BUSINESS SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELING

RTI

BIT YEAR 3 SEM 2

ACADEMIC YEAR 2013

By MBANZABUGABO Jean Baptiste (BE,MCA,MSSE)

Unit I: Introduction to Business System simulation and modeling

What is Simulation?
Definition of Simulation
Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experiments with
this model for the purpose of either understanding the behavior of the system and/or evaluating
various strategies for the operation of the system.
Simulation can also be defined as the numerical technique for conducting experiments on digital
computer, which involves logical and mathematical relationships that interact to describe the
behavior and the structure of a complex real world system over extended period of time.
A Simulation of a system is the operation of a model, which is a representation of that system.
The model is amenable to manipulation which would be impossible, too expensive, or too
impractical to perform on the system which it portrays.
The operation of the model can be studied, and, from this, properties concerning the behavior of
the actual system can be inferred.
Use of simulations and Motives:
The motives is to assume the mere appearance of, without the reality
Model complex systems in a detailed way
Describe the behavior of systems
Construct theories or hypotheses that account for the observed behavior
Use the model to predict future behavior, that is, the effects that will be produced by
changes in the system
Analyze proposed systems
Simulation is one of the most widely used techniques in operations research and management
science

Brief History
World War II
Monte Carlo simulation: originated with the work on the atomic bomb. Used to
simulate bombing raids. Given the security code name Monte-Carlo.
Still widely used today for certain problems which are not analytically solvable (for
example: complex multiple integrals)
Applications
COMPUTER SYSTEMS: hardware components, software Systems, networks,
data base management, information processing, etc..
Evaluating H/W and S/W requirements for a computer system
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Designing communications systems and message protocols for them

MANUFACTURING: material handling systems, assembly lines, automated
production facilities, inventory control systems, plant layout, etc..
BUSINESS: stock and commodity analysis, pricing policies, Marketing
strategies, cash flow analysis, forecasting, etc..
Determining ordering policies for an inventory system
Designing and analyzing manufacturing systems
Analyzing financial or economic systems

SERVICE
Designing and operating transportation facilities such as freeways, airports, subways,
or ports
Evaluating designs for service organizations such as hospitals, post offices, or fastfood restaurants
GOVERNMENT: military weapons and their use, military tactics, population
forecasting, land use, health care delivery, fire protection, criminal justice, traffic
control, etc..
Evaluating a new military weapons system or tactics

Examples of Applications at Disney World

Cruise Line Operation: Simulate the arrival and check-in process at the dock.
Discovered the process they had in mind would cause hours in delays before getting on

the ship.
Private Island Arrival: How to transport passengers to the beach area? Drop-off point
far from the beach. Used simulation to determine whether

to invest in trams,

how many trams to purchase, average transport and waiting times, etc..

Advantages to Simulation
Can be used to study existing systems without disrupting the ongoing operations.
Proposed systems can be tested before committing resources.
Allows us to control time.
Allows us to identify bottlenecks.
Allows us to gain insight into which variables are most important to system

performance.
Disadvantages to Simulation
Simulation results are sometimes hard to interpret.
Simulation analysis can be time consuming and expensive.

analytical method would

TERMINOLOGIES

Should not be used when an

provide for quicker results.

3

The concept of a System

A System is defined as a group of objects that are joined together in some regular interaction or
interdependence toward the accomplishment of some purpose.

A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a common purpose.
The word sometimes describes the organization or plan itself (and is similar in meaning
to method, as in "I have my own little system") and sometimes describes the parts in the system
(as in "computer system").
A computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully chosen so that they
work well together and software components or programs that run in the computer.
Component of a system
Entity

An object of interest in the system.

E.g., customers at a bank

a property of an entity

E.g., checking account balance

Represents a time period of specified length.

Collection of operations that transform the state of an entity

E.g., making bank deposits

Change in the system state.

E.g., arrival; beginning of a new execution; departure

Attribute

Activity

Event:

State Variables

Define the state of the system

Can restart simulation from state variables

E.g., length of the job queue.

