Competitividad y Turismo

Introduccin
El turismo es un sector clave para las economas alrededor del mundo por su
efecto favorable en el crecimiento econmico y el empleo, amn del desarrollo
econmico que por su conducto se genera a partir de la entrada de divisas, toda
vez que una buena parte del turismo es de carcter internacional. En 2006, las
actividades tursticas generaron 10.3% del
PIB
mundial, y contribuyeron a crear
8.2% de los puestos de trabajo en el orbe.

Para los pases en desarrollo, la importancia del turismo deriva de su
contribucin a la reduccin de la pobreza, la creacin de empleos, la
diversificacin de la actividad econmica, y la entrada de divisas que fortalecen
sus balanzas de pagos, mejorando de este modo su posicin econmica a escala
mundial.
Adems, la actividad turstica tiene efectos indirectos en el desarrollo debido
a que impulsa a los gobiernos a efectuar mejoras de infraestructura que impulsan
la calidad de vida de los residentes; y promueve el mejoramiento del medio
ambiente en la medida que favorece la comunicacin del valor del medio natural y
cultural entre sus residentes, as como la creacin de incentivos empresariales
para la mejora ambiental.
En Mxico el turismo gener 4.9% del
PIB
y 4.7% del empleo total en 2007.
En ese mismo ao llegaron al pas 21.4 millones de turistas internacionales, de los

cuales 13 millones fueron de internacin y 8.4 millones fronterizos. Como
resultado, se generaron ingresos por 12 901 millones de dlares, y las divisas
1
aumentaron 5.9% respecto al cierre de 2006. De esta forma, al igual que los
ltimos aos, el saldo de la balanza turstica fue superavitaria. Es por ello que la
actividad turstica ha sido considerada como prioridad nacional de la presente
administracin, y ha sido propuesta como detonador del desarrollo local
sustentable.
No obstante, a pesar de los buenos resultados de la actividad, la posicin de
Mxico a nivel mundial ha empeorado. Del lugar 49 que ocupaba en el ndice de
Competitividad en Viajes y Turismo del Foro Econmico Mundial 2007, pas al
lugar 55 en 2008, principalmente debido a una baja competitividad de los precios
de la industria, la falta de inversin en infraestructura turstica, y la inseguridad.
Ante la indiscutible importancia del turismo y el reto que representa mejorar
la posicin competitiva del pas, el Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin
Pblica presenta esta carpeta informativa que pone de manifiesto la evolucin
reciente del sector, los desafos que enfrenta, y algunas de las estrategias que se
proponen para solventar la prdida de competitividad.
Dividida en cuatro secciones, esta carpeta incluye dieciocho documentos
elaborados por diversos especialistas en el tema, y algunos otros provenientes de
organismos internacionales como la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo, la
Organizacin Mundial del Comercio y el Foro Econmico Mundial.
En la primera seccin, correspondiente a los resultados de la actividad
turstica en Mxico, se incluyen cuatro documentos. El apartado inicia con la
participacin de la subsecretaria de turismo, Carolina Crdenas Sosa, en la mesa
de discusin y anlisis nmero 15 del
CESOP
Turismo, factor de desarrollo

2
nacional y competitividad, en donde, a partir de series de datos, muestra la

trascendencia del turismo en Mxico, y seala la importancia del trabajo legislativo
para actuar en las reas que afectan la competitividad del pas.
Enseguida, Gustavo Meixueiro expone la estrategia de la administracin de
Felipe Caldern para posicionar al sector como detonador del desarrollo local,
seala las metas del Plan Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012, y presenta los
resultados de la actividad turstica desde el ao 2000 hasta el primer semestre de
2008. Asimismo, en una segunda contribucin analiza, desde una perspectiva
terica, los efectos del turismo en el desarrollo local, destacando la relevancia del
modelo de desarrollo que contempla la sustentabilidad ambiental y el respeto por
la cultura local y los valores de cada sociedad.
Por ltimo, Octavio Ruz contribuye con un texto en el que destaca la
relevancia del turismo, particularmente para los pases en desarrollo, como
elemento clave del desarrollo socio-econmico a partir de los efectos
multiplicadores que el consumo de productos tursticos tiene sobre el resto de la
economa. Asimismo, incluye una serie de estadsticas del sector y un apartado
que recoge el inters en relacin entre turismo, medio ambiente y cambio
climtico.
La segunda seccin versa sobre el tema de la competitividad turstica. Abren
este apartado documentos que teorizan sobre el concepto de competitividad
aplicado al mbito del turismo. Vicente M. Monfort, inicia el apartado con una
contribucin en la cual efecta un cuidadoso anlisis del concepto, a la vez que
reflexiona sobre la medicin de la competitividad.
3
A su vez, Jorge Lpez Ramois presenta el concepto de competitividad de

Porter aplicado al turismo, sealando la importancia de considerar que la
competitividad turstica no se desarrolla entre pases, sino entre clusters y entre
negocios tursticos.
En este mismo sentido, Gustavo Segura e Inman Crist
analizan uno a uno los determinantes de la competitividad sealados por Porter.

Por ltimo, Adriana Mara Otero, hace una propuesta para dejar de atender
nicamente la dimensin econmica de la competitividad, puesto que, en virtud de
su carcter cortoplacista, termina minando el desarrollo sustentable al afectar el
ciclo de vida de los destinos tursticos; reduciendo el control de la actividad por
parte de la poblacin local; y provocando una externalizacin generalizada de
costos y una internalizacin de bienes ambientales de patrimonio comunitario.
La tercera seccin presenta un bloque con documentos de corte emprico. El
Reporte 2007 sobre Competitividad en Viajes y Turismo del Foro Econmico
Mundial, despliega y explica los indicadores a partir de los cuales se construye el
ndice para medir la competitividad nacional, seala los factores clave para el
desarrollo del sector, y muestra los resultados para cada uno de los 124 pases
analizados, incluyendo los datos de Mxico para el ao 2007 y 2008.
Complementan los datos una serie de contribuciones de expertos interesados en
mejorar el desempeo del sector para promover el crecimiento y el desarrollo
econmico.
El cuarto bloque consta de documentos que versan sobre las estrategias
para mejorar la posicin competitiva de la actividad turstica. Esta ltima seccin
inicia con un documento de Rodolfo Elizondo, actual secretario de turismo, que
4
contiene puntos clave en materia de turismo, y las lneas estratgicas a seguir por
Mxico para consolidar su competitividad.
Enseguida, se incluyen las memorias del Foro Acciones para el
Fortalecimiento del turismo en Mxico realizado por el
CESOP
y el Comit de
Competitividad, en donde se especifica la poltica pblica del gobierno federal en

materia de turismo y las iniciativas que se han presentado en materia legislativa
para fortalecer la actividad, promover la sustentabilidad, diversificar los productos
e incluir a las comunidades originarias de las regiones tursticas.
En el documento Competitividad y desarrollo de productos tursticos
exitosos de la Secretara de Turismo, se propone una estrategia para incrementar
la competitividad turstica de Mxico a partir de una visin ms local, que tenga en
cuenta la segmentacin del mercado y la necesidad de acciones diferenciadas.
Roberto Calvert por su parte, exhorta a mejorar la competitividad a partir del
desarrollo de infraestructura turstica bajo un enfoque de desarrollo urbano, y de
una diversificacin de la oferta de productos en el sector.
Por ltimo, Ken Robinson en su documento Turismo: la indispensable
competitividad, discurre en la necesidad de contar con una planeacin y gestin
adecuadas, con la finalidad de impedir los estragos que el turismo puede causar
cuando slo obedece a la demanda.
As, ste artculo que cierra la carpeta,
aade un tema relevante a la discusin sobre la competitividad turstica, pues no

se trata slo de incrementar el nmero de visitantes, sino de elegir el modelo de
desarrollo que permita optimizar los beneficios sociales, econmicos y
ambientales que el turismo puede generar al pas.
5
DOCUMENTOS CARPETA INFORMATIVA SOBRE TURISMO

CONTENIDO
I.
EVOLUCIN DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN MXICO

Documento
Resumen
Carolina Crdenas Sosa,

Situacin actual del
turismo en Mxico y la
importancia del trabajo
legislativo en materia de
turismo, Mxico 2008.
La subsecretaria de turismo expone en esta colaboracin los retos

que enfrena el sector ante la reduccin de los niveles de la actividad
turstica en el mundo. En particular, seala la importancia de seguir
estrategias que mejoren la actuacin del sector toda vez que las
divisas, que entran al pas por conducto del turismo internacional,
continan generando un importante derrame econmico.
Debido a lo anterior, conmina al legislativo a tomar acciones en
materia de infraestructura, inseguridad y desarrollo urbano, a fin de
embellecer las fronteras al tiempo que se hace que el turista se
sienta bienvenido y que se atreva a pasar la puerta.
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera,

Turismo, Reporte CESOP,
nm. 16, vol. 2, Glosa del
Segundo Informe de
Gobierno, Cmara de
Diputados, Mxico, 2008,
pp. 45-54.
En su colaboracin el autor expone la estrategia de la

administracin de Felipe Caldern para posicionar al sector como
detonador del desarrollo local, debido a su capacidad de generar
empleos bien remunerados y por el potencial de crecimiento de
distintas regiones del pas aprovechando su riqueza cultural y
natural.
Asimismo, seala el diagnstico del Plan Sectorial de Turismo 20072012 respecto a la evolucin de la actividad en Mxico, y las metas
por alcanzar; mostrando la importancia de mejorar la posicin
competitiva del pas mediante la diversificacin.
El artculo contiene tambin un apartado significativo para el trabajo
legislativo, relacionado con las cuestiones del presupuesto.
Por ltimo, presenta un anlisis detallado de los resultados de la
actividad turstica en Mxico desde el ao 2000 hasta el primer
semestre de 2008.
Este artculo presenta un anlisis terico de los principales modelos
de desarrollo turstico vinculado al desarrollo de los territorios;
posteriormente se describen las metas y los objetivos en materia
turstica planteados por la actual administracin federal para el
periodo 2007-2012; se ubica el papel que juega nuestro pas en el
entorno turstico mundial y se revisan los principales resultados de
la actividad turstica destacando los principales destinos nacionales
demandados por el turismo nacional y el turismo extranjero.
Se muestra que el desarrollo local basado en el turismo es una
posibilidad, pero que el modelo de desarrollo que se adopte marcar
el tipo de beneficios que se generen y la manera en que stos se
distribuyen.
El autor hace un repaso de los principales indicadores del
desempeo de la actividad turstica para luego sealar la
importancia de los efectos multiplicadores del turismo.
Un aporte relevante del documento es el anlisis de la evolucin del
turismo desde varias dcadas atrs.
Finalmente, presenta con detalle los objetivos y estrategias del Plan
Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012 en materia de turismo.
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera,

Impacto de la actividad
turstica en el desarrollo
local, Documento de
trabajo cesop, nm, 48,
Mxico, 2008.
Octavio Ruz, Turismo:

Factor de desarrollo y
competitividad en Mxico,
Mxico, 2008.
II.
ASPECTOS TERICOS DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD TURSTICA

Documento
Resumen
Vicente M. Monfort,
Competitividad en
turismo, Competitividad y
factores crticos de xito en
los destinos tursticos
mediterrneos: Benidorm y
Pescola, tesis doctoral,
Espaa, 1999.
En este apartado, el autor presenta el concepto de competitividad,

su origen y fundamentos tericos con base en el modelo de
competitividad internacional de la empresa, sin dejar de lado las
dificultades que implica su medicin y las polticas que se aplican
para fomentarla. De este modo el autor intenta responder a
preguntas como: Cul es el concepto de competitividad ms
adecuado para los objetivos de cada nacin? Cmo se mide la
competitividad? Cul es el enfoque ms apropiado para guiar el
anlisis de la competitividad?
Jorge L. Lpez Ramois,

