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senin, 24 Mei 2016

TUGAS
REKAYASA LINGKUNGAN TAMBANG
KUMPULAN RUMUS

Disusun Oleh :
FAIZAL AKBAR
D621 13 316
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
GOWA

2016

BAB III: MINE GASSES AND THEIR CONTROL


3.6.2 Control of Exhaust Emission
Q=

ce x q

( c TLV c a )

Where

= Volume flow rate of fresh air required, m 3/s per kW

ce

= concentration of gas, ppm

= Exhaust quantity, m3/kW

c TLV
ca

= TLV of gas, ppm


= Ambient concentration of gas in normal air, ppm

BAB IV: METHANE AND ITS CONTROL IN UNDERGROUND COAL


MINES
4.1 Presence of Methane in Coal Seams
Metane is present in coal seams in two forms:
1. Adsorbed
Adsorbed methane gas in coal at pressures normally encountered in
coal mines can be adequately described by langmuirs equation of the type:

Q=

abp
1+bp

Where,
3

Q=quantity of methane gas adsorbed at a given pressure p ,m /t


'

a=langmui r representingquantity of methane gas adsorbed at pressure , m /t ;


'

b=langmui r sconstant with dimensions


2. Free Methane

It can be calculated using the relationship:

Q=

273 p
Tp0

Where

Q=free gas , m3 /t ;
=Total Porosity , m3 /t
p=absolute gas pressure , kPa ;

T =absolute strata temperature degrees kelvi n


Adsorption capacity is highly dependent upon the moisture content of
coal and can be describe by:

Qw
1
=
Qd 1+0.31 w
Where

Qd =gas content of dry coal , m3 /t


3

Qw =gas content of moist coal , m /t ;


w=moisture content , when

the

moisture

content

reaches

4%,

saturation occurs and no further drop in gas adsorption takes place.


Thus the limiting effect of moisture is given by:

Qw =0.446 Qd

4.2 Emission of gas from Coal


If the unit particles forming the coal are assumed to be spherical (an
approximation) then the amount of gas Q desorbed in a given time t can be
given by (Boxho et al., 1980)

Qt =Q 1e4 ( D / d ) t
2

Where
Qt =gas desorbed , m3 giventime , t
Q=total gas desorbed after time t= , i .e the gas present initiallycoal sample ;
t=time , second

cm
D=diffusioncoefficient ,
;
s
d=equivalent particle diameter , cm;=6 V / A0 ( V = particle volume A 0=surface area )

The value of D for methane is about 10 -10 cm2/s. for small values of t[t<(d2/
D)], equation:

Qt =Q

12 Dt 12 Dt
2
d
d

Qt 12
=
Q d

Dt 12 Dt
2

Since D and d are constants for given sample, one can state that

Qt
=k t
Q 1

Qt =Qw [ 1e (

t / t 0)

Where

t 0=time for desorption of 63 %of the total gas ;


n=0,33 for bituminous coal0.5 for anthracite coal
From equation above:

k 1=

12 D 12 D t

2
d
d

Since D is very small and d is comparatively large, the second term of


equation (4.9) can be neglected. Hence

k 1=

12 D
d

Or
2

D k1
= 2
2
d
d

4.3 Gas Content of Coal Seams


4.3.1 Direct Methods
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q1 = gas lost between drilling of the core and transfer of the core from the
drill hole to the bomb
Q2 = gas liberated from the core after placing it in the bomb
Q3 = gas liberated when the coal sample is crushed, most frequently called
the rest gas
4.3.2 Indirect Methods

Q=

( 100%moisture%ash )
1.8 h
( 0.75 ) x k ( 0.096 h)n0.14
+1
100
100

)]

Where
Q = gas content, m3/t;
h = depth, m; and
k and n = constants

Q p=

[ (

1
w
pc p V 2+V 1
w
pc

Where:

Qp

)]

= quantity of gas absorded at pressure p, m3/t;

V1 = volume of bomb containing the sample, cm3


V2 = volume of chamber containing gas, cm 3;
Pc = pressure of gas in the chamber;
P = pressure of gas in the chamber and bomb after equilibrium is
reached;
Pc = pressure of gas in the chamber;

w = mass of coal sample, g; and

Q p=

= helium density of coal, g/cm3.

