Chiang Mai

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Chiang Rai or Chengmai.
This article is about the city Chiang Mai. For other uses, see Chiang Mai (disam
biguation).
Chiang Mai
?????????
City Municipality
Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; midd
le left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gat
e; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man
Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; midd
le left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gat
e; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man
Location of the city within Chiang Mai Province
Location of the city within Chiang Mai Province
Chiang Mai is located in Thailand Chiang MaiChiang Mai
Location of the city within Thailand
Coordinates: 1847'43?N 9859'55?ECoordinates: 1847'43?N 9859'55?E
Country Thailand
Province
Chiang Mai Province
Government
Type City municipality
Mayor
Tatsanai Puranupakorn
Area
City Municipality
40.216 km2 (15.527 sq mi)
Metro
2,905 km2 (1,122 sq mi)
Elevation
310 m (1,020 ft)
Population (2008)
City Municipality
148,477
Density
3,687/km2 (9,550/sq mi)
Metro
960,906
Metro density
315.42/km2 (816.9/sq mi)
Time zone
ICT (UTC+7)
Airport IATA: CNX
ICAO: VTCC
Website Official website
Chiang Mai (/'t?j???'ma?/, from Thai: ????????? [t??i?? mj] ( listen), Lanna: ??
??????? [t??ia?.mj] ( listen)) sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", i
s the largest and most culturally significant city in Northern Thailand. It is t
he capital of Chiang Mai Province and was a former capital of the Kingdom of Lan
na (1296 1768), which became the Kingdom of Chiang Mai, a tributary state of Thail
and from 1774 to 1939. It is 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok and is situated am
ongst the highest mountains in the country. The city sits astride the Ping River
, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River.
Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so named because it became the new capital o
f the Lanna kingdom when it was founded in 1296, succeeding Chiang Rai, the form
er capital founded in 1262.[1]:208 209
Chiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the Chian
g Mai Initiative was concluded between the ASEAN nations and the "+3" countries
(China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai was one of three Thai cities contend
ing for Thailand's bid to host the World Expo 2020 (the others were Chonburi and
Ayutthaya).[2] Ayutthaya, however, was the city ultimately chosen by the Thai P
arliament to register for the international competition.[3][4]
Chiang Mai has positioned itself to become a Creative City and is considering ap
plying for Creative City status with UNESCO.[5] Chiang Mai was one of two touris
t destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor's 2014 list of "25 Best Destinations i

n the World", where it stands at number 24.[6]

Chiang Mai's historic importance is derived from its close proximity to the Ping
River and major trading routes.[7][8][9]
While officially the city (thesaban nakhon) of Chiang Mai only covers most parts
of the Mueang Chiang Mai district with a population of 160,000, the city's spra
wl extends into several neighboring districts. The Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area
has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total of Chian
g Mai Province.
The city is subdivided into four wards (khwaeng): Nakhon Ping, Srivijaya, Mengra
i, and Kawila. The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawil
a is on the east bank. Nakhon Ping district comprises the north part of the city
. Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of the west, south, and east parts, res
pectively. The city center within the city walls is mostly within Srivijaya ward.[10
]
Contents [hide]
1
History
2
Emblem
3
Climate
3.1
Air pollution
4
Religious sites
5
Culture
5.1
Festivals
5.2
Language
5.3
Museums
5.4
Dining
6
Education
7
Nature
8
Recreation
9
Transportation
10
Tourism
11
Notable persons
12
Twin towns and sister cities
13
Gallery
14
See also
15
References
16
External links
History[edit]
Wat Chiang Man, the oldest Buddhist temple in the city
City wall, north-west corner
King Mengrai founded the city of Chiang
ite of an older city of the Lawa people
ng, in his 1962 book The Hill tribes of
eftain in Burma told him that the Wa, a
wa, once lived in the Chiang Mai valley

Mai ("new city") in 1296[1]:209 on the s

called Wiang Nopburi.[11][12] Gordon You
Northern Thailand, mentions how a Wa chi
people who are closely related to the La
in "sizeable cities".[13]

