APPENDIX K

MECHANICAL DESIGN
DISTILLATION COLUMN 02

1. Design Pressure (From sizing and costing chapter)

Pd

17 bar =

1.7 N/ mm2

2. Material Used
Material of construction: Carbon Steel (CS) is chosen as the material for flash for
safety purpose. From Chemical Engineering Volume 6 (Table 13.2), the strength
property of this material is:
Design Stress, f

= 120 N/mm2 at temperature 170C

Tensile Strength

= 510 N/mm2

3. Welded Join Efficiency

Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joins is equally as strong as the virgin plate :
this achieve by radio graphing the complete weld length and cutting out and
remarking any effect. The lower joint factor will results in a thicker and heavier
vessel.
4. Corrosions Allowance
From Product and process design principles the min corrosion of 0.125 inch has
been chosen, where several corrosion is not expected.
Min corrosion (0.125 inch)

= 3.175 mm

5. Min Wall Thickness (From sizing and costing)

t

28 mm

6. Design Of The Domed Head

Domed Head
Type

: Ellipsoidal head

:1

7. Weight Loads
Loading on vessel
Loading sources of vessel also includes dead weight of vessel, content, wind external
loads imposed by piping and attached equipment.
Dead weight of vessel

where,
t
Cv

= 28 mm

= a factor to account for the weight of nozzles, manways, internal support =

1.08
Di

= 2.3 m

Dm

= mean diameter of vessel

Dm Di t 103

=
= 2.356 m
Hv

= height of vessel between tangent lines = 16 m

Wv

= total weight of the shell, excluding internal fitting, such as plates, N

Weight of Vessel

wv 240C v Dm H v 0.8 Dm t
= 322.9 kN
Weight of insulation
From Chemical Engineeering Volume 6
Type of insulating material

: mineral wool

Density

: 130 kg/m3

Thickness, ti

: 75 mm

Approximate volume of insulating

D m H v t i
Wi

= rmaterial Vmaterial g
= 5.87 kN

Weight of plates
From Chemical Engineeering Volume 6
No of plates

: 20

Cross sectional area

: 4.15 m2

Weight of plate

: 1.2 kN/m2

Total weight of plates

NAcWp
Wi

= 99.66 kN

Total weight = Shell + Insulation + Plates

= 428.4 Kn
8. Wind Loading
= 1280 N/mm2

Take the dynamic wind pressure as, Pw

Dm Di 2 t t i 10 3

Mean diameter, Dm

=
= 2.506 m

Where,
t

= average diameter

ti

= thickness of insulation

Fw Pw D w
Wind loading (per linear meter)

=
= 3208 N/m
Mx

Bending moment at bottom tangent lines

Hv 2 Fw
2

= 40,2900 Nm
9. Stress Analysis
At bottom tangent line
Pressure stress

Pi Di
2t
Pi Di
4t

= 109.7 N/mm2

= 55 N/mm2

Dead weight stress

wv
Di t t

= 3.27 N/mm2

where Wv = total weight

Bending stress

Do Di 2t
= 2336 mm
= 2.336 m
Second moment of area of vessel

Do4 Di4
Iv
64

= 8.8 E+10 mm4

The bending stress which will be compressive are tensile are given

Di

t
2

lv

Mx

5.35 N/mm2

Resultant longitudinal stress

z l w b
= 57 N/mm2

upwind

= 46.2 N/mm2

downwind

The greatest difference between the principle stresses, on the upwind

= 57 N/mm2
Well below is design stress for carbon steel = 80 N/mm2
Elastic stability (bucking)

210 4 t
Do

= 154 N/mm2

10. Vessel Support

As a trial, a straight cylindrical skirt used. The vessel vertically stress therefore the
type of support used is skirt.
Material of construction

: Stainless steel

Design stress, f

: 135 N/mm2

Young Modulus, e

: 200000 N/mm2

Density of liquid

: 617 kg/ m3

The maximum dead weight load on the skirt will occur when vessel full of liquid
Approximate weight

Di2 H v H 2 o g
4

= 398.38 kN
Weight of vessel

= 428.43 kN

Total weight

= 827 kN

Skirt height
Bending moment, skirt base, M=Mx

F H v 1
Ms w
Di

= 570 kNm
Bending stress skirt

bs

4M s
Ds t s t s Ds

= 7.6 N/mm2
Dead weight on the skirt

ws test

w
Ds t s t s

= 3.04 N/mm2

ws operating

w
Ds t s t s

= 3.27 N/mm2
max s compressiv e bs ws test

= 10.6 N/mm2
max s tensile bs ws operating

= 4.3 N/mm2
Take the join factor, J

= 0.85

Criteria for design

s tensile f s JSin
6.011599< 121 N/mm2

ts
Ds

s compressio n 0.125 E

Sin

8.9806 < 175 N/mm2

11. Base Ring And Anchor Bolts

Bolt circle diameter

: 2.2 m

Take number of bolts

: 16

Bolt spacing

: 628 mm (satisfactory)

The area of one bolts is given by

Ab

1
Nb fb

4M s

W
Db

= 142 mm2

Bolt root diameter

Ab 4

= 13.4 mm

Total compressed load on based ring per length

Fb

4M s
w

2
Ds Ds

= 126.14 kN/m

= 5 N/mm2

Take the beaming, fc

Base ring

Lb

Fb
1000 f c

= 25.23 mm
The minimum available standard bolt size (Figure 13.30)
Bolt size

: M30

Root are

: 561 mm

Lr

: 76 mm

Actual width required

Lr + ts + 50

= 146 mm

Actual beaming pressure on concrete foundation

fc

= 0.86 N/mm2

Base thickness

tb Lr

3 fc
fr
= 10.34 mm

12.Plate design
The following areas terms are used in the plate design procedure:
Ac = total column cross-sectional area,

Ad = cross-sectional area of downcomer,

An = net area available for vapour-liquid disengagement, normally equal to Ac -Ad,
for a single pass plate,
Aa = active, or bubbling, area, equal to Ac - 2Ad for single-pass plates,
Ah = hole area, the total area of all the active holes, (10%)
Ap = perforated area (including blanked areas),
Aap = the clearance area under the downcomer apron.

Column diameter Di

2.3 m

Column area Ac

(3.14)(2.3/2) 2

4.15 m2

0.12*Ac

0.5 m

Net area

3.65 m2

Active area

3.16 m2

Hole Area

0.1(3.16)

0.316

Downcomer area

From figure 11.31 Chemical Engineering Volume 6, at Ad/Ac = 0.12

Lw/Dc

0.77

Weir Length

0.77*Dc

1.75 m

Recommendation from Chemical Engineering Volume 6,

Weir height

50 mm

Hole diameter

5 mm

Plate thickness `

5 mm

3.14*(Hole diameter/2) 2

0.00001964

16069

Number of holes
Area of one hole
Number of Holes