[(

w 3w 2 V 1
w w1
1

V 0 2
w 2w 1
pg
V0
pc

) (

)]

Where

Qp

= gas absorbed at a given equilibrium pressure p, m3/t;

w 2 = mass of the evacuated, g;


w 1 = mass of the coal sample plus bomb when evacuated;
w 3 = mass of the bomb containing coal sample when saturated with gas
at pressure p, g;

V 0 = free volume of the bomb when empty at NTP, cm 3;


V 1 = volume of gas at NTP contained in bomb when pressurised to
pressure p, cm3;

pg

= density of gas, g/cm3; and

pc

= density of coal, g/cm3.

4.5.1.

Estimation

excavations
A.

Bozko method

V CH =
4

Where:

wdlW 0
43200

of

gas

emission

into

development

V CH

= methane emission, m3/minute

= factor depending upon the excavation development; for a

single excavation,

= 2, for two headings,

= 2 + z/l

(<4) where z = length of cut-through

B.

= depth of fracture zone (6 m)

= thickness of seam, m

= rate of advance, m/month

W0

= methane content of seam, m3/t

= density of coal (1.4 ton/m3)

Oriechowa method

V CH =25 dw V P c k w
4

Where:

V CH

= methane emission, m3/minute


= 2 for a single roadway,
= 2 + 0.05l1 (<4) for two roadways where l1 = distance
between parallel roadways, m

= thickness of seam, m

= rate of advance, m/day

VP

= quantity of gas liberated from a unit surface area of the

exposed
roadway, m3/minute/m2 (determine experimentally)

= coefficient defining the increase in gas emission determined

by the
relationship
month

= 0.724 ln (1.52t + 1) 0.1t, where t = time,

kw

C.

= constant given by the equation

k w=

V CH +V CH
4

V CH

4 max

Barbara experimental mine method

dw
(W 0W k )

wb
V 1CH =
4

dw
VP

V 2 CH =b
4

dw
30 k +n' 0.5t 1

w V P
V 3 CH =n
4

And the total gas emitted is

V t CH =V 1 CH +V 2 CH +V 3CH
4

Where:

dw

= total thickness of the coal bed exposed

= width of the excavation, m

= density of coal, ton/m3

VP

gas

liberated

from

unit

area

of

exposed

surface

(m3/minute/m2)

= number of surfaces in a roadway (for full thickness

excavation n=2)

W0

= gas content of the coal, m3/t

Wk

= rest gas, m3/t

= permeability

n'

= sequential number of the day after the start of drivae of the

excavation.

t
D.

= time of drivage of excavation, months (t = n/30)

Pawinski method

V CH =2 dw
4

p a2 p02 0.5
t
p0

( )(

mk
a

Where:

E.

= thickness of seam, m

= rate of advance, m/s

Pa

= in-situ gas pressure in the seam, 105 Pa

Pv

= air pressure in the excavation, 105 Pa

= porosity

= viscosity of methane, Ns/m2

= permeability

t
= time elapsed after start of driving the heanding, s.
Experimental techniques

V CH =A t
4

and if a heading has been stopped, gas emission is given by

L
w

( )

V CH =A t A t
4

Where:

V CH

= volume of gas emitted, m3/minute

= time elapsed, days


and A = constants for a given area and depend upon local

conditions

= rate of advance, m/day, and

= length of the heading.

If observations are made over a period of time for gas emission from

a heading advancing at a fixed rate, then the value of


calculated from the relationship

V2
V1
=
t2
ln
t1
ln

The value of A can be calculated from the relationship

A=

The equations can modified as follows:

ln
=

V iV 0
V nV 0

ln

ti
tn

()

can be

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