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KEYWORDS
Bond graph; Multiport; Thermofluid systems; Plate heat
exchanger
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a Bond Graph (BG) modelling
approach to add and exploit on existing Modelica models some information on the energy structure of the
systems. The developed models in the ThermosysPro
library (Modelica-based) are already validated against
the experimental data in previous works. A plate heat
exchanger (PHE), which is equipment for nuclear power
plants, is considered as a case study in this paper.
Simulation results of the BG model for the counterflow
PHE are compared with simulation results of the tested
Modelica model. Comparisons show good agreement
between both model results.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the major problems of the numerical computation of mathematical models for complex processes are
solved by using different commercial and open source
software packages. The representation of the models in
these languages is often based on model equations. The
bond graph representation allows a physical structural
analysis which is based on the system energy structure.
This facilitates the exchange of models and simulation
specifications. Bond graph is a graphical representation
methodology for modelling multidisciplinary physical
systems (Jardin et al. 2009).
Heat exchange is an important unit operation that contributes to efficiency and safety of many processes (nuclear power plants, steam generators, automotive, heat
pumps, etc.). A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat
exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between
two fluids. The plate heat exchanger was invented by Dr
Richard Seligman in 1923 and revolutionised methods
of indirect heating and cooling of fluids (Crepaco 1987).
Plate heat exchangers are widely used in many other
applications (food, oil, chemical and paper industries,
HVAC, heat recovery, refrigeration, etc.) because of their
small size and weight, their cleaning as well as their
superior thermal performance compared to other types
of heat exchangers (Guo et al. 2012).
The plate heat exchanger model is one of over 200
0D/1D models of components belonging to the ThermosysPro library. This open source library, developed
by EDF R&D, is used to model energy systems and different types of power plants (nuclear, conventional, solar, etc.) (El Hefni 2014; El Hefni and Bouskela 2006;
El Hefni et al. 2011, 2012; Deneux et al. 2013). The
Modelica model is developed in Dymola. Modelica
Proceedings 30th European Conference on Modelling and
Simulation ECMS Frank Herrmann, Thorsten Claus,
Michael Manitz, Oliver Rose, (Editors)
ISBN: 978-0-9932440-0-1 / ISBN: 978-0-9932440-1-8 (CD)
i+1
Pi
m i , hi
Pi+1
m i+1 , hi+1
Volume I-1
hI1 , PI1
Volume I
hI , PI
Volume I+1
hI+1 , PI+1
Hot
Volume 4
Hot
Volume 3
Hot
Volume 2
Hot
Volume 1
Wall mass 1 Wall mass 2 Wall mass 3 Wall mass 4 Wall mass 5
Cold
Volume 1
Cold
Volume 2
Cold
Volume 3
Cold
Volume 4
Cold
Volume 5
Hot water
Cold water
(4)
(5)
(6)
Nu = m /(M b,i )
qu b,i = m b,i/M
b,i
b,i
1.54(M 1) c1,b (7)
dmh,I dEh,I
dt
dt
T
m h,i hh,i
m h,i
0m b,Ih,i+1 hh,i+1
m h,i hh,i
m h,i
0 Pb,I
m h,i+1
hh
I
W
MR
hc
m c,i+1
0 Tc,I
m c,i+1 hc,i+1
m c,i hc,i
m c,i
m c,i hc,i
dmc,I dEc,I
dt
dt
S = (n 2) A/N,
KI = (hh hc )/(hh + hc + hh hc emm ),
0.4 .
hb = 11.245 |Nub,i|0.8 Prb,i
b,i
m c,i
Pc,I
C
(10)
The bond graph model of this complex dynamic behavior and nonlinear system in thermofluids engineering
allows to non-expert to get a better understanding of
the model and to analyse the properties of this physical
system (Karnopp et al. 1990, 2012). In this approach,
the specific enthalpy and some other properties of water
are calculated from tables depending on pressure and
temperature. The bond graph developed here has more
degree of freedom compared with the Modelica model
due to the consideration of the rate of mass accumulation
within the volume.
(11)
In Equations (7) to (11), b,i , Tb,I , b,i , b,i , and Cpb,i are
the density, temperature, thermal conductivity, dynamic
viscosity, and heat capacity respectively. In Modelica
model, water properties are expressed as
(12)
hb,I =
.