Sequence of events ordered on time

Process

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

System

Entities

Attributes Activities Events

Banking

Customers Checking
account
balance

Making
deposits

Arrival;
Departure

State
Variables
# of busy
tellers; # of
customers
waiting

Examples: Production System

Entities Machines
Attributes (property of an entity) Speed , Capacity, Breakdown rate
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 Activities (time period of specified length) Welding, Cutting, Stamping

Events breakdown
State variables Status of machines busy, idle or down
Examples: Communications System
Entities Messages
Attributes (property of an entity) Length , Destination
Activities (time period of specified length) Transmitting
Events arrival at destination
State variables Number of messages waiting to be transmitted
Systems Environment
A system is often affected by changes occurring outside the system. Some activities may also
produce changes that do not react on the system, such changes occurring outside the system are
said to occur in the system environment.
Example1: in the case of factory system, the factors controlling the arrival of orders may be
considered to be outside of the factory and therefore part of the environment.( Supply and
demand Problem)
Example2: in the case of bank system, the limit on maximum interest rate that can be paid can be
regarded as the constraint imposed by the environment.
In fact the activities that occur within the system are called Endogenous and exogenous is used to
describe activities in the environment that affect the system. However the system for which there
is no exogenous activity is said to be a closed system in contrast to an open system which does
have exogenous activities.
Deterministic and stochastic Systems
A system is deterministic if the variables of the system are deterministic or completely
predictable and no such variable or activity displays any degree of randomness.
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A stochastic process is a collection of random variables { Xt , t T }.

If T is countable set { Xt , t T } is called discrete time stochastic process. If T is an uncountable
subset of the set of real numbers { Xt , t T } is called continuous time stochastic process.
Continuous vs. Discrete System
Discrete
State of the system is viewed as changing at discrete points in time: arrival of a
customer in a queuing system
An event is associated with each state transition
Events contain time stamp
Continuous
State of the system is viewed as changing continuously across time: rise if water
level in a dam
System typically described by a set of differential equations
System Studies

We have given a simple definition of a system as a set of interacting objects but usually the
description of a system can be made at many levels of detail. It is customary to describe a system
consisting of subsystems. When describing system in term of block, the term block, subsystem,
or submodel tend to be used interchangeably.

Types of System Study

Having developed model, there are various ways we can use it to study a system.
Generally, system studies are of three types: System Analysis, System design and what
will be called system postulation.
The term system engineering is frequently used to describe system studies where a
combination of analysis and design is aimed at understanding, first, how an existing
system works and then preparing system modifications to change the system behavior.
System Analysis: system analysis aims to understand how an existing system and
proposed system operate. What is actually done is to construct a model of the system and
investigate the behavior of the model. The result obtained is interpreted in terms of
system performance.
System Design studies, the objective is to produce a system that meets some
specifications. The proposed system is modeled and its performance predicted from
knowledge of the models behavior and if the predicted performance compares favorably
with the desired performance, the design is accepted otherwise the system is redesigned
and the process repeated.
System Postulation is characteristic of the way models are employed in social,
economic, political, and medical studies, where the behavior of the system is known but
the processes that produce the behavior are not. Example the study of investigating the
function of the liver in the Human body.
n 1969 Geoffrey Gordon in his book System Simulation (1969, 18-19)
distinguishes a) continuous from discrete simulations (specific 29ff; 123ff) and b)
three types of system studies:
Systems analysis aims to understand how an existing system or a proposed
system operates.
In system design studies, the object is to produce a system that meets some
specifications.

System postulation is characteristic of the way simulation is employed in

social, economic, political, and medical studies, where the behavior of the system
is known but the processes that produce the behavior are not.
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http://artemis.wszib.edu.pl/~sloot/1_2.html
System Modeling
To study a system, it is sometimes possible to experiment with the system itself to predict how a
system will perform before it is built.

A model is defined as a representation of a system for the purpose of studying the system. In
practice, what is meant by "the system" depends on the objectives of a particular study. For most
studies, it is not necessary to consider all the details of a system; thus, a model is not only a
substitute for a system, it is also a simplification of the system. However, there should be
sufficient detail in the model to permit valid conclusions to be drawn about the real system.
Different models of the same system may be required as the purpose of investigation can
change. For example, one may want to study a bank to determine the number of tellers needed to
provide adequate service for customers who want just to cash a check or make a savings deposit.
The model can be defined to be that portion of the bank consisting of the tellers and the
customers waiting in line or being served. If the loan officer and the safety deposit boxes are to
be included, the definition of the model must be expanded in an obvious way.
Just as the components of a system were entities, attributes, and activities, models are
represented similarly. However, the model contains only those components that are considered to
be relevant to the study.
System