Chiang Mai succeeded Chiang Rai as the capital of the Lanna kingdom. Pha Yu enla
rged and fortified the city, and built Wat Phra Singh in honor of his father Kha
m Fu.[1]:226 227 The ruler was known as the "chao". The city was surrounded by a m
oat and a defensive wall since nearby Burma was a constant threat, as were the a
rmies of the Mongol Empire, which only decades earlier had conquered most of Yun
nan, China, and in 1292 overran the bordering Thai L kingdom of Chiang Hung.[7]
With the decline of the Lanna Kingdom, the city lost importance and was occupied
by the Burmese in 1556.[14] Chiang Mai formally became part of Siam in 1775 by

an agreement with Chao Kavila, after the Thai King Taksin helped drive out the B
urmese. Because of Burmese counterattacks, Chiang Mai was abandoned between 1776
and 1791.[15] Lampang then served as the capital of what remained of Lanna. Chi
ang Mai then slowly grew in cultural, trading, and economic importance to its cu
rrent status as the unofficial capital of Northern Thailand, second in importanc
e only to Bangkok.[16]
The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district (sukhaphiban) that was crea
ted in 1915. It was upgraded to a municipality (thesaban) on 29 March 1935, as p
ublished in the Royal Gazette, Book No. 52 section 80. First covering just 17.5
km2 (7 sq mi), the city was enlarged to 40.2 km2 (16 sq mi) on 5 April 1983.[17]
Emblem[edit]
The city emblem shows the stupa at Wat Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are cl
ouds representing the moderate climate in the mountains of Northern Thailand. Th
ere is a naga, the mythical snake said to be the source of the Ping River, and r
ice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land.[18]
Climate[edit]
Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Kppen Aw), tempered by the low lat
itude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nightt
ime conditions during the dry season can be cool and much lower than daytime hig
hs. The maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.4 C (108.3 F) in May 2005.[19]
[hide]Climate data for Chiang Mai (1981 2010)
Month Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high C (F)
35.5
(95.9) 38.2
(100.8) 40.8
(105.4) 41.6
(106.9) 42.4
(108.3) 40.5
(104.9) 39.3
(102.7) 38.0
(100.4) 41.2
(106.2) 37.1
(98.8) 36.5
(97.7) 35.0
(95)
42.4
(108.3)
Average high C (F)
29.8
(85.6) 32.6
(90.7) 35.2
(95.4) 36.5
(97.7) 34.2
(93.6) 32.7
(90.9) 31.8
(89.2) 31.5
(88.7) 31.7
(89.1) 31.4
(88.5) 30.1
(86.2) 28.6
(83.5) 32.18
(89.93)
Average low C (F)
14.9
(58.8) 16.2
(61.2) 19.5
(67.1) 22.9
(73.2) 23.8

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

(74.8) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75)
23.7
(74.7) 23.2
(73.8) 22.2
(72)
19.2
(66.6) 15.7
(60.3) 20.77
(69.39)
Record low C (F)
0.5
(32.9) 3.3
(37.9) 7.8
(46)
14.4
(57.9) 17.2
(63)
20.6
(69.1) 20.0
(68)
20.2
(68.4) 19.7
(67.5) 16.3
(61.3) 11.1
(52)
4.8
(40.6) 0.5
(32.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
4.2
(0.165) 8.9
(0.35) 17.8
(0.701) 57.3
(2.256) 162.0
(6.378) 124.5
(4.902) 140.2
(5.52) 216.9
(8.539) 211.4
(8.323) 117.6
(4.63) 53.9
(2.122) 15.9
(0.626) 1,130.6
(44.512)
Average rainy days (= 1 mm)
1
2
2
6
14
14
16
18
20
14
5
1
113
Average relative humidity (%) 68
58
52
57
71
77
79
81
81
79
75
73
70.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours
272.8 251.4 269.7 258.0 217.0 177.0
170.5 161.2 156.0 198.4 234.0 263.5 2,629.5
Source #1: Thai Meteorological Department[20] (normal 1981 2010, avg. rainy days 1
961 1990)
Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory[21] (sunshine)
Panorama, Chiang Mai during the rainy season, August 2014
Air pollution[edit]
See also: Environmental issues in Thailand
A continuing environmental issue in Chiang Mai is the incidence of air pollution
that primarily occurs every year towards the end of the dry season between Febr
uary and April. In 1996, speaking at the Fourth International Network for Enviro
nmental Compliance and Enforcement conference held in Chiang Mai that year the Gover
nor Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. Jakapan Wongburanawatt, Dean
of the Social Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University, to discuss air pollution
efforts in the region. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that, in 1994, an increasing n
umber of city residents attended hospitals suffering from respiratory problems a
ssociated with the city's air pollution.[22]

