TWO MARKS

Unit I
1. What is a Signal?
A function of one or more independent variables which contain some
information called signal.
2. What is a system?
A system is a set of elements or functional block that are connected together and
produces an output in response to an input signal.
3. Define Piecewise continuous signals?
Piecewise continuous signals possess different expressions over different
intervals.
4. Define continuous signals?
Continuous signals are expressed by a signal expression for all time.
5. Define Periodic Signals?
Periodic signals are infinite duration signals that repeat the same pattern
endlessly. The smallest repetition interval is called the period T and leads to a formal
definition.
x p (t ) = x p (t nT )
6. Define energy signal and power signal?
Signal with finite energy is called an energy signal (or) square integrable.
Signal with finite power are called power signals.
7. Define ever symmetric and odd symmetric and give its expression in continuous
time signals

If a signal is identical to its folded version with x (t ) = x( t ) , it is called even

symmetric.

x e (t ) = x e ( t )

If a signal and its folded version differs only in sign with x(t) = -x(-t), it is called

odd symmetric.
x o (t ) = x o ( t )

8. Define impulse function?

An impulse is a tall Narrow spike with finite area and Infinite energy

( x)dc =1

0, t 0
, t = 0

(t ) =

9. What are the properties of the impulse

1. Scaling Property

(t ) =

1
11

(t )

2. Product property

x (t )(t ) = x () ( t )
3. Sifting property

x( t ) (t )dt = x()

10. Define doublet and give its three properties

The derivative of an impulse of an impulse is called a doublet denoted by ' ( t )
 Scaling property:

' (t ) =

1 '
(t )

 Product property:

x (t ) ' (t ) = x (0 ) ' (t ) x ' (0 )(t )

 Sifting property:

x(t ) (t ) dt
'

= x ' (0 )

11. Define Superposition:

A linear operator obeys superposition:
Superposition principle:

aO{x1(t)} + bO{x2(t)} = O{a x1(t) + b x2(t)}

Superposition implies both homogeneity and additivity

Homogenity:

O{a x(t)} = aO{x(t)

Additinity:

O{x1(t)} + O{x2(t)} = O{x1 (t) + x2(t)}

12. What makes a system Nonlinear?
1. Nonlinear elements
2. Nonzero initial conditions
3. Internal sources
13. What makes a system differential equation nonlinear or time varying

Terms containing product of the i/p and/or o/p make a system equation
nonlinear. A constant term also makes a system equation.

Cofficients of the i/p that are explicit functions of t make a system

equation time varying. Time scaled i/ps or o/ps such as y(2t) also
make a system equation time varying.

14. What makes a system differential equation noncausal and static

It is noncausal, if the o/p terms have the form y(t) and any i/p term
contains x(t+), >o.

It is static if no derivatives are present, and every term in and y has

identical arguments

15. Define foxed response?

Forced response arises due to the interaction of the system with the i/p and thus
depends on both the i/p and system details. It satisfies the given differential equation
and has the same form as the i/p.
16. Define total Response:
Total Response is found by first adding the forced and natural response and then
evaluating the undetermined constants using the prescribed initial conditions.

17. What are the methods to sketch x(t - )

Method 1:

[x(t) x(t-)]

Shift right by

Then compress by =

[x(t ) x(t - )]

Method 2:

Compress by

Then shift right by

[x(t) x(t)]

x (t ) x t = x (t)

18. What is the resultant symmetry of the sum or product of two symmetric signals
1. xe (t) + ye(t)

Even symmetry

2. xo (t) + yo(t)

Odd symmetry

3. xe (t) + yo(t)

No symmetry

4. xe (t) ye(t)

Even symmetry

5. xo (t) yo(t)

Even symmetry

6. xe (t) yo(t)

Odd symmetry

19. How can we relate the impulse and a step function

( t ) =

t
u ( t ) = ( t )dt

du ( t )
,
dt

20. Find the energy of the signal x(t) = 2e-t 6e -2t, t>0
Solution:

Ex

( t ) dt

(4e

2 t

24e 3t +36e 4 t )dt

2 8+9

3J

UNIT I

1) Briefly explain about Impulse and Doublet.

Impulse:
Impulse is a tall narrow spike with finite area and infinite energy

0, t 0
() =
-() d =1
, t = 0

Three properties of impulse:

i)
Scaling property

(t) =
ii)

1
(t)
| |

Product property
x(t)(t ) = x()(t )

iii)

Sifting property

- x(t)(t )dt = x()

Doublet:
Derivative of impulse is called doublet and is denoted by (t)

(t) =

0, t 0
Undefined, t = 0

(t)dt = 0
-

Properties of doublet:
i)
Scaling property:
(t) =

ii)

1
(t)
| |

Product Property
x(t)(t) = x(0) (t) - x(0) (t)

iii)

Sifting Property

-x(t)(t) dt = -x(0)

2) Let y(t) + 3y(t) +2y(t) = x(t) with x(t) =4e-3t and initial conditions y(0) = 3
and y(0) = 4. Find its zero-input response and zero-state response.
Solution:
Characteristic equation: s2+3s+2 = 0
Roots are: s1 = -1, s2 = -2

ZIR:

Found from yN(t) and the prescribed initial conditions.