A collection of entities that interact together over time to accomplish one or more

goals
Model

An abstract representation of a system, usually containing logical and/or

mathematical relationships which describe a system in terms of state, entities, and their
attributes,

sets,

events, activities, and delays

System state

A collection of variables that contain all the information necessary to describe the

system
at
Entity

any

time

Any component in the system which requires explicit representation in the model and
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that
can
Item

change

the

state

of the

system

Any component in the system which requires explicit representation in the model and

that
cannot
Attributes

change
The

the state

properties
instantaneous

of
occurrence

of

a
that

the

given

system

entity

changes

the

state

or
of

item

Event

An

system

Activity

A duration of time of specified length, which length is known when it begins

(although

it

may

be

Action

defined

in

terms

of a

statistical

distribution)

An action is a series of changes to the state; every individual change is called an

action
Transform An action that changes the attributes, but not the number of components (entities or
items)
Split/Join

An action that splits a number of new components, or a number of components are

joined
together

to

one

new

component.

Process

A series of state changes within a component during a particular time-span

Process

The system is modelled as a combination of processes and interactions (relations)

interaction

Models are defined as Mathematical representation of a theory may be termed as model. A

stochastic simulation is the simulation of a model that involves random variables and the aims of
the simulation are closely connected to those of modeling (Ripley, 1987).
The body of information about a system gathered for the purpose of studying the system is also
knows n as the model, Since the purpose of the study will determine the nature of the
information that is gathered, there is no unique model of a system.
Example: I is not feasible to study economic system by arbitrarily changing the supply and
demand of goods, consequently, system studies are generally conducted with a model of the
system.
There are two principal reasons for modeling a situation:
1. To summarize data
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2. To predict observations
Reason for using a model
Helps in understanding the behavior of a real system before it is built
Cost of building and experimenting with a model is less
Models can be used to mitigate risk pilots can be taught how to cope with wind
shear while landing
Models have the capability of scale time or space in favorable manner wind
shear can be produced on demand

Types of Simulation Models.

We may distinguish between simulation models which are static, dynamic, deterministic or
stochastic.
A static simulation is a representation of system at a particular time., Static Models can only
show the values that the system attributes take when the system is in balance.
Example: (Birthday Problem) Suppose that in a room of N individuals each of the 365 days of
the year is equally likely to be some ones birthday. Using the theory of probability, it can be
shown that contrary to intuition, only 23 individuals need to be present for the chance of more
than 5050 that at least 2 of them will have the same birthday! This problem can be solved using
simulation. Clearly, all that is needed is to select N random integers from the set {1,2,3, . . . ,
365} and examine to find if there is a match.
Repeating this experiment a large number of times the probability of at least one match in a
gathering of N individuals can be computed.

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A dynamic simulation model is the representation of a system as it evolves over time. It follow the
changes over time that result from the system activities.
A simulation model is said to be deterministic if it contains no random variables. For
a given set of inputs. On the other hand, a simulation model is stochastic if it contains one or more
random variables. The output data for a stochastic model are themselves random and thus only
estimate the true characteristic of the model.
Discrete event simulation concerns modeling of a system as it evolves over time such that state
variables change only at a countable number of points.
Continuous simulation concerns the modeling over time of a system by a representation in which
state variables change involve one or more differential equations that give relationship for the rate of
change of state variables with respect to time. If the differential equations are simple, they can be
solved analytically.
If analytical solution is not possible then numerical methods such as RungeKutta method can be
used to solve the differential equation.

Broadly there are two types model in simulation

Physical
(Scale models, prototype plants,)
Mathematical
(Analytical queuing models, linear

programs, simulation)

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Static Physical Models

This method is used as a means of solving equations with particular boundary conditions, there
are many examples where the same equations applied to different physical phenomena.
Example: The flow of heat and the distribution of electric charge through space.
Static Mathematical Models
Example : Marketing commodity( Supply and Demad)
A static Model gives the relationships between the system attributes when the system is in
equilibrium. If the point of equilibrium changed by altering any of the attribute values, the model
enables the new values for all the attributes to be derived but does not show the way in which thy
changed to their new values.
Let Q denote the relationship between demand, P denote the relationship between price, S
denote Supply , mathematically we can write :
Q= a-bP
S= c+ dP
S=Q , a and b, c are coefficient in which the market condition depend upon , should be positive
numbers.