Qu es la competitividad
en turismo?, Gaceta CUC,
Universidad
de
Guadalajara,
Mxico,
2004.
El autor explica el surgimiento de la competitividad turstica a partir

de que los diferentes destinos se vieron envueltos en un nuevo
modelo de desarrollo basado fundamentalmente en la satisfaccin
de los segmentos altamente diferenciados y que requeran de
servicios y de actividades con altos estndares de calidad.
Por ello, propone retomar el modelo de competitividad del Porter
que concibe a la competitividad como un proceso de mejora
continua e innovacin constante; as como una combinacin
favorablemente productos, servicios y procesos de las zonas
tursticas a fin de crear encadenamientos productivos (clusters) que
multipliquen los valores.
En esta contribucin Segua e Inman tambin retoman el concepto
de competitividad de Porter pues apuntan que la competitividad de
una nacin no depende de la abundancia de sus recursos naturales,
sino del nivel de productividad y de la competitividad que se
determina por la habilidad de una empresa de innovar y mejorar sus
productos y servicios.
Su aportacin ms relevante tiene que ver con la afirmacin de que
la competencia no es entre naciones, sino entre empresas ubicadas
en espacios geogrficos determinados que puden llegar a formar
clusters.
Por ello afirma que, para que un cluster de turismo en un pas llegue
a ser competitivo se requiere de acciones conjuntas de empresas,
de las mismas actuando en cmaras, de sectores relacionados y de
diferentes niveles de gobierno.
Gustavo Segura e Inman

Crist. Marco terico de
competitividad: el cluster
de turismo, Turismo en
Honduras: el Reto de la
Competitividad,
CLACDS/INCAE,
agosto
de 1998.
Adriana
Mara
Otero,
Planificacin y gestin
competitiva de destinos
tursticos,
Boletn
Electrnico Intercambios,
ao 5, nm 32. Facultad de
Turismo. UNC. 2006.
La autora presenta una visin crtica al modelo de desarrollo

turstico que ha privado. En su artculo muestra la importancia del
enfoque de desarrollo sustentable en la medida que el modelo de
mercado es cortoplacista, y que afecta el ciclo de vida de los
destinos tursticos, ya que perpetan el mal del turismo masivo,
como la reduccin de la duracin del ciclo total de los mismos, un
control menor de la actividad por parte de la poblacin local, y la
externalizacin generalizada de los costos y la internalizacin de
bienes ambientales de patrimonio comunitario.
De este modo, su propuesta versa en torno a la generacin de
ventajas competitivas para los destinos tursticos en torno al
involucramiento de los actores individuales y el conjunto de
instituciones pblicas y privadas; as como a partir de la
revalorizacin del rol social de los procesos de aprendizaje,
acumulacin y mejora de competencias y de la educacin.
III.
COMPETITIVIDAD DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN EL MUNDO

Documento
Resumen
World Economic Forum,

Executive Summary, The
Travel and Tourism
Competitive Report 2007:
Furthering the Process of
Economic Development,
Suiza, 2007, pp. xi-xxviii.
El conjunto de artculos que componen esta seccin se encuentran

en ingls. Por ello, al inicio se presenta un breve resumen en
espaol que retoma el objetivo del Reporte de Competitividad en
Viajes y Turismo, as como las calificaciones obtenidas por Mxico
de acuerdo al ndice de competitividad turstica.
Dicho ndice busca medir los factores y polticas que favorecen el
desarrollo del sector turstico en diferentes pases. Dicho ndice se
compone de trece indicadores que se agregan en tres diferentes
categoras: 1) Marco regulatorio; 2) Ambiente de negocios e
infraestructura; y 3) Recursos humanos, culturales y naturales.
Con esta herramienta se califica a 124 pases. Mxico se encuentra
ubicado en el lugar 49, pero su posicin gracias a la dotacin de
recursos naturales (lugar 29), e incluso llega al sptimo lugar debido
al nmero de reas naturales protegidas y de sitios declarados
patrimonio de la humanidad con que cuenta.
Sus peores calificaciones son en materia de tarifas (lugar 85)
particularmente en cuanto a tarifas de trasporte areo se refiere
(lugar 114), infraestructura de transporte terrestre (lugar 62), y
seguridad (104).

Selected issues of T&T
competitiveness, The
Travel and Tourism
Suiza, 2007, pp. 3-111.
En su primer captulo, el Reporte sobre Competitividad en Viajes y

Turismo 2007 presenta la metodologa que utiliza el Foro
Econmico Mundial para la construccin del ndice de
competitividad, as como los resultados para los 124 pases
calificados.
Enseguida, se incluye una serie de diez contribuciones de expertos
interesados en mejorar el desempeo del sector para promover el
crecimiento y el desarrollo econmico.
En el primero de ellos, titulado Llevando los viajes y el turismo al
siguiente nivel: diseo de la agenda gubernamental para mejorar la
competitividad de la industria, los autores enumeran los factores
que impactan la competitividad para luego presentar algunos casos
de pases clasificados por rango de ingreso que han sido
exitosos en mejorar su competitividad.
La siguiente contribucin es de Richard Miller, vicepresidente
ejecutivo del Consejo Mundial de Viajes y Turismo, quien analiza las
implicaciones de los resultados del ndice de competitividad desde
una perspectiva de elaboracin de poltica pblica.
El tercer documento versa sobre la competitividad en turismo y la
agenda del desarrollo. En dicho artculo, los autores reflexionan
sobre los resultados del ndice de competitividad en dos sentidos:
los factores detrs de la competencia y el desarrollo, y la
importancia de promover la competitividad en los pases ms
pobres.
En el artculo Cumpliendo la promesa: potencial del turismo,
Marilyn Carlson Nelson examina en qu medida el turismo ha
cumplido su promesa de propiciar el desarrollo econmico, y cules
seran las acciones que podran implementarse para sacar el
mximo provecho a la actividad.
John Elkins, muestra la importancia de los pagos electrnicos como

una herramienta para fomentar el crecimiento econmico y del
turismo.
Enseguida, Brian Pearce, trata la relevancia de la inversin en
transporte areo como un mecanismo que promueve la
competitividad nacional al mejorar la conectividad.
Maurice Flanagan, discute los cambios en el trfico areo global
desde el surgimiento de la aviacin comercial hasta nuestros das,
al tiempo que discute sobre la creacin de nodos que faciliten el
transporte areo en el futuro.
El siguiente artculo tiene que ver con el crecimiento de la industria
de transporte areo en el Medio Este, la manera en que se ha
enfrentado el incremento de los viajes hacia dicha regin y las
oportunidades para incrementar la competitividad.
Finalmente, Brad Corrodi en su artculo Conduciendo el crecimiento
del turismo hacia la comercializacin centrada en el cliente,
argumenta sobre la oportunidad que representa la colaboracin
pblico-privada para alcanzar objetivos de desarrollo del sector
turstico. El enfoque de mercado centrado en el cliente es el modelo
que se sugiere deben adoptar los oferentes a fin de elevar su
productividad mientras favorecen el desarrollo sustentable.
Country/Economy Profiles
and Data Presentation,
The Travel and Tourism
Suiza, 2007, pp. 117-452.

Mxico profile 2007, The
Travel and Tourism
Suiza, 2007, pp. 270-271
Mxico profile 2008, The
Travel and Tourism
Competitive Report 2008t,
Suiza, 2008, pp. 252-253.
Muestra los resultados del ndice de competitividad para 124 pases

dividido en cada uno de los 13 indicadores que componen el
indicador global de competitividad:
1. Regulacin en general
2. Regulacin ambiental
3. Seguridad
4. Salud e higiene
5. Prioridad de los viajes y el turismo en la poltica pblica
6. Infraestructura de transporte areo
7. Infraestructura de transporte terrestre
8. Infraestructura turstica
9. Infraestructura de tecnologas de la informacin
10. Competitividad precio en la industria de viajes y turismo
11. Recursos humanos
12. Percepcin sobre el turismo de la poblacin nacional
13. Recursos naturales y culturales
Muestra los resultados para Mxico del ndice de competitividad
2007 en cada uno de los 13 indicadores que componen el indicador
global de competitividad. Asimismo, incluye la calificacin del pas
en relacin con la calificacin obtenida por el resto de los pases
(ranking).
Muestra los resultados para Mxico del ndice de competitividad

2008 en cada uno de los 13 indicadores que componen el indicador
global de competitividad. Asimismo, incluye la calificacin del pas
en relacin con la calificacin obtenida por el resto de los pases
(ranking).
IV.
ESTRATEGIAS PARA MEJORAR LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN TURISMO

Documento
Resumen
Rodolfo Elizondo Torres,

Mxico en el mundo a
travs de la competitividad
en
turismo,
Revista
Entorno, Mxico, octubre
de 2003.
El actual Secretario de Turismo hace un recorrido por los principales

conceptos en materia del mercado turstico, seala la importancia
del sector para la economa mexicana, y presenta una serie de
estrategias a seguir para mejorar la competitividad de la actividad.
Dentro de stas destacan: i) mejorar la calidad en los servicios, ii)
promover un desarrollo turstico sustentable con una visin de largo
plazo en la utilizacin del medio ambiente, iii) incorporar a las
comunidades locales en los proyectos y los beneficios que generan,
iv) lograr una rentabilidad que estimule la inversin en el sector, e v)
incrementar la capacidad competitiva de la industria al consolidar y
diversificar los productos y destinos.
En este artculo se muestra la importancia del turismo como
actividad contra-cclica, seala las consideraciones del Plan
Nacional de Desarrollo en materia de turismo, y analiza a detalle las
estrategias gubernamentales encaminadas a mejorar la
competitividad del sector, dentro de las que destaca el enfoque
regional de las polticas, la coordinacin intergubernamental, la
necesidad de actualizar la regulacin, y la creacin de un sistema
de indicadores.
CESOP/Comit
de
Competitividad, Acciones
para el fortalecimiento del
turismo
en
Mxico,
Situacin
de
la
competitividad en Mxico,
Cmara de Diputados,
Mxico, 2007, pp. 325-351.
Secretara de Turismo,
Competitividad
y
desarrollo de productos
tursticos
exitosos,
Documentos tcnicos de
competitividad, nm. 1.
Mxico, 2002.
Este artculo forma parte de una serie de documentos que difunden

entre las organizaciones tursticas mexicanas, pblicas y privadas,
la filosofa y tcnica de la competitividad y de la ingeniera de
productos tursticos.
En esta ocasin presentan aquellos factores que mejoran la
posicin competitiva, como: i) una mayor efectividad en la gestin, ii)
la capacidad de la industria para innovar, iii) el reconocimiento de la
competitividad en la empresa no en la nacin, y iv) la prioridad de la
escala local como eje de las polticas pblicas en materia de
turismo.
Roberto Calvet Roquero,

Incrementar
la
competitividad
turstica,
reto
nacional,
El
Economista, Mxico, julio
de 2007.
A partir del anlisis del ndice de competitividad en viajes y turismo

del Foro Econmico Mundial, el autor propone las siguientes
estrategias para mejorar la competitividad del sector turstico en
Mxico:
1. Realizar una promocin suficiente y adecuada en el
mercado estadounidense, y en particular en los pases de
Europa, Latinoamrica y Asia, donde la penetracin ha sido
mnima.
2. Diversificar la oferta de atractivos tursticos, como el turismo
de aventura y el ecoturismo, entre otros, y contar con
infraestructura adecuada para estos desarrollos.
3. Ofrecer paquetes promocionales para la poblacin de alto
poder adquisitivo, para ser competitivos frente al costo que
representan otros destinos en el exterior.
4. Simplificar los trmites administrativos para la inversin.
5. Mejorar la infraestructura para el reciclaje, disposicin y
tratamiento de residuos slidos y aguas residuales.
Ken Robinson, Turismo: la

indispensable
competitividad, Frum de
Comercio
Internacional,
2003.
6. Ofrecer esquemas de financiamiento a largo plazo y costos

competitivos de la banca comercial a los desarrolladores de
proyectos tursticos.
El autor critica el actual modelo de desarrollo turstico puesto que
slo satisface a la demanda y carece de una planeacin de largo
plazo. De este modo, propone cambiar el paradigma hacia un
modelo de desarrollo sustentable que permita optimizar los
beneficios sociales, econmicos y ambientales que el turismo puede
generar al pas.
Asimismo, propone una estrategia nacional de turismo que no se
ocupa exclusivamente de los visitantes extranjeros, sino que
revalore el turismo nacional.
DOCUMENTOS CARPETA INFORMTIVA SOBRE TURISMO