K2 = -7, K1 = 10
yzi(t) =K1e-t + K2e-2t ;
yzi(t) = 10e-t -7e-2t
ZSR:

Found from general form of y(t) with zero initial conditions.

x(t) = 4e-3t ; So yF(t) = Ce-3t
C = 2 and yF(t) = 2e-3t
yzs((t) = K1e + K2e +2e-3t
-t

-2t

with initial conditions yzs(0) = 0 and yzs(0) = 0,

K2= -4 and K1 = 2

yzs(t) = 2e-t 4e-2t + 2e-3t

3) Find the response y(t) + 3y(t) +2y(t) = 2x(t) + x(t), with x(t) = 4e-3t, y(0) =
0 and y(0) = 1
Solution:
Characteristic equation: s2+3s+2 = 0
Roots are: s1 = -1, s2 = -2
ZIR:
Found from yN(t) and the prescribed initial conditions.
yzi(t) =K1e-t + K2e-2t ;
K2 = -1, K1 = 1

yzi(t) = e-t -e-2t

To find yo(t):

Found from general form of y(t) with zero initial conditions.

x(t) = 4e-3t ; So yF(t) = Ce-3t
C = 2 and yF(t) = 2e-3t
Yo((t) = K1e-t + K2e-2t +2e-3t
with initial conditions yzs(0) = 0 and yzs(0) = 0, K2= -4 and K1 = 2
yo(t) = 2e-t 4e-2t + 2e-3t
To find ZSR:

yzs(t) = 2yo(t) +yo(t)

= -2e-t + 12 e-2t -10e-3t
To find total Response:
y(t) = yzs(t) + yzi(t)
= -e-t +11e-2t 10e-3t
4) Find the impulse response of the system y(t) + 3y(t) +2y(t) = x(t).
Solution:
Characteristic equation: s2+3s+2 = 0
Roots are: s1 = -1, s2 = -2
Natural Response:
ho(t) =K1e-t + K2e-2t ;
K2 = -1, K1 = 1

ho(t) = (e-t -e-2t)u(t)

The required impulse response is then h(t) = ho(t)
h(t) = (e-t 4e-2t)u(t) + (t)

5) Consider the first-order system y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t). Find its response if x(t) =
cos(2t), y(0) = 2
Solution:
Characteristic equation: s + 2 = 0
Root: s = -2
Natural response: yN(t) = Ke-2t
Forced response:
X(t) = cos(2t), So yF(t) = Acos(2t) + Bsin(2t)
A = 0.25,
B = 0.25

yF(t) = 0.25cos(2t) + 0.25sin(2t)

Total Response:
y (t) = yN(t) + yF(t)
= Ke-2t + 0.25cos(2t) + 0.25sin(2t)

With y(0) = 2, K = 1.75

Y(t) = [1.75e-2t + 0.25cos(2t) + 0.25sin(2t)]u(t)

Unit II

1. Find the energy in the signal x[n] = 3(0.5)n, n0

[n ]

n =

3(0.5)

n2

9(0.25) =

n =0

n =0

9
12J
1 0.25

2. Define folding operation of discrete signals

The signal y[n] = x[-n] represents a folded version of x[n], a missor image
of the signal x[n] about the origin n =0. The signal y[n] = x[-n-] may be obtained
from x[n] in one of two ways
a. x[n] delay (shift right) by x[n-] fold x[-n - ]
b. x[n] fold [-n] advance (shift left) by x[-n -]
3. Let x[n] = {2,3,4,5,6,7} find the following y[n] = x[n-3], f[n] = x[n+2]

a. y[n] = x[n-3] = {0,2,3,4,5,6,7}

b. f[n] = x[n+2] = {2,3,4,5,6,7}
4. Give the expression for even and odd parts of the signal
even part

xe [n] = 0.5 x[n] = 0.5 x[-n]

odd part

xo [n] = 0.5 x[n] 0.5 x[-n]

5. Give the steps for decimation and interlocution by a factor N.

Decimation:

Keep every Nth sample (at n = KN), this leads to potential loss of information.
Interpolation:

Insert (N-1) new values after each sample. This new sample values may equal
zero (zero interpolation), or the previous value (step) or linearly interpolated values.
6. Let x[n] = { x, 4, 5, 6}. Find y[n] = x[24/3] assceming step interpolation where
needed.
Interpolation:

[ 3 ] = {3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6}

xn

x[2n ] = {3,3,4,5,5,6}
3

Decimation:

7. Write the steps for generating fractional delays

Fractional delay of x[n] requires interpolation, shift and decimation in that order
For

x[n ] x n =
N

Nn M
x
N

Interpolate x[n] by N, delay by M, then decimate by N.

8. Let x[n] = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find the signal y[n] = x [n-0.5] assuming linear interpolation
where needed.
x[n-0.50

1
x n
2

2n 1
x
2

xn

[ 2]

{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 4} [Lincar Interpolation]

n 1
x
2

{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 4} [shifting]

2n 1
x

{3, 5, 7, 4} [decimate by 2]

9. Define digital frequency:

The normalized frequency F = f/s is called the digital frequency and has units of
cycles/ smaple.
Where S

= 1/ts corresponds to the sampling sate at interval ts.

10. Is x[n] = Cos (2Fn) periodic if F = 0.32?

The signal is periodic only if its digital frequency F = K/N can be expresed as a
ratio of integrers.
Given

F =
The period N =

0.32 =

32
8 K
=
=
100 25 N

25

11. What is a principal period?

The range 0.5 F 0.5 defines the principal period or principal range.
12. Define sampling theorem?
For a unique comespondance between an analog signal and the version
reconstucted from its samples, the sampling rate must exceed frice the highest signal
frequency fmax.
13. Define Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval.
The critical rate S = 2fmax is called Nyquist rate or Nyquist frequency and
1
ts =
is called the Nyquist interval.
2f max
14. Define aliasing:
The phenomenon, where a reconstructed sinusoid appears at a lower frequency
than the original is called aliasing. It occurs if the analog signal is sampled below the
Nyquist rate.

