Aman Technical - Handbook PDF

Technical Book MZ
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Oman Cables Industry (SAOG)

In a journey spanning over two decades, Oman Cables Industry
(SAOG) has always strived towards excellence and quality in all its
activities. The various awards won by OCI bear testimony to this, be
it being the five-time winner of His Majestys trophies for the best
industry or the various Flame of Excellence and Exporter of the Year
awards. OCI exports its products across the globe to Europe, UK, Far
East, Asia, Middle East and the Pacific Rim. Having started with just
10 employees and sales of 0.2 million USD in 1984, today OCI is
proud of the fact that it employs 52% Omani nationals amongst its
600 employees, and has a sales turnover of 800 million USD.
1
OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
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Table of Contents
Sr. No.
Details
Page
Product Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Criteria for selection of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Conductor details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Electric Field in MV cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
General characteristics of Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
General characteristics of Sheathing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Continuous Current Ratings and rating factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Short Circuit Current ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Cables Storage and Installation Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
10
Testing of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
11
Insulation Resistance Test and significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
12
Voltage drop utility and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
13
Earthing and Bonding methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
14
PVC vs XLPE cables Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
15
Overhead Conductor Characteristics and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
16
Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
17
Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
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OCI Product Range

Oman Cables offers a wide range of cables for demands made upon electrical, mechanical and
thermal qualities. The products listed below are the most popular ones. However, OCI can meet
a customers special requirements.
1)
Electric Wires:
a)
Building wires from 1.5 mm2 to 630 mm2
b)
Single core PVC and LSF insulated wires 450/750 Volts to BS 6004, BS 7211, IEC
60227
c)
Multicore 300/500 Volts Circular, PVC Insulated, PVC Sheathed Wires to BS 6004,
IEC 60227
2)
d)
2 Core, 3 Core Flat Wires with and without earth continuity conductor to BS 6004
e)
PVC Insulated Flexible Cords to IEC 60227
f)
300/500 Volts Flexible Cables BS 6500, IEC 60227
0.6/1 kv, XLPE and PVC insulated, PVC and LSF Sheathed Cables to IEC 605021, BS 6346, BS 7889, BS 5467, BS 6724 and specific customer requirements
with:
a)
Copper and Stranded Aluminium Conductors
b)
Single core and multicore cables
c)
Unarmoured cables
d)
Aluminium wire armoured single core cables
e)
Galvanized Steel Wire and Galvanized Steel Tape armoured multicore cables.
f)
Control cables with and without armour, with and without screen (copper
tape/copper wire).
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Medium Voltage XLPE insulated cables to IEC 60502-2, BS 6622, BS 7835, BS

7870 and specific customer requirements up to and including 46 kV:
Copper and Aluminium Conductors:
a)
Single core cables 25 mm2 to 1000 mm2
b)
Three core cables 25 mm2 to 500 mm2
c)
Single core and Three core un-armoured cables with copper tape/copper wire screen.
d)
Aluminium wire armoured single core cables.
e)
Galvanized Steel Wire and Galvanized Steel Tape armoured multicore cables.
We can offer cables with Optional Features such as:

Watertight Conductors
Bonded or Strippable Insulation Screen
Copper Wire/Copper Tape Screen
Cables with longitudinal water barriers at screen and armour level.
Cables with Radial water barrier (PE Laminated Aluminium Tape).
Cables with LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE, FRRT, FRLS Outer Sheath.
4)
Overhead Conductors to IEC, BS, ASTM, DIN, VDE, AS Standards

a)
Bare and PVC/XLPE Insulated Hard Drawn Copper Conductors
b)
Bare and PVC/XLPE insulated all Aluminium conductors (AAC, AAC/PVC,

AAC/XLPE).
c)
All Aluminium Alloy conductors (AAAC)
d)
Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR)
e)
Aluminium Conductors Aluminium Clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AW).
f)
Aluminium Conductors Aluminium Alloy Reinforced (ACAR).
g)
Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced (AACSR).
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h)
Galvanized Steel and Alumoweld Earth Wires.
i)
Aerial Bundle Cables (Duplex, Triplex, Quadruplex).
Special Cables
a)
Watertight Cables
b)
Fire Retardant Cables to IEC 60332-3-24, IEC 60332-3-23, IEC 60332-3-22.
c)
Cables with LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE, FRRT, FRLS Outer Sheath.
d)
Cable with Oil Resistant and/or Termite Resistant and/or FRRT and/or FRLS Outer
Sheath.
e)
6)
Instrumentation Cables.
PVC Compounds for Insulation and Sheathing of Electric Cables. To name a few:
Type A,T11, T13, Type 6, Type 9, Type ST2, FR, FRLS, FRRT, ATR etc.
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Criteria for selection of Power Cables

Cable Type and Size should be selected keeping in the view the following:
1)
Application
2)
Working Voltage, Earthed or Unearthed System
3)
Load Current, Duty Cycle, Frequency
4)
Installation methods and conditions
5)
Short time duty and system protection
6)
Acceptable Voltage drop
7)
Economics
How do these factors influence the choice of cables?

1)
Application of the cable determines the basic factors for choice of cable type.
a)
Conductor material Copper is the virtually unchallenged material as a conductor.

Aluminium, can also be used as Conductor material as it is very economical.
b)
Insulating Material good insulating material should have low thermal resistivity and
low dielectric losses. Please refer to the chart for major characteristics of different
materials.
c)
Power cables are usually with armour to carry earth fault current and to give
mechanical protection against damage during installation and service. For higher fault
rating and higher tensile strength steel wires are used in multicore cables. Single core
in AC circuits, use non magnetic material. Stainless steel is difficult to justify on cost
grounds and Aluminium is the normal choice.
d)
External covering/sheaths are used over the armour. Polyethylene or PVC is material
most often used. Please refer to the chart for properties of sheathing material.
2)
System voltage determines Voltage class of cables.
3)
Current rating and intermittent load is the decisive factor for fixing conductor size. Factors
such as Ground & Air temperature, thermal resistivity of soil, depth of laying, number of
cables in circuit etc. affect specified current ratings.
4)
Chemical substances in the environment might need special requirements on outer

covering. Cables are vulnerable to termite and rodent attacks.
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The short circuit current and its duration determines the size of conductor and thermal
requirement of insulation.
6)
Voltage drop is also major factor in deciding the conductor size of the cable. Voltage drop
of the cable for a given route length should not exceed the statutory requirements.
7)
The design of the cable for a particular application must be optimised taking into account
all the above factors. In case expert guidance is desired, please contact OCI.
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Class of Conductors:
Class 1:
Solid Conductor - used in cables for fixed installations.
Class 2:
Started Conductor - used in cables for fixed installations.
Class 5:
Flexible conductor - used in flexible cables and cords.
Class 6:
Flexible Conductor - used in flexible cables and cords. Conductors are more
flexible than Class 5 when more flexibility is required
Table Class 1 solid conductors for single core and multicore cables
1
Nominal
cross
sectional
area
m2
Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C

Circular, annealed copper
Aluminium and aluminium
conductors
alloy conductors, circular
Plain
Metal-Coated
or shaped
/km
/km
/km
0.5
36.0
36.7
0.75
24.5
24.8
1.0
18.1
18.2
1.5
12.1
12.2
2.5
7.41
7.56
4.61
4.70
3.08
3.11
10
1.83
1.84
3.08(a
16
1.15
1.16
1.91(a
25
(b
0.727
1.20(a
35
0.524(b
0.868(a
50
(b
0.387
0.641
70
0.268(b
0.443
95
0.193(b
0.320(d
120
0.153(b
0.253(d
150
(b
0.206(d
(b
0.164(d
0.124
185
0.101
240
0.0775(b
0.125(d
300
(b
0.100(d
0.0620
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Table Class 1 solid conductors for single core and

multicore cables
1
Nominal
cross
sectional
area
m2

Circular, annealed copper
Aluminium and aluminium
conductors
alloy conductors, circular
Plain
Metal-Coated
or shape
/km
/km
/km
400
0.0465(b
0.0778
500
0.0605
630
0.0469
800
0.0367
1000
0.0291
1200
0.0247
a)
Aluminium conductors 10 mm2 to 35 mm2 circular only.
b)
Solid copper conductors having nominal cross-sectional areas of 25mm2 and above are
used for particular types of cable e.g., mineral insulated, and not for general purpose.
c)
For solid aluminium alloy conductors having the same nominal cross-sectional area as
an aluminium conductor, the resistance value should be multiplied by 1.162 unless
otherwise agreed between manufacturer and purchaser.
d)
For single core cables, four sectoral shaped conductors may be assembled into a single
circular conductor. The maximum resistance to the assembled conductor should be
25% of that of the individual component conductors.
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Class 2 stranded conductors for single-core and multi-core cables

1
Nominal
crosssection
al area
mm2
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500
630
800
1000
1200
1400 a
1600
1800 a
2000
2500
2
3
4
5
Minimum number of wires in
the conductor
Circular
Circular
Compacted Shaped
Cu
Al
Cu
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
37
37
37
37
61
61
61
91
91
91
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
37
37
37
37
61
61
61
91
91
91
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
15
18
18
30
34
34
53
53
53
53
53
b)
b)
b)
b)
b)
b)
Al
Cu
Al
6
6
6
6
6
12
15
15
15
30
30
30
53
53
53
53
53
6
6
6
12
15
15
15
30
30
30
53
53
53
10

