aniaya chelaka dan kepapaan
;
oppression, ill-doing,
4.
Some
and beggaring.
denote possibility
(men);
5.
kerugian
(i) occasion
loss;
significance:
kemaluan
destruction
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
98
(2) destruction
kepapaan
(i) cause
is
seen,
kelapa
(2) can
the
see,
no lo7tger
compounds
see
itu tanah
zvcrc seen to be
yang kelihatan
mana zvhat
is
the
the
'kan, -kan
61.
of
its
evolution.
direction toivards
respect
I.
to,
akan
affix in
it
an
or towards a
object,
is
In origin,
moment and so
ivith
concerning,
the verb.
towards an object
menantu-nya
i.
embracing by
e. the
the prince
Direction towards a
moment
in time
zuait
for
the coining
of
the
enemy.
if)
Concerning
the matter.
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
The
II.
next stage
99
is
rindu
we
Finally
III.
As
((?)
a suffix
retains a trace of
its
prepositional force
which would be
dia
rumah
kasut
leave
{V) It
and
me
{for)
chichit-ku /
ivill
tinggalkan sahaya
aku hendak sediakan
shoes;
adjectives.
raj akan
cover,
orang make
sarongkan (keris)
kandangkan make
account a sin
(c)
a ruler of a person
pinangkan
give a sheath
hesar^Sin enlarge
selimutkan
propose marriage
to,
sheathe {a
haramkan make a
penohkan _;?//.
to
dagger)
sin
of
its
letter.
[This
suffix
to.
masakan
ia tiada
it
shall be got
datang
not to
had dried up
sabar-lah dahulu
co?ne?^
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
loo
-i
in i or
suffix.
With
other words
and
i.
Derived
(i)
from
locative
this
kubur make
travel
When
coiiniry
the
suffix
place, especially
ulang-ulangi
mengelilingi kota
menghampiri pintu approach the door.
round a fort
(2)
preposition,
word denoting
the
ground word
is
noun or
by
it
to an
object.
(Skt.) gift,
kurniai, anugerahi
to
bestow upon
sama, sameness,
kipas afan,
menyamai
compare
'
'
at, to.
(3)
The
often loses
derivative having
its
special force
become
intensative.
SYSTEM OF AFFIX mON
r.^
',
;: 'HI
There
(5)
built
melaxLti traverse
of
is
and
mvilai degin.
kan
several
a distinction
of
the
original
prepositions,
to
approach
person
hampirkan orang
(lit,
merajakan
REDUPLICATION
(2) Reduplication
of the
(3) Reduplication
or
kekabu, gegasing,
Kedah dialect lelaki,
vowel'
the
in
of consonants
dictionary provides a
first
for its
number of
or
of which
of both,
of
the
crystallized examples,
conjunctions
Malay.
Broadly
reduplication
always
implies
indefiniteness
This,
it
kedua
kedua pipi
pipi-pipi.
is
it is
very
common
:;
icfz
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
it
will
be convenient to classify
that redu-
plication expresses
lembu-lembu
of jncn, rumah-
all sorts
rumah
mahkota segala
raja-raja
croivn
the
all
of
forms
kinds
of
princes.)
Under
animals, which
these
lumba-lumba
fiy
porpoise
biri-biri
tortoise
sheep
kala-kala
laba-Iaba spider
Also
reduplication
to
churan
scorpion
kisi-kisi
express
ivhite
ant;
butter-
kura-kura
trellisivork.
plurality,
or
repetition,
melompat-lompat keep
blazing
berchuchur-chu-
anai-anai
form:
kupu-kupu, rama-rama
bernyala-nyala keep
keep dropping
sepui-sepui
bloiuing continually
ganti-ganti one
kili-kili (constantly
Reduplication denotes
(b)
scending degree
far far
a
aivay
de-
jauh-jauh
//;/)' tiny
budak-budak
kanak-kanak very young children
in the day, mula-mula at the very
keehil-kechil
small child
very
ascending and
indefinite
indah-indah
very ivonderful
lekas-lekas
7'ery
astonished;
terchengang-chengang very
va.evixgQVQ.va.dit-B.iocidjii look very closely at
lama-
kelamaan
quickly;
(c)
word
layang
fly,
layang-layang
kite
gunong
mountain.
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
gunong-gunong
ayam-ayam
orang-orang
ayam
watcr-foivl
langit heavens,
Jiorse;
103
kuda
langit-langit a
sky,
mata
the pupil
kuda-kuda
horse,
eye,
ceiling-cloth, the
mata-mata /cV/'ct?
foivl,
doihes-
orang man,
churi-churi
thieve,
colours
puteh
whitish.
And
under
this
and conjunctions
head comes
:
mana
its
mana-mana
ivhcre,
ivherevcr
raja-raja
anak
signifies a
more
As a
rule of syntax,
and
attribute,
anak
different
different sorts
it
may
anak
to the
Similarly
chiefs.
raja.)
subject
tuan
mere resemblance
is,
reduplicated,
is
rumah tuan-
Europeans' houses,
rumah-rumah. tuan
of houses belonging
to
the
a particular European
anak-anak
negeri Iain-lain
other
countries}
my
show
variety
(e. g.
words denoting
many
pokok
tree,
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
104
COMPOUND WORDS
65.
The meaning
by compounding
Malay word
of a
it
often extended
is
Many
parts of speech
afford examples.
(i)
of further analysis,
The one
((?)
in
viz.
case relation to
it
ayer lebah
hoiiey
i.e.
stands
kepala susu
arroiv
servants.
(c)
The
first
Per
ate;
burong enggang
gemala hikmat magic talisman.
a country
(2) Substantive
by
arbitrarj'
+ adjective,
the
the
hornhill bird-,
chief;
raja
XQXidSicrflzan prince;
a dainty morsel,
a girl, a mistress
viz.
kuching pekak
a kind of trap.
+ verb.
coot;;
(4) Adjective
mabok
+ substantive,
laut
sea-sick;
forming an adjective.
merah jambu
plum-coloured;
SYSTEM OF AFFIXATION
susah hati sad
masam
keras hati
ohsiinaic
105
bebal akal
(5) Adjective
+ adjective.
insane
muka^/z-'w.
puteh
red;
substantive.
of
trap.
(7)
Pronoun + verb.
yang di-pertuan
(colloquially
awat)
ruler (corrupted
yam
tuan)
apa
biiat
ivhy.
Pronoun + adverb.
apa bila when.
(8)
(9)
Compounding
place.
kitchen
membabi buta
adjunct;
niembusutjantanyt^;7fl: high
menganyam
negeri
gila
iveave
the
mad
menyusu
epileptic fit;
menganak sungai
decline to evening;
stitch
mendairah.
ant-hill
merembang petang
make a streamlet;
gajah
have an
and
jahat have
reply
the
Maharaja Lela
berlaki-biui
evil intentions;
bertandok panjang
in
married
bersual jawab
estate
berniat
be long-horned.
clothes;
CHAPTER
VII
66. Personal
One can
pronoun
PRONOUNS
Pronouns.
distinguish
in
^^lalay
pronoun proper,
(I) the
(II) the
noun employed
in
place of a pronoun,
I.
and
The
adjective,
plural
though
in a few cases
and another
They
ist
Malay noun
are
kamu.
As a pronominal
position
before
contracted
to
the
ku
proclitic
root
standing
of the
and engkau
in
an insignificant
transitive
to
kau.
verb
hai
aku
is
Ruwana
it.
n, and
after
PRONOUNS
The
exact
significance
important to understand
107
pronouns
of these
highly
is
it
God
addressing man, by a
and
among
relations familiarly
Used
themselves.
for
we
it
often has a
to
denote plurality
by princes
Unlike kami,
kami
it
tiada tahu
know
'.
'
It is
kita orang,
to
In the plural,
the
is
it
not arrogant.
and
his parly,
sembah orang
men did
itu
obeisance saying
kamu
'
'
and excludes
kami sakalian
used sometimes
Johor
States,
kau
is
preferred, as in literature.
ia
for
is
he, she,
they,
form
II.
and
is
common
emphasis as subject
commoner
It is just civil,
and conversation.
than ia in conversation.
is
The
him.
dia too
genitive suffix
if
it,
proper
he
will
of
PARTS OF SPEECH
io8
Many
by some noun of
the
self-deprecia-
show
Persoji speaking
improper.
The
following
PRONOUNS
109
common.
occurs also as
It
'
any
raja
of state
of
and even of
brother)
of
commoners speaking
for
zuorld,
of them-
Europeans.
by
or ive; used
first
person
and gentry
rajas
;
but chiefly
in letters,
and corre-
the
beta (Hind,
sovereign
'
on the East coast it is rude except for the raja writing to his
chiefs, and that in Pahang it was formerly an expression
forbidden except for the ruler.)
tuan,
in
literally master, is
of birth
tuan puteri
and
the
is
in titles is
title
paduka tuan
found seri
(which in Perak
is
is
only
simply
In Perak,
sovereigns.
it
by important
tengku,
on both
of Pahang,^
1
sometimes arrogated
tengku besar
In Perak,
it
is
is
the
title
rajas of full
of the
blood
Crown Prince
Muda
to themselves
in
sides
may be
is
Sejarah Melayu,
no
PARTS OF SPEECH
Hang
it is
be found
engku
Dutch
in
versions of the
work
it is
and neither
not to
it
nor
applied to Sayid,
It is
engku
in
Riau-Johor
the
is
common
In
mothers.
applied to the
is
it
datok,
literally
commoner
grandfather,
but
chiefs,
is
is
of big hereditary
title
and
headmen and of
specifically of grandfather or
grandmother.
enchek
it is
Specifically proper
all.
The commoner
wife of a
raja will be
are
teman
(lit.
forms rare in
literature
editions
of the
affectionate talk
among
Dutch
kawan
friend,
humble forms
second
person
for
awak
the
in
mika
you,
first
talking
in
in
and
body)
to
inferiors,
silakan
goa and
/ and
PRONOUNS
mereka
III
common
for
they in literature.
III.
become
many
of which have
commoner
noun
persons.
(i)
and
Words denoting
first,
Proper names,
(2)
and conventional.
real
Used by
words of the
last
two
of these classes are not usual and sound childish and assertive.
Used
persons,
all
in place of
three
classes
common
as
modes
of
polite address.
(i)
(polite),
either sex.
The
fiction,
relationship
may
emak ka-mana
sex
to
any
common
buah hati
sayang, abang tiada pergi lama good-bye, my
are
tinggal-lah
is
to
whom
writing,
PARTS OF SPEECH
112
bonda
from ibu
adek
from
mamak
tincle
(a
occur in literature
bonda
nurse,
found
is
(2)
to
is
you{\.t.