During the February March period, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below re
commended standards, with fine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard
limits.[23]
According to the Bangkok Post, corporations in the agricultural sector, not farm
ers, are the biggest contributors to smoke pollution. The main source of the fir
es is forested area being cleared to make room for new crops. The new crops to b
e planted after the smoke clears are not rice and vegetables to feed locals. A s
ingle crop is responsible: corn. The haze problem began in 2007 and has been tra
ced at the local level and at the macro-market level to the growth of the animal
feed business. "The true source of the haze...sits in the boardrooms of corpora
tions eager to expand production and profits. A chart of Thailand's growth in wo
rld corn markets can be overlaid on a chart of the number of fires. It is no lon
ger acceptable to scapegoat hill tribes and slash-and-burn agriculture for the s
evere health and economic damage caused by this annual pollution." These data ha
ve been ignored by the government. The end is not in sight, as the number of fir
es has increased every year for a decade, and data shows more pollution in lateFebruary 2016 than in late-February 2015.[24]
The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-press
ure areas from China trap forest fire smoke in the mountains along the Thai-Myan
mar border.[25] Research conducted between 2005 and 2009 showed that average PM1
0 rates in Chiang Mai during February and March were considerably above the coun
try's safety level of 120 g/m3, peaking at 383 g/m3 on 14 March 2007.[26] Accordin
g to the World Health Organization (WHO), the acceptable level is 50 g/m3.[27]
Religious sites[edit]
Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
Chiang Mai has over 300 Buddhist temples ("wat" in Thai).[28] These include:
Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, the city's most famous temple, stands on Doi Suthep, a
hill to the north-west of the city. The temple dates from 1383.
Wat Chiang Man, the oldest temple in Chiang Mai, dating from the 13th century.[1
]:209 King Mengrai lived here during the construction of the city. This temple h
ouses two important and venerated Buddha figures, the marble Phra Sila and the c
rystal Phra Satang Man.
Wat Phra Singh is within the city walls, dates from 1345, and offers an example
of classic Northern Thai-style architecture. It houses the Phra Singh Buddha, a
highly venerated figure brought here many years ago from Chiang Rai.[29]
Wat Chedi Luang was founded in 1401 and is dominated by a large Lanna style ched
i, which took many years to finish. An earthquake damaged the chedi in the 16th
century and only two-thirds of it remains.[30]
Wat Ku Tao in the city's Chang Phuak District dates from (at least) the 13th cen
tury and is distinguished by an unusual alms-bowl-shaped stupa thought to contai
n the ashes of King Nawrathaminsaw, Chiang Mai's first Burmese ruler.[31]
Wat Chet Yot is on the outskirts of the city. Built in 1455, the temple hosted t
he Eighth World Buddhist Council in 1977.
Wiang Kum Kam is at the site of an old city on the southern outskirts of Chiang
Mai. King Mengrai lived there for ten years before the founding of Chiang Mai. T
he site includes many ruined temples.
Wat Umong is a forest and cave wat in the foothills west of the city, near Chian
g Mai University. Wat U-Mong is known for its "fasting Buddha", representing the
Buddha at the end of his long and fruitless fast prior to gaining enlightenment
.
Wat RamPoeng (Tapotaram), near Wat U-Mong, is known for its meditation center (N
orthern Insight Meditation Center). The temple teaches the traditional vipassana
technique and students stay from 10 days to more than a month as they try to me
ditate at least 10 hours a day. Wat RamPoeng houses the largest collection of Ti
pitaka, the complete Theravada canon, in several Northern dialects.[32]