15. Define BIBO stability and its requirements.

Bounded input, bounded output (BIBO) stability implies that every bounded
input must result in a bounded output.
Requirement for BIBO stability is every root of the characteristic equation must
have magnitude less than unity.
16. Find the whether the system is stable or not y[n] y[n-1] = x [n]
The Characteristic equation is z 1 = 0
Z

The Magnitude equals 1, so the system is unstable.

17. A 100H2 sinusoid x(t) is sampled at 240 H2. Has aliasing occurred? How many
full periods of x(t) are required to obtain one period of the sampled signal.
Given frequency

100 Hz

Sampling rate

240 Hz

The sampling rate exceeds 200 Hz, so there is no aliasing.

frequency F =

The digital

100 5
=
240 12

Thus 5 periods of x(t) yeilds 12 samples (one period) of the sampled signal.

18. Define period of discrete signals?

The period of discrete signals is measured as the number of samples per period.
The period N is always an Integer. For combinations N is the LCM of the individual
periods.
19. Give the operations or discrete signals
1. Time shift
2. Folding
20. Give the expression for energy and power in discrete signals

1. Energy: E =

x[n ]

n =

1 N 1
2. Power: P = x[n ]
N n =0

Unit III

1. Define Fourier series?

The Fourier series (Fs) describes a periodic signal xp (t) as a Sum (linear
combination), in the right mix, of harmonics (or sinusoid)

at the fundamental

frequency of at xp and its multiples kfo

2. What are the three forms of Fourier series
i. Trignometric form:

x p (t ) = a 0 + a k cos (2kf 0t ) + b k Sin (2kf 0 t )

k =1

ii. Polar form

x p (t ) = Co + a k Cos (2kf 0t + k )
k =1

iii. Exponential form:

x p (t ) =

[k ]e

j 2 kfot

k =

3. Give the expressions for trignometric fourier series coefficients

ao =

1
x ( t )dt
T T

ak =

2
T

bk =

2
s( t )Sin (2kfot ) dt
T T

x(t )Cos(2kfot)dt
T

4. Give the expressions for exponential fourier series coefficients

X[0] =

1
T

X[k] =

1
s( t )e j2 kfot dt

T
T

x (t ) dt
T

5. Give the difference between the F-form and -form of the fourier Transform:

If the transform contains no impulses:

H (f) and H() are related by = 2f

If it contains Impulses:

Replace (f)by 2 () land 2f by elsewhere) to get H ()

6. Find the Fourier transform of Unit impulse function:

Unit impulse is (t)
x(t)

x(f)

(t)

( t )

e j2 ft dt

r (t)

1, t = 0
0, t 0

x(f)

7. What are the there representations of a relaxed LIT system

i. Differential equation
ii. Transfer function
iii. Impulse response
8. What are the there Basle Fourier transform pairs:
i. ( t ) 1
ii. rect (t) Sinc (f)
iii. e t

1
+ j2f

9. Define similarity theorem?

If x(t) x(f) then x(t) x(-f)
10. Find the Fourier transform of a Decaying exponential
=

e-t u (t)

x(t)

e-t u (t)

x(f)

Decaying exponential

e-t u(t)

e t e 2 ft dt =

1
+ j2f

1
+ j2f

11. Define Transfer Function:

The transfer function is a frequency-Domain description of a relaxed LTI
systems. It is also defined as H(f)=Y(f)/X(f), (ie)the ratio of the transformed output and
transformed input.

12. Give the steps to find the steady state response of an LTI system to a sinusoidal
input
i. Input

Given Input is a sinusoidal input

(ie) x (t) = A Cos (ot + )

ii. Transfer function

Evaluate H() at o as k

iii. Steady state output

yss (t) = KA Cos (ot + + )

13. Give the steps to find the zero state Response of LTI systems:
i. Input

ii. Transfer unction

Evaluate H (f) from h (t) or spent equation

iii. Zero-state output

Evaluate Y (f) = X (f) H(f) and find its

Evaluate

inverse Fourier transform to find y(t)

14. What are the types of filter
1. Low pass filter (LPF)
2. High pass fitter (HPF)
3. Band pass fitter (BPF)
4. Band Stop filter (BSF)
15. Define:
1. FrequencyFrequency-Selective filter:

Device the passes a certain range of frequencies and blocks the rest.
2. Pass band:

Range of frequencies passed defines the passband

3. Stop band :
Range of frequencies blocked defines the stop band
4. Cut off frequencies:
frequencies:

Band- edge frequencies are called the cut off frequencies

5. Amplitude distortion:

Gain is not constant over the required frequency range

6. Phase distortion:

Phase shift is not linear with frequency.

16. Define phase delay and Group delay

1. Phase delay:

tp =

()
. The delay at a single frequency

2. Group delay:

tg =

d()
. The delay for a group of frequencies in a
d

signal
17. Define: Half power frequency:
The frequency f =

1
is called the half power frequency because the output
2c

of a sinusoid at this frequency is only half the input power.

18. Define Half-power Bandwidth?
The frequency range 0 f
the magnitude is les than or equal to

1
defines the half-power bandwidth over which
2c
1
2

times the peak magnitude.