Aluminium or
aluminium alloy
conductors
Metal-coated
Plain wires
wires
Annealed copper
conductor
Plain
wires
/km
6
6
6
12
15
18
18
30
34
34
53
53
53
36.0
24.5
18.1
12.1
7.41
4.61
3.08
1.83
1.15
0.727
0.524
0.387
0.268
0.193
0.153
0.124
0.0991
0.0754
0.0601
0.0470
0.0366
0.0283
0.0221
0.0176
0.0151
0.0129
0.0113
0.0101
0.0090
0.0072
/km
/km
36.7
24.8
18.2
12.2
7.56
4.70
3.11
1.84
1.16
0.734
0.529
0.391
0.270
0.195
0.154
0.126
0.100
0.0762
0.0607
0.0475
0.0369
0.0286
0.0224
0.0177
0.0151
0.0129
0.0113
0.0101
0.0090
0.0072
3.08
1.91
1.20
0.868
0.641
0.443
0.320
0.253
0.206
0.164
0.125
0.100
0.0778
0.0605
0.0469
0.0367
0.0291
0.0247
0.0212
0.0186
0.0165
0.0149
0.0127
a)
These sizes are non-preferred. Other non-preferred sizes are recognized for some specialized applications but are
not within the scope of this standard
b)
The minimum number of wires for these sizes is not specified. These sizes may be constructed from 4, 5 or 6
equal segments (Milliken)
c)
For stranded aluminium alloy conductors having the same nominal cross-sectional area as an aluminium conductor
the resistance value should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
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Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single core

and multi-core cables
1
Nominal
crosssectional area
Maximum diameter of wires in

conductor (mm)
Class 5
Class 6
0.5
0.21
0.75
1.0
Maximum resistance of
conductor at 20C
Plain wires Metal-coated wires
/km
/km
0.16
39.0
40.1
0.21
0.16
26.0
26.7
0.21
0.16
19.5
20.0
mm2
1.5
0.26
0.16
13.3
13.7
2.5
0.26
0.16
7.98
8.21
0.31
0.16
4.95
5.09
0.31
0.21
3.30
3.39
10
0.41
0.21
1.91
1.95
16
0.41
0.21
1.21
1.24
25
0.41
0.21
0.780
0.795
35
0.41
0.21
0.554
0.565
50
0.41
0.31
0.386
0.393
70
0.51
0.31
0.272
0.277
95
0.51
0.31
0.206
0.210
120
0.51
0.31
0.161
0.164
150
0.51
0.31
0.129
0.132
185
0.51
0.41
0.106
0.108
240
0.51
0.41
0.0801
0.0817
300
0.51
0.41
0.0641
0.0654
400
0.51
0.0486
0.0495
500
0.61
0.0384
0.0391
630
0.61
0.0287
0.0292
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Electric Field in Medium Voltage XLPE Cables

As shown in the figure below, the electric field is the highest at conductor surface, reducing
towards the outer surface of the insulation.
Field distribution within a high voltage XLPE cable

Purpose of Semiconducting screens for such cables
Conductor Screening:1. To provide uniform stress over the relatively rough stranded conductor surface.
2. To provide close bonding between the conductor and adjacent insulation so as to exclude
any interspersed voids that may constitute sources of partial discharge.
Insulation Screening
1. With the outer shield grounded, the electric field of the conductor attains radial symmetry
and is confined to Insulation for safety consideration.
2. To distribute electrical stress uniformly along the periphery of the cable
3. Intimate contact between Insulation and semiconducting layer prevents partial discharge.
4. To prevent surface discharges and reduce electrical interferences
Please see the difference between shape of Electric field of shielded (screened) cable and
unshielded cable
Non-Shielded
Shielded
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Outer Covering materials selection chart

Mechanical
Abrasion Resistance
Tensile Strength
Elongation
Compression Resistance
Flexibility
Environmental
Flame
Moisture
Fresh or salt water
Petroleum oils
Motor oil
Fuel oil
Crude oil
Creosote
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons
Gasoline
Kerosene
Alcohols
Isopropyl
Wood
Grain
Mineral Acids
Sulfuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Fixed Alkalis Sodium hydroxide (lye)
Potassium hydroxide (potash)
Calcium hydroxide (lime)
Ketones
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
Esters
Ethyl Acetate
Most lacquer thinners
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Methyl Chloride
PVC
Polyethylene
Good
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Fair
Excellent
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Exceptional
Excellent
(Slight swelling
above 60C)
Good
Excellent
(Slight swelling at
higher temperatures)
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Poor
Yes
23-30%
26
14F (-10C)
Fair
80C
No
17-18%
0
-40F (-40C)
Fair
80C
General
Leaves protective residue after combustion
Oxygen Index (ASTM D-2863)
Halogen content % Wt.
Minimum installation temperature
Dimensional stability under heat
Maximum operating temperature
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Insulation Material Characteristics

Sl.
No.
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Description
Tensile Strength and Elongation at break
Min. tensile strength
Min. elongation at break
Accelerated ageing for specified period at
specified temp. followed by Tensile Strength and
Elongation at break
No. of days ageing
Ageing temperature
Max. variation of tensile strength from
unaged specimen
Max. variation of elongation from
unaged specimen
Hot Set Test:
Temperature
Time under load
Mechanical stress
Max. elongation under load
Max. permanent elongation after cooling
Low temperature bend test:
Temperature at which specimen shall not crack
Low temperature elongation test:
Test temperature
Minimum Elongation
Low temperature impact test:
Pressure test at high temperature:
Test temperature
Maximum indentation
Loss of Mass (only for T11 insulation as per BS)
Ageing: Number of days
Ageing Temperature
Maximum loss of mass
Resistance to cracking (Heat shock test)
Temperature at which the specimen shall not crack
Water absorption electrical method
Duration
Maximum variation of mass
Maximum permissible shrinkage:
Temperature
Duration
Maximum permissible shrinkage
Insulation Resistance const (Ki) at max. rated temp.
Volume Resistivity at maximum rated temperature
Ozone Resistance test
Duration
Ozone Concentration
Acidic (corrosive) gases evolved
Level of HCl
pH (minimum)
Conductivity (maximum)
Unit
PVC
(Type A)
XLPE
(0.6/1 kV)
LSF
(0.45/.75 kV)
N/mm2
%
12.5
150
12.5
200
10
125
Days
C
N/mm2
%
%
%
7
1002
12.5
25
150
25
7
1353
25
25
7
1353
30
30
C
Minutes
N/cm2
%
%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2003
15
20
175
15
2003
15
20
100
25
-152
N/A
-152
C
%
-152
20
N/A
N/A
-152
30
N/A
N/A
-152
C
%
802
50
N/A
N/A
1102
50
Days
C
mg/cm2
7
802
2.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1502
N/A
N/A
C
Hours
mg/cm2
702
240
852
336 (14 days)
1.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
C
Hours
%
M.Ohm.Km
Ohm.cm
N/A
1303
N/A
1
N/A
4
0.037 (70C) 3.67 (90C)
1010(70C) 1012(90C)
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.002 (90C)
1011(20C)
C
Hours
ppm
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
252
24
250 to 300
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
<0.5
4.3
10
(S/mm)
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Sheathing Material
Characteristics
Sl. Description
No.
1 Tensile Strength and Elongation at break
Min. tensile strength
Min. elongation at break
2 Accelerated ageing for specified period at specified temp.
followed by Tensile Strength and Elongation at break
No. of days ageing
Ageing temperature
Minimum tensile strength after ageing
Max. variation of tensile strength from unaged specimen
Minimum Elongation
Max. variation of elongation from unaged specimen
3 Low temperature bend test:
4 Low temperature elongation test:
Test temperature
Minimum Elongation
5 Low temperature impact test:
6 Pressure test at high temperature:
Test temperature
Maximum indentation
7 Resistance to cracking (Heat shock test)
Temperature at which the specimen shall not crack
8 Loss of Mass
Ageing: Number of days
Ageing Temperature
Maximum loss of mass
9 Water absorption
No. of days ageing
Aging Temperature
Maximum increase in mass
10 Tear Resistance test to B5 6469 (sec 99.1)
Minimum Value
11 Water immersion test to BS 6469 (sec. 99.1)
Aging temperature
Number of days aging
Max variation in tensile strength
Max. variation in elongation at break
12 Acidic (corrosive) gases evolved
Level of Hcl
pH (minimum)
Conductivity (maximum)
!)
2)
Unit
PVC
(ST2/Type 9)
LSF
N/mm2
%
12.5
150
10
100
Days
C
N/mm2
%
%
%
7
1002
12.5
25
150
25
7
1002
10
40
100
40
-152
-152
C
%
-152
20
-152
30
-152
-152
C
%
902
50
802
50
1502
N/A
Days
C
mg/cm2
7
1002
1.5
N/A
N/A
N/A
Hours
C
mg/cm2
N/A
N/A
N/A
24
702
10
N/mm
N/A
C
Days
%
%
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7
702
30
30
N/A
N/A
N/A
<0.5
4.3
10
(S/mm)
For Characteristics of PE Sheathing material, see Table in Page 20

For Special Characteristics of PVC Sheathing, see Table in Page 20
16
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 17
Special PVC Compounds with additional requirements

provided by OCI:
Property
Oxygen Index (Min.)

Temperature Index (Min)
Smoke Density (Max.)
Acid Gas Generation (Max.)
Flammability Test*
Material
FR
FRLS
FRRT
30
250
IEC 60332-1 and

IEC 60332-3-24
30
250
60
20%
IEC 60332-1 and
IEC 60332-3-24
30
250
17%
IEC 60332-1 and
IEC 60332-3-24
*Based on specific requests, we can provide compounds which can meet flammability requirements of IEC 60332-3-23 and
IEC 60332-3-22
Properties of Polyethylene Sheathing Material:

Properties
Dissipation factor
60 Hz
103 Hz
106 Hz
Arc resistance, s (ASTM D495)
Density, g/cm3
Modulus of elasticity in tension, psi x 105
Percent elongation, % (ult.) (Max.)
Tensile strength, yield, psi x 102
Compressive strength, psi x 103
Rockwell hardness
Impact strength, ft-Ib/in.
Heat distortion temperature (at 66 psi), F
Thermal conductivity, cal/cm.s. C x 10-4
Thermal expansion, in./in. per C x 10-5
Water absorption, %
Burning rate
LDPE
MDPE
HDPE
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
Melts
0.910-0.925
0.17-0.35
300
14-19
R10
105-121
8
11-30
<0.02
Slow
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
Melts
0.926-0.940
0.25-0.55
300
19-26
R15
120-150
15-30
<0.02
Slow
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
> 125
0.941-0.965
0.8-1.5
400
26-45
2.4
R30-R50
1-23
140-185
11-12
15-30
<0.01
Slow
17
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 18
OCI can supply installing cables with special requirements

for the following
Utility
Voltage Rating
SEC-EOA
35 KV
ARAMCO 10 kV to 35 kV
Requirement
*
*
*
Swellable tape under and over metallic screen.