Wat Suan Dok is a 14th-century temple just west of the old city wall. It was bui
lt by the king for a revered monk visiting from Sukhothai for a rainy season ret
reat. The temple is also the site of Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya Buddhist Un
iversity, where monks pursue their studies.[33]
"First Church" was founded in 1868 by the Laos Mission of the Rev. Daniel and Mr
s. Sophia McGilvary. Chiang Mai has about 20 Christian churches[34] Chiang Mai i
s the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai.
Muslim traders have traveled to north Thailand for many centuries, and a small s
ettled presence has existed in Chiang Mai from at least the middle of the 19th c
entury.[35] The city has mosques identified with Chinese or Chin Haw Muslims as
well as Muslims of Bengali, Pathan, and Malay descent. In 2011, there were 16 mo
sques in the city.[36]
Two gurdwaras (Sikh Temples), Siri Guru Singh Sabha and Namdhari,[37] serve the
city's Sikh community.[37]
The Hindu temple Devi Mandir serves the Hindu community.[37]
Fireworks at Wat Phantao during Loi Krathong, Chiang Mai
Wat Chedi Luang.
Baan Haw Mosque.
Wat Prathat Doi Suthep
Culture[edit]
Festivals[edit]
Thousands of khom fai in Mae Jo during Loi Kratong
Splashing water on others during Songkran celebrations (picture from Chiang Mai)
Street scene, Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai hosts many Thai festivals, including:
Loi Krathong (known locally as Yi Peng), held on the full moon of the 12th month
of the traditional Thai lunar calendar, being the full moon of the second month
of the old Lanna calendar. In the Western calendar this usually falls in Novemb
er. Every year thousands of people assemble floating banana-leaf containers (kra
thong) decorated with flowers and candles and deposit them on the waterways of t
he city in worship of the Goddess of Water. Lanna-style sky lanterns (khom fai o
r kom loi), which are hot-air balloons made of paper, are launched into the air.
These sky lanterns are believed to help rid the locals of troubles and are also
used to decorate houses and streets.
Songkran is held in mid-April to celebrate the traditional Thai new year. Chiang
Mai has become one of the most popular locations to visit during this festival.
A variety of religious and fun-related activities (notably the good-natured cit
ywide water fight) take place each year, along with parades and Miss Songkran be
auty competition.
Chiang Mai Flower Festival is a three-day festival held during the first weekend
in February each year; this event occurs when Chiang Mai's temperate and tropic
al flowers are in full bloom.
Tam Bun Khan Dok, the Inthakin (City Pillar) Festival, starts on the day of the
waning moon of the sixth lunar month and lasts 6 8 days.
Language[edit]
The inhabitants speak Kham Muang (also known as Northern Thai or Lanna) among th
emselves, though central Thai is used in education and is understood by almost e
veryone. English is used in hotels and travel-related businesses. The Kham Muang
alphabet is studied only by scholars, and Northern Thai is commonly written wit

h the standard Thai alphabet.[38]