INTRODUCCIN
RESUMEN DE DOCUMENTOS: CARPETA INFORMATIVA SOBRE TURISMO
I.
EVOLUCIN DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN MXICO

Carolina Crdenas Sosa, ituaci n actual del turismo en

ico y la importancia
del tra a o le islativo en materia de turismo, Mxico 2008. Presentacin en Power
Point y transcripcin de su participacin en la mesa de discusin y anlisis No. 15
Turismo, factor de desarrollo nacional y competitividad organizada por el CESOP,
18 junio de 2008.
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Turismo, eporte

, nm. 16, vol. 2, Glosa del
Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Cmara de Diputados, Mxico, 2008, pp. 45-54.
Presentacin en PDF.
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Impacto de la actividad turstica en el desarrollo local,

ocumento de tra a o
, nm, 48, Mxico, 2008.
Octavio Ruz, Turismo: Factor de desarrollo y competitividad en Mxico, Mxico,

2008. Presentacin en PDF.
II.
ASPECTOS TERICOS DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD TURSTICA
Vicente M. Monfort, Competitividad en turismo, ompetitividad y factores cr ticos

de
ito en los destinos tur sticos mediterr neos enidorm y e scola, tesis
doctoral, Espaa, 1999. Presentacin en PDF.
Jorge L. Lpez Ramois, Qu es la competitividad en turismo?,

Universidad de Guadalajara, Mxico, 2004.
Gustavo Segura e Inman Crist. Marco terico de competitividad: el cluster de

turismo, Turismo en onduras el eto de la ompetitividad, CLACDS/INCAE,
agosto de 1998.
Adriana Mara Otero, Planificacin y gestin competitiva de destinos tursticos,

olet n lectr nico ntercam ios, ao 5, nm 32. Facultad de Turismo. UNC. 2006.
aceta
III.
COMPETITIVIDAD DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN EL MUNDO

World Economic Forum, Executive Summary, T e Travel and Tourism

ompetitive eport
urt erin t e rocess of conomic evelopment,
Suiza, 2007, pp. xi-xxviii. Presentacin en PDF.
World Economic Forum, Selected issues of T&T competitiveness, T e Travel and

Tourism
ompetitive
eport
urt erin
t e
rocess of
conomic
evelopment, Suiza, 2007, pp. 3-111. Presentacin en PDF.
World Economic Forum, Country/Economy Profiles and Data Presentation, T e

Travel and Tourism ompetitive eport
urt erin t e rocess of conomic
evelopment, Suiza, 2007, pp. 117-452. Presentacin en PDF.
World Economic Forum, Mxico profile 2007, T e Travel and Tourism

ompetitive eport
urt erin t e rocess of conomic evelopment,
Suiza, 2007, pp. 270-271. Presentacin en PDF.
World Economic Forum, Mxico profile 2008, T e Travel and Tourism

ompetitive eport
t, Suiza, 2008, pp. 252-253. Presentacin en PDF.
IV.
ESTRATEGIAS PARA MEJORAR LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN TURISMO
Rodolfo Elizondo Torres, Mxico en el mundo a travs de la competitividad en

turismo, evista ntorno, Mxico, octubre de 2003.
CESOP/Comit
Secretara de Turismo, Competitividad y desarrollo de productos tursticos

exitosos,
ocumentos t cnicos de competitividad, nm. 1. Mxico, 2002.
Presentacin en PDF.
Roberto Calvet Roquero, Incrementar la competitividad turstica, reto nacional, l

conomista, Mxico, julio de 2007.
Ken Robinson, Turismo: la indispensable competitividad, Frum de Comercio

Internacional, 2003.
de Competitividad, Acciones para el fortalecimiento del turismo en

Mxico, ituaci n de la competitividad en
ico, Cmara de Diputados, Mxico,
2007, pp. 325-351. Presentacin en PDF.
MESA DE DISCUSIN Y ANLISIS No. 15

TURISMO, FACTOR DE DESARROLLO NACIONAL Y
COMPETITIVIDAD
Mircoles 18 de junio de 2008

Carolina Crdenas Sosa
Subsecretaria de Planeacin Turstica, Secretara de Turismo.
El trabajo que a continuacin presento, se enfocar a dos reas, por un lado expondr los
resultados mundiales sobre las condiciones de turismo y por el otro, analizar los
indicadores que en la misma materia, se presentaron en el Foro Econmico Mundial.
Al cierre del 2007, en las distintas zonas geogrficas del planeta, se han reducido los
niveles de actividad turstica; as por ejemplo, tanto Amrica como Europa, tuvieron un
ingreso de turistas menor, esto en comparacin con Medio Oriente, igualmente se
observa que Mxico tuvo un escaso incremento en cuanto a recepcin de turistas, de tan
solo el 0.03%, por su parte Espaa, tuvo un crecimiento del 1.7%, Francia del 3%,
Alemania del 3.4%, Cuba decreci en 7.1%, Canad tambin decreci en 8.6%.
Retornando al caso especfico de Mxico, se debe mencionar que hemos perdido

millones de turistas fronterizos y tambin los denominados turistas de tipo excursionista
(excursionista es la persona que entra al pas por unas horas y regresa a Estados
Unidos); en dicho rubro, se puede apreciar que del 2000 al 2007, hemos perdido casi 18
millones de turistas de excursin.
El tema principal de la inhibicin de los turistas excursionistas, se debe a que antes

tardaban minutos para regresar a Estados Unidos y ahora, por las revisiones exhaustivas
del gobierno estadounidense, pueden tardarse entre dos horas y media y cuatro horas
para regresar.
No solo estamos hablando de mexicanos, estamos hablando de la revisin que le hacen

a todos, la realidad es que tardan mucho. Ese es uno de los factores, adems de la
percepcin de inseguridad y de que nuestras fronteras no son muy bonitas y si pensamos
que estamos invitando a los norteamericanos a venir a Mxico y nuestras puertas no
estn bonitas, pues no se animan a cruzar la puerta.
Algo que solicitaramos, es que los legisladores ayuden a hacer esas puertas de entrada
a Mxico ms amables, con mejor sealizacin, con mejor imagen.
Cabe citar que el trabajo que se est haciendo con Relaciones Exteriores y la Secretara
de Economa, en torno a la ampliacin de los cruces y las garitas para que la revisin sea
ms expedita, ha tenido muy buenos resultados, pese a ello, el cruce de turistas
excursionistas contina a la baja, aunque debe mencionarse que estos turistas, pese a
ingresar en menos ocasiones al pas, siguen comprando lo mismo.
Debo mencionar que el ingreso de divisas provenientes del turismo internacional, es el

que tiene un gasto mayor, por lo que se puede afirmar, en trminos generales, que este
contina generando un gran derrame econmico.
Podemos afirmar que las divisas van en incremento y esto se debe a que el gasto medio
ha crecido. Por ejemplo, del 2001 al 2007 dicho gasto ha crecido 40 por ciento. Y la
llegada de personas ha crecido un 27 por ciento. O sea, estn gastando ms. Quizs
porque se quedan ms noches, quizs porque hay mejores productos.
Por otro lado, en lo referente al tema de la competitividad, que es un tema que a todos
nos interesa, debe hacerse nfasis en que en los aos 2006 y 2007, las evaluaciones del
Foro Econmico Mundial no fueron las mismas, as por ejemplo, en el 2006, fueron 124
pases examinados, mientras que en el 2007 fueron evaluados 130, de igual forma en el
2006 pusieron 56 indicadores bsicos y en el 2007 aumentaron a 70.
Es decir, cuando vemos que salimos mal calificados, realmente fue porque cambio el
modelo de medir. Sin embargo, vamos ligeramente mejor. Pero hay algunos retos en los
que ustedes, diputados federales, pueden incidir mucho.
Considerando lo anterior, en el tema de patrimonio de la humanidad (sitios patrimonio)

ocupamos el lugar 25, en el tema de la importancia que el turismo tiene para el pas, la
posicin 31.
En infraestructura turstica nos encontramos en la posicin 49, en transporte terrestre

nos vamos al lugar 82, en competitividad nos vamos al 83 y donde realmente se necesita
hacer un gran cambio es en el tema de impuestos a tarifas areas y los usos de los
aeropuertos, ya que ah nos ubicamos en el lugar 129 de 130 posiciones y finalmente en
el tema de proteccin y seguridad estamos en el 122.
En cuanto a los siguientes tres subndices que mencionare, los cuales son: marco
regulador, ambiente de negocios e infraestructura y el de recursos humanos, las cifras
son las siguientes:
En lo relativo al marco regulatorio de TT (Travel and Turism) estamos en la posicin 71;

aqu cabe mencionar que en los requerimientos para visas necesitamos trabajar ms, ya
que por ejemplo, les puedo comentar que para un brasileo resulta muy complicado sacar
una visa par venir a Mxico, sabemos que Brasil es un pas gigantesco y solamente
tenemos consulados en tres lugares. Hay gente que para venir a Mxico, primero tiene
que hacer un viaje de cuatro o cinco horas, dentro del propio Brasil, para ir tramitando
personalmente su visa.
Los rusos tambin tienen problemas con la visa; los rusos estn viajando mucho, gastan
mucho y muchos son los que quieren viajar, sin embargo, es muy difcil aceptarlos en
Mxico; de igual forma queremos que tambin vengan los chinos, sin embargo, el ao
pasado solamente tuvimos 17 mil chinos que llegaron por motivos de turismo a Mxico.
Por otro lado, en el tema de la sustentabilidad del medio ambiente, podemos ver que en
el tema de las especies amenazadas, estamos en el lugar 126 de 130 sitios.
En general existe una gran cantidad de indicadores que inciden en la actividad turstica
de un pas; por ejemplo tenemos el caso de la fiabilidad de los servicios de polica, en
donde se nos califica en el lugar 118, el costo del crimen y la violencia en los negocios
tiene el lugar 119, en accidentes de trfico ocupamos el 112.
En el acceso a servicios de salud ocupamos el lugar 70, en camas de hospital tenemos
el nmero 97, en la autorizacin del gobierno para la industria de viajes y turismo,
estamos en el lugar 38, en eficacia de la comercializacin y la marca, estamos en un muy
buen lugar, Mxico se vende muy bien en el mundo, ya que ocupamos el lugar 32.
La que sigue corresponde al tema areo, en donde en el rubro de la disponibilidad de

asientos por kilmetro, estamos en el lugar 18, sin embargo, en la parte de impuestos
estamos bastante mal; en el nmero de aerolneas en operacin estamos en el lugar 29,
en la calidad de la infraestructura ferroviaria hay un gran reto con el 72 y en la portuaria
con el 71, en el alquiler de automviles nos encontramos en el sitio 33 y en el cobro de
impuestos sobre boletos y cobro de uso de aeropuertos estamos en el lugar 124.
Finalmente, en el subndice correspondiente a los recursos humanos, culturales y
naturales, vemos que estamos en un muy buen lugar, ya que nos situamos en el lugar 19,
sin embargo, en la calidad del sistema educativo estamos en el nivel 92.
En el rubro de patrimonio de la humanidad, nos encontramos en el sitio 15, en el rubro