Metal polyethylene laminate over metallic screen.
Polyethylene or PVC Outer Sheath.
Optional Requirement:
* Watertight Conductor with TR-XLPE Insulation
* Semi-conducting water blocking swellable tapes under
and over the metallic screen or concentric neutral.
* Plastic coated laminated aluminium or copper tape under
the outer jacket and firmly bonded to it.
SABIC
5 to 35 kV
*
*
*
Water swellable tape over copper tape screen

Water Swellable tape over 3 core assembly
Polyethylene bedding under Armour and PVC Outer
Sheath
DEWA
11 and 33 kV
FEWA
33 kV
Single Core:
* Watertight Conductor
* Water swellable tape over insulation screen
* Non-conductive water swellable tape over copper screen
* Copolymer Coated Laminated Tape
* Polyethylene Outer Sheath
ADWEA
33 kV
33
*
*
*
*
kV Cables 3 Core Cables:

Watertight conductor
TR-XLPE insulation.
Polyethylene inner sheath
Polyethylene outer sheath over steel tape armour
KAHRAMAA
0.6/1 kV
Armour: Galvanized steel + tinned copper wires.

Conductivity of copper wires alone shall be at least 50%
of any phase conductor at normal working temperature
and shall not be less than 25% of the total number of
armour wires.
Armour to be embedded and covered by material suitable
to prevent movement of water traversely.
Single Core:
* Swellable tape in metallic screen region.
* Metal polyethylene laminate in metallic screen region.
* Polyethylene Outer Sheath.
Multi Core:
* Swellable tape in metallic screen region.
* Metal polyethylene laminate in metallic screen region.
* Polyethylene Outer Sheath over steel wire armour
18
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 19
Utility
Voltage Rating
KAHRAMAA
11 KV
*
*
Fillers of non-hygroscopic material to inhibit flow of water.

Armour to be embedded in or overlaid by substance or
material to inhibit flow of water.
Requirement
KUWAIT
11 kV
*
*
3 Core 11 kV Cable without Metallic Screen over

individual cores.
Steel Wire armour over Semi-conductivity bedding.
SYRIA
12 to 20 kV
*
*
Swellable tape under and over insulation screen

PVC outer sheath
IRAQ
11 to 33 kV
Single Core:
* Waterproof tape over metallic screen
* PVC outer sheath
Three core:
* Extruded EPR fillers
* Waterproof tape over bedding.
* PVC outer sheath over steel tape armour
JORDAN
33 kV
TUNISIA
10 to 30 kV
Single Core
* Swellable tapes over metallic screen
* PE (ST7) outer sheath
Single Core:
* Longitudinally watertight at metallic screen
* Radial Watertightness to be ensured by Outer sheath.
19
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 20
Current Ratings for Voltage grade

from 6 kV to 30 kV
Basic Assumption:-
Size
Conductor Material Copper Single Core Cables (Unarmoured)

Ground Temperature 20C
Air Temperature 30C
Thermal resistivity of soil 150C-cm/w
Depth of Laying 800 mm
Double point bonding, Flat spacing 2 OD from centre to centre
Ground
In Single way Duct
In Air
Single core, Unarmoured
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Trefoil
Flat spaced
Trefoil
Flat Touching
duct
Trefoil
Flat Touching
25
140
144
132
133
163
167
35
166
172
157
159
198
203
50
196
203
186
188
238
243
70
239
246
227
229
296
303
95
285
293
271
274
361
369
120
323
332
308
311
417
426
150
361
366
343
347
473
481
185
406
410
387
391
543
550
240
469
470
447
453
641
647
300
526
524
504
510
735
739
400
590
572
564
571
845
837
500
649
680
617
647
952
1000
630
718
766
683
728
1067
1154
800
796
842
757
801
1221
1310
1000
865
918
823
873
1346
1454
20
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 21
Current Ratings for Voltage grade from

6 kV to 30 kV
Basic Assumption:-
Size
Conductor Material Copper

Single Core Cables (Armoured)
Air Temperature 30C
Ground
In Single way Duct
In Air
Single core, Armoured
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Trefoil
Flat spaced
Trefoil
Flat spaced
Trefoil
Flat spaced
25
126
130
119
120
147
150
35
149
155
141
143
178
183
50
176
183
167
169
214
219
70
215
221
204
206
266
273
95
257
264
244
247
325
332
120
291
299
277
280
375
383
150
325
329
309
312
426
433
185
365
369
348
352
489
495
240
422
423
402
408
577
582
300
473
472
454
459
662
665
400
531
515
508
514
761
753
500
584
612
556
582
857
900
630
646
689
615
656
961
1039
800
717
758
681
721
1099
1179
1000
779
826
741
786
1212
1309
21
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 22

from 6 kV to 30 kV
Basic Assumption:- Conductor Material Aluminium
Single Core Cables (Unarmoured)
Air Temperature 30C
Ground
Size
In Single way Duct
In Air
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Trefoil
Flat spaced
Trefoil
Flat Touching
duct
Trefoil
Flat Touching
25
108
112
102
103
127
130
35
129
134
122
123
154
157
50
152
157
144
146
184
189
70
186
192
176
178
230
236
95
221
229
210
213
280
287
120
252
260
240
242
324
332
150
281
288
267
271
368
376
185
317
324
303
307
424
432
240
367
373
351
356
502
511
300
414
419
397
402
577
586
400
470
466
451
457
673
676
500
527
540
501
514
760
799
630
588
616
559
586
875
932
800
666
691
633
657
1019
1077
1000
735
766
699
728
1144
1221
22
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 23

from 6 kV to 30 kV
Basic Assumption:-
Size
Conductor Material Aluminium Single Core Cables (Armoured)

Air Temperature 30C
Ground
In Single way Duct
In Air
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp
Trefoil
Flat spaced
Trefoil
Flat spaced
Trefoil
Flat spaced
25
97
101
92
93
114
117
35
116
121
110
111
139
141
50
137
141
130
131
166
170
70
167
173
158
160
207
212
95
199
206
189
192
252
258
120
227
234
216
218
292
299
150
253
259
240
244
331
338
185
285
292
273
276
382
389
240
330
336
316
320
452
460
300
373
377
357
362
519
527
400
423
419
406
411
606
608
500
474
486
451
462
684
719
630
529
554
503
527
788
839
800
599
622
570
591
917
969
1000
662
689
629
656
1030
1099
23
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 24

from 6 kV to 30 kV
Basic Assumption:-
Conductor Material Copper

Three Core Cables
Armoured/Unarmoured
Air Temperature 30C
Double point bonding
Ground
Size
Amp
In Single way Duct
Amp
Amp
Unarmoured Armoured Unarmoured
In Air
Amp
Amp
Amp
Armoured
Unarmoured
Armoured
25
129
129
112
112
142
143
35
153
154
133
134
170
172
50
181
181
158
158
204
205
70
221
220
193
194
253
253
95
262
263
231
232
304
307
120
298
298
264
264
351
352
150
334
332
297
296
398
397
185
377
374
336
335
455
453
240
434
431
390
387
531
529
300
489
482
441
435
606
599
400
553
541
501
492
696
683
24
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 25
Current Ratings for Voltage grade from 6 kV to 30 kV

Basic Assumption:-
Conductor Material Aluminium

Three Core Cables
Armoured/Unarmoured
Air Temperature 30C
Double point bonding
Ground
Size
Amp
In Single way Duct

Amp
Amp
Unarmoured Armoured Unarmoured
In Air
Amp
Amp
Amp
Armoured
Unarmoured
Armoured
25
100
100
87
87
110
111
35
119
119
103
104
132
133
50
140
140
122
123
158
159
70
171
171
150
150
196
196
95
203
204
179
180
236
238
120
232
232
205
206
273
274
150
260
259
231
231
309
309
185
294
293
262
262
355
354
240
340
338
305
304
415
415
300
384
380
346
343
475
472
400
438
432
398
393
552
545
25
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 26
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Copper, XLPE insulated

Armoured/Unarmoured Cables
Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W
Ground temperature: 20C
Depth of laying: 0.8 m
Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area
In Air
Single core Trefoil
In Ground
Two Core
mm2
In Duct
Single core
Two core
Trefoil
Single core
Trefoil
Two core
Unarmoured
Armoured
Unarm
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
1.5
27
27
27
30
28
34
27
29
2.5
37
37
37
39
38
43
37
38
48
48
48
53
50
57
48
49
60
60
62
67
63
71
61
62
10
82
82
82
91
83
95
82
82
16
112
112
119
121
109
123
106
106
25
151
151
150
157
141
160
140
135
35
178
178
185
194
166
190
159
162
50
214
222
226
234
198
224
200
193
70
273
283
286
294
241
272
241
237
95
338
348
353
363
288
326
283
286
120
396
403
412
420
327
371
317
322
150
456
464
471
479
365
416
343
362
185
529
533
546
553
411
469
375
411
240
632
628
651
653
473
541
419
476
300
731
715
752
744
528
607
458
535
400
852
817
875
856
573
670
486
604
500
986
924
635
527
630
1139
1041
698
569
800
1293
1131
737
593
1000
1443
1227
782
623
26
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 27
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Aluminium, XLPE insulated

Armoured/Unarmoured Cables
Area
In Air
Single core Trefoil
In Ground
Two Core
mm2
In Duct
Single core
Two core
Trefoil
Single core
Trefoil
Two core
Unarmoured
Armoured
Unarm
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
21
21
22
22
22
23
22
21
2.5
29
29
29
29
31
32
31
27
37
37
37
37
40
41
38
35
48
48
48
48
50
51
47
44
10
64
64
64
64
65
70
65
58
16
88
88
89
91
85
95
83
81
25
115
115
111
117
110
121
107
102
35
144
144
136
143
128
143
128
123
50
158
166
165
173
152
170
154
146
70
203
212
210
218
185
206
187
180
1.5
95
251
260
259
268
220
247
221
216
120
292
301
288
288
251
268
249
243
150
337
348
329
329
280
306
273
269
185
393
400
377
377
317
351
300
308
240
469
474
445
445
367
408
340
352
300
544
543
500
500
403
453
375
391
400
596
596
575
575
412
488
351
442
500
658
658
438
376
630
747
747
497
427
800
844
844
562
483
1000
948
948
631
542
27
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 28
0.6/1 kV - 3 and 4 Core Copper and Aluminium XLPE insulated cables