14

P=a-c/ b-d

15

Dynamic Mathematical Models

This model allows the change of system attributes to be derived as a function of time. The
variation may be made with an analytical solution or with a numerical computation, depending
upon the complexity of the model. The equation here was derived to describe the behavior of the
car wheel. In this case the equation is solved analytically.

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Examples of Models:
Iconic - physical models that are images of the real world; dimensions are usually scaled
up or down; for example, models of cars might be constructed and tested in a wind tunnel
Analog - model that substitutes one set of properties for another; may be iconic or
mathematical; electric resistance often used as an analog of the friction of a fluid flowing
in a pipe; this approach is not as widely used as at one time digital computers have
allowed the development of other modeling techniques that have replaced analog models
Stochastic - probabilistic model that uses randomness to account for immeasurable
factors (e.g., weather)
Deterministic - model that does not use randomness but uses explicit expressions for
relationships that may or may not involve time rates of change
Discrete - model where state variables change in steps as opposed to continuously with
time (e.g., number of cattle in a barn); may be deterministic or stochastic
Continuous - model whose state variables change continuously with time (e.g., biomass
in a field); usually sets of differential equations used; initial conditions required (can be
difficult to obtain for some systems!)
Combined - model where some state variables change continuously and others change in
steps at event times; for example, a field of hay might be modeled using a combined
approach with the biomass modeled continuously during growth and then as a discrete
event when harvested
Mathematical - abstract model usually written in equation form
Object-oriented - use objects that are abstractions of real world objects and develop
relationships and actions between objects; comes from field of artificial intelligence
Heuristic - heuristics (rules) are used to model the system; comes from field of artificial
intelligence.
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Steps in Simulation Study

Next

18

Unit 2: Statistical Models and Probability functions and distribution theory

in Simulation
I.

Introduction: The world the model-builder sees is probabilistic rather than deterministic
whereby some statistical model might well describe the variations.

Therefore, an appropriate model can be developed by sampling the Phenomenon of interest:

Select a known distribution through educated guesses
Make estimate of the parameter(s)
Test for goodness of fit
In this Unit we:

II.

Review several important probability distributions

Present some typical application of these models

Review of Terminology and Concepts

Discrete random variables

Continuous random variables
Cumulative distribution function
Expectation

1. Discrete Random Variables

19

2. Continuous Random Variables

3. Cumulative Distribution Function

20

4. Expectation

Useful Statistical Models

Statistical models appropriate to some application areas are presented. The areas include:
Queuing systems
Inventory and supply-chain systems (The number of units demanded per order or per
time period, The time between demands as well as The lead time
Reliability and maintainability (Time to failure (TTF)

Queuing systems

21

In a queuing system, interarrival and service-time patterns can be probabilistic

III.

Discrete Distributions and Continuous Distributions of

Random value Generation
a. Discrete Distributions

Bernoulli Trials and Bernoulli Distribution

22

 Binomial Distribution

23

 Geometric & Negative Binomial Distribution

Poisson Distribution

24

b. Continuous Distributions

25

 Uniform Distribution

Exponential Distribution
-

Note: P(x<3) =1-e x

26

 Normal Distribution

27

Unit 3: Analytical System Simulation Techniques:

1. Monte Carlo Methods

Monte Carlo simulation is a method for iteratively evaluating a deterministic model using sets of
random numbers as inputs. This method is often used when the model is complex, nonlinear, or
involves more than just a couple uncertain parameters. A simulation can typically involve over
10,000 evaluations of the model, a task which in the past was only practical using super
computers.
The Monte Carlo method is just one of many methods for analyzing uncertainty propagation
, where the goal is to determine how random variation lack of knowledge, or error affects the
sensitivity, performance, or reliability of the system that is being modeled. Monte Carlo
simulation is categorized as a sampling method because the inputs are randomly generated from
Probability distributions to simulate the process of sampling from an actual population
. So, we try to choose a distribution for the inputs that most closely matches data we already have
, or best represents our current state of knowledge. The data generated from the simulation can
be represented as probability distributions (or histograms) or converted to error bars , reliability
predictions , tolerance zones , and confidence intervals.