de especies conocidas estamos en el nmero 8 y en lo referente a patrimonio de la
humanidad tenemos el sexto sitio.
Lo anterior nos debe llevar a reconocer que estamos mal calificados en el tema de
infraestructura, pero muy bien calificados en temas como los recursos naturales y los
recursos culturales; tenemos todo para ser un gran destino turstico.
Existen tambin tres grandes categoras, las cuales nos permiten identificar las causas
de la inhibicin del turismo en Mxico; el primero de ellos es la frontera; tal y como les
mencione, el problema del incremento de los controles migratorios con esperas
prolongadas hasta de cuatro horas, la percepcin de inseguridad, la falta de
infraestructura en todo lo que son las ciudades fronterizas y deficiente desarrollo urbano,
limitan el arribo de turistas a Mxico; el reto para todos nosotros, junto con los
legisladores, es que nos ayuden a hacer ms bonitas las entradas a Mxico, no tanto a
ser tursticas las fronteras, sino hacer que el turista se sienta bienvenido y que se atreva a
pasar la puerta.
En general, la mayor dificultad que el sector turstico del pas enfrenta, es la expedicin
de visas y en otro aspecto, el tema de perdida de playas, lo cual es un tema severo,
igualmente mantenemos como propuesta el tema del seguro medico, si logramos que el
seguro medico norteamericano sea aceptado por los hospitales mexicanos, lograremos
tener a ese turismo.
En cuanto a los inhibidores al turismo en materia de inversin, tenemos el incremento a

los combustibles, el incierto clima econmico, el marco regulatorio, la Ley General de Vida
Silvestre, la cual ha inhibido la inversin de grandes consorcios en Mxico y tambin
habr que sumar los planes de ordenamiento territorial y por supuesto el tema de la
inseguridad.
Nuestras metas son llegar al 2012 a casi 29 millones, las divisas a 17 mil millones y las
divisas por gasto de los internacionales, a 20 mil millones.
Por otra parte, la inversin pblica y privada, en ocho estados prioritarios, tiene como
meta llegar a 5 mil 800 millones, De igual forma la Secretara de Turismo tiene como meta
generar por lo menos 125 mil nuevos empleos.
Esto que les he mostrado, es parte de los estamos haciendo; estamos consientes del
tema de la infraestructura, les recuerdo los 270 mil millones de pesos adicionales a
infraestructura que estn en el fondo nacional de infraestructura para dicho tema.
Sabemos de las debilidades que tienen nuestros grandes centros tursticos y por ello,
BANOBRAS con SECTUR y el BID, van a financiar a estos centros tursticos para
mejorarlos, pero eso es un tema de FONATUR, as que no lo tocar, sin embargo le
solicito a los legisladores que lo tengan presente, adems de que pedimos que nos
ayuden con el tema de la frontera, necesitamos tambin una ley general de turismo que
nos permita tener la concurrencia con los estados y municipios, la transversalidad entre
las diferentes instancias federales y el tema del ordenamiento urbano y costero.
Carolina Crdenas Sosa

18 junio 2008
SituacinActualdelTurismoenMxicoylaimportanciadel
Situacin
Actual del Turismo en Mxico y la importancia del
TrabajoLegislativoenmateriadeTurismo
Turismo:FactordeDesarrolloy
Competitividad en Mxico
CompetitividadenMxico
El Turismo:
T i
Factor de Desarrollo
Fuente: OMT, Cifras preliminares
Europa (+4.2)
frica (+7.9%)
Las Amricas (+4.8%)
Mxico = +0.3
Oriente Medio (+13.4%)
Asia y el Pacfico (+10.2%)
898 millones de turistas internacionales, cifra 6.1%

superior al 2006.
Resultados Mundiales 2007
El Turismo en el Mundo
Ningn otro pas latinoamericano figura en esta lista.
Los 10 Primeros Destinos Tursticos en el Mundo 2006
Posicin de Mxico en el Turismo Internacional
Grecia
Canad
Autria
Turqua
Australia
A
Alemania
A
Reino Unido
China
Italia
Francia
Espaa
Miles de Millo
ones de Dlare
es
Mxico ha logrado superar a competidores como Hong Kong, que lleg a

j
posiciones dentro del ranking
p
g mundial.
tener mejores
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60 0
Tailandia
PrimerosPasesenIngresodeDivisasporTurismo2006.ExcluyendoaEstadosUnidos
Posicin de Mxico en el Turismo Internacional
Mxico
0.0
5.0
10.0
10.8
6.4
1992
9.7
6.4
1991
10.8
6.4
1990
19.8 19.7
18.7
8.8
8
10.2
1999
9.6
6
9.8
1998
9.6
6
9.8
1997
20.6
Variacin 2007 / 2006

Turismo internacional = 0.3%, Turismo de internacin = 3.2%
Turismo
T i
Fronterizo
F
t i
10
0.1
10.6
2000
Turismo
T i
de
d Internacin
I t
i
9.8
6.6
1993
15.0
10.0
7.1
1994
17.2
17.2
17.1
16.4
16.1
12.5
5
7.8
1995
19.4 19.4 19
9.7
7
10.2
2001
20.6
9.8
8
9.9
2002
20.0
20.2
8.3
3
10.4
2003
21.9 21.3
21.4
21 4
9.4
12.5
2005
21.4
8.7
12.6
2006
25.0
Llegada de Turistas Internacionales
12..4
9.0
1996
9.1
9
11.6
2004
Millo
ones de Pers
sonas
Tendencia del Turismo Internacional
8.4
13.0
2007
Al comparar el 2007 con

1995, se observan 4
millones de turistas
menos.
Turistas fronterizos
Miles de Personas
17.6 millones de
excursionistas
i i t
menos al comparar
el 2007 con el 2000.
Visitantes de un solo da en la
frontera : Excursionistas (miles)
(
)
Visitantes fronterizos
Gasto medio (dlares)
3.4
2.0
0.0
0.5
3.9
4.0
3.9
1992
2
3.8
45
4.5
Turismo Fronterizo
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.1
5.9
5.8
0.4
1997
7
0.6
05
0.5
0.6
5.6 5.5 0.6
5 1 0.4
5.1
5.5
1998
8
1991
Turismo de Internacin
4.1
43
4.3
4.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
1993
3
0.6
0.5
4.5
1994
4
4.4 4.5
4.9 4.7
1995
5
6.0
6.4
2000
0
0.6
6.5
2001
1999
9
1996
6
6.7
2002
2
8.0
6.7
0.6
7.3
2003
3
9.1
7.8
0.6
8.5
8.4 00.66
2004
4
10.0
2005
5
12.0
12 0
1990
0
IngresodeDivisasporTuristasInternacionales
(Milesdemillonesdedlares)
10.4
9.0
0.6
9.8
9.6 0.6
2006
6
Tendencia del Ingreso de Divisas
2007
7
Turismo:
Competitividad
p
Mxico como pas ha mejorado de 2007

a 2008 en sus
s s calificaciones,
calificaciones pero
pe o
debido a que otros pases han tenido
un crecimiento ms rpido, no se
refleja esta mejora en las posiciones
que Mxico ocupa dentro del ranking
mundial.
ndice de Competitividad sobre Turismo y

Viajes del Foro Econmico Mundial.
Proteccin y seguridad, es la posicin 122 debido a los altos

niveles de violencia, desconfianza en los cuerpos policiacos y
un alto ndice de accidentes de trafico.
Competitividad en precios (83) especialmente en los impuestos

a tarifas areas y uso de aeropuertos (posicin 124).
Infraestructura para el transporte terrestre (lugar 82)
Infraestructura turstica (posicin 49)
Las reas que requieren una atencin especial son:
Esto se refuerza con la importancia que el turismo tiene en el

pas (posicin 31), su participacin en ferias tursticas, as como la
atraccin de turistas mediante campaas promocionales.
Por su importancia en la cantidad de sitios patrimonio de la

humanidad, Mxico ocupa el lugar 25.
Mxico ocupa la posicin 55 en el ndice global

Para Amrica es el 9 lugar y para Latinoamrica es el 6

ndiceGlobal
2007
Lugar
49 55
ndiceGlobal
2008
Foro Econmico Mundial

ndice Global
2007
T&T Marco regulatorio
T&TMarcoregulatorio
Polticadelasnormasyreglamentos
1.01Restriccionesalapropiedad
extranjera
1.02Derechosdepropiedad
1.03Normasquerigenlainversin
extranjeradirecta
1 04 R
1.04Requerimientosparavisas
i i t
i
1.05Aperturadelosacuerdos
bilateralesdeserviciosareos
32
77
46
76
31
60
38
15
76
62
63
21 = 21
71
49
48
33
2008
T&T Marco regulatorio
T&TMarcoregulatorio
Polticadelasnormasyreglamentos
1.01Prevalenciadelapropiedad
extranjera
1.02Derechosdepropiedad
1.03Impactodelasnormassobre
lainversinextranjeradirecta
1 04 R
1.04Requerimientosparavisas*
i i t
i *
1.05Aperturadelosacuerdos
bilateralesdeserviciosareos*
1.06Transparenciadela
p
administracindepolticaspblicas
1.07Tiemporequeridoparainiciar
unnegocio*
1 08 C t
1.08Costoparainiciarunnegocio*
i i i
i *

Pilar de Marco Regulatorio
Subndice de Poltica de las normas y reglamentos
Reglamentacinambiental
2.01Rigordelareglamentacin
ambiental
2 02 Cl id d
2.02Claridadyestabilidaddelas
t bilid d d l
reglamentacionesambientales
2.03PrioritizacindelGobiernossobre
laSustentabilidadenT&T
54
64
48
67
126
49
51
43
2.05Concentracindepartculas*
SustentabilidaddelMedioAmbiente
2.01Rigordelareglamentacin
ambiental
2 02 Ob
2.02Observanciadelareglamentacin
i d l
l
t i
ambiental
2.03Desarrollodelasustentabilidaden
laindustriadeT&T
2.04EmisionesdeDixidodeCarbono*
2.06Especiesamenazadas
2.06
Especies amenazadas*
2.07Ambientaldelaratificacindelos
45
tratados*
57
85
47

Subndice de Sustentabilidad Ambiental
112
3.04Accidentesdetrfico*
3.03Costodelcrimenyviolenciaenlos
negocios
3.03Costodelcrimenyviolenciaenlos
116
negocios
119
118 3.02Fiabilidaddelosserviciosdepolica
104
3.01Costosdelterrorismoenlos
negocios
i
ProteccinySeguridad
3.02Fiabilidaddelosserviciosde
polica
53
122
51
104
3.01Costosdelterrorismoenlos
negocios
i
ProteccinySeguridad

Subndice de Proteccin y Seguridad
97
58
70
45
53
4.02DensidaddeMdicos
65
79
59
45
4.01Esfuerzosgubernamentalespara
reducirlosriesgosparalasaluddelas
pandemias
4.03Accesoamejoresserviciosde
4
03 Acceso a mejores servicios de
salud
4.04Accesoafuentesmejoradasde
aguapotable
49
SaludeHigiene
4.04CamasdeHospital*
4.02Accesoamejoresserviciosde
salud*
4 03 Acceso a fuentes mejoradas de
4.03Accesoafuentesmejoradasde
aguapotable*
4.01DensidaddeMdicos*
SaludeHigiene

Subndice de Salud e Higiene
30
32
5.03Eficaciadelacomercializacinyla
5
03 Eficacia de la comercializacin y la
25
marca
5.04AsistenciaaferiasdeT&T
23
37
33
5.02GastodelgobiernoenT&T
38
39
5.01PriorizacindelGobiernoparala
industria de T&T
industriadeT&T
31
29
PriorizacindeestrategiasdeT&T
5.04AsistenciaaferiasdeT&T*
5.03Eficaciadelacomercializacinyla
5
03 Eficacia de la comercializacin y la
marca
5.02GastodelgobiernoenT&T*
5.01PriorizacindelGobiernoparala
industria de T&T
industriadeT&T
PriorizacindeT&T