Area
mm2
In Air
Unarmoured
In Ground
Armoured
In Duct
Armoured
Armoured
Copper
Aluminium
Copper
Aluminium
Copper
Aluminium
Copper
Aluminium
1.5
23
18
25
18
28
21
24
18
2.5
33
25
34
25
37
27
32
23
41
32
45
32
49
36
41
29
53
41
57
41
60
45
52
38
10
71
55
79
55
81
59
69
50
16
103
78
103
78
104
80
89
68
25
129
97
134
102
133
102
113
87
35
158
119
165
124
158
120
136
103
50
193
145
201
151
188
143
162
123
70
246
184
252
190
228
174
199
152
95
303
228
311
234
273
209
240
183
120
354
266
361
272
311
238
271
208
150
406
304
413
311
348
266
305
234
185
469
353
475
360
392
302
345
266
240
559
420
561
426
453
350
399
309
300
645
487
639
488
507
395
448
349
400
749
514
735
514
560
425
515
372
28
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 29
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Copper, PVC insulated cables

Area
In Air
Single core Trefoil
In Ground
Two Core
mm2
In Duct
Single core
Two core
Trefoil
Single core
Trefoil
Two core
Unarmoured
Armoured
Unarm
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
1.5
23
23
23
23
25
28
23
24
2.5
31
31
31
31
33
36
32
31
40
40
40
41
43
48
42
41
51
51
52
53
55
59
53
51
10
69
69
68
72
72
79
71
69
16
94
94
91
96
95
102
92
89
25
127
127
122
128
123
135
122
115
35
150
150
149
156
144
161
139
138
50
173
181
182
189
170
191
169
164
70
219
228
229
237
206
232
204
201
95
273
280
284
293
246
279
239
242
120
318
326
330
338
280
316
264
273
150
365
371
378
384
312
354
290
306
185
423
425
436
445
351
401
315
348
240
505
500
519
525
403
462
352
402
300
583
571
598
598
450
517
385
451
695
685
488
569
410
508
400
679
649
500
782
729
536
439
630
900
817
586
473
800
1018
881
614
493
1000
1134
949
648
516
29
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 30
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Aluminium, PVC insulated cables

Area
In Air
Single core Trefoil
In Ground
Two Core
mm2
In Duct
Single core
Two core
Trefoil
Single core
Trefoil
Two core
Armoured
Unarmoured
Armoured
Unarm
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
Armoured
16
74
74
70
72
74
78
72
68
25
97
97
90
92
96
101
93
86
35
121
121
110
113
111
120
111
103
50
129
133
134
136
129
142
133
122
70
164
166
169
174
156
175
163
152
95
202
205
209
213
188
210
192
182
120
236
239
242
242
213
233
216
212
150
271
272
276
276
239
266
240
234
185
315
317
316
316
271
305
262
267
240
376
375
374
374
313
355
298
306
300
436
431
420
420
352
394
329
340
400
500
500
483
483
359
425
305
384
500
552
552
381
327
630
627
627
432
371
800
709
709
489
420
1000
796
796
549
472
30
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 31
0.6/1 kV - 3C and 4 Core Copper and Aluminium PVC insulated cables

Area
mm2
In Air
Unarmoured
In Ground
Armoured
In Duct
Armoured
Armoured
Copper
Aluminium
Copper
Aluminium
Copper
Aluminium
Copper
Aluminium
1.5
20
15
20
15
23
18
20
16
2.5
28
21
26
21
30
23
26
20
35
26
36
26
41
31
34
26
45
35
45
35
51
39
43
33
10
59
46
62
46
67
51
58
43
16
79
59
82
61
87
66
75
56
25
103
78
109
80
113
86
96
72
35
128
96
133
98
135
102
115
87
50
156
117
162
120
159
121
137
104
70
197
149
205
151
195
148
170
129
95
243
183
252
188
234
179
204
156
120
284
212
291
218
266
204
230
176
150
324
243
334
248
298
228
258
197
185
374
281
383
288
336
259
293
225
240
446
336
451
344
388
302
338
264
300
512
387
514
396
434
341
379
299
400
593
431
589
431
477
370
433
323
31
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 32
Table 1 Correction factors for ambient

air temperatures other than 30C
Maximum
conductor
temperature
C
90
Ambient air temperature

C
20
25
35
40
45
50
55
60
1,08
1,04
0,96
0,91
0,87
0,82
0,76
0,71
Table 2 Correction factors for ambient ground

temperatures other than 20C
Maximum conductor
temperature
C
90
Ground temperature
C
10
15
25
30
35
40
45
50
1,07
1,04
0,96
0,93
0,89
0,85
0,80
0,76
Table 3 Correction factors for depth of laying

Other than 0.8 m for direct buried cables
Single-core cables
Depth of laying
m
Nominal conductor size
185 mm
Three-core
cables
>185 mm2
0,5
1,04
1,06
1,04
0,6
1,02
1,04
1,03
1
1,25
1,5
0,98
0,96
0,95
0,97
0,95
0,93
0,98
0,96
0,95
1,75
2
2,5
3
0,94
0,93
0,91
0,90
0,91
0,90
0,88
0,86
0,94
0,93
0,91
0,90
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Table 4 Correction factors for depths of laying

other than 0.8 m for cables in ducts
Single-core cables
Depth of laying
m
Nominal conductor size
Three-core
cables
185 mm
>185 mm2
0,5
1,04
1,05
1,03
0,6
1,02
1,03
1,02
1
1,25
1,5
0,98
0,96
0,95
0,97
0,95
0,93
0,99
0,97
0,96
1,75
2
2,5
3
0,94
0,93
0,91
0,90
0,92
0,91
0,89
0,88
0,95
0,94
0,93
0,92
Table 5 Correction factors for soil thermal resistivities

other than 1,5 K.m/W for direct buried single-core cables
Nominal area
of conductor
mm2
Values of soil thermal resistivity

K.m/W
0,7
0,8
0,9
2.5
16
25
35
50
1,29
1,30
1,30
1,32
1,24
1,25
1,25
1,26
1,19
1,20
1,21
1,21
1,15
1,16
1,16
1,16
0,89
0,89
0,89
0,89
0,82
0,81
0,81
0,81
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,74
70
95
120
150
1,33
1,34
1,34
1,35
1,27
1,28
1,28
1,28
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,23
1,17
1,18
1,18
1,18
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,81
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
185
240
300
400
1,35
1,36
1,36
1,37
1,29
1,29
1,30
1,30
1,23
1,23
1,24
1,24
1,18
1,18
1,19
1,19
0,88
0,88
0,88
0,88
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,79
0,74
0,73
0,73
0,73
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other than 1,5 K.m/W single-core cables in buried ducts
Nominal area
of conductor
mm2

K.m/W
0,7
0,8
0,9
2.5
16
25
35
50
1,20
1,21
1,21
1,21
1,17
1,17
1,18
1,18
1,14
1,14
1,15
1,15
1,11
1,12
1,12
1,12
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,85
0,85
0,84
0,84
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,78
70
95
120
150
1,22
1,23
1,23
1,24
1,19
1,19
1,20
1,20
1,15
1,16
1,16
1,16
1,12
1,13
1,13
1,13
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,84
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
185
240
300
400
1,24
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,20
1,21
1,21
1,21
1,17
1,17
1,17
1,17
1,13
1,14
1,14
1,14
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,78
0,77
0,77
0,77

other than 1,5 K.m/W for direct buried three-core cables
Nominal area
of conductor
mm2

K.m/W
0,7
0,8
0,9
2.5
16
25
35
50
1,23
1,24
1,25
1,25
1,19
1,20
1,21
1,21
1,16
1,16
1,17
1,17
1,13
1,13
1,13
1,14
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,77
70
95
120
150
1,26
1,26
1,26
1,27
1,21
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,18
1,18
1,18
1,18
1,14
1,14
1,14
1,15
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,77
0,77
0,77
0,77
185
240
300
400
1,27
1,28
1,28
1,28
1,23
1,23
1,23
1,23
1,18
1,19
1,19
1,19
1,15
1,15
1,15
1,15
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,82
0,77
0,77
0,77
0,76
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other than 1,5 K.m/W for three-core cables in ducts
Nominal area
of conductor
mm2

K.m/W
0,7
0,8
0,9
2.5
16
25
35
50
1,12
1,14
1,14
1,14
1,11
1,12
1,12
1,12
1,09
1,10
1,10
1,10
1,08
1,08
1,08
1,08
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,84
0,84
0,84
0,84
70
95
120
150
1,15
1,15
1,15
1,16
1,13
1,13
1,13
1,13
1,11
1,11
1,11
1,11
1,09
1,09
1,09
1,09
0,94
0,94
0,93
0,93
0,88
0,88
0,88
0,88
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
185
240
300
400
1,16
1,16
1,17
1,17
1,14
1,14
1,14
1,14
1,11
1,12
1,12
1,12
1,09
1,10
1,10
1,10
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,87
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,83
0,82
0,82
0,81
Table 9 Correction factors for groups of three-core cables

In horizontal formation laid direct in the ground
Number of
cables in
group
Spacing between cable centres

mm
Touching
200
400
600
800
2
3
4
5
6
0,80
0,69
0,62
0,57
0,54
0,86
0,77
0,72
0,68
0,65
0,90
0,82
0,79
0,76
0,74
0,92
0,86
0,83
0,81
0,80
0,94
0,89
0,87
0,85
0,84
7
8
9
10
11
12
0,51
0,49
0,47
0,46
0,45
0,43
0,63
0,61
0,60
0,59
0,57
0,56
0,72
0,71
0,70
0,69
0,69
0,68
0,78
0,78
0,77
0,83
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Table 10 Correction factors for groups of three-phase circuits

of single-core cables laid direct in the ground
Number of
cables in
group
Spacing between group centres

mm
Touching
200
400
600
800
2
3
4
5
6
0,73
0,60
0,54
0,49
0,46
0,83
0,73
0,68
0,63
0,61
0,88
0,79
0,75
0,72
0,70
0,90
0,83
0,80
0,78
0,76
0.92
0,86
0,84
0,82
0,81
7
8
9
10
11
12
0,43
0,41
0,39
0,37
0,36
0,35
0,58
0,57
0,55
0,54
0,53
0,52
0,68
0,67
0,66
0,65
0,64
0,64
0,75
0,74
0,73
0,80
Table 11 Correction factors for groups of three-core cables

