Protocol I

Protocol I is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of
victims of international armed conflicts. It reaffirms the international laws of the original
Geneva Conventions of 1949, but adds clarifications and new provisions to accommodate
developments in modern international warfare that have taken place since the Second World War.
As of June 2013, it had been ratified by 173 states,[1] with the United States, Israel, Iran,
Pakistan, India, and Turkey being notable exceptions. However, the United States, Iran, and
Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977 with the intention of ratifying it. According to an appeal
by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1997, a number of the articles contained in
both protocols are recognized as rules of customary international law valid for all states, whether
or not they have ratified them.

Summary of provisions
Protocol I is an extensive document, containing 102 articles. Following is a basic overview of the
protocol.[3] For a comprehensive listing of all provisions, consult the text[4] and the commentary.[5]
In general, the protocol reaffirms the provisions of the original four Geneva Conventions.
However, the following additional protections are added.

Articles 51 and 54 outlaw indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, and

destruction of food, water, and other materials needed for survival.
Indiscriminate attacks include directly attacking civilian (non-military) targets,
but also using technology such as biological weapons, nuclear weapons and
land mines, whose scope of destruction cannot be limited. [5] A total war that
does not distinguish between civilian and military targets is considered a war
crime.
Articles 56 and 53 outlaw attacks on dams, dikes, nuclear generating
stations, and places of worship. The first three are "works and installations
containing dangerous forces" and may be attacked but only in ways that do
not threaten to release the dangerous forces (i.e., it is permissible to attempt
to capture them but not to try to destroy them).
Articles 76 and 77, 15 and 79 provide special protections for women,
children, and civilian medical personnel, and provide measures of protection
for journalists.
Article 77 forbids conscription of children under age 15 into the armed forces.
It does allow, however, for persons under the age of 15 to participate
voluntarily.[5]
Articles 43 and 44 clarify the military status of members of guerrilla forces.
Combatant and prisoner of war status is granted to members of dissident
forces when under the command of a central authority. Such combatants
cannot conceal their allegiance; they must be recognizable as combatants
while preparing for or during an attack.

Article 35 bans weapons that "cause superfluous injury or unnecessary

suffering," as well as means of warfare that "cause widespread, long-term,
and severe damage to the natural environment."
Article 85 states that it is a war crime to use one of the protective emblems
recognized by the Geneva Conventions to deceive the opposing forces
(perfidy).
Articles 17 and 81 authorize the ICRC, national societies, or other impartial
humanitarian organizations to provide assistance to the victims of war.
Article 90 states that "The High Contracting Parties may at the time of
signing, ratifying or acceding to the Protocol, or at any other subsequent
time, declare that they recognize ipso facto and without special agreement,
in relation to any other High Contracting Party accepting the same obligation,
the competence of the [International Fact-Finding] Commission to enquire
into allegations by such other Party, as authorized by this Article." [6] 73
states have made such a declaration.