Subndice de Priorizacin de Turismo y Viajes
75
29
40
34
28
38
57 = 57
6.03Salidasporcada1.000
6
03 Salidas por cada 1 000
habitantes
6.04DensidadAeroportuaria
6.05 Nmero de aerolneas en
6.05Nmerodeaerolneasen
operacin
6.06Reddetransporteareo
internacional
18 = 18
6.04DensidadAeroportuaria*
6.05 Nmero de aerolneas en
6.05Nmerodeaerolneasen
operacin*
6.06Reddetransporteareo
internacional
6.03Salidasporcada1.000
6
03 Salidas por cada 1 000
habitantes*
6.02Disponibleasientokilmetros*
Ambientedenegocioseinfraestructuraen
T&T
42
InfraestructutradeTransporteAreo
6.01Calidaddelainfraestructurade
60
t
transporteareo
t
61
6.02Disponibleasientokilmetros
Ambientedenegocioseinfraestructura
57
enT&T
Infraestructutra deTransporteAreo
32
6.01Calidaddelainfraestructurade
55
t
transporteareo
t

Pilar de Ambiente de Negocios e Infraestructura
Subndice de Infraestructura de Transporte Areo
61
73
65
64
48
7.02Infraestructuraferroviaria
7 03 Infraestructura Portuaria
7.03InfraestructuraPortuaria
7.04Reddetransporteinterno
91
72
59
49
7.01Infraestructuracarretera
82
62
Infraestructuradetransporteterrestre
7.05DensidadCarretera*
7.04Calidaddelareddetransporte
interno
7.03Calidaddelainfraestructura
Portuaria
7.02CalidaddelaInfraestructura
ferroviaria
7.01Calidaddelascarreteras
Infraestructuradetransporteterrestre

Subndice de Infraestructura de Trasporte Terrestre
49
8.03Aceptacindelastarjetasde
cajerosautomticosVisa
50
33
48
47
35
49
47
8.02Presenciadelasprincipales
empresas de alquiler de automviles
empresasdealquilerdeautomviles
8.01CuartosdeHotel
InfraestructuraTurstica
8.03Aceptacindelastarjetasde
cajerosautomticosVisa*
8.02Presenciadelasprincipales
empresas de alquiler de automviles*
empresasdealquilerdeautomviles
8.01CuartosdeHotel*
InfraestructuraTurstica

Subndice de Infraestructura Turstica
66
52
64
9.03LneasTelefnicas
76
65
56
9.02UsuariosdeInternet
65
56
64
9.01Usodeinternetenempresas
InfraestructuraTecnologadeInformacin
60
yTelecomunicaciones
9.05 Suscriptores de Telefona celular*

9.05SuscriptoresdeTelefonacelular
9.04Suscriptoresdeinternetdebanda
ancha*
9.03LneasTelefnicas*
9.02UsuariosdeInternet*
9.01ExtentofbusinessInternetuse
InfraestructuraTecnologadeInformacin
yTelecomunicaciones
Subndice de Infraestructura Tecnologa de Informacin y Telecomunicaciones

74
y
10.03Alcanceylosefectosdelos
impuestos
10.04Niveldepreciosdecombustibles 30
86
10.02Paridaddelpoderadquisitivo
Competitividaddelospreciosenla
85
industriadeT&T
10.01Impuestosobreboletosycobro
114
d
deaeropuertos
t
10.03Alcanceylosefectosdelos
y
impuestos
10.02Paridaddelpoderadquisitivo*
Competitividaddelospreciosenla
industriadeT&T
10.01Impuestosobreboletosycobro
d
deaeropuertos*
t *
67
10.05ndicedepreciosdehoteles*
21 10.04Niveldepreciosdecombustibles*
80
88
124
83
Subndice de Competitividad de los precios en la Industria de Turismo y Viajes

Recursoshumanos,culturalesynaturalesen
50
T&T
Recursos Humanos
RecursosHumanos
50
Educacinycapacitacin
61
11.01Matriculadoseneducacin
1
primaria
11 02 M t i l d
d
i
74
secundaria
11.03Calidaddelsistemaeducativo
82
Disponibilidaddemanodeobracalificada 63
11.04Disponibilidadlocaldeservicios
47
deinvestigacinyformacin
11.05Extensindelacapacitacindel
47
personal
11.06Prcticadecontratacinydespido 67
11.07Facilidaddecontratacindemano
54
deobraextranjera
Bienestardeltrabajador
j
42
11.08PrevalenciadelVIH
62
11.09Incidenciadetuberculosis
47
11.10Expectativadevida
45
Recursoshumanos,culturalesynaturalesen
T&T
Recursos Humanos
RecursosHumanos
Educacinycapacitacin
63
57
40
66
75
65
52
92
42
80
11.10Expectativadevida*
11
02 M t i l d
d
i
secundaria*
11.03Calidaddelsistemaeducativo
Disponibilidaddemanodeobracalificada
11.04Disponibilidadlocaldeserviciosde
investigacinyformacin
11.05Extensindelacapacitacindel
personal
11.06Prcticadecontratacinydespido
11.07Facilidaddecontratacindemano
deobraextranjera
11.08PrevalenciadelVIH*
11.09BusinessimpactofHIV/AIDS
23 11.01Matriculadoseneducacinprimaria*
52
64
19

Pilar de Recursos Humanos, Culturales y Naturales
Subndice de Recursos Humanos
91
91
12.02Actitudhacialosturistas
27
12.03Recomendacindeampliarviajes
70
denegocios
12 01 Apertura al Turismo
12.01AperturaalTurismo
Percepcinnacionalsobreturismo
12 01 Apertura al Turismo*
12.01AperturaalTurismo
Afinidadalturismoyalosviajes
12.02Actituddelapoblacinhacialos
visitantesextranjeros
12 03 Recomendacin de ampliar viajes
12.03Recomendacindeampliarviajes
71
denegocios
40
100
86

Subndice de Afinidad al Turismo y a los Viajes
15
67
13.01Nmerodesitiospatrimoniodela
7
Humanidad
59
44
13.02Daodeldixidodecarbono
d ld d d
b
13.03reasnacionalesprotegidas
25
26
78
13.04Preocupacinporlosecosistemas 74
122
25
29
RecursosNaturalesyCulturales
l
l
l
14.03Nmerodeferiasyexhibiciones
internacionales*
14.02Estadiosdeportivos*
14.01Nmerodesitiospatrimonio
culturaldelahumanidad*
RecursosCulturales
13.04Totaldeespeciesconocidas*
13.03Calidaddelentornonatural
13.02Areasnacioonalesprotegidas*
l
d *
13.01Nmerodesitiosnaturales
patrimoniodelaHumanidad*
RecursosNaturales
l

Subndice de Recursos Naturales y Culturales
Factores Inhibidores
del Turismo
Deficiente desarrollo
urbano.
Inadecuada
infraestructura
(sealizacin, imagen,
etc.)
Percepcin de
inseguridad
Esperas prolongadas
en el cruce fronterizo
f
( 2.5 hrs a 4 hrs)
Incremento en los
controles
t l migratorios
i
t i
por EE.UU.
FRONTERA NORTE
Incremento a los
combustibles
areos
No aceptacin del
S G O MEDICO
SEGURO
CO all
turismo de retirados.
Saturacin del AICM

d
durante
t h
horas
preferenciales
Prdida de playas
Dificultad en los
trmites para la
expedicin de
visas.
TURISMO
Inseguridad
generalizada
Incierto marco
regulatorio:
Ley general de
vida
id silvestre.
il
t
Planes de
ordenamiento
territorial.
Incierto clima
econmico en
Estados Unidos
INVERSIN
Inhibidores del Sector Turstico
Metas del Sector

Turstico 2007-2012
Millones de pesos
Millones de dlares
Inversin publica detonada (Convenios

de Coordinacin y Reasignacin de
Recursos)
Inversin publica y privada en turismo

para los
l 8 estados
t d con mayor nivel
i l de
d
pobreza patrimonial
Turistas nacionales
Millones
Miles
Millones de dlares
Inversin Privada
Generacin de empleos formales nuevos

al ao (IMSS)
$ 13 mil 641
Millones de dlares
Divisas por gasto de turistas

i t
internacionales
i
l
165.8
125
$5 mil 802
$6 mil
$20 mil
$17 Mil
28.9
Metas 2012
Millones de dlares
Millones
Unidad
Divisas por gasto visitantes

internacionales
Turistas internacionales
Indicador
Metas Prioritarias 2012
Asignacin de 270 mil millones de pesos adicionales a los

presupuestados,
d
aplicables
l bl
a travs
d l Fondo
del
d
Nacionall de
d
Infraestructura canalizados a:
La construccin de carreteras, caminos y puentes.
Obras para dotar de agua, riego, drenaje y saneamiento.
Operacin de ferrocarriles, puertos, aeropuertos,
transporte urbano e interurbano.
Manejo de residuos slidos, gestin de recursos
naturales
t
l y generacin
i de
d energa
renovable.
bl
Acciones

P
Provisin
i i de
d servicios
i i
d agua potable,
de
t bl alcantarillado,
l
t ill d
tratamiento de aguas residuales, drenaje pluvial y
manejo de basura.
Ordenamiento territorial.
Gestin y proteccin ambiental.
Desarrollo urbano.
La SECTUR, el BID y BANOBRAS disearon un plan de trabajo

Interinstitucional va una lnea de crdito para financiar a
estados y municipios de los principales centros tursticos del
pas en los siguientes temas:
Comparativo 2007-2008

ORDENAMIENTOTERRITORIAL
TRANSVERSALIDAD
CONCURRENCIACONESTADOSYMUNICIPIO
LEY GENERAL DE TURISMO
HacerdeMxicoundestino
competitivo
estareadetodos
t
d t d
Reporte CESOP Nmero 16 Edicin Especial Septiembre de 2008
Turismo
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera
Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica, Turismo, Reporte CESOP, nm. 16, vol. 2, Glosa del Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Cmara de Diputados,
Mxico, 2008, pp. 45-54.
El turismo en
de Desarrollo
el P
rograma Nacional
Programa
2007-2012
En el mbito de la economa, el turismo es considerado por la administracin

del presidente Felipe Caldern como una prioridad nacional por tres caractersticas principales: su elevada productividad, su capacidad de generar empleos bien
remunerados y por el potencial de crecimiento de distintas regiones del pas aprovechando su riqueza cultural y natural.
A nivel global, el incremento en la demanda por servicios tursticos, aunado
cada vez a una mayor cantidad de poblacin pensionada de los pases desarrollados, con elevados recursos econmicos, y con el inters de viajar a destinos atractivos reporta el Programa Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) hace del sector turismo
uno de los ejes de desarrollo del pas.
El documento rector del desarrollo nacional propone al sector turstico como
detonador del desarrollo local, pero acota que la creacin de infraestructura y de
servicios debe orientarse, adems de satisfacer las necesidades del turismo, a dotar de capacidades a la poblacin local, garantizando y respetando los entornos
naturales, culturales y sociales.1
As, el PND menciona que el objetivo es que Mxico contine siendo un pas
lder en la actividad turstica, diversificando sus mercados, sus productos y destinos, y fomentando la competitividad de las empresas del sector. Para lograrlo,
propone seis estrategias: generar inversiones, empleos y combatir la pobreza en
las zonas con atractivos tursticos, crear condiciones de certeza jurdica para estas
inversiones, e implementar distintos programas de servicios tursticos incluyen1
Presidencia de la Repblica, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007, pp. 118-119.
45
45
Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica
46
do el turismo rural, de naturaleza y de aventura; mejorar la competitividad y