Where
has gone.
of
is
unknown,
Kulup
Perak
Melayu says
'
name
If
spoken to or spoken
of the person
Awang
The
virgin.
use.
the
common
one of his
or in
Sejarah
formerly corresponded to
dara
serfs
came up from
its
When
"
is
(namamu
/ am
?)
"
Then
thefelloiv
(sahaya ini
father."
myfather, and
So-and-so
(engkau anak
anu-kali)
si
7}iy
grand-
own serfs
West coast 'Long =
sulong
and-so's son
So great
would pay
firstborn
is
similarly
On
the
used
in
the
case
of
girls.
own name and prefer to be called'pa A.vfB,ng father of Aivang or 'mak 'Ngah mother of'Ngah
'pa Awang indeed
or whatever be the name of their child
has become a conventional mode of address like Awang.
Parents often drop their
(3) Besides
tuanku, tengku,
engku,
datok, other
to
to suit the
in
the
third
PRONOUNS
So we
person.
find
wan
as a form of address to
= sharifah)
to female
and
wan,^ 'chek
113
mek
in the
North
to ladies of
birth,
in the first
mendicant or
person
dagang yang
naturally never
titles
of address
seldom
contracted
of the
moned by (him)
bawah
from
it
not the
the sovereign
of
the
ivorld.
sembah ka-
and
superiors).
shah alam
baginda
(Skt.
literally the
ivorld.
is
common
term in the
'
1554
In Negri Sembilan,
in the
wan
second person.
means
PARTS OF SPEECH
H4
Pronouns.
67. Possessive
and
may
the
all
words used
follow a
viy wife.
The
mu
(and sometimes in
rumah-ku my
house,
hidup-
baju aku
not he
The
uses of
nya may
(i) Following a
is
nya.
be summarized as follows
noun,
it has the same varied case signoun following another will have.
the child
of that raja.
In these cases
it
lends
datang
come.
And
baginda
under
this
head
fiezvs,
falls
the use
di-dengar-nya
in the hearing
baginda.
the prince,
falls
on
PRONOUNS
Moreover
if it
115
me
cannot
limit the
is
nya
be that when
will
contrary to
its
and
in
siapa mengaseh-nya we
shall
lover.
mu
;
an accusative,
kaseh-nya who
is
her
is
and nya
tion-c7/w-substantive forms,
atas-nya, oleh-nya
idiom
in all of
is
in the genitive.
Its
it
is
this child
may be
Possession
the
whose story
it
is
'
'
the
dia
its
punya rumah
his house)
it is
milk.
cozv's
punya
Another circumlocution
Finally antithesis
aku
baik
a fine horse.
is
expressed by
7nine,
punya kuda
Used,
that holding
marked by
that coat
is
my
repetition
coat.
milek
is in
is
common,
baju
PARTS OF SPEECH
ri6
68.
Reflexivity
in
Malay by
the
the
awak
like
is
really a
noun used
idiomatically.
pronouns
well
in self,
I destroy
membuang
In certain idioms
sahaya, diri
of security
hamba vy person
sendiri,
sa-orang diri
diri
diri
alone
di-
slay oneself;
one's leave.
kami
I of 7ny
he on your person
one's
(2)
pun pergi
ia
stands alone,
it
the blessings
dalam diri in
minta diri take
self,
kakanda may
aku
baik-lah aku
+ the
sendiri,
more
usual.
sahaya sendiri
= (i)
I ?ny-
I alone,
seperti harta-
nya sendiri
your,
not clear,
nya
her or their)
his,
sendiri-nya of its
oivn accord;
sama
sendiri-
The
itu
space, ini
this, these,
in
lime and
and
space.
(i)
They
follow the
word they
qualify
and follow
all
the
if
any, denoting
its
attributes,
is
sreat.
PRONOUNS
117
a noun,
They can
(3)
alone or
stand
with
a clause,
state
of
affairs
he; itu-Iah
is
ini-lah
yang kita
ivhat that
(4)
is
itu-lah.
elok
lah,
hal-nya
predicate
that
is the
sa-malam
lihat
itu
that / that
is
as
emphatic forefront of
beautiful.
may
be seen from
orang ini this man {here) negeri Perak ini this land of
Perak here empat lima bulan ini patek tiada memegang
keris this last four or five months I have not held a dagger.
;
orang itu
Singapore yonder,
to,
Singapore
yonder man
the ivell-knoivn
Singapura itu
;
tetekala itu
Interrogative Pronouns.
70.
The
apa what
.^
mana
ivhieh ? ivhere ?
nya pokok
article si
itu zvhat
and apa)
is
the
name of
tvho ? ivhose ?
is
that tree?
siapa
(the
mana
rogative pronoun,
pokok mana
itu which
is the
tree? or
PARTS OF SPEECH
ii8
itu
may mean
a thing
is
mana
So
yang.
'ivhcre
is
pokok apa
whereas
refer to ?
is
reference to place.
which
you
balai
is
frequently accompanied
ivhich
tree?
by
ivhere is the
antara, dari-pada.
out of these tools ?
siapa (antara)
kamu
pada
ini ivhich
7vhich ofyou,
mana
pokok itu, mana (pada) antara pokok itu, mana daripada pokok itu which of these trees ? Derivative forms are
berapa hoiv much? how many? mengapa why? definite
reason why ? kenapa ivhy ? betapa how? %vhy ? bagai-
mana
hoiv?
Examples of
price ?
Ruwana ngapa engkau melakukan diri-mu demikian dan berapa lama-mu sekarang why,Ravana, doyou
conduct yourself thus and how long now have you done so ?
supaya aku ketahui betapa hal-nya that I may knoiv
{inore or less) what is his condition
also chukup lengkap
betapa adat raja-raja yang besar sufficient preparation
hai
{jnore or
less')
like the
menangkap landak
71.
The
in
what way
is the
bagai-mana
porcupine trapped ?
idiomatic
word which
conjunction,
if
pronoun
in
Malay
is
yang, an
translation, rendered
and so on.
is
It
may be
omitted in
that,
by
the,
PRONOUNS
(i)
yang
rig
it
apabila
Laksamana
the
mati,
yang
Laksamana
raja itu
is
mudah juga
dengan kuat yang mana hamba mem6the force with ivhich I may hold hi?n? pada
masa ini-lali tuan hamba hamil yang akan peroleh
anak yang amat bijaksana this time the important point
an easy victim
is
is
relative conjunctions
this time
'
omit
two emphatic
atid
ivill
bear a
hamba dengar
orang dari Goa
clever son.
Malay
is
the
yang
would imply
hear there
Goa
yang
is
that
has a
Consonant with
introduced by
in
it
this
will
function of
occupy often
Malay composition,
yang,
the
word or clause
that position of
emphasis
humbly
Naturally
accept.
yang
accompanies the
merely
to
will
attributive adjective,
phrase following
it
is
its
attribute
Hang
after
( 99).
PARTS OF SPEECH
120
the
meaning
(3)
is
yang
that drink
is the
just as
is
omitted
in
tvritten
and signed
A nd sent
a braid
it ivith
his
letter
hand ;
it to
or
/ ivant
to
know a
butcher paints.
told
In
all
translation.
And
in
jMalay
yang may
to
be and
is
in
often-
grammar (though
ivere
searching
zvent to their
segala
homes;
the people
orang menghantarkan
memegang
were conveying
the
keris-nya sudah
PRONOUNS
terhunus
his
dagger
121
/'/
i.e.
holding
ivas draivn.
(4)
yang
and
said to correspond
its
function
in this context,
it
definite articles.
empunya is used for the owner, tiada di-keempunya suara it was not knoivn ivho ivas the
ozvner of the voice oleh yang empunya kedai by the shopkeeper; kata yang empunya hikayat says the author of the
So yang
tahui yang
Similarly
tale.
what
is the
use
bertemu dengan
ive
can meet
ivith
(scilicet
the object
of our quest
berpimpin
(5)
yang
the blind
will
came guided.
not
serve
like
our
relative
.pronoun
to
a fresh topic
zaman
become prince at
knew he luould
end of time
ihe
72. Indefinite
Pronouns.
people,
ekur mata-nya
PARTS OF SPEECH
122
people
suatu
to persons,
apa can
It is generally reduplicated
kalau jangan
apa-apa gondala-nya provided there is no accident of any
tidak apa it is no matter, it is nothiitg
kind, but not always
so too, apa-tah and even apa-lah : hai adinda
definite
apa-lah bichara kita akan anakaij.da ini sister mine, have
we any plan at allfor this child of ours.
barang so?}ie, ajiy (also a noun = chattels and a modal
expression.
word
it
qualifies
and
so
has
been
compared with
an
numeral,
smarting
(i.e.
was something
extraordiyiary).
temperament peculiar
to
himself
is
qualifies a substantive,
tiap-
PRONOUNS
tiap hari every day
123
a! every
Singh' chain.
semua
sakalian,
number
in
which
all,
case, they
do not stand
after the
word
barang and
like
lantek
mati-lah
tiap-tiap.
kuman kena
it
pe-
(B)
73. Cardinal
I.
Numbers.
satu
dua
enam
3 tiga
tujoh
delapan
sembilan
(also sa-,
empat
lima
retiini) is
eleven to nineteen
added
to the
11 sa-belas
12
belas (=balas
numbers
NUMERALS
dua-belas
16
enam-belas
17 tujoh-belas
13 tiga-belas
18 delapan-belas
14 empat-belas
19 sembilan-belas
15 lima-belas
puloh added
ten
for
example
to the first
10 sa-puloh
60 enam-puloli
20 dua-puloh
70 tujoh-puloh
90 sembilan-puloh
30 tiga-puloh
To
enam
21
66 enam-puloh
33 tiga-puloh tiga
77 tujoh-puloh tujoh
84 delapan-puloh empat
45 empat-puloh lima
93 sembilan-puloh tiga
dua-puloh satu
27 dua-puloh tujoh
PARTS OF SPEECH
124
The
nine units
first
100 sa-ratus
300 tiga-ratus
900 sembilan-ratus
The
dua
1000 sa-ribu
3000 tiga-ribu
The
lens
The
kurang
(i)
numbers
less,
subtracting
is
likur
is
used in
it
to
literature
for
20 especially
in dates,
21 sa-likur
times with
kurang,
yang esa
is
used for
otie.
some-
Tuhan
(5)
below
hand 1480
evil spirits.
to express multiples
of five see
NUMERALS
The Arabic
74.
125
ciphers
0123456789
Thus 19
will
Rarely the
be
18000
i^
r,
..
letters
.54
L_j
ciJ
400
500
30
200
]a
900
40
^7
(^ 300
60
They
100
^3
56
80
k__s
will
(_^
10
in
1000
()0
U 50
qualify, except
and
75.