In single way ducts in horizontal formation
Number of
cables in
group
Spacing between duct centres

mm
Touching
200
400
600
800
2
3
4
5
6
0,85
0,75
0,69
0,65
0,62
0,88
0,80
0,75
0,72
0,69
0,92
0,85
0,82
0,79
0,77
0,94
0,88
0,86
0,84
0,83
0,95
0,91
0,89
0,87
0,87
7
8
9
10
11
12
0,59
0,57
0,55
0,54
0,52
0,51
0,67
0,65
0,64
0,63
0,62
0,61
0,76
0,75
0,74
0,73
0,73
0,72
0,82
0,81
0,80
0,86
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Table 12 Correction factors for groups of three-phase circuits

of single-core cables in single-way ducts
Number of
cables in
group
Spacing between duct group centres

mm
Touching
200
400
600
800
2
3
4
5
6
0,78
0,66
0,59
0,55
0,51
0,85
0,75
0,70
0,66
0,64
0,89
0,81
0,77
0,74
0,72
0,91
0,85
0,82
0,80
0,78
0,93
0,88
0,86
0,84
0,83
7
8
9
10
11
12
0,48
0,46
0,44
0,43
0,42
0,40
0,61
0,60
0,58
0,57
0,56
0,55
0,71
0,70
0,69
0,68
0,67
0,67
0,77
0,76
0,76
0,82
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Table 13 Reduction factors for groups of more than one multicore cable in air To be applied to the current-carrying capacity
for one multi-core cable in free air
Method of Installation
Number
of trays
1,00
0,88
0,82
0,79
0,76
0,73
Cables on
1,00
0,87
0,80
0,77
0,73
0,68
perforated trays
1,00
0,86
0,79
0,76
0,71
0,66
Touching
Spaced
Touching
Number of cables
3
4
6
1,00
1,00
0,98
0,95
0,91
1,00
0,99
0,96
0,92
0,87
1,00
0,98
0,95
0,91
0,85
1,00
0,88
0,82
0,78
0,73
0,72
1,00
0,88
0,81
0,76
0,71
0,70
1
2
1,00
1,00
0,91
0,91
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,87
0,85
Cables on vertical
perforated trays
Spaced
Touching
Cables on ladder
1,00
0,87
0,82
0,80
0,79
0,78
1,00
0,86
0,80
0,78
0,76
0,73
1,00
0,85
0,79
0,76
0,73
0,70
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,99
0,98
0,97
0,96
1,00
0,98
0,97
0,96
0,93
supports, cleats
etc.
Spaced
NOTE 1: Values given are averages for the cable types and range of conductor sizes considered. The
spread of values is generally less than 5%.
NOTE 2: Factors apply to single layer groups of cables as shown above and do not apply when cables
are installed in more than one layer touching each other. Values for such installations may be
significantly lower and must be determined by an appropriate method.
NOTE 3: Values are given for vertical spacing between trays of 300 mm and at least 20 mm between
trays and wall. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced.
NOTE 4: Values are given for horizontal spacing between trays of 225 mm with trays mounted back to
back. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced.
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Table 14 Reduction factors for groups of more than one circuit of

single-core cables (Note 2)
To be applied to the current-carrying capacity for one circuit of
single-core cables in free air
Method of Installation
Touching
Perforated trays
(Note 3)
Number of
trays
1
2
Number of three-phase Use as a

circuits (Note 5)
multiplier to
1
2
3
rating for
0,98
0,91 0,87 Three cables
in horizontal
0,96
0,87 0,81
formation
0,95
0,85
0,78
1,00
0,97
0,96
0,98
0,93
0,89
0,97
0,90
0,86
Perforated
trays
(Note 3)
1
2
3
1,00
0,97
0,96
0,98
0,93
0,92
0,96
0,89
0,86
Vertical
Perforated
trays
(Note 4)
1,00
0,91
0,89
1,00
0,90
0,86
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,97
0,95
0,93
0,96
0,94
0,90
Touching
Ladder
supports,
cleats etc.
(Note 3)
Ladder
supports.
cleats, etc.
(Note 3)
Spaced
Three cables
in horizontal
formation
Three cables
in trefoil
formation
NOTE 1: Values given are averages for the cable types and range of conductor sizes considered. The
spread of values is generally less than 5%.
NOTE 2: Factors are given for single layers of cables (or trefoil groups) as shown in the table and do
not apply when cables are installed in more than one layer touching each other. Values for such
installations may be significantly lower and should be determined by an appropriate method.
NOTE 3: Values are given for vertical spacings between trays of 300 mm. For closer spacing, the factors
should be reduced.
NOTE 4: Values are given for horizontal spacing between trays of 225 mm with trays mounted back to
back. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced.
NOTE 5: For circuits having more than one cable in parallel per phase, each three phase set of
conductors should be considered as a circuit for the purpose of this table.
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Permissible short-circuit temperatures and rated short-time current

densities
1
Cables with
(XLPE Insulation)
10
Permissible short circuit Conductor temperature at the beginning of short circuit in C

temperature in C
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Rated short-time current density in A/mm2 for a rated

short-circuit duration of 1 second
Copper Conductors
250
143
149
154
159
165
170
176
181
Aluminium Conductors
250
94
98
102
105
109
113
116
120
10
Cables with
(PVC Insulation)
Copper Conductor
Permissible short circuit Conductor temperature at the beginning of short circuit in C

temperature in C
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Rated short-time current density in A/mm2 for a rated

short-circuit duration of 1 second
300 mm
160
115
122
129
136
143
150
300 mm2
140
103
111
118
126
133
140
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Permissible Short Circuit current of XLPE

insulated power cables (copper conductors)
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Permissible Short Circuit current of XLPE

insulated power cables (Aluminum conductors)
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Recommended Cables Storage Practices

Storage and Storage Maintenance:
1.
Finished cables have no established shelf-life. Moisture and atmospheric conditions can
cause exposed conductors to oxidize and discolor. Uncovered/unsheltered cable will
degrade due to exposure to direct sunlight and/or the elements. If the cables are
protected, there should be no degradation of the insulation.
2.
In general, any cable for use indoors should be stored indoors. Any cable suitable for
installation outdoors is suitable for storage outdoors. Cables stored outdoors should
have the ends sealed to prevent moisture ingress into the cable.
3.
Cables should be stored in a sheltered area. While on the reel, cable should be covered
with Masonite or a dark film wrap (to block the suns rays and shield them from the
elements).
4.
Cable reels must remain in an upright position. Cable reels must not be stored on their
sides.Reels must not be stacked.
5.
Cable reels should be stored with the protective covering or lagging in place. If a length
of cable has been cut from the reel, the cable end should be immediately resealed to
prevent moisture from entering it. If a part length is returned to storage, the reels
protective covering should be restored.
6.
Wooden reels should be stored off the ground to prevent rotting. Reels should be stored
on a flat, hard surface so that the flanges do not sink into the earth. The weight of the
reel and cable must be carried at all times by the reel flanges.
7.
Cable reels and lagging must not be stored in direct contact with water or dampness
for extended periods of time. Timbers or metal supports must be placed under the reel
flanges to provide elevated storage of the reels away from direct contact with water or
damp soil.
8.
Reels should be stored in an area where construction equipment, falling or flying

objects or other materials will not touch the cable.
9.
Cable should be stored in an area where chemicals or petroleum products will not be
spilled or sprayed on the cables.
10.
Cables should be stored in an area away from open fires or sources of high heat.
11.
If the cables are stored in a secure area and not exposed to the effects of the weather,
an annual inspection should be satisfactory.
12.
Where the reels are exposed to the weather, a bi-monthly inspection should be
performed to observe any sign of deterioration.
13.
If the reels are exposed in a non-secure area, policing of the area at frequent intervals
may be required depending on circumstances.
14.
Records of delivery date, manufacturer, installation date,

circumstances, along with all test reports should be kept on file.
any
extenuating
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Guideline for permissible pulling force for laying of low voltage

and medium voltage cables:
Means of pulling
Type of Cables
Formula
Factor
With pulling head

attached to conductor
All types of Cables
P = . A
With pulling stocking
Unarmoured cable1)
P = . A
= 50 N/mm2 (Copper Conductor)

= 30 N/mm2 (Aluminium Conductor)
All Wire armoured Cables
P = K.D2
= 50 N/mm2 (Copper Conductor)

= 30 N/mm2 (Aluminium Conductor)
K = 9 N/mm2
1)
when laying 3 single core cables simultaneously with a common pulling stocking, the same
maximum pulling force applies, whereas the pulling force for 3 laid-up single core cables is 3
times that of a single-core and for 3 non-laid-up single core cables is 2 times that of a single
core.
P = Pull in Newtons
A = total cross-sectional area in mm2 of all conductors (screen/concentric conductor not to be
included)
D = Overall diameter of cable
= permissible tensile stress of conductor in N/mm2
K = empirically derived factor in N/mm2.
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Minimum Installation Bending Radius

Cables for fixed wiring up to and including 450/750 V:
Insulation
Conductors
XLPE or PVC Copper and Aluminium,

Solid or Stranded circular
Construction
Overall diameter
(mm)
Minimum
radius
Unarmoured
Upto 10 mm
10 to 25 mm
Above 25 mm
3Da
4Db
6D
D = overall diameter
a
2D for single-core cables with circular stranded conductors installed in conduits, ducting or
trunking.
b
3D for single-core cables with circular stranded conductors installed in conduits, ducting or
trunking.
XLPE and PVC insulated cables rated 0.6/1 kV and 1.9/3.3 kV:
Conductor
Construction
Minimum
radius
Circular Copper
Both Armoured and Unarmoured
6D
Shaped Copper
8D
Solid Alumiuium
8D
XLPE and insulated cables 6.6 kV to 33 kV:

Type of Cable
Minimum Radius
During Laying
Adjacent to joints or
terminations
Single Core:
(a) Unarmoured
(b) Armoured
20D
15D
15D
12D
Three Core:
(c) Unarmoured
(d) Armoured
15D
12D
12D
10D
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D.C. Voltage Test:

The purpose of the test is to check that the cable laying has been done correctly. The cable
may, for example, have been accidentally damaged during shipping, handling, storing, pulling
and backfilling. Since it can be assumed that the cable insulation has not been damaged as long
as the jacket is intact, the same can be checked by a d.c. voltage-withstand test.
A direct voltage of 4 kV per millimeter of specified thickness of extruded oversheath shall be
applied with a maximum of 10 kV for a period of 1 minute between each metal sheath or
metallic screen and the ground.
For the test to be effective, it is necessary that the ground makes good contact with all of the
outer surfaces of the oversheath. A conductive layer on the oversheath can assist in this
regard.
Electrical tests after installation

Voltage Test after installation:
1) Insulation test:
a) Test for 5 minutes with the phase to phase voltage of the system applied between the
conductor and the metallic screen/sheath.
b) Test for 24 hours with the normal operating voltage of the system.
2) DC Testing:
As an alternative to a.c. test, a d.c. test as per IEC 60502-2 OR BS 6622 mentioned below
may be applied for 15 minutes.
These tests are intended for cables immediately after installation and not for cables that
have been in service.
The test voltage is to be applied between each conductor and the armour and/or screens
after all terminating and jointing has been completed, but before connection to the
system.
Cable Voltage Designation
D.C. Voltage
as per IEC 60502 (4Uo)
D.C. Voltage
as per BS 6622
kV
kV
kV
3.5/6 kV (IEC), 3.8/6.6 kV (BS)
14
15
6/10 kV (IEC), 6.35/11 kV (BS)
24
25
8.7/15 kV (IEC), 8.7/15 kV (BS)
35
37
12/20 kV (IEC) 12.7/22 kV (BS)
48
50
18/30 kV (IEC), 19/33 kV (BS)
72
76
Note 1: A d.c. test may endanger the insulation system under test.
Note 2: For installations which have been in use, lower voltages and/or shorter durations may be used.
Values should be negotiated taking into account the age, environment, history of breakdowns and the
purpose of carrying out the test.
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Definition of Tests for Cables

1) Routine Tests:
Tests made by the manufacturer on each manufactured length of cable to check that each
length meets the specified requirements.
Tests:
a) Measurement of electrical resistance of conductors
b) Voltage tests
c) Partial Discharge test (for XLPE cables with rated voltages 6 kV and above)
2) Sample Tests:
Tests made by the manufacturer on samples of completed length or components taken
from a completed cable, at a frequency, to verify that the finished product meets the
specified requirements.
Tests:
a) Conductor examination
b) Check of dimensions
c) 4 hour voltage test for cables with rated voltage 6 kV and above
d) Hot set test for XLPE insulation.
3) Type Tests:
Tests made before supplying on a general commercial basis, a type of cable covered by IEC
standard, in order to demonstrate satisfactory performance characteristics to meet the
intended application.
Note: These tests are such that, after they have been made, need not be repeated, unless
changes are made in the cable materials or manufacturing processes which might change
the performance characteristics.
Tests: Shall be as per attached Table for Cables.
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List of Routine, Sample and Type tests for LV Cables

Test Designation
No.
Description of the Test
Routine Sample
Type
Elec.
Measurement of electrical resistance of conductor
Voltage test (2.5Uo + 2 kV)
Measurement of thickness of insulation and non-metallic sheaths
Measurement of Cable armour dimensions
Measurement of Cable overall diameter
Hot set test for XLPE insulation
Insulation resistance measurement at normal and operating temp.
Measurement of volume resistivity for XLPE insulation
4 hours voltage test (4Uo)
3
3
Non
Elec.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
10
Determining the mechanical properties of insulation before and

after ageing
11
Determining the mechanical properties of non-metallic sheath

before and after ageing.
12
Ageing tests on pieces of complete cable to check compatibility
13
Loss of mass test on PVC sheath
14
Pressure test at high temperature on sheaths
15
Heat shock test for PVC sheaths
16
Tests on PVC sheaths at low temperature
17
Water absorption test for XLPE insulation
18
Shrinkage test for XLPE insulation
19
Carbon black content of PE sheaths
20
Test under fire conditions (if required)
21
Smoke emission test for Halogen free cables
22
Acid Gas emission test for Halogen free cables
23
pH, conductivity, fluorine content test for Halogen free cables
24
Water absorption test for halogen free sheath
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
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List of Routine, Sample and Type tests for MV Cables
No.
Description of the Test
Test Designation
Routine Sample
Type
Elec.
Measurement of electrical resistance of conductor
Partial discharge test
Voltage test (3.5Uo)
Measurement of thickness of insulation and non-metallic sheaths
Measurement of armour dimensions
Measurement of Cable overall diameter
Hot set test for XLPE insulation
Bending test followed by partial discharge
Tangent Delta Measurement
10
Heating cycle voltage test, followed by partial discharge test
11
Impulse withstand test followed by a power frequency voltage test
3
3
3
3
3
3
Non
Elec.
3
3
3
12
4 hours Voltage test (4Uo)
13
Resistivity of semiconducting layers
14
Insulation resistance measurement at normal and operating temp.
15
Determining the mechanical properties of insulation before

and after ageing
16
Determining the mechanical properties of non-metallic sheath

before and after ageing
17
Ageing tests on pieces of complete cable to check compatibility
18
Loss of mass test on PVC sheath
19
Pressure test at high temperature on sheaths
20
Heat shock test for PVC sheaths
21
Tests on PVC sheaths at low temperature
22
Water absorption test for XLPE insulation
23
Shrinkage test for XLPE insulation
24
Shrinkage test for PE outer sheath
25
Strippability test (for strippable insulation screen only)
26
Carbon black content of PE sheaths
27
Test under fire conditions (if required)
28
Water penetration test (if required)
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
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Insulation Resistance Significance and Use

Insulation Resistance (IR) evaluates Insulation integrity
IR is used as:
a) A Quality Tool at the time of manufacturing of cable
b) After installation, to check proper installation.
c) As a preventive maintenance task
d) For Trouble shooting
Method of Measurement
IR is measured by applying voltage (generally stabilised DC) cross a dielectric, measuring the
amount of current flowing through the dielectric and then calculating resistance.
Lets clarify our use of the term current. Were talking about leakage current. The resistance
measurement is in megohms.
After connection, the test voltage is applied for 1 min. (This is a standard industry parameter
that allows the client to make relatively accurate comparisons of reading from past tests done
by other technicians.) During this interval, the resistance reading should drop or remain
relatively steady. Larger insulation systems will show a steady decrease; smaller systems will
remain steady because the capacity and absorption currents drop to zero faster than on large
systems. After 1 minute the reading should be recorded.
Precautions
1) When performing insulation resistance testing, consistency must be maintained because
electrical insulation will exhibit dynamic behavior during the course of the test; whether the
dielectric is good or bad To evaluate a number of test results on the same piece of
equipment, the test should be conducted the same way and under the relatively same
environmental parameters, each and every time.
2) Insulation resistance is temperature-sensitive. When temperature increases, insulation
resistance decreases, and vice versa.
For a cable length of L,
IR =
VR
2 L
Where
x Loge ( D )
d
VR = Volume Resistivity of Insulation in ohm cm
D = Outer dia over insulation (mm)
d = Inner dia of insulation. (mm)
L = Length of cable in cm.
IR = Insulation Resistance in ohms.
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Calculated Minimum Insulation Resistance

Values for
0.6/1 kV XLPE Insulated and PVC Insulated Cables:
Size
mm2
PVC Insulated Cables

(M.ohm-km) at 20C
XLPE Insulated Cables

(M.ohm-km) at 20C
1.5
10
895
2.5
840
700
590
10
475
16
385
25
390
35
335
50
320
70
295
95
255
120
245
150
260
185
265
240
245
300
230
400
230
500
225
630
235
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Page 52
Calculated Minimum Insulation Resistance Values for Medium

Voltage XLPE Insulated Cables:
Minimum Insulation Resistance at 20C
Size
(mm2)
6 kV
M.ohm-km
10 kV
M.ohm-km
15 kV
M.ohm-km
20 kV
M.ohm-km
30 kV
M.ohm-km
25
845
1060
1300
35
765
970
1185
1365
50
680
870
1075
1240
1590
70
600
770
955
1110
1435
95
530
685
855
995
1300
120
480
625
785
910
1205
150
445
580
730
855
1130
185
405
530
670
785
1045
240
370
470
600
705
945
300
360
430
550
650
875
400
345
385
495
590
795
500
330
350
450
535
725
630
295
310
400
480
655
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Page 53
What is voltage drop?