diversificar la oferta turstica nacional, garantizando la sustentabilidad y el ordenamiento territorial; desarrollar programas para promover la calidad de los servicios tursticos; actualizar el marco normativo del sector; fortalecer los mercados
existentes y desarrollar nuevos mercados; y mejorar las condiciones de vida de las
poblaciones locales donde se lleve a cabo la actividad turstica.2
Por su parte, en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 se afirma que
las tendencias mundiales plantean una mayor divisin de los mercados entre nuevos competidores, por lo que cada vez es ms frecuente observar el desarrollo de
nuevas formas de turismo. Adems, en el citado documento se menciona que el
Consejo Mundial de Viajes y Turismo estima que esta diversificacin hace que la
perspectiva mundial del turismo sea favorable para Mxico dadas las caractersticas de su patrimonio cultural y natural, la infraestructura existente, las vinculaciones comerciales y de inversin con los principales mercados emisores de turismo,
as como la existencia de un mercado turstico domstico amplio y en expansin.3
El Plan Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 seala como metas: lograr que en el
2012 el pas reciba 28.9 millones de turistas, 15.4 de internacin y 13.5 de fronterizos; una inversin total privada acumulada en el sexenio de 20 mil millones
de dlares; incrementar el gasto medio de los turistas internacionales a 472 dlares y el de los turistas de internacin a 822 dlares. Un ingreso anual por turistas internacionales de 13.6 mil millones de dlares, 12.7 mil millones por turistas
de internacin y 941 millones por turistas fronterizos, para lograr un ingreso de
17 mil millones de dlares por visitantes internacionales.
Por lo que hace al turismo nacional, acrecentar el nmero de turistas domsticos a 165.8 millones y una derrama por este concepto de 918 mil millones de
pesos. En materia de eficiencia publicitaria, reducir a 39.20 pesos el costo de
atraer un turista extranjero y a 2.38 pesos un turista domstico. Los cuadros 1 y
2 sintetizan las metas establecidas en el plan sectorial y especifican el nivel al que
se encontraban al inicio de la presente administracin.
2
3
Ibid., pp. 119-120.

Secretara de Turismo, Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007, pp. 9-11.
Cuadro 1
Metas establecidas en el P
rograma Sectorial de T
urismo 2007-2012
Programa
Turismo
Metas
2006
2012
12,833.00
20,000.00
2,220,000.00
125,000.00
Gasto medio de los turistas

internacionales (dlares)
447.70
472.00
5.43%
Gasto medio de los turistas de

internacin (dlares)
710.00
822.00
15.77%
Nmero de turistas domsticos

(millones de turistas)
140.60
165.80
17.92%
Nmero de turistas internacionales

(millones de turistas al ao)
21.35
28.90
35.36%
Turistas de internacin (millones de

turistas al ao)
12.61
15.45
22.55%
8.98
13.45
49.85%
Inversin total privada acumulada

(millones de dlares)
Trabajadores asegurados
Turistas fronterizos (millones de

turistas al ao)
% crecimiento
55.85%
Fuente: tomado de Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Impacto de la actividad turstica en el desarrollo

local, documento de trabajo nm. 48, julio de 2008, CESOP, Mxico, p. 7.
Cuadro 2
Metas establecidas en el P
rograma Sectorial de T
urismo 2007-2012
Programa
Turismo
Metas
Eficiencia publicitaria internacional
(pesos por turista internacional)
2006
2012
% crecimiento
42.84
39.20
8.50%
2.60
2.38
8.46%
Ingreso anual por visitantes

internacionales (millones de dlares)
12,176.00
17,000.00
39.62%
Ingreso anual por turistas

9,559.00
13,641.00
42.70%
Ingreso anual por turistas de

internacin (millones de dlares)
8,954.00
12,700.00
41.84%
605.00
941.00
55.54%
697,010.00
918,000.00
31.71%
2.20%
5%
127.27%
Eficiencia publicitaria nacional (pesos

por turista nacional)
Ingreso anual por turistas fronterizos

Consumo por derrama de turismo
domstico (millones de pesos)
Crecimiento anual del PIB turstico
Fuente: tomado de Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Impacto de la actividad turstica en el desarrollo

local, documento de trabajo nm. 48, julio de 2008, CESOP, Mxico, p. 7.
47
48
Presupuesto
Para el 2008 al sector turismo le fueron asignados 3 382.4 millones de pesos,
monto significativamente mayor al otorgado en 2007 que fue de 1 822.7 millones
de pesos. Lo autorizado para el presente ao representa 2.5 veces el presupuesto
aprobado para el primer ao de ejercicio de la administracin del presidente Vicente Fox, que fue de 1 338 millones de pesos. En la Grfica 1 se aprecia que se
trata de la cantidad ms alta otorgada al turismo, misma que ha venido
incrementndose durante la presente administracin.
De acuerdo con el PEF 2008, la Secretara de Turismo ejercer 1 811.9 millones de pesos, el Centro de Estudios Superiores del Turismo 24 millones y los
restantes 1 546.5 millones sern ejercidos por las entidades paraestatales del sector, principalmente el Consejo de Promocin Turstica y Fonatur. En el Cuadro 3
se observa que el sector central tuvo un incremento de 40% respecto del 2007 y el
gasto que ejercer Fonatur se increment en ms de 500 por ciento.
El presupuesto para el sector turismo resulta de inters si se observa el anlisis funcional programtico. De esta forma se tiene que del total para ejercer
durante el 2008, 64% se destinar al gasto corriente (servicios personales, materiales y suministros, servicios generales) y 32.5% ser para inversin fsica.
Grfica 1
Presupuesto otorgado para el sector turismo, 1999-2008
(millones de pesos)
3,382.4
1,822.7
1,597.3
1,338.0
1,458.9
1,227.3
1,230.2
1,147.5
1,065.3
637.0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Fuente: Secretara de Hacienda y Crdito Pblico, Gasto programable por tipo de gasto y
sector institucional 1991-2000, Mxico, 2000; Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federacin para
los aos 2001-2008.
Cuadro 3
Presupuesto por unidad responsable del gasto 2006-2008
(millones de pesos)
PEF
SectorCentral
Cestur
FonaturBMO
CPTM
Fonatur
Total
2006
707.8
10.4
60.7
273.9
174.5
1,227.3
2007
1,293.9
14.9
60.7
278.7
174.5
1,822.7
2008
1,811.9
24.0
89.8
293.9
1,162.8
3,382.4
Fuente: Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federacin para los aos 20062008.
En el Cuadro 4 se observa que para las funciones de apoyo administrativo se

destinar 0.60%; para el incremento de la oferta turstica 34.4%; para turismo
con calidad 53.7%; para atencin de los turistas 6.9% y para desarrollo de los
destinos sustentables y competitivos 1.1 por ciento.
Principales resultados de la actividad turstica

Durante 2007 llegaron al pas 21.4 millones de turistas internacionales, de los cuales 13 millones fueron de internacin y 8.4 millones fronterizos. La cifra refleja un
ligero incremento respecto de los resultados contabilizados en 2006, pero es de
destacarse el hecho que desde 2005 ha venido disminuyendo el nmero de turistas
fronterizos que arriban al pas. Para el periodo enero-junio de 2008 han llegado
11.4 millones de turistas internacionales, cantidad superior respecto del mismo
periodo de 2007, tanto en turistas de internacin como turistas fronterizos.
Al analizar la parte correspondiente a los excursionistas que llegan a Mxico, de igual forma los que arriban a la frontera han venido disminuyendo desde
2005. Las cifras al 2007 dejan ver que en estos ltimos dos aos se han dejado
de recibir a poco ms de 10.5 millones de personas, lo que seguramente ha
repercutido en la cantidad de divisas que se captan durante su visita. Para el
periodo enero-junio de 2008 ingresaron como excursionistas 35.3 millones de
personas, poco ms de 400 mil personas menos que durante el mismo periodo
del 2007 (Cuadro 5).
49
50
Cuadro 4
Presupuesto del sector turismo 2008.
Anlisis funcional programtico
(millones de pesos)
AdministracinPblica
20.3
Serviciosdeapoyoadministrativo
Incrementodelaofertatursticaorientadaa
proyectosviablessustentables
Turismoconsellopropiodecalidad,
hospitalidadyseguridad
110.7
1,162.8
1,817.6
Atencinytratoalosturistas
Desarrollodedestinostursticosdiversificados,
sustentablesycompetitivos
Total
233.0
38.0
3,382.4
Fuente: Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federacin para los aos 20062008.
Cuadro 5
Visitantes internacionales a Mxico, 2004-2008
(cifras en miles)
Visitantes
Turistasinternacionales
Deinternacin
Fronterizos
Excursionistas
Fronterizos
Encruceros
2004
2005
2006
2007
99,250
20,618
11,553
9,065
78,632
72,139
6,493
103,146
21,915
12,534
9,381
81,231
74,524
6,707
97,701
21,353
12,608
8,745
76,348
69,832
6,516
92,233
21,424
13,010
8,414
70,810
63,995
6,815
2007
Enejun
46,819
10,964
6,803
4,161
35,855
31,951
3,904
2008
EneJun
46,870
11,472
7,153
4,319
35,397
31,864
3,533
Fuente: Elaborado con datos de Sectur, Resultados de la actividad turstica 2007 y junio 2008.
Los ingresos por visitas internacionales alcanzaron la cifra de 12 901 millones de dlares al cierre del 2007, un 5.9% por arriba de las divisas registradas
durante el 2006. Durante los seis primeros meses del 2008, segn las cifras reportadas por el Banco de Mxico, se alcanzaron 7 338 millones de dlares, 477
mil dlares ms que la reportada durante el mismo periodo del ao anterior. Por
lo que hace al gasto promedio de los turistas de internacin, en 2007 promedi
los 750.7 dlares por persona; para el periodo enero-junio del ao en curso la
51
cifra creci a 800.6 dlares, superior a los 766 dlares del mismo periodo del
2007 (Grfica 2).
De esta forma, al igual que los ltimos aos, el saldo de la balanza turstica es
superavitaria. Para 2007, la cifra se ubic en 4 523 millones de dlares, superior
en 454 millones de dlares de la registrada en 2006. En los primeros seis meses
del 2008 el saldo de la balanza turstica se ubic en 3 256 millones de dlares, lo
que representa un crecimiento de 11.3% respecto de la cifra obtenida el ao anterior para el mismo periodo (Grfica 3).
La oferta de alojamiento en 2007 registr 583 731 cuartos, cifra 3.86% superior a la alcanzada en diciembre de 2006. El informe de gobierno menciona que
este incremento se debe principalmente al aporte de las entidades de Baja California
Sur, Estado de Mxico, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo Len, Quintana Roo y Sonora.
Para junio de 2008 el nmero de cuartos fue de 596 352, de los cuales 82% son
establecimientos de una a cinco estrellas y 18% de modalidad econmica como
cuartos amueblados, villas o cabaas (Cuadro 6).
El ndice de ocupacin hotelera en centros tursticos seleccionados registr
un nivel de 59.6% durante el periodo enero-junio de 2007, poco menos de un
punto por encima de lo observado en 2007. El mayor nivel de ocupacin se dio
Grfica 2
Ingresos por visitantes internacionales y gasto medio de los turistas
1,000
14,000
12,901.0
11,803.4
12,000
12,176.6
900
10,795.6
10,000
800.6
750.6
9,361.7
8,858.0
8,400.6
673.7
700
678.4
645.2
615.6
8,000
800
766.0
710.3
7,338.4
585.3
600
6,861.4
500
6,000
400
4,000
300
2,000
200
100
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2007
2008
Ene-Jun
Ingresos por visitantes internacionales (Millones de dlares)
Gasto medio de turistas de internacin (Dlares)
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Mxico, 2008, p. 216.
52
Grfica 3
Saldo de la balanza turstica
14,000
12,901
12,177
11,803
12,000
10,796
10,000
9,362
8,858
8,401
8,294
8,108
8,378
7,600
8,000
7,338
6,959
6,000
5,499
5,702
6,060
6,253
4,000
4,203
3,837
2,795
2,699
2,798
4,069
4,523
4,082
3,256
3,109
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
Ingresos
2004
2005
Egresos
2006
2007 p
2008 p
Saldo
p/ Cifras preliminares
Para 2008 las cifras corresponden al periodo enero-junio.
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico,
2008, p. 211.
en los centros integralmente planeados con 72.3% (Cancn, Loreto, Ixtapa, Los
Cabos y Bahas de Huatulco), cifra inferior a la ocupacin reportada en el mismo
periodo del ao anterior que fue de 77 por ciento.4
Cabe mencionar la importancia que tiene el turismo nacional en estas cifras.
El informe de gobierno reporta que el consumo nacional representa 85% de la
actividad turstica. Las llegadas de turistas nacionales a los distintos destinos
tursticos se increment en 3.2% durante los primeros seis meses del ao en curso
al pasar de 28 766 llegadas en 2007 a 29 662 llegadas en 2008.5 Sin embargo,
cabe sealar que este incremento es un porcentaje inferior al registrado el ao
pasado cuando creci 11% en el mismo periodo respecto de 2006.6
4
Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Mxico, 2008, p. 216.