(i)
(^
^jo
20
]o
^3
^ 600
700
800
t^
But,
if
emphasis
falls
it
on
the numeral, then the other cardinals will stand before the
it
that
is,
both
in the
emas
satu,
No
enam
puloh
(3)
15 tr 16
a day or
40 or 50
empat lima
tivo
They express
dates
PARTS OF SPEECH
126
berangkat-lah
as soon as
set out.
it
came
pertama
to the
sometimes found;
is
the first
o;;
pada
day of the
month of Muharram.^
(4) Reduplicated, the cardinals signify:
suatu-suatu
severally;
one by
\\x<sx2^-\\vsi2i
penchuri
otie,
of [us]
one by one,
empat-empat
The
in
two;
i.e.
every fourth
sa-ribu kemuliaan
further
(lit.
76. Fractions.
suku, sa-suku
share
and
tiga
suku
one-quarter
three-quarters
three-quarters.
tengah, sa-tengah a
half a cubit; sa-tengah
midday.
half, one-half;
jam
half
is
att
sa-tengah hasta
employed
also to subtract
digit
it
precedes a ^ of
i,
;
e.g.
NUMERALS
127
{/(JV.) is
number,
indefinite
fi/ty cents
(lit.
sa-belah ringgit
half a
is
dollar).
means of
a third.
The
use of derivatives
to express
fractions
avoided
is
di-bahagi tiga, dua bahagi akan Laksamana, sa-bahagi akan orang yang empunya harta
bahagian.
Laksamana, one-third
to
the oivner
it
allotted to
Temenggong me-
Without
bahagian = tivo-thirds
lima
bahagian = five-si.xths sembilan bahagian nine-tcnlhs,
and so on tiga bahagian jiwa-nya sudah hilang he was
dua
explanation
further
three-quarters dead.
^11. ke
derivatives.
formed,
satu
yang
the sixty-first;
the three
literature
kesa
is
Very
rarely
The
follows the
yang ke
phrase
word
and mainly
in
ke
it
qualifies,
.,
is
simple.
the third
PARTS OF SPEECH
128
chapter
fasal
yang kelima
the
paragraph
fifth
never
&c.
noun they
qualify
kedua pipi
laki isteri the
both cheeks
couple,
complete
kedua mata
husband and
ivife
set, all.
both eyes
kedua
ketiga anak-nya
children^
his
pronouns
included
is
brothers
and
his
and
the prince
(4)
If the
ke
for the
noun
-nya
added
is
(or
to
it
bunob
we
slay them, the ivholc forty of them ivill be dead afid done ivith
had
the eighth
the
period
clause
these
which completed
arrived.
(5)
Standing alone
derivatives
denote
at
firstly,
the beginning
secondly,
of a
thirdly,
&c.
di-surob
thirdly the
Bendahara, secondly
the
the Kali,
Laksamana.
NUMERALS
78. hev
It
129
derivatives.
how
collective
ke
derivatives.
except
that
ber
is
of course
neither
Like derivatives
to the
required
in
ke, so
berpuloh-puloh oraug
sahaya bertiga we three together.
scores
of
79. Miscellaneous.
segala,
every,
ganda
-fold; kali,
kian
times, are
words used
in multipli-
cation,
division
by bahagi
80.
Numeral
?>iultiply
by pukul, tharab
(Ar.).
coeflacients.
many
cases descriptive
of
some obvious
quality'
in
of the
head of cattle.
batang
bentok
of
The
following
is
of rings.
list
of the
commoner:
PARTS OF SPEECH
13
bidang
of ividihs of
cloth,
rice-fields,
buah
knives,
butir oi
cloth,
of men,
paper,
kaki
kampoh
kayu
of
keping
roe,
cloth,
of blocks of timber,
ttietal,
meat,
kuntum
o{flowers,
laboh of hanging
cloth,
laras oi gun-barrels,
mata
orang oi persons,
patah of words,
peranggu of sets of betel-boxes, buttons,
perdu oi trees,
pintu or tangga of houses,
potong of slices of meat and bread,
puchok of guns,
rawan and utas
rumpun
of
nets,
sikat of a layer
tandan
letters, needles,
in a
**-
bunch of bananas,
of a bunch of bananas,
tangkai of flowers,
urat of thread.
The numeral always stands immediately before its coAnd before a coefficient sa is used instead of
efficient.
NUMERALS
suatu.
The
131
syntax of numeral-f/-coefficient
is
identical
[c)
but,
laid
down
if
emphasis
and
in {a)
it
falls
(^) is reversed.
Instances are
anak-ku tiga
anak-ku sa-orang my
one and only son
tiga orang anak-ku three persons, i.e. my
sons
and sa-orang budak hanyut berpegang pada sakeping papan a child afloat clinging to a plank, where the
sa-orang anak-ku
orang my
one (or
^7)
son cf mine;
but
a ivatch.
ADVERBS
(C)
81.
Even
in
languages
less elliptic
and
elastic
than Malay
mostly express
in a short
They
if
PARTS OF SPEECH
132
He
sentences,
So even on
nouns
which
in
convey Jujn
No.
prising to find, as
Malay
Can you
quickly ?
letter
Marsden pointed
out,
'
not sur-
is
it
few instances
in
their
is
less fixed
will suflice
siang daylight;
bawah
the
depth
deep ;
by daylight
malam
deeply ;
in
atas
by
7iight ;
bottom;
above,
the top ;
?iight',
dalam
and many
so too
others.
(b) Also adjectives.
dekat
walk
is
list
benar
true, truly
otiose, since
jarang
most adjectives
pandang tepat
quickly.
(c)
Also verbs.
approach;
turut
hsdek return
Very common
nearly.
berganti-ganti
hampir
; behind;
is
the
in
form ber +
turn
to
re-
berturut-
repeatedly.
Especially close
the
is
conjunctions, so that
it
shall
Many Malay
segera quickly
sahaja
ojily
saat
in a
moment
is
Arabic.
ADVERBS
Formation of Adverbs.
83.
(I)
esok
yet,
lama
to-morroiv,
ke-mudi-an
time,
By
(a)
By
{p)
at
Ihe
sa-kian
secretly
^f//}'
tiba-tiba
kurang-kurang
at
the
(0/ rain).
sa-belah on one
so
much;
situ (sa-itu)
side
sa-kali at once
sa-benar
sa-lalu ahvays
thus;
sini
(=
truly
sa-ini)
there.
By sa + reduplication
sa-hari-hari daily
kali
iioi
fixed
get
sambil (= sa-ambil)
kira-kira approxifuately
churi-churi
rintek-rintek
least;
{c)
we
hari-hari daily
suddenly
belum
very,
(II)
here
amat
{0/ Ume),
thereafter.
roots,
like
lofig
same
133
of the root.
sa-lama-lama /or
ever
sa-kali-
ever.
///
all reality
to the best
sa-
0/ one's
{e)
By sa + reduplication + nya.
sa-lama-lama-nyay(>r
very best 0/ one's
{/) By
ever
sa-boleh-boleh-nya
to the
ability.
the suffix
an
in a
taimba.'h&n/i/rther?nore
it be.
{g) Isolated
forms
perlahan-lahan
are
sloivly
lama-(ber)kelamaan at last]
pertama-tama (from Skt. pra-
thama) firstly.
(III)
words,
PARTS OF SPEECH
134
bagai
man a
itu therefore
is
///'?(';
mana
of no use;
kala
fasal ivhy
ta'usah dont,
dengan
preposition
dengan
The
84.
Malay adverbs
classification of
degree,
time,
place,
help of the
iviih
adil-nyay>/j//r
it
ivhcn.
and
affirmation
This
as adverbs of
marks no
marked by their
negation
latter
is
classification as
I.
II.
I.
To
kurang
the
first
less;
lebeh
viore;
not;
makin
Of
these
kurang, lebeh,
terlalu,
the more.
sedang, belum,
bukan
and generally
twenty-eight dollars
terlalu
muda-muda belaka we
demikian
that
after
sa-belah sini
in
this
are
of us
sa-teliah
while.
Many
belum) belong
bukan, makin,
ADVERBS
13J
II.
in
the
Their
verb.
depends
position
on
emphasis
the
desired.
Raja Suran
leapt quickly
mau
tiada
were still in the presence of the Raja and the Javafiese chief;
baginda belum lagi keluar tengah dudok di-balai the
prince had 7iot yet gone forth and still sat in the hall\ tengah
baginda berfikir itu ivhile still the prince thought over it to
himself; gigi kami semua-nya habis tanggal our teeth
have all of them entirely dropped out; sangat tahu or tahu
sangat know
thoroughly.
Of
speaker
is
addressed
strative
situ
is
some one
else
distant,
sa-belah. on this
balek
bchifui,
sana and
dalam
side,
inside,
where
mana
may be
adverbs
sa-berang across
ka and dari
really
7vhere,
water,
may
prefixed to
qualified
by the demonstrative
sa-lama ini
there,
is.
bawah
Many
where the
form
strictly
all
bukan,
it
be used where
kaya
that
man
it
is
is
understood.
not rich
to
be
and should
is
that
PARTS OF SPEECH
136
matt rich or
he not P
is
that ruan
word
the
tidak
be affirmed;
should
stated
which
to
is
something
is
Surely
ivicked ?
else;
who
it is
sentence,
he
is
wicked but he
710 1
he
is
the
qualifies
is
it
not
bukan
rich also
is
bukan
is
reverse
the
is
not true,
tidak-kah
bukan-kah benar
is it not true ? (/ have heard it is true).
The following
transpositions show the force of bukan
bukan sengaja beta ka-mari it is not offree-will but by
compulsion I have come; sengaja bukan beta ka-mari
offree-will not I but others would have come; sengaja beta
bukan ka-mari of free-will I should have journeyed not here
benar
is
it
not true ? (/
dofi't
know)
but elsewhere,
bukan
to
suffix
it.
the reverse
of a large country
bukan-nya
nya
attached
this country is
ia tiada
tahu
tidak, tiada or
and
use.
ta'
ada, ta'
t'
comnion
not,
in conversation
usah dont;
in literature,
ta'
akan musoh
itu
7itTer
buah perahu
Where
is
is
often found
present.
to
be
polite.