A voltage drop in an electrical circuit normally occurs when current is passed
through the wire.
The greater the resistance of the circuit, the higher the voltage drop.
How much voltage drop is acceptable?
The National Electrical Code states that a voltage drop of 4% at the furthest
receptacle in a branch wiring circuit is acceptable for normal efficiency. In a
120 volt 15 ampere circuit, this means that there should be no more than a
4.8 volt drop (115.2 volts)
What causes excess voltage drop in a branch circuit?
The cause is usually:
1. High resistance connections at wiring junctions or outlet terminals,
usually caused by: poor splices anywhere in the circuit
loose or intermittent connections anywhere in the circuit
corroded connections anywhere in the circuit
Inadequate seating of wire in the slot connection on backwired pushin-type receptacles and switches.
2. The wire does not meet code standards (not heavy enough gauge for the
length of the run).
What are the consequences of excess voltage drop in a circuit?
Excess voltage drop can cause the following conditions:
1. Low voltage to the equipment being powered, causing improper, erratic,
or no operation and damage to the equipment.
2. Poor efficiency and wasted energy.
3. Heating at a high resistance connection/splice may result in a fire at high
ampere loads.
At what % of voltage drop, does a circuit become hazardous?
That would depend on how much current is flowing through the high
resistance connector; resistance of connector, and the following factors:1. Is the high resistance connection in contact with a combustible material?
2. Is there air flow to dissipate the heat?
3. Is the area around the connection insulated, so that heat cannot escape.
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Voltage Drop
The size of every bare conductor or cable conductor should be such that the drop in voltage
from consumers terminals to any point in the installation does not exceed 4% of the declared
or nominal voltage when the conductors are carrying full load, but disregarding the starting
conditions. This requirement shall not apply to wiring fed from extra low voltage secondary of
a transformer. The approximate voltage drop in average circuits such as lighting and domestic
heating loads for XLPE insulated cables is:
Conductor crosssectional area
Permissible Voltage
Drop (Vp)
(Single Core Cables)
Permissible Voltage
Drop (Vp)
(Two Core Cables)
Permissible Voltage
Drop (Vp)
(3 & 4 Core Cables)
mm2
mV/A/m
mV/A/m
mV/A/m
1.5
30.86
26.72
2.5
18.9
16.36
11.76
10.18
7.86
6.804
10
4.05
4.67
4.04
16
2.55
2.94
2.54
25
1.618
1.86
1.612
35
1.173
1.348
1.166
50
0.874
1.0
0.866
70
0.616
0.702
0.607
95
0.456
0.516
0.446
120
0.373
0.418
0.362
150
0.316
0.351
0.304
185
0.267
0.295
0.255
240
0.223
0.244
0.211
300
0.197
0.185
400
0.179
0.165
500
0.165
0.151
630
0.162
0.142
800
0.15
1000
0.144
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Selection of Cable Size Based on Voltage Drop:

Based on the required ampacity and installation conditions, a suitable cable size is chosen,
cross-checked with the voltage drop as follows:
Vcal =
where:
Vp =
V
=
L
=
I
=
Vp x 1000 x V
I x L x 100
Max. permissible voltage drop (say 4%)
System voltage (say 415 V)
Length in meters
Current in Amps
Suppose a 300 meters 3 core XLPE insulated cable is to carry 100 Amps and the supply voltage
is 415 V then Vcal = 4 x 1000 x 415 = 0.553 mV/A/m. Therefore a cable size whose voltage
100 x 300 x 100
drop is less than 0.553 is to be selected. Hence, for the case above , cable size 95 mm2 may
be selected.
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Page 56
Bonding and
Earthing Methods
Method
Induced Voltage at
Cable ends
Sheath voltage
limiters required
Application
Both Ends Bonded

Single point bonded
Cross Bonding
No
Yes
Only at cross
bonding points
No
Yes
Yes
Substations, short lengths

circuit length upto 1 Km.
Long length circuits
Both Ends Bonded
Single point bonded
Surge arrester
Earth continuity wire
Induced Voltage Distribution

Most safe but due to circulating
current ampacity reduces

More ampacity. Surge arrester required at open end.
Induced voltage is proportional to length of cable and
so limitations on circuit length.
Cross Bonding

Most popular system of earthing for long circuits.
Ampacity is like single point bonded system but costly installations due to requirement of
more number of Surge limiters, each at crossing.
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Comparison of XLPE & PVC Insulated Power Cables
1.
PVC
Operating Conductor Temperature: 70C
2.
Lower current carrying capacity.
Higher current carrying capacity.
3.
Maximum Temperature Limit under

short circuit: 160C
Maximum Temperature Limit under

short circuit: 250C
4.
Lower emergency overload capacity.
Higher emergency overload capacity.
5.
Lower moisture resistance
High moisture resistance.
6.
Insulation Resistance Lower
Insulation Resistance almost 1000 times

higher
7.
Inferior properties to withstand vibration &

heat impacts.
Higher properties to withstand vibration

and heat impacts.
Heavier as specific gravity is 1.42,
Lighter as specific gravity is 0.92 and
therefore more difficult to install.
easier to install.
8.
9.
XLPE
Operating Conductor Temperature: 90C
Heat dissipation slower as Thermal
Insulation dissipation heat faster as
Resistivity is 7C m/w.
Thermal Resistivity is 3.5Cm/w.
10.
Higher Loss angle of 0.01
Lower Loss angle of 0.004
11.
Installation Technique: simple
Installation Technique: simple.
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Nominal thickness of PVC/A insulation

as per IEC 60502-1
Nominal cross-sectional
area of conductor
mm2
1,5 and 2,5
4 and 6
10 and 16
25 and 35
50 and 70
95 and 120
150
185
240
300
400
500 to 800
1000
Nominal thickness of insulation at rated voltage

Uo/U (Um)
0,6/1 (1,2) kV
1,8/3 (3,6) kv
mm
mm
0,8
1,0
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3.0
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
Note: Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended
Nominal thickness of XLPE Insulation as per IEC 60502-1
Nominal cross-sectional
area of conductor

Uo/U (Um)
mm2
0,6/1 (1,2) kV
mm
1,8/3 (3,6) kv
mm
and 2,5
and 6
and 16
and 35
50
70 and 95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500
630
800
1000
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,7
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
1,5
4
10
25
NOTE: Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended
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Nominal thickness of XLPE insulation

as per IEC 60502-2
Nominal cross
sectional area of
conductor
mm2
10
16
25
35
50 to 185
240
300
400
500 to 1000

Uo/U (Um)
3,6/6 (7,2) kV
6/10 (7,2) kV 8,7/15 (17,5) kV 12/20 (24) kV
mm
mm
mm
mm
2,5
2,5
3,4
2,5
3,4
4,5
2,5
3,4
4,5
5,5
2,5
3,4
4,5
5,5
2,6
3,4
4,5
5,5
2,8
3,4
4,5
5,5
3,0
3,4
4,5
5,5
3,2
3,4
4,5
5,5
18/30 (36) kV
mm
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
Note: Any smaller conductor cross-section than those given in this table is not
recommended. However, if a smaller cross-section is needed, either the diameter of the
conductor shall be increased by a conductor screen, or the insulation thickness shall be
increased in order to limit, at the values calculated with the smallest conductor size given
in this table, the maximum electrical stresses applied to the insulation under test voltage.
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Page 60
Old and New Core BS Core Colours

BS 6004 (PVC insulated PVC Sheathed Cables)
Cable Type
Old Core Colour
New Core Colour
Single Core
Red or Black
Brown or Blue
Two Core
Red, Black
Brown, Blue
Three Core
Red, Yellow, Blue
Brown, Black, Grey
Cable Type
Old Core Colour
New Core Colour
Two Core
Blue, Brown
No Change
Three Core
Green-Yellow, Blue, Brown
No Change
Four Core
Green-Yellow, Black, Blue, Brown
Green-Yellow, Brown, Black, Grey

or Green-Yellow, Blue, Brown,
Black
Five Core
Green-Yellow, Black, Blue, Brown,

Black
Green and Yellow, Blue, Brown,

Black, Grey
BS 6500
BS 6346, BS 5467, BS 6724

Cable Type
Old Core Colour
New Core Colour
Single Core
Red or Black
Brown or Blue
Two Core
Red, Black
Brown, Blue
Three Core
Red, Yellow, Blue
Brown, Black, Grey
Four Core
Red, Yellow, Blue, Black
Blue, Brown, Black, Grey
Five Core
Red, Yellow, Blue, Black,

Green/Yellow
Green/Yellow, Blue, Brown

Black, Grey
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Page 61
Overhead conductors are manufactured in a variety of sizes and strandings and several different
materials. This range of choices
enables selection of specific line conductors with
characteristics such as conductance, diameter, strength, weight & coefficient of thermal
expansion, stress strain, creep & thermal less of strength characteristics. Proper conductor
selection takes into account the interaction of these characteristics with requirements of
lines its voltage, capacity, load factor etc. These material are compared in the table given
below:
Material
Conductivity
Temperature co-efficient
for Resistance
AAC
AAAC
ACSR
Copper
%IACS
61
53
20
97
OHM-MM2/KM
0.00403
0.0036
0.0051
0.00331
-6
Co-efficient of linear
expansion per C
10
23
23
12.96
17
Ultimate tensile strength
Mpa
160-200
295
1100-1344
414
Modulus of elasticity
Gpa
70
70
162
125
Typical applications
Short
ACSR
Low sag and Maximum
Span
replacement high tensile
current
with
for
strength
capacity
maximum corrosive
Severe
current atmosphere
loading
capacity
conditions
For Current ratings, size and dimensions, please refer to our catalogue. We also provide covered
conductors. Covered conductors with insulation are good for environments carrying pollution
and can withstand contact with conducting materials.
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Frequently Asked Questions

Cables can be divided into a large number of types based on a combination of classifications
as follows:
Voltage ratings low voltage, high voltage, extra high voltage cables, etc.
Conductor material Copper conductor or Aluminium conductor.
Insulating material Paper Insulated, PVC insulated, Rubber insulated, XLPE insulated, etc.
Armoured or Unarmoured cables.
Sheathing material as PVC Sheathed, Rubber Sheathed, Lead Sheathed, Aluminium Sheathed,
etc.
Number of cores as single core, two core, three core, three-and-a-half core, four core, multicore,
etc.
Cross-section of the conductor.
Type of conductor, solid, stranded, sector shaped, etc.
The details of various cable types can be checked in catalogues.
Should cables be single core or 3-core?
Single core cables can be cost-effective where impedance earthed systems are used which
require relatively small screen sizes so that the cost for three core cables is economical. This is
also true for large conductor sized cables. Single core cables are more easily water-blacked.
For 10/11 kV systems the trend is for 3-phase cables. At higher voltages and higher fault levels,
this issue of circulatory current in large screens of single core cables is a significant factor. The
subject therefore of 3-core vs single core is an important issue.
Which is best system, direct-buried or in-conduit, and what is its impact on cable
design?
In-conduit systems might enable simpler, low-cost cable designs to be used. In many densely
populated cities conduit systems are the only appropriate form of cabling, as it is impossible to
take advantage of longer drum lengths with direct-buried systems. Due to frequent presence of
water in ducts, it becomes necessary to apply water barriers into the cable. On the other hand,
there is an increasing interest in direct-burying using modern installation methods.
What are the factors which reduce cable life?
Voltage surges
As with any electrical insulation, life expectancy is reduced when the insulation is subjected to
over voltage, in the form of surges and impulses. It is recommended that appropriate
protection devices be installed and the nature and frequency of all such occurrences be
monitored and recorded, so that protective measures can be installed.
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Excess operating temperatures