19. What are the basic lap lace transform pairs;

1. ( t ) 1
1
2. u ( t )
s
1
3. r ( t ) 2
s
1
s+
20. Give the derivative property of laplace transform
4. e t u ( t )

x ' ( t ) = S (s) x (o)

x '' ( t ) = S 2 (s) Sx (o) x ' (o)
For zero Ic:

x n ( t ) S n (s)

Unit-1V

1. Define DTFT and give its two forms:

The discrete Time fourier Transform (DTFT) describes the Spectrum of discrete
time single and formalize the concept that discrete time single have periodic spectra
1. F-form:

X p (F) = X[K ]e j2 kF ,

X[n ] = 1 2X p (F)e j2 nF dF
2

k =

2. - Form:

X p ( ) =

X[K ]e

j 2 k

X[n ] =

k =

1
X p ()e j2 n d

2. Give the difference between F-form and form of the DTFT

If the DTFT contains no impulses: H(F)and H( ) are related by

related by = 2F.

If the DTFT contains impulse: Replace (F) by 2() (and 2F by

else where) to get H ().

3. Write the steps to identify a filter:
Traditional filters can be identified by finding the Gain at Dc and F= 0
(or = )


From transfer function:

Evaluate H(f) at F = 0 and F = 0.5, or evaluate H () at = 0 and = .



From impulse response:

Evaluate h[n] = H(o) and

4. What is the DTPT of a Discrete-time periodic signal.
If x p[n] is periodic with period N and its one- period DTFT is x1[n] x1[f],
then
X p [n ] X p (F) =

1 N 1
(f k Fo ) [ N impulses per period 0 F <1]
N K =0

5. Give the shift properties of the DTFT

x[n-m] xp(F) e j2 mF (or) X p ()e jm

X[n ]e j2 hFo X p (F Fo ) (or) Xp ( - 0), where 0 = 2F0

(-n)n x[n] Xp(F0.5) (or) Xp ( )

6. What is the times-n property is DTFT.

Multiply x[n] by n Differentiate the DTFT
n x[n]

x p ()
j dx p (F)
(or) j
2 dF
d

7. Let Xp(F) (0.5)n u[n]= x[n]. Find the time signal corresponding to Yp (F)= XP(F)
XP(F)
By convolution property:

Multiplication in one domain corresponds to convolution in the other.

Given:

Yp(F)

XP (F) Xp (F)

y[n]

x[n].x[n]

(0.5)n u[n]. (0.5)n u[n]

y [n]=(0.25)n u[n]
8. Define Frequency Response
Plots of the magnitude and phase of the transfer function against frequency are
referred to collectively as the frequency Response. Frequency Response is a very useful
way of describing and identifying digital fitters.
9. Give the steps to find steady-state response to a Discreet-Time Harmonics.
1. Input:

Given input is sinusoidal and if the form

x[n]= A cos (2n F0 + )
2. Transfer function:

Evaluate HP(F) at F=F0 as Ho

3. Steady state o/p:

The steady state o/p is given as

yss[n]=A Ho cos (2n Fo + +)
10. Design a 3-point FIR fitter with impulse response h[n] {, , } that completely
1
blocks the frequency F=
and passes the frequency F=0.125 with unit gain. What is
3
the dc gain of this filter?
Solution:
Filter transfer function is H p (F) = e j2 F + + e j2 F
=

+2 Cos (2F)

Given:

It blocks the frequency F = 1

H(
1.

2.

1
)
3

1
H
3

H(0.125)

- 2

3
0

+ 2 Cos (2 ) = 0
3

-=0

+ 2 Cos (2 (0.125) = 1

= =

0.414

h[n]

{0.414, 0.414, 0.414}

h[n]

0.414 + 0.414 + 0.414

1.2426

Dc gain is, H(0)

H(0)

11. Give the Times n property of Z transform.

hx[n]

-Z

dx (z)
dz

12. Define pole zero plot:

A plot of the poles and zeros of a rational x(z) in the Z-plane constitutes a polezero plot and provides a visual picture of the root locations.

13. Find the Z- transform for the sequence x[n]={-7, 3, 1, 4, -8, 5}

x(z)

x[k ]z

k =

x(z)

-7z2 + 3z1 + z0 + 4z-1 8z-2 + 5z-3

14. Write the steps to solve the difference equations using the Z-transform
1. Relaxed system:

Transform the difference equation, then find Y(z) and its inverse.
2. Not relanced:

Transform using the shift property and initial condition. Find Y(z) and its
inverse.

15. How can we analyze system using the transfer function is Z-transform?

Zero-stare Response: Evaluate Y(z)=X(z) H(z) and take inverse

transform.

Zero- input Response: Find difference equation. Transform this using

the shift property and initial conditions. Find the response in the Zdomain and take inverse transform.

16. Write the steps to find the steady state response in z-transform.
1. Input

Given input is of sinusoidal

(ie) x[n]=A cos (2nF0 + )

2. Transfer function

Evaluate H(z) at Z = e j2 F0 as Ho

3. Steady state output

The output is given as

y[n]=AH0 Cos (2nF0 + + 0)

17. Find the Z-transform of unit step function.

Solution:

x[n]

x(z)

u[n]

k =0

(Z

1 K

) =

K =0

1
1 z 1

z
z 1

18. Define Region of Convergence

The value of z for which it does converge defines the region of convergence
(ROC) for X (z).