ADVERBS
137
&c.),
(i)
io,
yes.
is it possible?',
not;
and
rarely
entah / hiow
no.
and the
jangan
do not,
/'/
withoutfail
pernah
to his lessons.
ever
is
never;
nya
ia
belum pernah
juga, jua
is
never yet.
often
it
its
and
but he
is
ada-
antithesis
and balance
may be
untranslated.
left
possible,
is
he
in interrogative
tidak pernah
beberapa sudah lamamenjadi tua tiada pernah ia menyuroh bekerja
sick
ia
want
and
he
is
sick still or
datang juga
to
others come
hari ini juga oti this day and not on another day; sama
juga alike this and that; kalau mau pergi boleh juga
if you xvant to go, you can go dengan mudah juga ia
mengangkut // is not easy but with ease he lifts it apa juga
maksud-nya ia datang he has a reason, hut what is his
reason for coming ? di-pandang dari hadapan terlalu
;
PARTS OF SPEECH
138
tinggi
very high
it
has
thorns.
it
from
masa(-kan), remak.
rang,
perhaps
be
a prince's palace;
di-tanah Pasai
better to die in
nya,
kira-nya,
apa-lah
Pasai.
barang,
barang kira-nya,
mudah-mudahan, muga-muga
soften
kata
command
isteri
or
datok
'
'
'
dotit be arrogant
hati
and proud
pray do
may
often
ADVERBS
139
//
?'s
I who am
pn'?ice
rata-lah segala
burgled
padang
rumah keehurian
Ihi
the
'tok
bidan tujoh-lah pergi sembahkan it ivas the seven viidzvives zuho ivent and informed the prince
sang api pun bermaharaja-lela-lah Mr. Fire played the Maharaja Lela.
;
kah
the
is
sentence
particle
being
of interrogation
distinguished
from
the
interrogative
the
affirmative
by intonation
also
often
by the
kah
like
suffixed to the
very
interro-
tah an
is
suffixed
only
to
interrogative
pronouns
and
adverbs.
PARTS
I40
Analogous with
that
refers
is
SPEECH
-OF
mark
use to
its
mention
its
Adam
a previous clause,
when
repetition,
and balances
qualifies
it
it
in
alaihi
maka
al-salam berjalan-jalan pada waktu suboh
tetekala itu nabi Adam alaihi al-salam pun bertemu
dengan Ruwana bertapa itu ovce the prophet Adam on
;
And
Adam
Often
doing penance.
may
be translated
7Homent
that
siapa
on
be peace
then
it
sekarang pun
even, too.
pun
whom
any one at
all
pun
itu
too.
Sometimes these
particles
piala
ivas
(D)
made
to
PREPOSITIONS
di
ka
?>/,
to,
at,
dL'ax\fro7n,
(2)
to
ka-mana
kang
bottom
back.,
;
e. g.
rear,
dalam
di-atas
dari-atas from
atop,
atop.
luar
interior,
on the top
But
it is
ivhithcr
like
of,
to
.^
dari-mana
atas the
top,
the outside,
ka-atas
bela-
bawah
of
last
prefixed to them
cave,
sea,
PREPOSITIONS
The
(3)
adjectives,
and
placing of these
is
to this
land,
pada {infra).
The one exception
to
to this rule
north
{b) temporal,
from
Hassan.
to
ka-
in this land,
south
before
di-negeri ini
not permissible,
negeri ini
prepositions
place,
locative
141
boyhood
is
that there
is
latitude in
may be
I went
to
Manjapahit.
is fairer
{e)
than reality.
denote concerning
business.
but
ka must
singgah
ka
will
visit,
be used.
however remote
With words
datang come
to
like
exists,
sampai
not di
arrive
is
at,
and
generally preferred.
ifyou
ivill
ka-pada
it
comes
I myself ivill keep guard; datang-Iah ka-pada tahunyangka-hadapan^c^w;/ to the year which is {for) coming.
to
night
PARTS OF SPEECH
142
pada
89.
invariably suffixed to
is
mu
for
place of di and
ka and
dari,
and
it
if
only
lakes the
generally in elegant
style to
i.e.
suffixed to
is
ka and
and nya
Of
its
use
will serve.
from
to him;
ambil dari-pada-ku
bapa ka-pada-mu your father.
Of the
vie;
ka-pada
and
time,
and
that
dari-pada while
dari {supra)
like those of
It will
ka can
inclines to
its
be observed
indicate possession
be used
in
metaphorical
ka-pada
coming
to
a certain cave
letters
to
all
lands
mengutus ka-
sending an embassy
to
Southern India
to
////
Thursday but
(3) Possessive,
pun
to
our relations.
not to be imitated.)
it is
tiada ka-pada
aku
j-te'^;
suatu
frojn the
dari-pada
from
office
of
vizier
sickness.
Denoting
of gold;
origin, material,
pakaian dari-pada emas
gambar di-buat dari-pada kapur masak
laki
yore
dan perempuan
PREPOSITIONS
(4)
143
Denoting cause,
great affection
(5) Comparative,
sa-laku ini
so that
to
I may
menang dari-pada aku conquer {over) me memerentahkan dari-pada segala makhlok rule over all
fashion
creatures.
When
alone for
pun
tiada
menyamai dia
pada and
ka-pada is ordinarily employed where purpose is denoted.
bab pada menyatakan a chapter for explaining; anjing
baik pada menghambat a hound good at the chase terlalu
bijaksana pada hal memanah itu very expert at archery.
In honorific addresses to is expressed not by ka-pada but
all the princes
of
not
feet;
pada
(i) Locative.
Under
this
head di and
rumah pay
tepi jalan
principle,
visits to
sit
or at a house
by the wayside.
can some-
dudok
or
di- (or
pada
pada)
pada
singgah di-rumah
the
spot
particular
but
pada
in
PARTS OF SPEECH
144
orang mati
he
saw
at
otie
gak
the bodies
of scores of
officers
less
90.
akan
is
a preposition, very
common in
kan
Abbreviated to
so in conversation.
It
signifies
literature
it
approach
to,
but
has become
toivards,
to,
touching, concernifig.
.''
akan
denotes
the patiens
as
opposed
to
oleh which
Denoting approach
takes
the
place
future time
to
of an
it is
auxiliary forming
that
zvhich
enough
is
toward]
future
tense
tiada akan
PREPOSITIONS
oleh
91.
beroleh
Its original
getting.
41)
145
with verbs,
sense
is
still
to
denotes
it
be seen
in
close
dengan
with,
is
a very
companionship, close
relation
common
relation
For
careful.
be
preposition denoting
in time,
close
allied to
causal
some
act
or circumstance.
{a)
the
bagai
kuku
and other
verbal
derivatives
in
bulu mata
dengan bulu kening sudah bertemu eyelashes had met
bersahabat dengan raja friendly with a
with eyebroivs
prince berbichara-lah dengan kapitan kapal discussing
relation
are
followed
by
this
preposition
Temporal,
dengan
ginda at that very moment the king divorced her; dengan tiada
berapa lama-nya in a short while; dengan tiga hari
habis-lah pekerjaanitu in three days the work was finished.
{c)
Proximity of place,
the house
to
PARTS OF SPEECH
146
Keling
learfi
conquered.
dengan
in
lihat-lah
ivithout.
Benda-
(f) In oaths
by.
in the
several
by God; dengan
name of the Prophet. For
above
prepositions, there
indeterminate
characteristically
words
that
are
among
demi.
one
after
demi Allah
another;
dekat, hampir
peti itu the king
demi sa-orang
demi sa-bilah he
by God; sa-orang
di-lihat
near,
slept
sa-bilah
And
see 98 (/").
PREPOSITIONS
147
before
knees;
further severance
there be no
day of Judgement
the
till
the
let
dari
called
Patani doivn
bagi
seen
the
in
to the
present time.
is
sentences
94.
Among
as conjunctions,
antara between
/(?)
karna
word,
is
tiada bagi
him a boy;
to
words used
a
is
fair
sama
me
otily
children
God.
all praise to
as prepositions, as
among words
to
to
and sebab
karna Allah
of.
bazaar Malay
cause,
in
an Arabic
God's name;
may be
the
mouth
literal
is the
rendering
of
destruction.
in
the
required,
and
without
found
Words
ganti
take
followed by prepositions.
in
like
preposition are
mengadap
the place
In
2
the
ours a preposition
many
is
confront;
of are ordinarily
phrases,
there
is
PARTS OF SPEECH
148
signify case,
naik gunong
turun gunong descendfrom a mountain
keluar padang issue from a plain dudok tanah sit on the
ground; tinggal rumah stay at home
menyembah kaki
nothing
but
context to
the
ascaid a inoiintahi
bijak berchakap
penoh sampahyf/AY/
clever at conversation
with rubbish;
pandai menari
clever at daJicifis'.
(E)
CONJUNCTIONS
it
is
its
literature or
II.
either in
conversation.
belong
III.
its
the words so
employed
origin.
{a) Copulative.
hamba sahay a
praiv?is;
will
to
ru7i
again.
And
this
CONJUNCTIONS
were
all cheap.
Sometimes
the
149
antithesis
be between
will
halilintar
i.e.
sabong-menyabong
illustrates
(N. B.
antithesis,
also omitted
storm,
where simultaneity
is
It
the
year
is
dates,
191
and
of lightning
the omission of the copula both between contrasted
crackle
and
kissed.)
{b) Adversative.
informing {Malacca).
Alternative.
{c)
dua
{or)
tiga hari
unwilling
days
mau
ta'
mau
ivilling
is
alive or dead,
I do
not knoiv
good or
ill,
//
is
tiada
uncertain
{d) Final.
itu,
{that)
{e)
'
That
'
of indirect narration.
PARTS OF SPEECH
I50
7ietvs
came
to
people.
{/) Conditional.
datang orang budak
layang, 'ku taaya came a
hendak
boy
buy rny
to
(g) Causal.
datang 'ku
I came
ini
because
>io7v is
the reason
slay you.
Temporal.
(//)
ka-pada masa itu Laksamana Hang Nadim diJohor menengar Sultan Abdul-j alii mangkat, ia balek
;
Ha fig
A\idim ivas
Johor, but
in
pun naik
many conjunctive
idioms, and
baik, bukan
entah, baik
entah
maka, or
pun, pun
lah, maka
or particle,
bukan, pun
emphatic
by an
often accentuated
is
of
the stalls.
alternative
or
the
consequence.
II.
either
words used
Almost
all
other
parts
in
Malay
as conjunctions are
service or
that
or phrases contracted.'
(rt)
like;
to.'k.Vit
-^
that.
Also verbs.
telah
did,
pass ; then
(c)
Con-
Also nouns.
'
',
was
; after
sampai
arrive
jadi
;
up
it
happens
therefore
lalu
to, until.
baharu
sedang medium;
new, newly
not
just,
till
midway,
then.
whilst,
CONJUNCTIONS
151
Also prepositions.
{(/)
dalam
inside, in ;
while
oleh
Ity ;
because
demi
[one^
III.
number
great
atau
but;
tetekala
or;
sementara
tvhile, before
time,
supaya
like.
because
meski
example,
like,
as if\ tetapi
karna
y^r, because;
in order that
umpama
example,
;
when;
although,
walau
Portuguese
is
sebab
misal for
agar so that,
even
if;
;
Hindustani.