Idem.
6
Sectur, Resultados de la actividad turstica junio 2008, Mxico, 2008, p. 24.
5
Cuadro 6
Oferta hotelera e inversin eextranjera
xtranjera
Oferta hotelera
Total
De una a cinco
2
estrellas
Otros 3
Inversin extranjera
directa (Millones de
4
dlares)
2000
421,850
348,203
73,647
446.1
2001
458,123
378,956
79,167
411.6
2002
469,488
386,829
82,659
402.5
2003
496,292
403,886
92,406
43.8
2004
515,904
409,108
106,796
663.8
2005
535,639
435,727
99,912
703.5
2006
p
2007
2008 p
562,039
454,208
107,831
729.4
583,731
475,991
107,740
634.4
596,352
488,289
108,063
16.4
Nmerodecuartosdisponiblesalmesdediciembredecadaao.Para2007
cifraspreliminaresalmesdejunioyconsideralaactualizacinde15estados
yelDistritoFederal
2
Incluyeestablecimientosconcategoradenominadaclaseespecialygran
turismo
3
Incluyeestablecimientosdeclaseeconmica,sincategora,casasde
huspedesymodalidadesdistintasahotelcomovillasycabaas,posadas,
4
Flujosanualescanalizadosalsubsectorrestaurantesyhoteles
p
Cifraspreliminares
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico, 2008, p. 210.
En cuanto al desarrollo de la infraestructura turstica, en el primer informe

de ejecucin del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo se reporta que en el 2007 Fonatur
destin 918.9 millones de pesos a los diferentes Centros Integralmente Planeados (CIP), cantidad superior en 38% a la autorizada originalmente en el presupuesto de egresos de ese ao, pero 41.5% menor de la cantidad canalizada para el
2006.7
Para 2008, Fonatur pretende destinar un total de 2 470.7 millones de pesos
entre 11 CIP, ya que se agrega a partir de este ao el CIP de Kino, al cual se canalizarn 179.6 millones de pesos. Entre los destinos que recibirn mayores recursos este ao se encuentra Cancn, con 464.6 millones; Loreto, con 389.6 millones
y Escalera Nutica, con 295.5 millones de pesos (Cuadro 7).
En otro orden de ideas, es conveniente referirse a los empleos que genera el
sector turismo, ya que como se advierte al inicio del artculo, es este rubro uno de
7
Presidencia de la Repblica, Primer Informe de Ejecucin del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo

2007-2012, Mxico, p. 188.
53
54
Cuadro 7
Inversin canalizada por F
onatur al desar
rollo de infraestr
uctura turstica
Fonatur
desarrollo
infraestructura
(cifras en miles de pesos)
Total
Cancn
Ixtapa
Los Cabos
175,800
128,800
141,200
97,900
186,500
77,100
110,700
30,800
114,400
52,800
209,800
39,300
193,694
62,999
160,207
52,590
464,600
261,300
1
Lascifrascorrespondenalpresupuestooriginalautorizado
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1
2008
442,700.0
415,400.0
567,500.0
290,800.0
481,600.0
802,200.0
1,510,584.0
664,400.0
2,470,700.0
29,400
55,100
73,900
25,500
71,100
42,500
64,795
46,150
34,700
Loreto
19,500
35,400
62,500
29,200
38,000
17,800
23,884
96,230
389,600
Huatulco
89,200
83,300
150,400
66,100
138,000
123,800
126,486
90,354
240,000
Palenque
800
800
200
0
0
3,500
25,000
Costa Maya
32,300
3,500
1,988
46,440
131,200
Nayarit
3,800
53,400
319,787
34,517
261,500
Escalera
Natica
Marina
Cozumel
2,500
16,300
27,700
31,000
307,300
713,302
34,800
295,500
4,800
3,648
99,612
178,700
Kino
179,600
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Primer Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico, 2007, p. 165; Presidencia de la Repblica,
Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico, 2008, p. 210.
los principales aportes que tiene la actividad en la economa nacional. Para el

2007 el primer informe de ejecucin del PND reporta que se registr un promedio
anual de 2.36 millones de trabajadores asegurados permanentes y eventuales en
el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS ), un incremento de 6% respecto de
la cifra reportada para 2006 que fue de 2.22 millones de trabajadores.8
Para junio de 2008, el Segundo Informe de Gobierno reporta 2.23 millones
de trabajadores permanentes asegurados, cifra superior en 2.7% respecto de junio del ao anterior.9
Destaca el hecho de que a partir de 2006 se presenta un incremento de empleos considerable respecto de 2005, cuando se report 1.79 millones de trabajadores, razn atribuible quiz a la forma de medir, ya que hasta 2005 la Sectur
tomaba el dato de la cuenta satlite de turismo, y desde hace dos aos lo hace con
base en una estimacin de los trabajadores permanentes y eventuales registrados
en el IMSS.
Por ltimo, es pertinente apuntar las principales demandas que el sector empresarial turstico hizo al gobierno federal durante el ltimo tianguis turstico de
Acapulco celebrado en abril pasado: garantizar la seguridad jurdica a inversionistas, dar seguridad en destinos y respetar los ordenamientos territoriales, as
como acciones destinadas a elevar la competitividad turstica del pas.10
8
Idem.
Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe, op. cit., p. 215.
10
Demandan empresarios seguridad jurdica, Peridico Reforma, Seccin Negocios, 17 de abril
de 2008.
9
Cumplimos 6 aos de trabajo
Impacto de la
actividad
turstica en el
desarrollo
local
Gustavo Miguel Meixueiro Njera

Documento de Trabajo nm. 48
Julio de 2008
Las opiniones expresadas en este documento no reflejan la postura oficial del

Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica, o de la Cmara de Diputados
y sus rganos de gobierno. Este documento es responsabilidad del autor. Este
documento es una versin preliminar, favor de citarlo como tal.
El impacto del turismo en el desarrollo local: una evaluacin de resultados

Gustavo Meixueiro Njera
Introduccin
El turismo es una de las actividades econmicas ms importantes a nivel global ya
que el papel que tiene en la generacin de divisas, de empleos y de inversin lo
hace jugar un rol preponderante en las principales economas nacionales.
Adems, en los ltimos aos el turismo en el mundo ha crecido a tasas superiores
que el crecimiento de la economa en su conjunto.1
Durante el 2006, el turismo mundial moviliz a poco ms de 846 millones de
llegadas de turistas internacionales, lo que corresponde a un aumento del 5.4%
sobre el ao anterior. Cifras de la Organizacin Mundial de Turismo (OMT)
estiman que los ingresos en todo el mundo provenientes del turismo internacional
alcanzaron los 733 mil millones de dlares en 2006, cifra superior en 57 mil
millones de dlares respecto del 2005.2 Esta organizacin adems estim que
durante las dos primeras dcadas del siglo XXI el turismo seguira creciendo, y
que para el 2020 las llegadas de turismo internacional se ubicarn por encima de
los mil 560 millones, arrojando una derrama econmica superior a los dos billones
de dlares.3
En el mbito de la economa, el sector turismo es considerado como un
factor prioritario para el desarrollo nacional, debido a su elevada productividad y a
la capacidad de generacin de empleos. Nuestro pas se destaca por ser uno de
los pases que se encuentra en la lista de los diez primeros con mayores llegadas
de turistas en el mundo. Sin embargo al observar las estadsticas registradas por
la OMT respecto del nmero de turistas que visitan los diferentes destinos
internacionales, se puede confirmar que las preferencias de la demanda cambian
1
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Las cifras del turismo internacional en Mxico, Socioscopio nm. 8,
Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica, Mxico, 2006, p. 47.
2
World Tourism Organization (WTO), Tourism Highlights, Edition 2007, disponible en
http://unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm (consulta: 9 de marzo de 2008)
3
Gustavo Meixueiro, Las cifras , op. cit., p. 47
y que los turistas requieren cada vez nuevas formas ms especializadas que
satisfagan sus necesidades, por lo que los pases buscan actualmente adaptar
nuevos mercados.
Dada la cada vez mayor cantidad de voces que sugieren al turismo como
una actividad motora del desarrollo local, este trabajo presenta un breve anlisis
terico de los principales modelos de desarrollo turstico vinculado al desarrollo de
los territorios; posteriormente se describen las metas y los objetivos en materia
turstica planteados por la actual administracin federal para el periodo 2007-2012;
se ubica el papel que juega nuestro pas en el entorno turstico mundial y se
revisan los principales resultados de la actividad turstica destacando los
principales destinos nacionales demandados por el turismo nacional y el turismo
extranjero.
I)
El turismo y el desarrollo regional
El desarrollo local basado en el turismo es una posibilidad debido al cada vez

mayor incremento del movimiento de personas y el hecho de que son muchos los
territorios que han experimentado procesos de recuperacin y expansin por esta
actividad que conlleva beneficios sociales, econmicos, ambientales y culturales.
Hay indicios cada vez ms firmes de que, si se desarrolla y se gestiona de
forma sostenible, el turismo puede aportar a la atenuacin de la pobreza,
especialmente en las zonas rurales.4 Estudios realizados por la OMT sealan que
con adecuadas fuentes de financiamiento el turismo puede contribuir a la lucha
contra la pobreza tanto en los pases en desarrollo como en los menos
adelantados. 5
Distintos agentes locales han observado en el turismo un motor de desarrollo
de sus territorios por su contribucin a la generacin de riqueza y de empleo, as
como la caracterstica de adaptarse a las condiciones propias de cada territorio y
4
5
Word Tourism Organization, Tourism and Poverty Alleviation Recomendations for Action, 2004.
Word Tourism Organization, Tourism, Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation, 2005.
de cada poblacin, pero sealan que es necesario en primer trmino detectar

