Mixture of Varieties

We didnt deny varieties existence altogether but we also study to what

extent to their speaker keep them separate.
Code-switching:
Code switching is the result of bilingualism or more generally
multilingualism. Anyone who speaks more than one language chooses
between them according to circumstances. Speaker chooses a language
which the other person can understand.
In multilingual community different languages are always used in different
circumstances, and the choice is always controlled by social rules. Typically
one language is reserved exclusively for use at home and another is used in
the wider community i.e. when shopping.
For example,
(According to discussion) Everyone in the village of Sauris, in northern Italy,
spoke German within the family, Saurian informally within the village, and
standard Italian to outsiders and in more formal village settings i.e. school,
church, work etc. Because of this linguistic division, each individual could
expect to switch codes several times in the course of a day.
More precisely, this kind of code-switching is called situational codeswitching because the switches between languages always coincide with
changes from an external situation to another.
Metaphorical code-switching:
In some cases the situation is less clear, either because it is ambiguous or
because the speaker decides to focus on less observable characteristics of
the people concerned. Such cares, where it is the choice of language that
determine the situation are called Metaphorical code-switching.
Code-mixing:
In a case where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes
language without any changes at all in the situation, this kind of alternation
is called Code-Mixing. To get the right effect the speakers balance the two
languages against each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail a few words of
one language, then a few words of the others, then back to the first for a few
more words and so on

Borrowing:
Another way in which different languages may become mixed up with each
other is through the process of Borrowing, where code-switching and codeMixing involved mixing languages in speech, Borrowing involves mixing the
systems themselves, because an items is borrowed from we language to
become part of the other language.
Everyday examples such as word for foods, plants, institution and so on are
borrowed from other languages and also called loan words.
For example, English (language) has borrowed many such following words
from other languages
Perfume --------- French
Lunar -------------Latin
Anthology-------- Greek
Saga----------------Old Norse
Ketchup-------------- Chinese
Zebra------------------- African
Pangolin ----------------- Welsh
Almira ---------------- Arabic
Alarm--------------------- Italian
Pidgins:
There is another way in which varieties may get mixed up with each other to
form a new variety out of two (or more) existing ever. This process is called
Pidginisation whereby Pidgin languages are created. These are varieties
created for very immediate purposes of communication between people who
otherwise would have no common language between them.
A pidgin may be what is called Trade language, but not all pidgins are
restricted to being used a trade languages, nor all trade language are
pidgins.

For example,
In the north-west Amazon area, Tukano is the language of one of the twentyodd tribes but is also used as a trade languages by all the other.
There are a large number of pidgin languages, speech through all the
continents including Europe, where migrant workers in countries like
Germany have developed pidgin varieties based on the local national
language.
As each pidgin is of course specially constructed to suit the needs of its users
it should be as simple to learn as possible. However, although the vocabulary
of a Pidgin may be based mainly on that of one of the communities
concerned the dominant variety.
Pidginisation:
There is no moment in time at which a particular pidgin suddenly comes into
existence, but rather a process of variety-creation called Pidginisation, by
which a pidgin is gradually built up out of nothing.
Characteristics of Pidgins
It may be helpful to bring together some characteristics of Pidgins which
distinguish them from other types of variety and variety-mixture.
(1)A Pidgin is itself a language, with a community of speakers who pass it
on from one generation to the next, and consequently with its own
history. Indeed, it has even been suggested that many Pidgins have a
common origin in the Portuguese-based pidgin which developed in the
Far East and West Africa during the sixteenth century. This suggestion
represents one of a number of attempts to explain the existence of a
fairly large number of similar features which have been found in
pidgins from many different parts of the world.
(2)A pidgin is not simply the result of heavy borrowing from one variety
into another, since there is no pre-existing variety into which items
may be borrowed. An X-BASED PIDGIN is not a variety of X which has
borrowed a lot of syntactic constructions and phonological features
from other varieties, nor is it a variety of some other language which
has borrowed a lot of vocabulary from X.
(3)A pidgin unlike ordinary languages, has no native speakers, which is a
consequence of the fact that it is used only for communication
between members of different communities.

Creoles
A pidgin which has acquired native speakers is called a Creole
Language, or Creole and the process whereby a pidgin turns into a
creole is called creolisation. It is easy to see how pidgins acquire
native speakers by being spoken by couples who have children and
raise them together. This happened on a large scale among the African
slaves taken to the New World, and is happening on a somewhat
smaller scale in urban communities in places like Papua New Guinea.
From a social point of view, creoles of more interest than pidgins. Most
creole languages are spoken by the descendants of African slaves and
are of great interest, both to their speakers and to others, as one of the
main sources of information on their origins, and as a symbol of their
identity.
Decreolization
People who speak varieties whose origins are in a creole but moved
towards the dominant variety is called decreolization.
Creoles, unlike ordinary language, arise through a process that is
naturally enough called creolization and they are likely to gradually
lode their identity by decreolization.
Post-creole Continuum
This is what happens when a creole is spoken in a country where other
people speak the creoles lexical source-language. Since the latter has
so much more prestige than the creole, and creole speakers tend to
shift towards it, producing a range of intermediate varieties.
Sociolinguists call the creole Basilect and the prestige language the
Acrolect, with the intermediate varieties lumped/put together as
Mesolects. This range of varieties spanning (to bridge) the gap
between basilect and acrolect is called a Post-creole Continuum.
Differences between Pidgin and Creole
There is no clear difference between pidgins and creoles, apart from
the fact that,
--creoles have native speakers and pidgins do not.
--Creoles are just ordinary languages and Pidgins are rather peculiar.