These
nouns,
foreign
like
adjectives
serta
like
Thus we
97.
prefix sa.
after
sa-belum
sa-hingga
before
///////
sa-Iagi as long as
sa-bagai, sa-rupa,
sa-telah
sa-umpama
PARTS OF SPEECH
152
samp ai
like,
to several
//;////;
sambil
z'/;//.r/
'kan
is
found suffixed
affect
them
and unlikelihood
98.
and
illustrated
into
which
be conveniently arranged
this part of
speech
is
ordinarily divided.
{a) Copulative.
imam dan
haji,
and readers;
pilgrims, priests
countries
Malay fondness
for balance,
the sound
and the
fall
strict rule
of the
of order.
in
Kasturi,
between
last
is,
kilat halilintar
dengan hujan-nya
is
employed
especially
between adjectives
as
also
are
CONJUNCTIONS
sawan
153
magic powers
ia
hamba Allah he
servants of
pun
mengaseh segala
is
dengan adil-nya
serta
murah
moreover gracious.
thereivith just,
leheh.=plus and
dua-pertiga
lagi
is
lebeh
tiga
3.
lalu
denotes
keluar did
action
transitional
obeisance
Some idiomadc
and
menyembah
lalu
looked through
some pushed up
the
the
windows,
the ivalls,
trellis-ivork,
the thatching,
some through
For numerals
firstly, secondly,
&c.,
see
77 (5).
{b) Adversative.
but.
banyak
bonda-nya there
tetapi
lain
lagi
ivere
of
the
PARTS OF SPEECH
154
berilmu
tiada
penjurit
warriors possessed
fio
is
Melayu
Malay
the
tiada ia menger-
kedua
itu there
is
Laksamana
hanya yang
terdiri
ground except
the Ter/ienggong.
The
ivith
Temenggong juga
to
pun
zvas
tiada bertemu or
made by
crime
is
great,
them be
let
if their
lauful according
to our religion;
hanya-lah ilmu orang bertapa dan
kesaktian juga yang tinggal ka-pada aku lagi, di-
the ascetic
desire them,
{c)
and
magician ; 7iotwithstanding
the
if you
that,
Alternative.
atau
or,
atau
atau
either
or,
whether
or.
CONJUNCTIONS
'mu
oleh
if there
is
155
a fine elephanl or a
horse, ask
fi?ie
for
was devoured by
atau whether
.
baik
baik, baik
baik di-lepas atau tiada, kita
beasts,
ivild
.
or.
The
care.
mau-kah tidak
common
aku-kah 'pa
or not
bendul ? engkau-kah 'pa si bendul am I oldfathersit-at-the-door, or is it you ? pereksa sudah-kali ia sampai
inquire whether he has arrived
entah 'kan ia entah 'kan
alah, tiada
tidak / do not know whether it be true or false
alah pun, kita kembali ivhether ivorsted or not worsted, 7i'e
do
you ivant
it
.^
si
will return.
(d) Explanatory.
common,
misal-nya,
umpama-nya
amat bijak
memanah, umpama-nya membelah kayu dapat ia
dengan panah an expert archer, for instance he could split
a stick ivith an arrow; jikalau datang dua pekerjaan,
that is to say.
terlalu
sa-orang
negeri Turkestan one more prince and
the ivorld;
if tivo
duly
to
kerajaan di-
reigned in Turkestan.
(e)
Causal.
PARTS OF SPEECH
156
the dagger;
karna
engkau sudah di-bunoh oleh Bendahara, sebab itulah maka aku hair an because you have been slain by Ihe
Bendahara, that is the reason of my astonishment; dengan
karna Manjapahit itu negeri besar because JSlanjapahit is
a great kingdom.
Laksamana
Laksamana
is the
tiada
berani
ia
and
the
that
is
the reason
bapa tiri-nya
Hang
Jebat
the
of Hang Jebat'
mau
a loyal
is
absent
di-lihat-nya
courage;
maka
is
Laksamana
itu
Laksamana was
clever
{f) Temporal.
bila, apa-bila
as often
as.
when
apa-bila
this is the
stamp
tempat
to
ivhenever
where)
is
dispatch a letter
tetekala
to
ivhen.
terkenangkan tetekala
remembering
you
be impressed,
down
to
ive
the river.
variously expressed
dalam berkata-kata
/'/
set out
lasts.
CONJUNCTIONS
sa-lama, sa-lagi as long
long asyour slave
lives,
sa-lagi
as.
sa-peninggal
/'//
157
as
datang coming
(g)
belum
di-panggil, sudah
before sununoned.
Compaialive.
sa-akan-akan, sa-olah-olah, seperti, sa-bagai, saumpama lih, as if. mimpi sa-olah-olah datang ka-
him
the bullets
buzzed
like beetles
stick.
{h) Proportional.
makin
makin, bertambah
bertambah, kian
more
ia
we
sedang orang
demikian, istimewa pula orang baik-nya
jahat lagi
this
tame beast;
berapa lagi seeijig that a knave acts so, how much more a good
man usahkan gemala hikamat itu sedangkan nyawa
badan patek lagi sudah terserah ka-bawah duli not
merely that magic stone but my very life is placed at your
highness' s service
usahkan ia turun, lagi bertambah
suka ria-nya so far from descending he waxed in mirth;
;
PARTS OF SPEECH
158
good, one
powerless
There
to
do
so.
many
are
idiomatic
sin,
don't slay
to
bagaimana pun
however great his
him
mau
tiada juga
phrases,
kamu bunoh
come.
(/)
jika, jikalau,
kalau
if,
although, in case
kalau-kalau
in
at
the
case,
gate
of Iicaven
jikalau
anak-mu
sa-kali
pun
death, provided
I am
sukat
supposirig,
CONJUNCTIONS
159
memberi
I did
beri pergi
ta'
the
not
tell
see
an
official
the
childre7i
offairies.
still
{j) Final.
keyangan
ini,
itu
An
to return.
(X-)
duli
datang itu
yang
di-
'That.'
mengatakan
yang
akan
peri
hal
ia
is
PARTS OF SPEECH
i6o
hamba mau
tiada
mana
by the
sea.
which serve
to
commencement of story, of
and to mark the balance of clauses.
introduce the
in
INIalay
language.
(i)
story
is
introduced by sa-bermula.
kesah
(2)
next;
again
all
the
al-
fresh topic or
paragraph
sahadan (=:saha
moreover
bermula
Skt.
followed by
be opened by hata
will
+ dan),
kalakian, arakian
maka.
{Note.
sahadan
is
ami:
sa-bagai lagi
tambahan pula
dan
by sahadan lagi
lagi.
'
CONJUNCTIONS
(3) Sentences
i6i
are
narration
or a parenthetical
ada
ex-
dengar-lah
jikalau adinda
kakanda bercherita
'Ada pun nama negeri kita Astana Pura
adinda
oleh
tiada tahu,
Negara
hear me
'
tell
the story
my
sister,
Noiv
the
ka-tepi sungai.
maka baginda
depa.
now
fathoms
river
breadth
the
of
the
(also
bahwa
the story is
sa-nya) corresponds
belongs rather to the grand
it
tahu-lah
bahwa penjurit
itu
LaJisamana had sure launvJedge of the sivashconung ya tuanku bahwa raja Melaka telah
the
luclcler's
at
Tuhan
ada-lah, see
II.
to
me.
{iiote^.
maka.
(4)
I.
36
is
marks
the
temporal
causal,
and
or
(2) above.
other
antithetical
belum habis
ia
berkata-kata
itu,
maka
di-lompat
PARTS OF SPEECH
i62
Malacea has
bee7i absent,
when
day
the
been in confusion
maka saudagar
siang-lah,
itu
merchant entered
broke, the
the presence.
into
cheh 'ku sangka berani Seri Bija 'di raja itu, maka
aku naik perahu-nya Bah I it was because I thought Sri
Bija 'di Raja was brave, that I came aboard this ship manatah diri berkawal, maka saudagar ini kena kechurian
;
where in
the
maka
reason
itu
merchant
menghembuskan
nafas,
maka
itu
whenever the serpent snorted forth his breath, then all the
four or
trees
kalau-kalau
mata-ku bekas tidur gerangan, maka salah pemandangan-ku/^v'/w/j my eyes are sleepy that I cannot see properly]
sa-telah hari hendak malam, maka raja Melaka pun
bermohon kembali ka-astana, maka Patih pun bermohon kembali ka-rumah-nya ivhen flightfell, the raja of
Malacca
It
narrative,
and
and
and Patih
connects
principal
sentences
in
rapid
staccato
maka
dengan sa-saat itu juga, maka Betara Kala menjadilah katak maka ia pun hendak lari maka di-lihat
diri-nya telah menjadi katak; maka lalu terlompatlompat, maka serta berbunyi geruk-geruk at that very
;
instant Betara
his
to
maka
j-un,
leap,
isteri-nya hamil-lah
noticed
at the
maka
CONJUNCTIONS
genap-lah bulan;
lah
his wife became pregnant, her tirne came, she bore a child.
IV.
163
It
100.
The
The Conjunction
ifi/ra.
of Co-ordinate Clauses.
or subordinate,
is
same punctuation
first.
and
scented himself
and
maka
this
is
the con-
maka segala binatang belum keluar menehari makanan-nya, maka baginda itu pun keluar dari astana
when dawn was nigh and the beasts had not yet gone forth
in quest offood, [theii) the prince went forth from the palace
maka jikalau ia tiada bayar utang maka ia hendak
berlayar, hendak-lah tegahkan if he has not paid his
debt and he ivanfs to sail, he must be restraified.
mari kita
suroh chari sa-orang penjurit kita suroh churi kain
baju Laksamana itu maka kita tarohkan kain bajunya itu di-dalam astana, maka kita kata Laksamana
;
itu
bermukah
come,
let
then
Laksamana
is
let
party
Hang Tuah
let
us
an
intrigue.
tiada
masok
to
no one was
informal company
killed, at
be ivounded; sa-
PARTS OF SPEECH
i64
is,
(P)
101.
inferior,
interjection addressed
by a superior
to
an
hai kanak-kanak ho
to youths,
wah
Malay sentence.
INTEBJECTIONS
The commonest
I.
hai a vocative
exclamation
an
datok di-samun
there,
you
boys.
of surprise,
get broken ?
ftose
form
knave.
ya
mine;
hara
ya.
God,
Bendahara.
yonder
would
II.
ya Allah ya
rasul Allah
chus
recall a
The
silence !
nu
jum
be off;
chup
nah
take
it
away;
move.
following words
may be used
pity !
luck !
alike as interjections
INTERJECTIONS
tobat
(Ar.) never
haram
(Ar.)
/lo
agam
an
ivere
(t'l
165
offe^ice
against religion
had
I done it).
chekek kedadak, muntah kedarah
or
a violent death.
III.