Museums[edit]
Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center.
Chiang Mai National Museum highlights the history of the region and the Kingdom
of Lanna.
Tribal Museum showcases the history of the local mountain tribes.
Mint Bureau of Chiang Mai or Sala Thanarak, Treasury Department, Ministry of Fin
ance, Rajdamnern Road (one block from AUA Language Center) has an old coin museu
m open to the public during business hours. The Lanna Kingdom used leaf (or line
) money made of brass and silver bubbles, also called "pig-mouth" money. Nobody
has been able to duplicate the technique of making pig-mouth money, and because
the silver is very thin and breakable, good pieces are now very rare.[39]
Bank of Thailand Museum
Dining[edit]
Khantoke dinner is a century-old Lanna Thai tradition[40] in Chiang Mai. It is a
n elaborate dinner or lunch offered by a host to guests at various ceremonies or
parties, such as weddings, housewarmings, celebrations, novice ordinations, or
funerals. It can also be held in connection with celebrations for specific build
ings in a Thai temple and during Buddhist festivals such as Khao Pansa, Og Pansa
, Loi Krathong, and Thai New Year (Songkran). There are at least two Khantoke di
nner/show options, one at the old Lanna Cultural Center near the Airport, and a
newer one near the Superhighway to the east of the city, behind the Big C.
Education[edit]
Chiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai
Rajabhat University, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Payap Universit
y, Far Eastern University, and Maejo University, as well as numerous technical a
nd teacher colleges. Chiang Mai University was the first government university e
stablished outside of Bangkok. Payap University was the first private institutio
n in Thailand to be granted university status.
Nature[edit]
Nam Tok Huai Kaeo (lit. "Crystal Creek Waterfall") lies at the foot of Doi Suthe
p on the western edge of the city
Nearby national parks include Doi Inthanon National Park, which includes Doi Int
hanon, the highest mountain in Thailand
Doi Pui- Doi Suthep National Park begins on the western edge of the city. An imp
ortant and famous tourist attraction, Wat Doi Suthep Buddhist temple located nea
r the sumit of Doi Suthep, can be seen from much of the city and its environs.
Doi Pha Daeng National Park, or more commonly Chiang Dao National Park which inc
ludes Doi Luang Chiang Dao and Pha Deang mountain near the border with Myanmar.
Hill tribe tourism and trekking: Many tour companies offer organized treks among
the local hills and forests on foot and on elephant back. Most also involve vis
its to various local hill tribes, including the Akha, Hmong, Karen, and Lisu.[41
]
Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden
Recreation[edit]
The Chiang Mai Zoo, the oldest zoo in Northern Thailand, sprawls over an enormou
s tract of land.
Shopping: Chiang Mai has a large and famous night bazaar for local arts and hand
icrafts. The night bazaar extends across several city blocks along footpaths, in
side buildings and temple grounds, and in open squares. A handicraft and food ma
rket opens every Sunday afternoon until late at night on Rachadamnoen Road, the
main street in the historical centre, which is then closed to motorised traffic.
Every Saturday evening a handicraft market is held along Wua Lai Road, Chiang M
ai's silver street[42] on the south side of the city beyond Chiang Mai Gate, whi
ch is then also closed to motorised traffic.[43]
Thai massage: The back streets and main thoroughfares of Chiang Mai have an abun