2
(14)
Multi-port C-element,
The multi-port C-element is used here for a thermodynamic accumulator, and is in its pseudo-bond graph
form since the variables at its ports are not strictly
power variables (see Figure 5). The thermodynamic
accumulator has two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) since
its volume is fixed here. The two state variables chosen
are the water mass (m) for the fluid domain, and the
specific enthalpy (h) for the thermal domain. Therefore,
several modifications must be done compared to the
Modelica model. The outputs from the multi-port Celement are the pressure and temperature, which are
given by following relations:
Fluid Bond Pb,I = Pb,I (b,I , hb,I )
(15)
W
m i+1 hi+1
Tb,I1
qhb,i
Pb,I1
m b,i
control volume
C
material port
dm
dt
m i
thermal port
dE
dt
m i hi
TI
m i+1 hi+1
PI
m i+1
W
5
2 x 10
Pb,1
Pb,1
|Pb,1 Pb,1|
20
(16)
where the temperature table Tb,I (Pb,I , hb,I ), thermodynamic property of the water, is well detailed in reference (Wagner and Kretzschmar 2008) and the ThermoSysPro model. The function Pb,I (b,I , hb,I ) is calculated by an iterative resolution given in Algorithm 1
described in the appendix section. The algorithm provides an easiest way to obtain the pressure, as a function
of a given density and specific enthalpy. To obtain the
density the dynamic continuity equation, in which the
total stored mass equals the net integrated mass flow
rate, is used
dmb,I
= m b,i m b,i+1
(17)
dt
where mb,I is the mass, m b,i and m b,i+1 are respectively
the control volume entering and leaving mass flow rates,
as shown in Figure 5 by the dashed bonds.
To convert Equation (17) into a more useful form to
obtain the density in the control volume, the following
relationship is used
mb,I
b,I =
(18)
Vb,I
where Vb,I is the volume of the control volume.
Pressure (Pa)
Tb,I
qhb,i
Pb,I
m b,i
1.5
19
50
100
150
200 250
Time (s)
300
350
Pressure (Pa)
E
m
m i hi
18
400
=
=
=
kb,i Nua
qu2b,i
a
b,i
m b,i 2
m b,i
kb,i
b,i M
M
2a
k b,i m b,i
(22)
where k b,i = kb,i ab,i M (a2) . Thus, the mass flow rate
m b,i can be calculated by using the following formula
!
ln (Pb,i ) ln k b,i
m b,i = exp
(23)
2a
dhb,I
I ) (20)
= (hb,i m b,i hb,i+1 m b,i+1 W
dt
Multi-port R-element,
Vb,I b,I
300
temperature as following
m h in Dymola
m h in MS1
290
Pressure (Pa)
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
0
100
200
Time (s)
300
400
Tc,I
I 1
W
Th,I
hh
Tc,I Th,I
MR
hc
(25)
(24)
P
+ Pb,I
Pb,i = b,I1
2
(26)
(1)
(2)
0
0
1
0
0
MR
(3)
MR
(4)
C
0
MR
1
0
MR
(5)
MR
Figure 10: Pseudo bond graph of the plate heat exchanger (counterflow)
3.60
x 105
3.58
3.56
Pressure (Pa)
3.54
3.52
3.50
3.48
3.46
3.44
Boundaries
Dymola
MS1
3.42
3.40
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
300
350
400
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
300
350
400
Figure 12: Error between obtained pressures (Dymola and MS1) at first volume
APPENDIX
The following algorithm has been developed for pressure calculation in the C-accumulator of the heat exchanger. Based on the density function it was developed to determine water pressure in terms of specific
enthalpy and density. The structure of the algorithm
is shown in Algorithm 1. This is a very fast and
Pressure P (Bar)
Pressure (Pa)
2.5
Data: , h;
pmin = 0.00611657; pmax = 1000;
ps = 100; s = s (ps , h);
while | s| > 1E 7 do
s = s (ps , h);
if s then
pmax = ps ;
else
pmin = ps ;
end
ps = (pmin + pmax )/2;
end
p = ps ;
Algorithm 1: Calculation of the water pressure using
the density function
25
20
15
10
5
0
999.5
999.4
999.3
999.2
999.1
999
998.9
998.8
998.7
998.6
3
998.5
De
ns
ity
(k
g/
m
80
78
76
74
)
kJ/kg
yh(
p
l
a
h
en t
72
70
68
66
64
if
Spec
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research described in this paper is partly supported
by DGE within the ongoing ITEA2 (www.itea2.org)
project 11004 "MODRIO" (Model Driven Physical Systems Operation). The authors would like to thank Audrey Jardin and Daniel Bouskela (EDF R&D) for their
help and valuable comments on this paper.
NOMENCLATURE
m
m
h
S
L
n
em
KI
N
Chosen
PHE
BG
FVM
MB
Pressure
Pressure drop
Density
Heat capacity
Temperature
Prandtl number
Heat flow rate
Thermal power
Volume
Nusselt number
abbreviations
Plate Heat Exchanger
Bond Graph
Finite-Volume Method
Moving Boundaries
Subscripts
I
i
in the volume I
entering the volume I
b=c
b=h
Cold side
Hot side
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Crepaco, A. (1987). "Heat Transfer Handbook: Design and
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