Common
die
muntahkan
to zvitness.
alhamdu
God a mercy.
wa'Uahu a'lam God hiowelh best.
astaghflru'llah
Of commands
to dogs,
buffaloes
kus
dik
;
to ducks,
kur
calls to frighten,
to cats,
heh
doh
nah to
bok
'ching
to ducks,
to cats,
siuh
lo chicken,
to buffaloes.
dull
heavy
falls,
das of
a shot.
CHAPTER
VIII
NOTES ON SYNTAX
102.
The
INIalay
language
is
characterized not so
much
notes
I.
may
'
There
is
no copula
in
i.
noun
e.
pronoun) + noun or
(or
Ali penghulu
AU
[is)
chief;
II.
The normal
order
I am
subject
is
itself
beating
found.
heating, never
Ali
me.
Ali
is
+ verb +
on
object
to the
Never
is
the
Ali
verb.
the
aku pukul=^//'
order
is
the
beating me.
III.
as
is
direct
in the
anak orang itu mati the child of those people is dead; orang
itu anak-nya mati those people have lost their child by death
mati-lah anak orang itu death has overtaken the child of
those people
orang itu, mati anak-nya those people have
;
The
{a)
chief points
their child's.
aimed
Emphasis.
(b)
Balance.
{c)
Brevity or
ellipsis.
at are
NOTES ON SYNTAX
(a)
167
Emphasis
falls
attribute,
baginda
Ihe
ihai is
mata
anak lidah uvuia, lidah anak a child's tongue.
II. A common artifice is to bring any word it is
sleeps
desired to
it
The word
may be
(a) Subject.
ini-lah
these in
former days were the privileges of Malay pri7ices bagindalah yang pertama raeletakkan kekuningan larangaa
this prince it was who first made yellow a royal privileged
;
colour.
Object.
{h)
Predicate.
(c)
all
these
Malacca
men
Melaka
which
it is
still folk
is
our
a-shore P
tni?id
made up
sekarang
;
terlalu
NOTES ON SYNTAX
i68
got
slay
him
to etidure;
mill.
Sometimes
{e)
clumsy
this
principle
involves what
us seems
to
repetition.
III.
part of a sentence.
mana
bichara
you
advise
that
(b)
104. Balance
is
sentence with
its
an elementary principle
its
caused
be blamed
to
emphasis.
the
Malay
complex
much
it
in
has brought
redundancies,
Balance
when
discredit
for
really
it
on
INIalay
literary
tedious repetition
makes
for
style
and
lucidity
It
and
trailing
and
for
;
:
NOTES ON SYNTAX
germ may be sought
Its
chantek 'Long
often
hari
'/(?;/^ (/.v)//Y//y;
balance
tlie
in the
is
pun malam-lah
form and
penghulu dia
169
itvL
stress of the
he {is) a chief;
dm ihat {is)
he.
And
kaum
the
It lies at
bottom
keluarga hiih
kechil besar great {and) small; tua
muda young {a?id) old tuak dan arak wine and spirits
merampas dan merebut rob and snatch; di-tikam-nya
dan di-bunoh-nya they ivere stabbed and they ivere killed.
mingle
cheer
{and) shout;
It
may
be detected in the
fall
must be
at the
near
verb.
its
So we
may need
to
be
find repetition of
The subject,
baginda tersenyum titah baginda the prince smiled,
said the prince
tuan puteri itu pun makin sangat ia
menangis that princess, the 7nore bitterly she ivept; ada pun
bapa-ku itu besar-lah ia di-dalam Melaka noiv juy
father, he grew up in Malacca; karna Laksamana itu
sa-lama ia dudok di-gunong itu tiada ia tidur dan
((/)
makan
because the
Laksamana
the story is
told
of
atid
the island
of Langkapuri,
NOTES ON SYNTAX
170
of Sri
had
solitaiy
ceased,
was
that
island.
(V)
The words
for
'
all
'.
segala yang
memandang
every prince.,
dia itu
all
of
thevi
pun sakalian-nya
all beholders,
said
to
Dasarata Maharaja.
The verb.
titah baginda ka-pada anak murid baginda raja
Chendera empat orang itu, titah-nya noiv the king
(<:)
ordered the king's son raja Chendera and his three brothers,
anak
sembah-nya now
he ordered]
raja
the
keempat
itu
pun menyembah,
obeisance, their
obeisance ivas.
(d)
and
word
refers
in
This
is
occurred
especially
and went
out to prepare,
(^)
and summoned
all officers
and
henchnen
offering.
the
Laksamana and
his
four
brothers
NOTES ON SYNTAX
jaran banyak akan engkau
that
I may
171
to
{/)
Finally antithesis
exaggerated
till it
distinguished,
ada pun
is
possible to
make
pada
sense in themselves.
yang hina
bichara
ini,
patek,
tiada patek indahkan
berhadapan
mengembari
dia,
nya,
mengembari
In
the opinion
akan
ofyour
who
slave,
your
is loivly,
aye, or tivo
easily
your
thousand men,
slave
ca?i
match
them
hard
it
is
for your
workers
and much
slave to
match them,
to
first
to face ;
in secret,
plotting
is
needed
encompass them.
columns are
sufficient in themselves.
melayu
demikian
belari
sifat-nya
NOTES ON SYNTAX
172
maka
kamu kepong-
ketujoh-puloh ini
kan
bunoh juga akan Melayu
oleh
kan
turut
itu
Melayu
di-anugerahi
itu
mati
oleh
Seri
Betara.
W/ien there
co?nes
Malay
you,
running,
thus
and
thus
surround him
his presence
is
the seventy
of
that
Malay ;
let
you
him
pursue,
slay
wheresoever he goes ;
doyoufolloiv him ;
kill
him dead
if he
dies,
the gift
wahai adek-ku
nyawa beradukan apakah ini ?
anakanda sudah mengidari hutan
tuan adinda-ku
tuan merapatkan apa-kah
bangun-lah tuan
anakanda sudah hilang
di-pangkuan,
Alas,
my
love,
what
Our
is it
you
child
ini?
sudah mepadang
nyawa-ku belum juga
bangun
putera
waiiders
sedar-lah
the
nyawa
darling I
zvhat
in
nin
langsi
my
embrace.
of Sri Betara.
is it
"
-^
you hug ?
forest.
Andyou, my life,
kneiv
it
not
you,
my
souVs
love,
awakened,
Arise,
my
7?iis tress;
had
7iot
NOTES ON SYNTAX
Our
child
is
lost
from your
our
vanished
has
our son
lap,
173
from
sight.
literature
is
ELLIPSIS
{c)
foreshadowed
ellipsis
plays in
96.
however,
It is carried,
much
It
said
Little hoy ;
Licked his
box ofpaints
toy ;
Malay who,
would be verbose
to a
and not
would cut
for effect,
it
in his
own
natural idiom
shorter
The
subject
may
; joitied saints.
be omitted
by a preceding word.
titah
the royal
mandate was
word
if
suggested by a
in the other,
lalu gementar segala sendi Betara Brahma matanya kelam-lah lalu pengsan all the limbs of Betara
Brahma trembled, his eyes gretv di?n and (he) fell faint dipalu oleh Sang Sambah kena rusok-nya lalu mati
;
NOTES ON SYNTAX
174
In a principal clause,
{c)
if
suggested in a subordinate, or
vice versa.
the
prince.
Even though
{d)
the reference
is
indirect,
and not
to the
grammatical subject,
orang Pasai jikalau bersurat, tiada dapat tiada dialeh-nya as for the men of Pasai, if {one) takes {them) a
letter, the letter ivill certainly be misread; segala orang yang
beremas, jikalau tiada di-anugerahi raja, tiada boleh
di-pakai as for
the prince's leave
were obtained,
{the
be
NOTES ON SYNTAX
[e)
The
in the
subject
may
also be omitted
sentence to suggest
when
175
there
no word
is
it.
no doubt as
to the subject.
do
{it).
above, even
suggest
it,
there
if
is
enumerated
the circumstances
all
no word
hofiiage,
precedence
the first in
Kedah makan
raja
court
the
is
makan
telah sudah
'
'
'
eddy of the
remark
(3) If the
in the
drift in the
beeii like
tide.
mind of
is
general,
and no
{one)
must
strange land;
subject
special
is
the speaker.
let
wary
be
iti
{one) be slow,
is safe.
'
'
is
lost.'
Said
the
Bendahara,
'
'
Let me replace
{it)
'
seka-
mem-
NOTES ON SYNTAX
176
{it)
maka
tajam-nya
not siraigh!,
is
it itk're
membunoh
ia
ivhat
is the
their sharpness
is
mana
ini ?
name of these
{folk)?
III.
The
omitted,
if
and
verb)
may be
'
'
'
(scihcet
go)
to
time
the
all
(We) 7vant
long
done ; if it
is
a large,
The whole
umpan
ive
kita
ia di-Pasai
menyuroh
context to supply
the
Pasai
Pasai;
grandfather';
it),
berapa lama-nya
he {stayed) at
see
{to
still less
a small work,
is
in
is
not
left for
the
it
omitted and
to
jikalau
it be done).
may be
of a clause
especially
it
{will
be wasted owing
one bait
to its loss)
hujan emas
// may
and
CHAPTER
IX
STYLE
106. There
Malay as
in
is
will
The
krama)
Javanese.
court style
bazaar (bahasa
bahasa pasar)
and
man
the
vocabulary
of
of
and
breeding
commerce and
Misconception in
this
matter
the
is
so
slang
polyglot
mean
of
common
litterateur
the
education,
that
it
streets.
will
be
perverts
It
is
will, shall
10B4
bilang count
mau
is
to
banyak
used for
corrupt meanings
much, an adverb of
tell,
inform
an auxiliary
dekat mar
;;
STYLE
178
and sama
like for io
alike,
mari
coming
here as a verb
here.
It
(f)
foreigner,
Chinese lu
to a
Malay
{d) It introduces
tuala (Portuguese)
in
or
the
katil (Tamil)
bed,
to
words
foreign
like
setori (English)
towel,
addressing a
konsebecome
tale, lie,
tSbel
constable,
become
classical.