19. Define:

( )

Scaling property

n x[n ] X z

Convolution property

x[n] * h[n] = x[n]. h[n]

Folding property

x[-n] x ( 1 )
z

20. Find the Z-transform of y[n] = nu[n]

Solution:

Using times-n property

Y(z)

d z
dz z 1

z
1
-z
+
2
(z 1)
(z 1)

z
(z 1)2

UNIT V

1) Give the expression for N-point DFT and N-point IDFT

N-1

XDFT[k] = x[n] e-j2nk/N,

n=0

k = 0, 1, 2,., N 1

N-1

X[n] = 1/N XDFT[k] ej2nk/N ,

k=0

n = 0, 1, 1,., N 1

2) Give the steps to generate one period of a circularly shifted periodic signal.
a. To generate x[ n no ]: Move the last no samples of x[n] to beginning.
b. To generate x[ n + no ]: Move the first no samples of x[n] to end.
3) Let y [n] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, n = 0, 1, , 7. Find one period of the
circularly shifted signals f[n] = y[n 2]
Solution:
To create f[n] = y[n 2], move the last two samples to the beginning.
So,
y[n 2] = {6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
4) Let x[n] = {2, 3, 2, 1} and XDFT(k) = {8, -2j, 0, 2j}. Find the DFT of the 12point signal described by y[n] = {x[n], x[n], x[n]}.
Solution:
Signal replication by 3 leads to spectrum zero interpolation and
multiplication by 3. Then,
YDFT(k) = 3XDFT[k/3] = { 24, 0, 0, -6j, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, j6, 0, 0}.
5) Define Decimation in DFT.
If we choose the number N of samples as N = 2m, we can reduce the
computation of an N-point DFT to the computation of 1-point DFTs in
m-stages and the 1-point DFT is just the sample value itself. This
process is called decimation.
6) Define Decimation-in-Frequency algorithm.
The DIF FFT algorithm starts by reducing the single N-point transform
at each successive stage to two N/2-point transforms, then N/4-point
transforms and so on, until we arrive N 1-point transform that
corresponds to the actual DFT.
7) How unequal lengths affect the DFT result?
1) If M=N, the IDFT is periodic with period M, and its one period
equals the N-sample x[n]. Both the DFT matrix and IDFT matrix are

square (M X N), and allow a simple inversion relation to go back

and forth between the two.
2) If M > N, the IDFT is periodic with period M. Its one period is the
original N-sample x[n] with M N padded zeros. The choice M>N
is equivalent to using a zero padded version of x[n] with a total of M
samples and M X N square matrices for both the DFT matrix and
IDFT matrix.
8) Define Decimation-in-Time algorithm.
In DIT FFT algorithm, start with N 1-point transforms combine adjacent
pairs at each successive stage into 2-point transforms, then 4-point
transforms and so on, until we get a single N-point DFT result.
9) Define Vandermonde matrix.
The elements of the DFT and IDFT matrices satisfy Aij = A(i 1)(j 1).
Such matrices are known as Vandermonde matrix.
10) Give the advantage of FFT over DFT.
Fast algoritms reduce the problem of calculating N-point DFT to that of
calculating many smaller size DFTs.
11) What are the useful DFT pairs.
{1, 0, 0, .. ,0}(impulse)  {1, 1,1 .. ,1} (constant)
{1, 1, 1, .. ,1}(constant)  (N, 0, 0, . , 0}( impulse)
n(exponential)  (1 - n) /(1 e-j2k/N)

cos(2nko/N)(sinusoid)  0.5N[k-ko] + 0.5N[k (N-ko)] (impulse pair)

12) How can we compute a N-point periodic convolution y[n] = x[n]
h[n].
i. Compute their N-sample DFTs XDFT[k] and HDFT[k].
ii. Multiply them to obtain YDFT[k] = XDFT[k]HDFT[k].
iii. Find the inverse of YDFT to obtain the periodic convolution y[n].
13) How can we compute regular convolution.
For two sequences of length M and N, the regular convolution contains
M+N-1 samples. We must thus pad each sequence with enough zeros, to
make each sequence of length M+N-1, before finding DFT.
14) Give the method to implement periodic correlation
Periodic correlation can be implemented using the DFT by taking two
conjugation steps prior to taking inverse DFT. The periodic correlation
of two sequences x[n] and h[n] of equal length N gives,
rxh[n] = x[n]

h[n]  XDFT[k] HDFT*[k]

15) Give the difference between the DIF and DIT.

a. In DIF, input sequence x[n] occurs in normal form, while output X(k)
appears in bit reversad order. In DIT, input sequence x[n] appears in bit
reversed order while output X(k) appears in normal form.
b. DIF butterfly is slightly different from DIT, where in DIF complex
multiplication takes place after the add and subtract operation. In DIT,
complex multiplication takes place before add and subtract operation.
c. Number of additions and multiplication are same in both DIT and DIF
algorithm.
16) Give symmetry property.
WNk + N/2 = - WNk
17) What are the two algorithms in FFT.
a. Decimation-in-Time (DIT) algorithm.
b. Decimation-in-Frequency (DIF) algorithm.
18) Define periodicity property.
WN k + N = WNk
19) Explain about the speed of fast convolution.
A direct computation of the convolution of two N-sample signals require
N2 complex multiplications. The FFT method works with sequences of
length 2N. the number of complex multiplications involved is
2(Nlog22N) to find the FFT of the two sequences, 2N to form the
product sequence, and Nlog2N to find the IFFT sequence that gives
convolution. It thus requires 3N log2 2N + 2N complex multiplications.
If N = 2m, the FFT approach becomes computationally superior only for
m > 5 or so.
20) Let y [n] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, n = 0, 1, , 7. Find one period of the
circularly shifted signals f[n] = y[n + 2]
Solution:
To create f[n] = y[n + 2], move the first two samples to the end. So,
y[n + 2] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1}