The cables are designed for a maximum operating temperature with limited overload periods as
defined in the relevant Standard. Changes in the environment, depth of cover, adjacent services
and micro biological effects in the soil, can increase operating temperatures and thus reduce
cable life time. The circuit protection system also needs to ensure adequate protection from
excess current loading. The nature of frequency of all such occurrences should be monitored
and recorded.
To protect the investment and ensure the life of the cable, continuous monitoring of all key
circuits is required.
Adverse environmental conditions
Environmental conditions can adversely affect the conditions for the cable. Microbiological
effects from fungus and bacteria can induce increases in soil temperature thus affecting the
temperature of the cable and causing unseen overloads. Increases in the thermal conductivity
of the soil must be monitored and recorded.
Poor installation practices
The lifetime of cables is dependent on the cable being installed correctly. Poor
supervision/management and adverse installation conditions may cause the cable to be
damaged, over tensioned, twisted, bendings radii exceeded, excessive sidewall pressure
induced, over compaction of backfill and other life threatening factors.
Compatibility of design for cable and accessories
Poor co-ordination of designs will result in incorrect/incompatible accessories, fixing methods,
stresses induced by mechanical vibration, thermal movement and lack of compensation for
seismic conditions. It is essential that correct methods of fixing and environmental assessment
be undertaken to ensure the materials are not subjected to unforseen or unexpected stresses
in service.
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Page 64
Conversion Tables
To Convert:
Multiply by:
Mils to millimetres (1,000 mils=one inch).......................................................................................0.0254
Inches to centimetres ...............................................................................................................................2.540
Centimetres to inches ............................................................................................................................0.3937
Feet to metres ..........................................................................................................................................0.3048
Metres to feet .............................................................................................................................................3.281
Yards to metres........................................................................................................................................0.9144
Metres to yards........................................................................................................................................1.0936
Miles to kilometres..................................................................................................................................1.6093
Kilometres to miles .................................................................................................................................0.6214
Square inches to circular mils (circ. mils)..................................................................................1,273,240
Circular mils to square inches.....................................................................................................7854 x 106
Square inches to square millimetres .................................................................................................645.16
Square millimetres to square inches...............................................................................................0.00155
Circ. mils to mm2 ..........................................................................................................................0.00050671
mm2 to circ. mils...................................................................................................................................1973.52
Square yards to square metres ...........................................................................................................0.8361
Square metres to square yards..............................................................................................................1.196
Cubic inches to cubic centimetres.....................................................................................................16.387
Cubic centimetres to cubic inches.....................................................................................................0.0610
Cubic yards to cubic metres ................................................................................................................0.7645
Cubic metres to cubic yards...................................................................................................................1.308
Pounds (lbs) to kilogrammes................................................................................................................0.4536
Kilogrammes to pounds (lbs)..................................................................................................................2.205
Tons (2240 lbs) to kilogrammes......................................................................................................1016.02
Kilogrammes to tons (2240 lbs) ......................................................................................................0.00098
Ounces (avoirdupois) to grammes ........................................................................................................28.35
Grammes to ounces (avoirdupois)......................................................................................................0.0353
Gallons (imp) to litres................................................................................................................................4.546
Litres to gallons (imp)..................................................................................................................................0.22
Horse-power to foot pounds per minute .......................................................................................33000.0
Watts to foot pounds per minute .........................................................................................................44.24
Horse-power to kilowatts.........................................................................................................................0.746
Kilowatts to horse-power............................................................................................................................1.34
lb/1000 yd to lb/mile.................................................................................................................................1.76
lb/1000 yd to kg/km...................................................................................................................... 0.496053
kg/km to lb/1000 yd..........................................................................................................................2.01591
lb/inch2 to kg/mm2 .................................................................................................................. 0.00070307
kg/mm2 to lb/inch2 ............................................................................................................................ 1422.33
ohm/1000 yd to ohm/mile.......................................................................................................................1.76
ohm/1000 yd to ohm/km.................................................................................................................1.09361
ohm/km to ohm/1000 yd .................................................................................................................. 0.9144
Temperature:
F to C . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9
C to F . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiply by 9/5 and add 32
64
1 foot
3.28084 feet
1 sq. yd
1.19599 sq. yd.
1 sq. inch
0.00155 sq. inch
35.29 cub ft.
1 c.ft.
0.225 lbf
2.2046 lbf.
1 lbf.
1 lb/sq inch
14.223 lb/sq. inch
14.507.46 lb/sq inch
1 volt/mil
0.0254 volt/mil
1 ohm/1000 yd
0.9144 ohm/1000 yd
39.37 ohm-inch
0.3937 ohm-inch
1 ohm-inch
1 cps (cycle per second)
2. Area
3. Volume
4. Force
5. Pressure
6. Electric Field Strength
7. Resistance
8. Resistivity
9. Frequency
Foot-Pounds
1. Length
Unit
(S.I.)
1 cps (cycle per second)
100 ohm-cm
1 ohm-cm
2.54 ohm-cm
1.0936 ohm/km
1 ohm/km.
39.3 volt/mm
1 volt/mm
0.0703 kg/sq. cm
1 kg/sq cm.
1020 kg/sq cm
1 Hz (hertz)
1 ohm-metre
1 x 102 ohm-metre
0.0254 ohm-metre
1.0936 ohm/km
1 ohm/km
39.3 volt/mm
1 volt/mm
0.6894 N/sq. cm
9.80665 N/sq. cm.
N/m2
1 Newton
9.80665 N
4.448 N
8:54 AM
0.102 kgf.
1 kgf.
0.4536 kgf.
1 cub metre
0.0282 cub.m.
0.836 13 sq. metre

1 sq. metre
6.45 16 sq. mm.
1 sq. mm.
0.3048 metre
1 metre
Systeme, International d Units
11/25/11
1 cub metre
0.0282 cub.m.
0.836 13 sq. metre

1 sq. metre
6.45 16 sq. mm.
1 sq. mm
0.3048 metre
1 metre
Metric
Conversion Table
Technical Book MZ
Page 65
65
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 66
Basic Metric Units

Magnitude (Powers of 10)
Prefix
Symbol
Multiplication Factors
tera
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012
giga
1 000 000 000 = 109
mega
1 000 000 = 106
kilo
1000 = 103
hecta
100 = 102
deca
da
10 = 101
1 = 100
deci
0.1 = 10-1
centi
0.01 = 10-2
milli
0.001 = 10-3
micro
0.000 001 = 10-6
nano
0.000 000 001 = 10-9
pico
0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12
femto
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15
atto
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18
66
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 67
AWG-kcmil vs metric mm2

AWG
14
12
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
kcmil
4.11
6.53
10.38
13.09
16.51
20.82
26.24
33.09
41.74
52.62
66.36
83.69
105.6
133.1
167.8
211.6
250.0
300.3
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1250
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
mm2
2.08
3.31
5.261
6.631
8.367
10.55
13.3
16.77
21.15
26.67
33.62
42.41
53.49
67.43
85.01
107.2
126.7
152.0
177.3
202.7
228.0
253.4
278.7
304.0
329.4
354.7
380.0
405.4
456.0
506.7
557.4
608.1
633.4
658.7
709.4
760.1
810.7
861.4
912.1
962.7
1013.4
67
Technical Book MZ
11/25/11
8:54 AM
Page 68
Guidance for AWG to Standard

mm2 conversion
AWG
mm2
30
0.05
28
0.08
26
0.14
24
0.25
22
0.34
21
0.38
20
0.50
18
0.75
17
1.0
16
1.5
14
2.5
12
10
10
16
25
35
50
2/0
70
3/0
95
4/0
120
300 MCM
150
350 MCM
185
500 MCM
240
600 MCM
300
750 MCM
400
1000 MCM
500
68

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Technical Book MZ

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Oman Cables Industry (SAOG)

Criteria for selection of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Electric Field in MV cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

General characteristics of Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

General characteristics of Sheathing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Continuous Current Ratings and rating factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Short Circuit Current ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Cables Storage and Installation Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Testing of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Insulation Resistance Test and significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Voltage drop utility and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Earthing and Bonding methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

PVC vs XLPE cables Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Overhead Conductor Characteristics and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

OCI Product Range

Building wires from 1.5 mm2 to 630 mm2

PVC Insulated Flexible Cords to IEC 60227

300/500 Volts Flexible Cables BS 6500, IEC 60227

Copper and Stranded Aluminium Conductors

Single core and multicore cables

Aluminium wire armoured single core cables

Medium Voltage XLPE insulated cables to IEC 60502-2, BS 6622, BS 7835, BS

Single core cables 25 mm2 to 1000 mm2

Three core cables 25 mm2 to 500 mm2

Aluminium wire armoured single core cables.

We can offer cables with Optional Features such as:

Overhead Conductors to IEC, BS, ASTM, DIN, VDE, AS Standards

Bare and PVC/XLPE Insulated Hard Drawn Copper Conductors

Bare and PVC/XLPE insulated all Aluminium conductors (AAC, AAC/PVC,

All Aluminium Alloy conductors (AAAC)

Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR)

Aluminium Conductors Aluminium Clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AW).

Aluminium Conductors Aluminium Alloy Reinforced (ACAR).

Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced (AACSR).

Galvanized Steel and Alumoweld Earth Wires.

Aerial Bundle Cables (Duplex, Triplex, Quadruplex).

Fire Retardant Cables to IEC 60332-3-24, IEC 60332-3-23, IEC 60332-3-22.

Cables with LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE, FRRT, FRLS Outer Sheath.

Criteria for selection of Power Cables

How do these factors influence the choice of cables?

Conductor material Copper is the virtually unchallenged material as a conductor.

System voltage determines Voltage class of cables.

Chemical substances in the environment might need special requirements on outer

Solid Conductor - used in cables for fixed installations.

Started Conductor - used in cables for fixed installations.

Flexible conductor - used in flexible cables and cords.

Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C

Table Class 1 solid conductors for single core and

Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C

Aluminium conductors 10 mm2 to 35 mm2 circular only.

Class 2 stranded conductors for single-core and multi-core cables

Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C

Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single core

Maximum diameter of wires in

Electric Field in Medium Voltage XLPE Cables

Field distribution within a high voltage XLPE cable

Outer Covering materials selection chart

Insulation Material Characteristics