For the
(<?)
it
derivatives.
synonym in
potong ctit for
place of the
it
its
jatoh
race
for /all o^
slice,
man, a house,
a.
pukul
for hit
rumah
pechah
It
or whip
fist,
pinggan
{g)
stick, stone,
divide,
trees, fruit;
for eat
gasak, rodok,
gasak, bongkar,
'
{h) It
'
'
of persons as well
number
male,
as of animals
matters.
will
a foreigner, or
if
if
the
Malay
is
style (a) to
talking purposely
(/)
down
to
will
be heard,
also, in the
STYLE
real
Malay, which
is
awat
monosyllables like
179
for
hang
tvhy
pi'
engkauj'(?;
for
for hendak wish, will; ta' for tidak 7io\ 'ku for
engku your highness jum (Perak) be off; and of pro-
'nak
way
sahaya-ma, kita-ma
all
0/
us,
for
sampang
wiih,
sempat
for
between Malays of
talk
for
abound
will
It will
husbandry,
industries,
and domestic
Perak,
all in
langsongy^^rMAgain, idiomatic
able to do.
classes
all
into literature,
kamu-ma you
life
in
among
talking
ellipse.
in woodcraft,
sepak
lists
berkas
tie,
potong
cut ;
of recalcitrant
belah
inoiv
beard;
parang
tebas
clear scrub
away
away
angkat
ambin
to
raut
sabre,
cut,
cleave;
r^ntas cut a
carry,
Ift
up
trim
tehang
angkut
(e. g.
a
;
cut hair or
trace or track,
bawa
tetak notch
chukur
spears.
chinehang
pang-
a fine point
kerat
ranchong cut to
panchong prune, lop pedang
decapitate
sever,
pencil)
or
antlers
like
gal
articles
ambil
car/y
and
bebat
carry, lift up
bring, fetch
carry
i?i
dukong carry on
kandong
a wrapper
pikul carty on
the hip
kendong, gendong
womb
loosely
the
under artn
end of a
stick
kandar
carry on both
the shoulder or
ejids
of a
o?i
stick over
STYLE
i8o
the shoulder
junjong earry
on the head
usong
carry in
Utter.
Malay (bahasa
109. Polite
It
((?)
especially
is
careful
halus).
in
linguistic ability, if
he
this
It
(i^)
on
personal
of
knowledge of the
little
choice
the
pronouns.
life
perempuan
To
(f)
employs
degree
greater
affixes with
the
-kan and
{d) It
uses,
or
talk,
it
also,
be(r), and
though in a
less
-i.
many Arabic
adopts
me,
for
mati
verbs, especially
degree
words,
when
and
talking of religion
literature.
110.
Court Malay.
it
uses
patek (Skt.)
/; tuanku, engku, tGTa.gk.Vi your highness',
your
slave for
putera
semayam
enthroned)-,
bathe;
die
(Ar.) countenance
111.
sembah. do obeisance to
junjong dull obey a royal order.
;
siram
wajah
Literary Malay.
colloquial Malay, e. g.
phrases
travel;
be borne aloft;
( 85).
it
words such
employs
ta' for
as
is
usual in
tidak only
in a
all
few
STYLE
[It)
been
It
It
[d)
affixation.
It
words (86,
{/)
fixed in
known now
{c)
i8i
'punctuation'
89),
It
in conversation.
large,
is
Sanskrit
and
'
segara
vehicle
clouds
oceafi
kendaraan
steed,
warrior
angkasa
asmara
/tfj'i'
bahtera
vfolQ, firjnament
aneka
kinds
asa hope
ewi'i?/;
derma
heavens
sokma
sentiasa always;
al/us;
chakera-
soul;
{from
superior
pahala^r?/;/
From
to
inferior')
suaka
arwah
hebat
ihtiar choice
mankind;
bahar
terrible
ibarat
paksi bird
isharat sign
kadamy^f?/;
khayal
sea
feel conduct;
ijtihad zeal
aflat health
puteri princess
trance;
istiadat custom
'k.a.dar ability;
khuatir
khalayak
consciousness;
layak
martebat rank
mustaed
^
ready
The
masaalah
pdrlu
thesis
obligatory.
muslihat stratagem
Persian, loo, has
inti
o-
STYLE
82
biadab
ocean, river;
lance
bahaduri
discourtesy
diwan
juadah
cakes
court
;
gallant
;
jahan
lashkar
bahari
the
soldiery
bena
darya
world; jogan state
piala
noble
biaperi merchant
goblet.
In-
Is^esovcidi, flower
the floiver
romance, and
many
others
may be
garnered.
APPENDIX
NOTES ON MALAY LETTER-WRITING
By R.
I.
Near
Wilkinson, C.M.G.
J.
on which a Malay
letter
is
written
kamar
Surai).
(the sun
why
letter.
and
the formula
is
It
formula
this
is
is
it
usually impossible to
is
is
used or what
But there
in
really
significance both
is
on
position
its
it
is
the page.
it
respond as equals.
If
it is
If
signifies
cor-
it
is
the
left it signifies
a superior.
addressing.
The formula
If the
is
itself also
formula
an
is
slightly to
inferior addressing
varies
the
words used
The
2i
same
penghulu.
O Commander
of the Faithful.
This expression,
present.
in
APPENDIX
i84
The Saying
is
rulers to the
Governor and
And
Truth
the
common on
letters
the Writing
is
most sincere
Another variant
similar circumstances.
from native
vice versa.
O God
is
It is
al-mttstahakk
O Muhammad
'
used under
the truth.'
is
O
This expression
light
a quasi-compliment meaning
is
when addressing an
'
infidel
O
This formula
Officers
is
very
'
'.
It is
'
shining brilliantly
potentate.
Merciful Pardoner.
common on
by penghulus, and
to
letters or petitions
addressed to District
their
subordinates.
by one of
hope that he
in
the
Unlocker of Hearts.
will
be indulgent to the
petitioner.
is
are hid'.
is
reminded of his
no secrets
whom
O
This
(rare)
some
sort.
formula
^b
Judge of Wishes.
is
Ocean
is
on some point.
O
A
UJJ
185
Lord of Loveliness.
addressed have
official
made a deep
O
Used as a heading
Precious One.
to letters to a teacher, or to a
This formula
is
O
The heading
ri/^^
Honoured One.
Belauded Power.
i\^\ ij^
O
The proper heading
to a wife.
Blossom of
my
Heart.
own age
or
APPENDIX
86
O
This formula
really a
is
Comfort of
addressed to a younger
girl of
any
sort.
sister,
Eyes.
to letters
The heading j^
Ya n^riCl-ain
a love-letter.
my
(light of
my
eyes)
may
is
another formula of
Absolute Truth.
Used when addressing any one
in
whom
is
;u4iji
The Decree
A
heading to a
letter
heading to a
letter of
heading to
is
j>.>ij
jXii
announcing a death.
God
is
condolence.
II.
Malay
ptijian or
'
The
letter
'
CoiMPLiMENTs
'
{Puji-pujian).
compliments
',
known
as the puji-
We may
divide the
into
nine
parts
essential
187
separately
This Letter
From me
May
it be
By God
conveyed
(or
Man)
To
You
Who live
At X
Amen.
This Letter.
1.
The
panded.
This
following
IVarkatti 'l-ikhlas
wa
is
expression
is
usually
much
ex:
yang tiada
sa-lagi
This sincere
letter, this
feelings of a limpid
The
full
minor
official
suffice.
full
formula
mere bahwa
ini sural
would
would
2.
in
Malay
From
me.
The
he emphasizes
should describe
his title in
any way
it
If
APPENDIX
88
yang
hina
an admission of extreme
it is
is
The
address
such cases
The
is
ihe. pitjt'-pujtan
usually given
is
use
is
not used.
be found further on
will
following
The
inferiority.
in section (7)
'
who
live
'.
The
following
is
humble
variant
yang
a da
pada
tnasa ini
or
May
it
be conveyed.
man of royal
a letter to a ruler
If the letter is
'
convey
'
amatory
is
waslkan.
Love-letters
be either
Barang
di-
barang di-sampaikan.
4.
a letter
is
The
is
But,
importance,
it
if
is
letter to
it
to reach
its
destination
is
addressed to a person of no
sufficient to
the letter
convention
insists that
affairs,
is
the
'
'
189
further distinction
is
;;
If the term
used
is
some long
letter is
But
if
is
letter is
is
employed the
Another
distinction, again,
'perhaps', such as
jua hra-nya).
portance for the
The
letter.
following gives a
of expressions in a descending
list
scale of formality
{b)
ini
sampaikan.
5.
To.
'
'
face
presence
is
in
intended
privilege of
'
'
(Jiadzrat)
of royalty, while
In addressing a
or hadzrat
or
commoner
ka-hawah
duli;
man
of
little
he
'
presence
',
but he should
{kapada) be used.
'
to
;;
APPENDIX
I90
or
'
'
'
face
also
or
'
The
'.
(a)
'
To
by qualifying
presence
'
'
e. g.,
following
ali ;
exalted countenance of
in a letter
.'
{b)
'
'
sovereign,
(c)
Ka-hadapan
'
seri
wajah
.'
Down
This form of
Ka-bawah
hadzrat, or ka-hadzrat.
These are
(_/)
'
To
.'
To
a very high
such as a Resident.
Ka-hadapan
'
majlis,
(^)
less
Ka-hadapan medan
majlis,
the presence of
To
.'
an
official
such as a Magistrate
or District Officer.
{h)
Kapada.
'
6.
ways.
To
You.
Only used
.'
The
to persons of
person addressed
prince writing
position.
described in several
is
adinda, anakanda
no
according
such
often use
as ayahanda, kakanda,
paduka sahabat
'
beta,
and sahabat
('laid
down
seri
paduka sahabat
beta.
before
',
'
Strictly,
the
submitted to')
beta,
first
may
be
191
good
position
sahabat
On
beta.
man
or a
of
ktta
if
is
used
is
unofficial
European of
would be
status
official
little
beta;
and an
beta,
used in place of
inferiors
to
only.
independent chief
Yang berhormat:
Yang mulia: to
official
Who
7.
to a
Datok of Jelebu
like the
Resident-General or Resident
Malay
chief or
European
of high
rank.
live.
This
member
or semi-
a throne of
sovereignty
This
takhta kerajaati).
'
is
sitting in state
{bersemayam
'
di-atas
the
often
upon
sniggasana
is
is
non-reigning
is
often
fact,
it
to use.
is
a royal throne',
an administrator,
ihsan,
'
at all
may be
said to
he be said to
'
He
upon
better expression
melakulian tadbiru'l-
is
it
'
'
sit
in state
'
'
non-
[bersemayam),
on a throne of royalty
takhta kerajaan) or
'.
events
reigning prince
ment
in state
sit
'
'
',
nor can
{f/iempimyai'
to
'
and importance
'
may
District Officer
on
ficently carrying
in state
nor as
',
'
presiding
'exists
or
'
istirahat
'
'
muni-
but not as
'
sitting
is
bermakavi or bertnastautin,
residing
An honoured
'.
iaala.
'
'.
The
officially
unofficial
Allah
',
officially
peace
in
hyperbolically be described as
the administration
expression
correct
APPENDIX
192
is
the simple
kesejahteraati-Tiyd).
person of no importance
simply 'exists'
{ada\
To
summarize
{a)
The proper
The
Yang bersemayam.
(c)
of a Governor
{d) of a Resident
of a District Officer
Yang bermakam ;
Yang bermastautin ;
Yang melakukan jalan berhaseh-kasehan ;
Yang mempunyai jawalan pegawaijajahan
{/) of an
official,
generally
"*"
193
{Ji)
taala.