UNIT II
1) Let x[n] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Find and sketch the following.
a) y[n] = x[n-3]
b) f[n] = x[n+2]
c) g[n] = x[ - n]
d) h[n] = x[-n+1]
e) s[n] = x[-n-2]

Solution:
x[n]
7

2
n
-2

a) y[n] = x[n-3] ={0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

x[n-3]
7

2
n
6
b) f[n] = x[n+2] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
x[n+2]
7

2
n
-4

c) g[n] = x[ - n] = {7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2}

x[-n]
7

2
n
-4

d) h[n] = x[-n+1] = {7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2}

x[-n+1]
7

2
n
-2

d) s[n] = x[-n-2] = {7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2}

x[-n+1]
7

2
n
-5

2) Consider the recursive digital filter whose realization is shown. What is the
response of this system if x[n] = 6u[n] and y[-1] = -1, y[-2] = 4.

X[n]
+

y[n]

Z-1

+
+
Z-1

Solution:
The differential equation is y[n] y[n-1] 2y[n-2] = 2x[n] x[n-1]
Characteristic equation: z2 z 2 = 0
Roots are : z1 = -1 and z2 = 2

Natural Response: yN[n] = A(-1)n + B(2)n

ZIR:
y[-1] = -1, y[-2] = 4
and A= 3, B = 4
yzi[n] = 3(-1)n + 4(2)n
To find yo[n]:
Forced response : yF[n] = C
C = -3
yF[n] = -3
yo[n] = (-1)n + 8(2)n 3 ( using zero initial conditions )
ZSR:
yzs[n] = 2yo[n] yo[n-1]
= [2(-1)n +16(2)n 6]u[n] [ (-1)n-1 + 8(2)n-1 3]u[n-1]
Total Response:
Y[n] = [3(-1)n + 4(2)n]u[n] + [2(-1)n +16(2)n 6]u[n] [ (-1)n-1 + 8(2)n-1 3]u[n1]

3) Consider the difference equation y[n]-0.5y[n-1] =5cos(0.5n), n 0, withy[ -1] =

4.
Solution:
Characteristic equation: z 0.5 = 0
Roots are : z = 0.5
Natural Response:
yN[n] = K(0.5)n

Since x[n] = 5cos(0.5n) , the forced response is yF[n] = A cos(0.5n) +

Bsin(0.5n)
Evaluating the equation:
A = 4, B = 2.
yF[n] = 4 cos(0.5n) + 2 sin(0.5n)
Total response:
y[n] = K(0.5)n + 4 cos(0.5n) + 2 sin(0.5n)
With y[-1] = 4, K = 3
Thus,
y[n] = 3(0.5)n + 4 cos(0.5n) + 2 sin(0.5n)
4) Consider the difference equation y[n]-0.6y[n-1] = (0.4)n, n0, with y[-1] =
10. Find the total response.
Solution:
Characteristic equation: z 0.6 = 0
Roots are : z = 0.6

Natural Response:
yN[n] = K(0.6)n
Since x[n] = (0.4)n, the forced response is yF[n] =C(0.4)n
C = -2
yF[n] = -2(0.4)n
Total response:
y[n] = K(0.6)n - 2(0.4)n
With y[-1] = 10, K = 9
Thus,
y[n] = 9(0.6)n - 2(0.4)n

5) Find the impulse response of y[n] 1/6 y[n-1] 1/6 y[n-2] = 2x[n] 6x[n
1].
Solution:
Characteristic equation: z2 1/6z 1/6 = 0

Roots are : z1 = Z2 = -1/3

Natural Response h[n] = K1(1/2)n + K2(-1/3)n

With h[0] = 1 and h[-1] =0,

K1 = 0.6 and K2 = 0.4
To find ho[n]:
ho[n] = 0.6(1/2)n + 0.4(-1/3)n
Impulse Response:
h[n] = 2ho[n] 6ho[n-1]
h[n] = [1.2(1/2)n + 0.8(-1/3)n]u[n] [3.6(1/2)n-1 + 2.4 (-1/3)n-1]u[n-1]

UNIT III
1) Give the properties of Fourier transform.

x(t)
(t)

X(f)
f)

Similarity

x(t)

X(-f)

Scaling

x(t)

1/(||) X(f/)

Folding

x(-t)

X(-f)

Time Shift

x(t-)

e-j2fX(f)

Frequency Shift

ej2tx(t)

X(f-)

Convolution

x(t)
h(t)

X(f)H(f)

x(t)h(t)

X(f)
H(f)

Modulation

x(t)cos(2t)

0.5[X(f+) + X(f-)]

Derivative

x(t)

j2fX(f)

- j2tx(t)

X(f)

x(t)

y(t)

X(f)Y*(f)

Property

Multiplication

Times-t
Correlation

2) Give the properties of Laplace transform.

Property

x(t)

X(s)

x1(t) + x2(t)

X1(s) + X2(s)

Times-exp

e-tx(t)

X(s + )

Times-cos

Cos(t)x(t)

0.5[X(s + j) + X(s j)]

Times-sin

sin(t)x(t)

j0.5[X(s + j) - X(s j)]

Time Scaling

x(t), > 0

(1/)X(s/)

x(t- )u(t- ) , > 0

e-sX(s)

tx(t)

- [dX(s)/ds]

tnx(t)

(-1)n [dnX(s)/dsn]

x(t)

sX(s) x(0 - )

x(t)

s2X(s) sx(0-) - x(0-)

x(n)(t)

snX(s) sn-1x(0-) - . xn-1(0-)

x(t)
h(t)

X(s)H(s)

Superposition

Time Shift
Times-t

Derivative

Convolution

3) Explain briefly about frequency response of filters?

