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Submitted by
Kartik Jain
(00002014)
Undergraduate student
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT-Bombay.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Prof. G.K. Suraishkumar for introducing me to the laboratory which
had a creative way of working and also inspiring us throughout the lab for being
innovative and practical.
where, P
L
R
.... (1)
[1]
Dh
2L
P
v2
(2)
D h (Hydraulic diameter) =
[3]
[2]
= 2R (1- ) v
...(3)
[1]
Experimental setup
The apparatus consists of a transparent glass tube (which will comprise the external
diameter) and a rubber tube (which will comprise the inner diameter), which can expand
freely. To ensure that the rubber tube does not slack in between there is a thin rod inside
the rubber tube (coaxial with the outer glass tube) which will support the tube and
maintain its stability, i.e. keep the tube horizontal. The rubber tube is closed at one end
and the other end is connected to a compressor. We can inflate the tube uniformly (as the
tube of a bicycle expands uniformly) throughout the length to get the internal diameter.
To avoid the end effects of expansion enough margin can be left at the end (especially at
the fixed end, as some distortion is expected). In case we need to deflate the tube, there
will be a valve provided (similar to tubes used in bicycles).
To measure the internal diameter of the annulus i.e. the diameter of the rubber tube we
will use a laser light which will be movable on a linear scale for accurate measurement of
internal diameter.
For the 2nd part of the experiment (Reynolds number), the level of the nozzle can be
adjusted so as to get it at the middle of the outer and inner diameters and ensure that the
dye travels in the center to get a clear view of laminar flow as well as transition.
A manometer is connected across the length of the pipe to get the pressure drop across
the annulus. The flow rate will be measured manually with a measuring cylinder and stop
watch.
nozzle
Outer radius
Inner radius (R, made
of rubber)
Valve connected to
compressor for inflation
Dye
Thin rod
Tank A
Manometer
(for pressure
measurement)
Tank B
Front View
Procedure
Varying Inner Diameter of Annulus
1. Adjust the inner diameter of the tube to a minimum by adjusting the flow of air
through the compressor.
2. Allow water to flow through the annulus at a fixed pressure difference (say h in
the manometer tube = 25 cm), by adjusting the flow rate of water.
3. Measure the flow rate of water manually, using a measuring cylinder and a stop
watch.
4. Measure the internal diameter of the annulus using the laser beam by moving it on
a linear scale.
Graph paper
attached to get
the reading of
the diameter
Inner Diameter
Laser light
Tank B
(side view)
5. Change the inner diameter of the tube by allowing more air from the compressor
and adjust the flow rate so as to get the same pressure difference as above and
note down the readings again.
6. Get the Q vs. relation from the experimental results and compare it with the
theoretical results from equation 1.
References:
[1]. Bird,R.B.;Stewart,W.E.;Lightfoot,E.M. Transport Phenomena. pp 51-54.
[2]. McCabe,W.L.;Smith,J.C.;Harriot,P.Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering.
5th Edition. pp 103
[3]. http://www.processassociates.com/process/dimen/dn_dar.htm