dance and variety of massage parlours which offer anything from quick, simple, f
ace and foot massages, to month-long courses in the art of Thai massage.
Thai cookery: A number of Thai cooking schools have their home in Chiang Mai (se
e also Thai food).
For IT shopping, Pantip Plaza just south of Night Bazaar, as well as Computer Pl
aza, Computer City, and Icon Square near the north-western corner moat, and IT C
ity department store in Kad Suan Kaew Mall are available.
Horse racing: Every Saturday starting at 12:30 there are races at Kawila Race Tr
ack. Betting is legal.
Flight of the Gibbon: Zipline through the 1,500 year old rainforest high above t
he forest floor. 5 km (3 mi) of ziplines connect lookout platforms, lowering sta
tions, and sky bridges, making the experience a full zipline canopy tour. After,
you can hike up alongside the Mae Kompong Waterfall.
Transportation[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by addi
ng citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and remov
ed. (June 2012)
Songthaew on Wua Lai Rd, Chiang Mai
Tuk-tuks near Tha Phae Gate, Chiang Mai
A number of bus stations link the city to Central, Southeast, and Northern Thail
and. The Central Chang Puak terminal (north of Chiang Puak Gate) provides local
services within Chiang Mai Province. The Chiang Mai Arcade bus terminal north-ea
st of the city (which can be reached with a songthaew or tuk-tuk ride) provides
services to over 20 other destinations in Thailand including Bangkok, Pattaya, H
ua Hin, and Phuket. There are several services a day from Chiang Mai Arcade term
inal to Mo Chit Station in Bangkok (a 10- to 12-hour journey).
The state railway operates 10 trains a day to Chiang Mai Station from Bangkok. M
ost journeys run overnight and take approximately 12 15 hours. Most trains offer f
irst-class (private cabins) and second-class (seats fold out to make sleeping be
rths) service. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the Thai railway system.
Chiang Mai International Airport receives up to 28 flights a day from Bangkok (f
light time about 1 hour 10 minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services
to other northern cities such as Chiang Rai, Phrae, and Mae Hong Son. Internatio
nal services also connect Chiang Mai with other regional centers, including citi
es in other Asian countries.
The locally preferred form of transport is personal motorbike and, increasingly,
private car.
Local public transport is via tuk-tuk, songthaew, or rickshaws. Local songthaew
fare is usually 20 50 baht per person for trips in and around the city. For groups
, the fare per person is less. Tuk-tuk fare is usually at least 60-100 baht per
trip (the vehicles are comfortable for two passengers, but some can squeeze in f
our passengers); fares increase with distance.
Tourism[edit]
Courtyard, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
According to Thailand's Department of Tourism, in 2013 Chiang Mai had 14.1 milli
on visitors: 4.6 million foreigners and 9.5 million Thais.[44]
The Tourism Authority of Thailand's Chiang Mai office expects the number of tour
ists from China to increase by at least 20% in 2013 over 2012, driven by the suc
cess of the Chinese film Lost in Thailand.[45] More than 80% of the film was sho
t in the province.

Chiang Mai has more than 32,000 hotel rooms[44] and Chiang Mai International Air
port (CNX) is Thailand's fourth largest airport, after Suvarnabhumi (BKK) and Do
n Mueang (DMK) in Bangkok, and Phuket (HKT).[46]
The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) aims to market Chiang Mai a
s a global MICE city as part of a five-year plan. The TCEB forecasts revenue fro
m MICE to rise by 10% to THB4.24 billion in 2013 and the number of MICE travelle
rs to rise by 5% to 72,424.[47]
The influx of tourists has put a strain on the city's natural resources. Chiang
Mai is faced with rampant unplanned development, air and water pollution, waste
management problems, and traffic congestion. Local government appears powerless
to enforce zoning and construction.
Notable persons[edit]
Nat Sakdatorn - Nat Sakdatorn is a multi-talented Thai singer-songwriter, actor,
writer and model.
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit - the first Thai winner of the International Women of Cou
rage Award[48]
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Chiang Mai has agreements with four sister cities:[49]
Japan Uozu, Japan (8 August 1989)
Japan Saitama Prefecture, Japan (9 November 1992)
China Kunming, Yunnan, China (7 June 1999)
China Harbin, China (29 April 2008)
Gallery[edit]
Chiang Mai province
Inthakhin city pillar building, Wat Chedi Luang
Street food, Sunday Evening Market
Selling umbrellas, Sunday Evening Market
A soi NE of city center
Police tuk-tuk, Tha Phae Gate
Chang Phueak Gate and part of the old city wall
View south along the eastern moat of city center, Chiang Mai. The road on the ri
ght is Moon Muang, on the left, Chaiyapoom
Ho Trai (library), Wat Phra Singh
Sunday Evening Market, Chiang Mai