Frequency selective filter is a device that passes certain range of

frequencies called pass band and blocks the rest called stopband.
Types:
1. Lowpass filter
Impulse response is hLP(t) = 2fc sinc(2fct)
Transfer function HLP (f) = rect (f/2fc)
2. Highpass filter
Impulse response is hHP (t) = (t) - 2fc sinc (2fct)
Transfer function HHP (f) = 1 - rect (f/2fc)

3. Bandpass filter
Impulse response is hBP (t) = 4fc sinc(2fct) cos(2fot)
Transfer function HBP (f) = rect(f + fo/2fc) + rect(f - fo/2fc)
4. Bandstop filter
Impulse response is hBP (t) = (t) - 4fc sinc(2fct) cos(2fot)
Transfer function HBP (f) = 1 - rect (f + fo/2fc) + rect (f - fo/2fc)
4. Let y(t) + 3y(t) + 2y(t) = 4e-2t , with y(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4. Find the total
response y(t) ?
Solution:
Transformation to the s-domain using the derivative property yields

s2 Y(s) s y(0) - y(0) + 3 [s Y(s) y(0)] + 2Y(s) = 4/(s+2)

Substitute for initial conditions and rearranging
Y(s) = (3s2 + 19s + 30) / ((s + 1) (s + 2)2)
Using partial fraction
Y(s) = [K1 / (s + 2)] + [K2/ (s + 2)2] + [K3 / (s + 2)]
Solving for the constants
K1 = 14,

K2 = -4,

K3 = -11

Taking inverse transformation

y (t) = (14e-t 4te-2t 11e-2t) u(t)
5. Consider a system whose transfer function is H(s) = 1/ (s2 + 3s + 2). Find its zero
state, zero input, total response, assuming the input x (t) = 4e-2t and the initial
conditions y(0) = 3 and y(t) = 4.
Solution:

ZSR:
Transform x (t) to X(s) = 4/(s + 2) and Yzs(s) = H(s) X(s)
Yzs(s) = 4/ [(s + 2) (s2 + 3s + 2)] = [K1 / (s + 2)] + [K2/ (s + 2)2] + [K3 / (s + 2)]

Solving for the constants

K1 = 4,

K2 = -4,

K3 = -4

Taking inverse transformation

yzs(t) = (4e-t 4te-2t 4e-2t) u(t)

ZIR:
(s2 + 3s + 2) Y(s) = X(s), from this obtain the system differential
equation
y(t) + 3y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t)
Assuming zero input and non-zero initial conditions, this transforms to
s2 Yzi(s) s y(0) - y(0) + 3 [s Yzi(s) y(0)] + 2Yzi(s) = 0
With the given initial conditions
Yzi(s) = (3s + 13)/ (s2 + 3s + 2) = K1/ (s + 1) + K2/ (s + 2)
By partial fraction
K1 = 10,

K2 = -7

Taking inverse transforms

Yzi(t) = (10e-t 7e-2t) u(t)
Total response
y (t) = yzs(t) + yzi(t)
y (t) = (14e-t 4te-2t 11e-2t) u(t)

UNIT IV
4) Give the properties of DTFT.

Property

DT Signal

Result (F-Form)

Result (-Form)

x[-n]

Xp( -F) = Xp*(F)

Xp( -) = Xp*( )

x[n-m]

e-j2mFXp(F)

e-j mXp()

Frequency shift

ej2nFox[n]

Xp(F Fo)

Xp( o)

Half-period shift

(-1)nx[n]

Xp(F 0.5)

Xp( 0.5)

Modulation

Cos(2nFo)x[n]

0.5[Xp(F +Fo) + Xp(F Fo)

0.5[Xp( + o) + Xp( o)

Convolution

x[n]
y[n]

Xp(F)Yp(F)

Xp( ) Yp()

Product

x[n]y[n]

Xp(F)
Yp(F)

Xp()
Yp(F)

Times-n

nx[n]

(j/2)[dXp(F)/dF]

j[dXp()/d ]

Folding
Time shift

5) Let one period of xp[n] be given by x1[n] = {3, 2, 1, 2}, with N = 4. Find its
DTFT.

Solution:

Its DTFT is X1(F) = 3 + 2e-j2F + e-j4F + 2e-j6F

The four samples of X1( kFo ) over 0 k 3 are
X1( kFo ) = 3 + 2e-j2k/4 + e-j4k/4 + 2e-j6k/4 = {8, 2, 0, 2}
The DTFT of the periodic signal xp[n] for one period 0 F 1 is thus
3

Xp(F) = X1( kFo)( f- k/4 ) = 2(F) + 0.5( F ) + 0.5(F )

k=0

Xp( F)

2
0.5

2
0.5
0.5

-0.5

6) Give the properties of Two-sided Z- Transform.

Property

Signal

z-Transform

Shifting

x[n-N]

z NX(z)

Reflection

x[ -n ]

X(1/z)

Anti-causal

x[ -n ]u[ -n 1]

X(1/z) x[0]

Scaling

nx[n]

X(z/)

Times-n

nx[n]

- zdX(z)/dz

Times-cos

cos(n)x[n]

0.5[X(zej) + X(ze-j)]

Times-sin

sin(n)x[n]

j0.5[X(zej) - X(ze-j)]

Convolution

x[n]
h[n]

X(z)H(z)

7) Solve the differential equation y[n] 0.5y[n 1]=2(0.25)nu[n] with y[ - 1]= 2.

