Wind Mapping of

Singapore by WindSim
LEE JIA HUA @NUS
Supervised by

Dr. Hyun-Goo Kim @KIER

Collaborated by

Dr. Wan-Ho Jeon @CEDIC

Mr. Seong-Wook Yoon @CEDIC

Singapore

Land area: 710.3 sq km (Seoul 606, Kobe 552)

Total population: 4.988 million (Seoul 10.5, Kobe 1.5)
Population density: 7022 per sq km (Seoul 17327, Kobe 2717)
23% of land area covered with forest and nature reserves
Top 1 busiest port in the world (Busan 5, FY2007)
Major industries: Shipping, banking, tourism, electrical & electronics,

chemicals and oil refining

Wind Characteristics

Low wind speed for most neighboring countries

South-eastern side consists mainly of water bodies

Why a Singapore Wind Map?

Identify suitable sites with higher wind energy

concentration for installation of wind turbine

Serve a purpose of indicating candidate sites where
more measurements could be carried out
Low-speed wind turbine or BIWT
Biological and chemical defense
Urban planning works
Wind Engineering Application

About the Project

Highly urbanized city with 56931 buildings

Almost impossible to do a CFD simulation on each

and every single buildings

Urban Canopy
zd

U ( z ) ln
zo
u*

zo
d
z

Effect of Urban Canopy

Packing density may affect the value of d and

Identify 2 areas with similar mean building height

but different packing density

Identify a relationship between packing density,
mean building height and d,

Urban Canopy Models

 Sectors divided based on building density and land use

104 sectors were identified but reduced to 47 sectors
zo
d

Ap, Af

Climatology
Changi

3TIER

Wind Resource Map

Fine resolution of 90m by 90m (SRTM)

Simulated 3D wind field covering Singapore
Able to extract wind speed at any height you want

(transfer climatology)

Conclusion & Future Plans

Wind resource was very poor as expected
Nevertheless, wind map is valuable information
Transferred climatology offers wind design data
Wind environments around the Singapore Flyer etc.
Urban canopy model is to be more developed
Validation of MacDonald eqns. with real urban layouts
Consideration of forest model but tuning is required

Transferred Climatology
Design wind
data are
required
here

1
2

Changi
Airport
In-situ data

Problem:
Wind data is needed at point 2
No wind data or measurement equipment data available at point 2
Solution:
The transferred climatology data obtained from the initial wind map is able
to provide an estimate of the wind conditions at that particular site

Wind Environmental Impact

Validation of MacDonald Eqn.

Wind Flow over a Urban Sector

Wind flow simulation

for wind direction of NW

Areal-Averaged Wind Profile

Height above ground, ln(z)

1000

100

10

CFD fitting
Empirical Eqn.
1
0

Areal-averaging of wind speed

at 50m a.g.l.

2
3
4
5
Areal-averaged wind speed (m/s)

THANK YOU
Email: freefall_jiahua@hotmail.com
Contact number: +65 92975450 (Singapore)