Monte Carlo Method

The graph is a rectangular with sides of length c and b-a

28

Example: Monte Carlo for critical problem

29

2. Numerical computation techniques

The distinction between continuous and discrete systems as being system in which
smooth or sudden changes occur was shown, now we go on however to comment that the
important distinction from the point of view of a system analyst is whether the model
selected to represent the system is continuous or discrete, since there is not a unique
correspondence between type of systems and models. This will become very important if
analytical or numerical techniques will be applied to the model.
The general computational techniques used with the two kinds of model differ
significantly.
a. Numerical computation techniques for continuous Models
Let take an example to illustrate the general numerical technique so simulation based
on continuous model, consider that a builder observes that rate at which the sell how
depends directly upon the number of families who do not yet have a house, as the
number of people without houses diminishes, the rates at which he sells the houses
drops. Let H be the potential number of householder and y be the number of families
with houses. The situation is represented in the following figure :
H

Potential market

Number sold

Y=houses
X= air conditioners
T, Time
Sale of house and Air conditioners
The horizontal line at H is the total potential market for house, the curve for y
indicates how the number of houses sold increases with time. The slope of the curve
at which y increases decrease as H-y get less. This reflects the slowdown of sales as
the market becomes saturated. Mathematically, the trend can be expressed by the
equation =k(H-y) where y=0 at T=0
Then for manufacturer of central air conditioners designed for houses, his sales
depend upon the number of house built. As with house sales, the rate of sales
diminishes as the unfiled market diminishes., X= k1(y-x), where x=0, t=0 and x be
the number of installed air conditioners, then unfilled market is the difference
between the number of houses and the number of installed air conditioners.
The two equations constitute a model of the growth of air conditioner sales.
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b. Numerical computation techniques for discrete models

Let take an example to illustrate the general computational technique of simulation
with discrete model. A clerk begins his days work with a pile of documents to be
processed. The time taken to process them varies. He works through the file
beginning each document as soon as the previous one finishes, except that he takes a
five minute break if at the time he finishes a document, it is an hour or more since he
began work or since he last had a break. The time needed to process each file and the
no of files are given as follows:
Doc. No (i)
Work time needed (tw)
1
45
2
16
3
5
4
29
5
33
6
25
7
21
Let

i = document number
tb = Start time of work
tw = Work time needed on a file
tf = Finish time of a file
tc = Cumulative time
F = Break flag
N = number of jobs
Computation Technique:
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

tb
0
45
66
71
100
138
163

tw
45
16
5
29
33
25
21

tf t
45 45
61
61
71
5
100 34
133 67
163 25
184 46

F
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

N
57
56
55
54
53
52
51

The computation proceeds row by row, and from left to right. The first
row shows that works start on the first document at time zero. The
processing time is 45 minutes, so the job is finished at 45 minute with
a cumulative time of 45, this not long enough for a break, so the flag is
set to zero, the second document is began at 45. It needs 16 minutes

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for processing which leads to a cumulative time of 61, so the flag is set
to 1 to indicate that a break should be taken.
The count, which was initialized to 57 jobs, is dropped to 56

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3. Lag models, and distribute lag model

The computation using Numerical computation techniques was straightforward, but it can be
imagined that the record-keeping quickly becomes burdensome as the model becomes larger or
more complex. If the events all occur synchronously at fixed intervals of time the computation
remains simple. The models that have the properties of changing only at fixed intervals of time
and of basing current values of the variable on other current values and values that occurred in
previous intervals are called Distributed lag Models.
They are extensively used in econometric studies where the uniform steps correspond to a time
interval such as a month or a year over which some economic data are collected.
They represent a continuous system but one in which the data is only available at fixed point in
time.
Consider the following mathematical model of the national economy
Let C be consumption
I be investment,
T be taxes,
G be government expenditure,
Y be national income.
C=20+0.7(Y-T)
I=2+0.1Y
T=0.2Y
Y=C+I+G
All quantities are expressed in billions of dollars.
This is a static mathematical model but it can be made dynamic by picking a fixed time interval,
say one year and expressing the current values of the variables in terms of values at previous
intervals. Any variable that appears in the form of its current values and one or more previous
intervals is said to be a lagged variable.
This models are applied in :
Economic studies
Linear and Algebra equation
Continuous system but one in which data are available at a fixed interval of time

33

Cob-web model.

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Unit 4: Discrete event based System Simulation

An Event is defined as an occurrence at a point in time, which may change the state of the
system, such as arrival of a customer or start of work on a job.
The discrete event models deal with events and specific time intervals. Examples of discrete
events include computer-performance evaluation and inventory dispatch systems.