Solution:

Transformation using the right shift property yields,

Y(z) 0.5{z-1 Y(z) + y[-1]} = 2z / (z-0.25)
Y(z) = [z(z + 0.25)] / [(z 0.25)(z 0.5)]

Y(z) / z = (z + 0.25) / [(z 0.25)(z 0.5)]

= [A / (z 0.25)] + [ B /(z 0.5)]
Using partial fraction method,
A = -2,

B=3

Y(z) = [-2z / (z 0.25)] + [ 3z /(z 0.5)]

Taking inverse transforms,
y[n] = [ - 2(0.25)n + 3(0.5)n]u[n]

8) Consider a system described by y[n] = 0.5y[ n 1] + x[n]. Find its steady

state response to the sinusoidal input x[n] = 10cos(0.5n + 60o) to discrete
time harmonics.
Solution:

The transfer function Hp(F) is given by,

Hp(F) = 1 / [1 0.5e-j2F]
Evaluate Hp(F) at the input frequency F = 0.25
Hp(F) = 1 / (1 + 0.5j) = 0.4 5

- 26.6o = 0.8944

- 26.6o

The steady-state response then equals

yss(n] = 10(0.4 5) cos(0.5n + 60o- 26.6o )
= 8.9443 cos(0.5n + 33.4o )
UNIT V

1) Let x[n] = {1,2,1,0}. With N = 4 find the DFT.

Solution:
N-1
XDFT[k] = x[n] e-j2nk/N
n=0

Successively compute:
3
K = 0;
XDFT[0] = x[n]e0 = 1+2+1+0 = 4
n=0
3

K = 1;

XDFT[1] = x[n]e-jn/2 = -j2

n=0

K = 2;

XDFT[2] = x[n]e-jn = 0
n=0

K = 3;

XDFT[3] = x[n]e-j3n/2 = j2
n=0

The DFT is thus XDFT[k] = {4, -j2, 0, j2}

2) Given x[n] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Find X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm.

Solution:
x(0)=0

28

x(4)=4

W80
x(2)=2

-4+9.656j
-1

-4+4j
W80

x(6)=6

W80

x(1)=1

-1
-4+1.656j

W82

-1

-1
-4
W80

-1

W81

-1

-1

W82

-1

-1

W83

-1

x(5)=5

W80

x(3)=3

-1
W80

x(7)=7

W80

W82

-1

W80 = 1,
0.707j

W81 = 0.707 - 0.707j,

W82 = -j,

-4-1.656j
-4-4j
-4-9.656j

W83 = -0.707 -

X(k) = {28, (-4+9.656j), (-4+4j), (-4+1.656j), -4, (-4-1.656j), (-4-4j), (-4-9.656j)}

3) Given x[n] = n+1, N=8. Find X(k) using DIF FFT algorithm.
Solution:
x(0)=1

X(0)=36

x(1)=2

X(4)= - 4

-1 W8

x(2)=3

X(2)= - 4+4j

-1 W80

x(3)=4

X(6)= - 4 - 4j

-1 W82

x(4)=5
x(5)=6
x(6)=7
x(7)=8

-1

W8

X(1)= - 4 +9.656j

-1

W80

-1

W8

-1

W82

-1

W80 = 1,
0.707j

W83
W81 = 0.707 - 0.707j,

X(5)= - 4 - 1.656j

-1
-1

W80

-1

W82
W82 = -j,

W8

X(3)= - 4 + 1.656j
X(1)= - 4 - 9.656j

-1

W80

W83 = -0.707 -

X(k) = {36, (-4+9.656j), (-4+4j), (-4+1.656j), -4, (-4-1.656j, (-4-4j), (-4-9.656j)}

4) Given X(k) ={20, (-5.828-2.414j), 0, (-0.172-0.414j), 0, (-0.172+0.414j), 0,

(-5.828+2.414j)}. Find x[n] using DIF FFT algorithm.
Solution:
X (0)
X(1)

-1

X(2)

x
(0)=1
x
(4)=4
W80
x

-1 W80

X(3)

-1 W8

X(4)
X(5)
X(6)
X(7)

W80 = 1,
0.707j

-1

W80

-1

W8-1

-1

W8

-2

-1

W8-3
W8-1 = 0.707 + 0.707j,

-2

-1

W80

-1

W8-2

W8-2 = j,

(2)=3
x
(6)=2

-1

W80

-1

W80

-1

W80

x
(1)=2
x

(5)=3
x
(3)=4
x
(7)=1

W8-3 = -0.707+

x[n] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1}
5) Find the IDFT of X(k) = {4, (1-2.414j), 0, (1-0.414j), 0, (1+0.414j), 0,
(1+0.414j)} using DIT FFT algorithm.
Solution:

X(0)
X(4)

W80
X(2)

-1

X(6)
X(1)

-1

W80
W80

-1

W8

-2

-1
W80

X(5)
X(3)

W80

-1
W80

X(7)

W80

W80 = 1,
0.707j

-1

W8

-2

W8-1 = 0.707 + 0.707j,

-1
-1

-1

W8

-1

-1

W8

-2

-1

W8

-3

W8-2 = j,

x(0)=1
x(1)=1

x(2)=1

x(3)=1

x(4)=0

x(5)=0

x(6)=0

x(7)=0

-1

W8-3 = -0.707+

x[n] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}