Huai Tueng Thao Lake, NW of Chiang Mai

See also[edit]
Buddhist temples in Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai Creative City
Chiang Mai Initiative
Royal Flora Ratchaphruek
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2.
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of Chiangmai. Retrieved 15 Aug 2012.[dead link]
Jump up ^ See also the Burmese chronicle of Chiang Mai, "The Zinme Yazawin", in
Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cogn
oscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
Jump up ^ http://reninc.org/bookshelf/hilltribes_of_northern.pdf
Jump up ^ "History of Chiang Mai - Lonely Planet Travel Information". Lonelyplan
et.com. 2006-09-19. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's World: General Kavila". Thailandsworld.com. 2012-05-06. Re
trieved 2012-07-05.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter; Rosalynn Carter (2009). "Thailand Transformation". Habit
at for Humanity International. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010.
Retrieved 15 Aug 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality History". Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived fro
m the original on 28 Jun 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality Emblem". Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived from
the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Daily Climate Weather Data Statistics". Geodata.us. Retrieved 2012-04
-29.
Jump up ^ Thai Meteorological Department
Jump up ^ Hong Kong Observatory
Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai's Environmental Challenges", Fourth International Conferen
ce of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement
Jump up ^ "Air Pollution in Chiang Mai: Current Air Quality & PM-10 Levels". Ear
thoria. 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Officials in a haze". Bangkok Post. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 23 February
2016.
Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai's air pollution still high". Nationmultimedia.com. 2007-03
-11. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
Jump up ^ http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30054.pdf

Jump up ^ "WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen di
oxide and sulfur dioxide, Global Update 2005" (PDF). WHO. 2006. Retrieved 2012-0
3-21.
Jump up ^ "Lan Na Rebirth: Recently Re-established Temples", in Forbes, Andrew,
and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books,
2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
Jump up ^ "Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David,
Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J5
41LE
Jump up ^ ^ "Wat Chedi Luang: Temple of the Great Stupa", in Forbes, Andrew, and
Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 201
2. ASIN: B006J541LE
Jump up ^ "Wat Ku Tao: Chang Phuak's Watermelon Temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and
Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012
.
Jump up ^ "Wat Rampoeng Tapotharam" in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancien
t Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wat Suan Dok, the Flower Garden temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henle
y, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASI
N: B006IN1RNW
Jump up ^ "Churches". Chiang Mai Info. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
Jump up ^ "The Muslim Community Past and Present", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley
, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN
: B006IN1RNW
Jump up ^ "Muslim Chiangmai" (bi-lingual Thai-English) (in Thai). Muslim Chiangm
ai. September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011. Samsudin Bin Abrahim is th
e Imam of Chang Klan Mosque in Chiang Mai and a vibrant personality within Chian
g Mai's 20,000 Muslim community
A Complete Guide To Chiangmai". Chiangmai-thai.c
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chiang Mai
om. 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
Jump up ^ See: Forbes, Andrew, "The Peoples of Chiang Mai", in Penth, Hans, and
Forbes, Andrew, A Brief History of Lan Na. Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Cen
tre, Chiang Mai, 2004, pp. 221-256.
Jump up ^ "Thai Coins History". Royal Thai Mint. 28 Mar 2010. Archived from the
original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved 19 Sep 2011.
Jump up ^ "Khan Tok Dinner". Lanna Food. Chiang Mai University Library. Retrieve
d 2014-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Anc
ient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Shan Silversmiths of Wua Lai", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David,
Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J54
1LE
Jump up ^ Lonely Planet (2012). "Shopping in Chiang Mai". Lonely Planet. Lonely
Planet. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Internal Tourism in Chiang Mai" (PDF). Thailand Department of
Tourism. Department of Tourism. 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
Jump up ^ Janjira Jarusupawat (12 Jan 2013). "Film Sparks Chinese Tourist Boom i
n Chiang Mai". The Nation. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013.
Jump up ^ "2013 (Statistic Report 2013)". About AOT: Air Transport Statistic. Ai
rports of Thailand PLC. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ Amnatcharoenrit, Bamrung. "Chiang Mai sees boost in MICE sector" (2013
-09-27). The Nation. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/914997/chiang-mai-activist-win
s-us-courage-award
Jump up ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality Information Slideshow". Chiang Mai Municipali
ty. Section of Foreign Affairs Chiang Mai Municipality. Archived from the origin
al on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2013-12-31. (page 21)[dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiang Mai.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chiang Mai.

City of Chiang Mai

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