1. Different Queuing systems

The type of queuing system a business uses is an important factor in determining how
efficient the business is run. In this project, we examine two types of queuing systems:
the single-channel and the multiple-channels queues which are commonly seen in banks
and fast food restaurants respectively.
General Queue
In a queuing system, the calling population is assumed to be infinite. That is, if a unit
leaves the calling population and joins the waiting line or enters service, there is no
change in the arrival rate

. Figure show the model used to analyze a general queue.

The arrivals occur one at a time in a random order and once the customer joins the
queuing system he will eventually receive the service.
A system with just one server where the customers (jobs) arrive according to a Poisson
process (with rate ).

35

If the server is free at that moment, the customer enters the service or else joins the
waiting queue.
When the server completes serving a customer, the next customer waiting in line enters
the service (the customer who has waited the longest the first in/first out rule).
If there are no waiting customers, the server remains free until the next customers
arrival.
The amount of time taken by server to complete service for a customer is a random
variable with probability distribution G (for M/M/1 queues, G = exponential dist.
function).
All the service times are independent of each other.

Multiple-Channels Queuing System

The multiple-channels queuing system is commonly observed in fast food restaurants like
KFC, Burger King, McDonalds, etc. It is a system whereby the customers line up in rows
directly in front of each server. They are arranged in relatively straight lines that do not
converge. Generally, the customers in a multiple-channels queue feel happier because the
queue length is shortened as they are distributed to different counters.

Queuing system with two servers in series

Two-server system in which customers arrive according to a Poisson process. Suppose that
each arrival must first be served by server 1 and upon completion of service at 1, the
customer goes over to server 2.
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This system is called tandem or sequential queuing system.

Upon arrival the customer will either enter service with server 1 if that server is free, or join
the queue for server 1 otherwise.

37

http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Sc-Str/Simulation.html

Unit 5: Simulation Languages

These are computer packages for simulation. Some examples are C++ SIM, CallSim, GPSS,
Powersim, Quest, SIMSCRIPT and Witness etc.
There are essentially three types of languages one can use: general-purpose languages,
simulation specific languages, and general languages designed for simulation.
In the first class are languages like FORTAN, C, C++, Pascal, and so on. These are languages
used for many applications. There are a number of advantages to implementing simulations in
general languages : they tend to be very fast, there are few limitations on what can be done,
programmers are easily found, and simulations can be done on a number of different computers
(due to standardization of language). The disadvantage of this approach is cost. Simulations
based on general languages take knowledge of simulation implementation and are generally very
large, intricate programs. The time needed to design, code, and verify such a system may be
overwhelming.
The second class of languages is simulation specific, and includes GPSS, SIMAN, and SLAM.
These languages take most of the work out of creating a simulation. All these systems can do all
the queue manipulation needed in a single line. The main disadvantages of these languages are in
their limited domain. It is difficult, but not impossible, to create a financial portfolio planner in
SIMAN. It is just not designed for it. On the other hand, another specialized simulation language
can easily handle it within a 123 spreadsheet. It is also difficult to use other programs in the
simulation. Imagine trying to put in a network optimizer in a transportation simulator if you are
required to use SIMAN.
Although there is the ability to link in your own FORTRAN programs, the methods are
cumbersome and inefficient.
The final class includes such languages as SIMSCRIPT. SIMSCRIPT is a general language in the
sense that things like network optimization and linear programming can be written in the
38

language. It is also a simulation language, for it has commands to generate entities and
manipulate queues. In many ways, it is the best of both worlds, and its lack of popularity is
surprising.
In most cases, these days simulation is done by an appropriate special system, although there are
still a substantial number of holdovers from the general language school. If a reasonable library
of routines has been built up, then a general language can have most of the advantages of the
specialized language. On the other hand, we have yet to see a set of libraries that make
FORTRAN as easy as SIMAN.
Simulation Software
There are computer package for Simulation. Some examples are :
ACSL, APROS, ARTIFEX, Arena, AutoMod, C++ SIM, CSIM, CallSim, FluidFlow, GPSS,
Gepasi, JavSim, MJX, MedModel, Mesquite, Multiverse, NETWORK, OPNET Modeler,
POSES++, Simulat8, Powersim, QUEST, REAL, SHIFT, SIMPLE++, SIMSCRIPT, SLAM,
SMPL, SimBank, SimPlusPlus, TIERRA, Witness, SIMNON, VISSIM, and Javasim.

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Unit 6: Translation of models into high level programming simulation

languages

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