Yang ada.
It
office
by a simpler
when held by
the person he
writing
is
Furthermore, in
to.
8.
bijak-
&c.
sivia,
lives
may be
At
X.
often the
is
subject
Perak
of honorifics.
is
daru'r-
august
It is
common
names
abode
to
is
or balduU-aadzam, 'the
the
little
thus, Bukit
viiilia
Daru' sh-shahadah
city'.
hamlets in which
Chandan
is
These
person addressed
9.
Amen.
is
It is
man
Moslems of high
position to end
expression
When
like
writing
salam Allah
to
Europeans
expression
is
taala.
altered
to
'.
'
specimen
APPENDIX
194
III.
At the close of a
effect that
'
there
to our friend'.
is
it
no more
when addressing
The
letter
is
of a Letter.
a superior
{a) to a Sultan
paduka sahabat
mudahan kekal
di-atas takhta
dan
mudah-
'ajial,
kerajaati
sa-lama-
lavia-nya.
{b)
to a Chief:
to
laifi
Tainat.
an equal
Demikiati-ldh di-maahimkan hanya iva' s-salam.
The
IV.
The
the
address on a
first
letter
Address.
ptiji-piijian in
This
The
following
is
an example
V.
The
seal or
margin of the
more
'
The
chop
'
Allah stibhana
wa
di-dalam negeri
taala ka-
darul-
Y.,
on a
letter to the
letter is usually
imprinted on the
pliments.
The
signature
di-sat?tpatkan
is
would be written
professional
in a short sentence
writer's
com-
The
name
letter-writers)
below the
letter
e. g.
195
groups of
man
of rank,
letters
to wit:
oi*
(y^\
groups.
VI.
The
Petitions.
his prince
would write
bt'i-ibti-ribu
A'.,
darn'l-iman, ada-nya.
petitioner of higher
would
that he
literary taste
Ampun
tuan-kii beribii-ribn
in the
words
tone but
to
show
and refinement,
world
di-atas
The
alter the
A'.,
singgasana takhta
danil-ihsan.
the puji-piijian
thus,
ampun, &c.
VIL
The puji-pujian
or
'
Love-Letters.
their conventional
affection, are
only preliminary
APPENDIX
196
letter.
may
communication, and
whole of the
constitute the
to the end.
The
epistle
ordinary rules of
Malay
is
This theory
to lover.
be
will
understood, when
or else sends
flower or a
it
is
it
Convention maintains
leaf.
love-letter
is
not posted
of wise utterance
'
'
is
it
it
still
in these
entrusted to
is
'
some
Words
'.
like
bird
it
is
sural or
the proper
'
to the
'
presence
'
'
(salam
phorically
'
is
upon her
yang
di-iringi
word
in its train
'
he lays
his
'
floral
face
'
or to the
offering meta-
And, of
course, a letter of this type does not concern itself with the
question of a
the
charms and
The
upon
which the
'
gist
of the letter
197
Bahwa
The
letter that is
di-iringi
maka di-champuri
dudok terbayang-bayang m^lainkan terasoh-asoh sifat wajahu'litu terdiri pada orang-orangan mata kakanda yang amat
dzaif lagi liina papah serta pula dengan miskin daripada segala
hamba Allah di-dalam dunia ini lagi bebal serta d^iigan bodoh
yatim piatu yang tiada menaroh sanak dan saudara lagi tiada
menaroh daya dan upaya melainkan di-harapkan jua belas kasehan
jika
karim
kakanda.
APPENDIX
198
ada-lah kakanda
Allah
ini
ibu-nya,
melainkan dahulu Allah, baada-hu rasul, dan pada k^mudian tnanlah yang kakanda harap.
Dan jikalau kiia-nya kakanda ada
menaroh sayap seperti burong neschaya sekarang ini juga kakanda
terbang hinggap ka-bawah hadzrat majlis paduka adinda chahaya
nur ini. Dan sekarang apa-lah boleh buat, dan apa-lah daya
kakanda? Badan seperti anak merpati terkepak-kepak ka-?ana
jatoh dari atas
sini lalu
Ya
jadi.
tua:
And
so on.
three or (our
The
Malay
pan UtJis.
following
love-letter usually
is
letter just
quoted
In the train of this letter of greeting
wishes and of loving thoughts that have never yet ceased to attend
me
either
can
I forget
My
courses.
moon
love
is
heaven
my
love
is
when
it
when
it
dew
of
it breaks on my slumbers
Mejnun
my waking hours with wandering
thoughts, for at no time can my eyes image anything except the
glorious beauty of your form.
I may be humble and weak and
with anxious
fears,
it
distracts
may have no
what of that
put
may
lack every
my
trust
and confidence
in
in the sincerity of
plain
fruit in the
midst of a desolate
attracted by your
beauty and that the zephyrs from some heaven of bliss should play
about you till the fragrance of your beauty should lull the thoughts
of your lovers and lead them to be dead to everything except the
charm
my
trust is in you,
I,
too,
am
199
under the
it, where
poor fledgeling turn ? O God Most High for I
swear to you I mean no untruth I have faith in God and the
Prophet, and, next to them, in you. Yes, had I the wings of a bird,
a nestling in
its
should
of
it
Mine
attempt to
What
is
O God
fly.
to be
my
Prophet of
As
fate?
God
Love
words of the
in the
old,
old song
To
her I
lift
my
simple boon
suppliant hands,
I
crave
stands
&c.
VIII.
The
written
From
1.
'
Typical Letters.
Datok of Johol
compliments
'
The
a District Officer.
to
Bahwa
lagi sejahtera-nya.
man
offensive,
very
is
much
length
is
that portion in
The
enumerated.
which the
own
writer's
titles
are
of the
Compliments
an educated
only.
man
This
specially interested in
Warkatu'l-ikhlas wa-tuhfatu'1-ajnas
yang
custom
terbit
work of
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh yang tiada
APPENDIX
200
menaroh
sejaht^ra, ada-nya.
chief) to a Magistrate.
Surat dengan beberapa tulus dan ikhlas serta suchi hati yang puteh
From
Bahwa
Compliments only
sejahtera-nya.
IX.
It will
mate
to certain forms.
been
definitely established
Malay penghulu,
Malay
rules
if
chief,
we
to approxi-
addressed by a European
down such
letters that
how
should
prince
official,
it
is
not
properly
be
to
lay
difficult
when
allowance has to be
and mere
made
territory
official position,
take as a basis
governed.
201
certain
between hereditary
is
largely titular.
expressions such as mempunya'i takhta kerajaan, but he certainly could claim the administrative descriptions of a Sultan
more or
less,
the
religious
expressions,
on
based
would be
it
fairly
easy to find
formulae that are apposite and do not jar on the ear like
the present confused system by which District Officers claim
royal thrones and otherwise
make themselves
ridiculous in
official letters.
official to
Malay
s-siddik.
It
chief of
is
any
true that
from
they presuppose
a comparatively minor
official
in very
The
oflicials.
The
for native
for
English
enough
in other cases.
officials
of the rank
jc?//a/5'(?/ (^f/a
official,
would be
however
terms limited
in
words such
kerajaan
APPENDIX
202
The
may
following forms
be
suggested
as
suitable
to
From a Junior
Europeatt
Official.
(a) to a peasant:
Daripada kita tuan X., kepala mata-mata di-dalam daerah Y., disampaikan kapada AI. bin N'. yang ada sekarang ini di-dalam
daerah Z.
Ahual
((5)
di-taarifkan
a penghulu
to
Surat tulus ikhlas daripada beta tuan X., kepala mata-mata di-dalam
}'.,
barang di-sampaikan kapada sahabat beta Datok
Penghulu M. di-dalam daerah Z., dengan selamat-nya.
daerah
a chief:
Surat tulus ikhlas serta dengan hati yang puteh daripada beta tuan
daerah Y.,
majlis
ini
ini
di-dalam
khairu'l-'afiat.
Surat tulus ikhlas serta dengan hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh
to
a reigning Sultan
bel^a
ini
M.
ibni
II.
203
a Senior Official.
(a) to a peasant
Daripada kita tuan A', pegawai kSrajaan di-dalam daerah Y., n^geri
Perak, di-sampaikan kapada M. bin N'. yang ada pada masa ini
di-dalam Kampong Z.
Ahual di-nyatakan
{h) to a
minor penghulu
to
ini
puteh lagi hening dan jerneh serta tiada menaroh lupa dan lalai
barang sa-ketika jua pun sa-Iagi ada peridaran chakerawala
matahari dan bulan ya-itu datang daripada beta tuan X. pegawai
kerajaan di-dalam daerah Y. barang di-sampaikan Allah azza
wa
jalla
to
itu
Surat tulus ikhlas serta kaseh sayang yang terbit daripada hati yang
puteh lagi hening dan jerneh serta tiada menaroh lupa dan
barang
pun
ada
lalai
chakerawala
matahari dan bulan ya-itu datang daripada beta tuan X. pegawai
kerajaan di-dalam daerah Y. barang di-waslkan Allah subhana wa
taala ka-hadapan wajah paduka sahabat beta Raja ISI. ibni alsa-ketika
jua
sa-lagi
peridaran
ini
di-dalam
ada-nya.
APPENDIX
204
{/)
to
a reigning Sultaji:
Warkatu'l-ikhlas
wa
tuhfatu'l-ajnas
yang
terbit
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh sa-lagi ada
barang
mudah-mudahan
Y.
Allah
mayam
di-waslkan
III.
From
itu
a Resident or Resident-General.
(a) to a peasa7ii
M.
Ahual di-nyatakan
{b) to
kampong
Y.
di-sampaikan kapada
Z.
a juinor penghulii
M.
bin
di-sam-
Z. dengan selamat-nya.
Ahual kita nyatakan .
.
(c) to
7iiinor chief:
an important chief:
waham
daripada beta
beta
ini
di-dalam negeri
to
a no7i-reigning raja
waham
sa-lama-
NOTES ON MALAY LETTER-WRITING
205
(_/")
lo
a reigning Siiltan
Warkatu'l-ikhlas
wa
yang
tiihfatu'I-ajnas
tgrbit
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening sa-lagi ada peridaran
Raja
N'.
mayam
paduka
seri
Sultan
M.
al-marhum
ibni
Kuala
From
IV.
the
Warkatu'l-ikhlas
High
wa
itu
beta
maalumkan
Commissiotier
tuhfatu'l-ajnas
yang
to
a reigmng Sultan.
terbit
daripada fuadu'z-
zakiah ya-itu hati yang puteh lagi hening dan jerneh yang tiada
mSnaroh shak dan wahani sa-lagi ada peridaran chakSrawala
tiga
sSlamat sjahtera-nya.
itu
maka
ada-lah beta
maalum-