aquellos elementos que pueden llegar a convertirlo en impulsor del desarrollo
local:
Para un territorio, el turismo puede ser un importante instrumento de
generacin de riqueza, en trminos de creacin de empresas y de
empleo.Puede contribuir a reforzar los valores autctonos de una
localidad, reafirmar la cultura local, abrir lo sociedad local a influencias
del exterior, dotar de valores aadidos a un territorio.6
Elin Baldrrago, investigador de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustn de
Per, seala que prximos a los destinos finales de los turistas generalmente
coexisten comunidades locales con altos niveles de pobreza y que es posible
aprovechar las posibilidades de desarrollo turstico con miras a erradicar la
pobreza en ellas, siempre y cuando sea ambientalmente sostenible:
El turismo puede ser una alternativa de desarrollo local o de
complemento y fortalecimiento del mbito rural, no solo como un
proceso especializado en ofertar naturaleza y paisaje, sino generando
empleo y valor agregado a las actividades econmicas en la zona.7
Sin embargo, el turismo puede ocasionar efectos negativos para el
desarrollo territorial si la actividad no es planeada de manera adecuada o si se
excluye de ella a los actores locales.
En general podemos clasificar en dos los modelos de desarrollo basados en
la actividad turstica. El primero, basado en la actividad de masas y en la
obtencin de grandes ingresos efectuados por los turistas. Este modelo,
generalmente operado por las grandes empresas de comercializacin turstica,
manejan un gran volumen reflujo de viajeros y las comunidades locales receptoras
terminan no siendo tomadas en cuenta en el diseo de la geografa del turismo.
Centro Internacional de Formacin de la OIT , Turismo y desarrollo local sostenible: elementos

para un debateConclusiones de la reunin de expertos, Revista electrnica del Programa Delnet
de apoyo al desarrollo local, nmero 34, abril-mayo 2004, p. 8
7
Elin Baldrrago, Turismo y desarrollo econmico local: el caso del caon del Colca, en
Economa y Sociedad, Consorcio de Investigacin Econmica y Social (CIES), No. 66, 2007, p. 66
Este modelo no contempla factores medioambientales, culturales o sociales para

su desarrollo, por lo que no es sostenible a largo plazo.
El segundo, un modelo ms reciente practicado por un grupo de minoras
que buscan lo diferente o lo peculiar del lugar turstico, que contempla un
desarrollo respetuoso del medio ambiente y de la cultura local, as como los
valores de cada sociedad. El llamado turismo comunitario opera con un flujo
turstico de pequea escala, lo que permite que prevalezcan pequeos negocios
familiares o comunales y donde la intervencin de las grandes empresas tursticas
es reducida. En este esquema los beneficios tursticos son apropiados por la
comunidad.
Por lo que hace al desarrollo de las comunidades locales, Antonio Vsquez
Barquero seala que el aprovechamiento eficiente de los recursos endgenos
existentes en una determinada zona es capaz de estimular su crecimiento
econmico, de crear empleo y de mejorar la calidad de vida de la comunidad local.
En este proceso dinamizador de la economa y de la sociedad local es importante
que las polticas territoriales locales permitan crear un entorno econmico
favorable y a la vez proteger al territorio de interferencias externas.8 En esta
perspectiva, Baldrrago apunta que entre mayor sea la posibilidad de las
comunidades locales de incidir en el modelo de desarrollo turstico, mayores sern
sus niveles de rentabilidad social.9
Un modelo de desarrollo local basado en la actividad turstica debe estar
basado en la sostenibilidad, en este sentido el respeto al medio ambiente y a la
cultura local son dos condicionantes para hacer del turismo una actividad
sostenible. Es recomendable adems, no adoptar modelos de desarrollo turstico
que rompan la armona del desarrollo socioeconmico, agredan la cultura local y
provoquen un agotamiento de los recursos.10
A. Vsquez Barquero, Desarrollo local. Una estrategia de creacin de empleo, Editorial Pirmide,
Madrid, Espaa, 1988, citado por Elin Baldrrago, Turismo y , Op. Cit. p. 67.
9
Elin Baldrrago, Turismo , Op. Cit., p. 67.
10
Centro Internacional de Formacin de la OIT , Turismo y desarrollo, Op. Cit., pp. 7-8
Hoy en da las transformaciones de las sociedades han provocado que las

demandas del mercado respecto del tiempo que se dedica al ocio se orienten
hacia periodos de vacaciones ms reducidos, la eleccin de destinos tursticos
que ofrezcan cosas distintas o alternativas a lo habitual, integracin con el
medioambiente, y el conocer nuevas culturas. De esta forma, los especialistas
recomiendan que aquellos agentes locales en los pequeos municipios que
contemplen convertir al turismo en una alternativa econmica, deben evitar
plantear estrategias de desarrollo que vayan en contra de las preferencias del
mercado. El modelo de turismo que se elija va a determinar el desarrollo
socioeconmico de la localidad, pero hay que tener presente que un modelo de
turismo que funciona en un territorio no necesariamente va a funcionar igual en
otro debido a las particularidades de cada poblacin.11
II)
El turismo en la administracin federal 2007-2012
En el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) de la administracin del presidente Felipe

Caldern, el Sector Turismo es considerado pieza fundamental para el desarrollo
del pas.12 Este documento de planeacin menciona que el objetivo a perseguir es
que Mxico contine siendo lder a nivel mundial en la actividad turstica, para lo
cual, el gobierno pretende aumentar en un 35% el nmero de visitantes
internacionales al ao.13
Al respecto, en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 se afirma que
las tendencias mundiales plantean una mayor divisin de los mercados entre
nuevos competidores como China, Grecia, la Federacin Rusa y Turqua, por lo
que el desarrollo de nuevas formas de turismo, especialmente las relacionadas
con la naturaleza y la cultura, han cobrado un auge sin precedente. Adems, en el
citado documento se menciona que el Consejo Mundial de Viajes y Turismo
estima que esta diversificacin hace que la perspectiva mundial del turismo sea
11
Ibid, pp. 10-12

Gobierno de la Repblica, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007, pp. 118-119
13
Vase objetivo 12 del Eje 2 Economa competitiva y generadora de empleos en el Plan
Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012.
12
favorable para Mxico dadas las caractersticas de su patrimonio cultural y natural,

la infraestructura existente, las vinculaciones comerciales y de inversin con los
principales mercados emisores de turismo, as como la existencia de un mercado
turstico domstico amplio y en expansin. 14
En el mismo sentido, dada su elevada productividad y empleo bien
remunerado, en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012 se especifica que el
sector turismo tiene caractersticas que lo convierten en una prioridad nacional
dada su importancia como factor de desarrollo y motor de crecimiento; y se apunta
que en el pas existen oportunidades de actividades tursticas que no se han
desarrollado cabalmente. El objetivo nacional para el sector turstico nacional es:
Hacer de Mxico un pas lder en la actividad turstica a travs de la
diversificacin de sus mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la
competitividad de las empresas del sector de forma que brinden un servicio de
calidad internacional.15
El Plan Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 seala como metas: lograr que en
ao 2012 el pas reciba 28.9 millones de turistas, 15.4 de internacin y 13.5 de
fronterizos; una inversin total privada acumulada en el sexenio de 20 mil millones
de dlares; incrementar el gasto medio de los turistas internacionales a 472
dlares y el de los turistas de internacin a 822 dlares. Un ingreso anual por
turistas internacionales de 13.6 mil millones de dlares, 12.7 mil millones por
turistas de internacin y 941 millones por turistas fronterizos; para lograr un
ingreso de 17 mil millones de dlares por visitantes internacionales.
Por lo que hace al turismo nacional, acrecentar el nmero de turistas
domsticos a 165.8 millones y una derrama por turismo domstico de 918 mil
millones de pesos. En materia de eficiencia publicitaria reducir a 39.20 pesos el
costo de atraer un turista extranjero y a 2.38 pesos un turista domstico. Los
Cuadros 1 y 2 sintetizan las metas establecidas en el plan sectorial y especifican
el nivel al que se encontraban al inicio de la presente administracin.
14
15
Secretara de Turismo, Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007, pp. 9-11.
Gobierno de la Repblica, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007.
Cuadro 1
Metas establecidas en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Metas
2006
Eficiencia publicitaria internacional

(pesos por turista internacional)
2012
% crecimiento
42.84
39.20
-8.50%
2.60
2.38
-8.46%
12,176.00
17,000.00
39.62%
Ingreso anual por turistas internacionales

9,559.00
13,641.00
42.70%
Ingreso anual por turistas de internacin

8,954.00
12,700.00
41.84%
605.00
941.00
55.54%
697,010.00
918,000.00
31.71%
2.20%
5%
127.27%
Eficiencia publicitaria nacional (pesos por

turista nacional)
Ingreso anual por visitantes
Ingreso anual por turistas fronterizos

Consumo por derrama de turismo
domstico (millones de pesos)
Crecimiento anual del PIB turstico
Fuente: SECTUR, Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Cuadro 2
Metas establecidas en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Metas
Inversin total privada acumulada
2006
2012
% crecimiento
55.85%
12,833.00
20,000.00
2,220,000.00
125,000.00
Gasto medio de los turistas

internacionales (dlares)
447.70
472.00
5.43%
Gasto medio de los turistas de

internacin (dlares)
710.00
822.00
15.77%
Nmero de turistas domsticos (millones

de turistas)
140.60
165.80
17.92%
Nmero de turistas internacionales

(millones de turistas al ao)
21.35
28.90
35.36%
Turistas de internacin (millones de

turistas al ao)
12.61
15.45
22.55%
8.98
13.45
49.85%
Trabajadores asegurados
Turistas fronterizos (millones de turistas

al ao)
Fuente: SECTUR, Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Las estrategias que se plantean para lograr estos objetivos son: generar
inversiones, empleos y combatir la pobreza en zonas con atractivos tursticos;
diversificar la oferta turstica; desarrollar programas para promover la calidad de
los servicios tursticos; actualizar el marco jurdico nacional; fortalecer los
mercados existentes y desarrollar nuevos mercados; desarrollar las condiciones
de vida de las poblaciones locales en donde se ubique la actividad turstica.16
III)
Mxico en el contexto internacional
Mxico es uno de los principales destinos tursticos del mundo. Para 2006, nuestro
pas se ubic como el octavo lugar en captacin de turistas internacionales, al
recibir 21.4 millones. Esta cifra fue inferior en 2.3% respecto de nmero registrado
en 2005, ao en que ocup el sptimo lugar.
El primer informe de gobierno
menciona que Mxico se vio superado por Alemania debido a que fue sede de la
Copa Mundial de Futbol, sin embargo habra que agregar que factores como los
huracanes que afectaron las playas mexicanas y los comunicados de algunas
embajadas recomendando a sus connacionales no visitar algunos sitios tursticos
del pas por situaciones de violencia o de disturbios, generaron una cada en la
recepcin de turistas internacionales.
En el Cuadro 3 se aprecia que a pesar que durante el 2006 el turismo a
nivel mundial registr un crecimiento de 5 %, los principales receptores de turismo
tambin crecieron excepto Mxico que registr una cada de 2.3%.
Para el 2006, Mxico ocup el lugar nmero 14 a nivel mundial en
captacin de divisas. Aunque el crecimiento en este rubro a nivel mundial fue de
8.4%, nuestro pas lo hizo en 3.4%; todos los pases considerados potencias en
captacin de divisas tursticas, a excepcin de Turqua crecieron en una cifra
superior. En el continente Americano ocupamos el tercer lugar, superados por
Estados Unidos y Canad (vase Cuadro 4).
16
Gobierno de la Repblica, Plan Nacional , Op. Cit. pp.119-120
Cuadro 3
Llegadas de turistas internacionales
(Cifras en millones de personas)
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Var %
06/05
Total mundial
680.5
700.4
689.6
763.2
802.0
842.0
5.0%
Francia
Espaa
Estados Unidos
China
Italia
Reino Unido
Alemania
Mxico
Austria
77.2
47.9
51.2
31.2
41.2
25.2
18.9
20.6
17.9
77.0
52.3
43.6
36.8
39.8
24.1
17.9
19.7
18.6
75.0
51.8
41.2
33.0
39.6
24.7
18.4
18.7
19.0
75.1
53.6
46.0
41.7
37.0
27.7
20.1
20.6
19.3
75.9
55.9
49.2
46.8
36.5
28.0
21.5
21.9
20.0
79.1
58.5
51.1
49.6
41.1
30.1
23.6
21.4
20.3
4.2%
4.7%
3.9%
6.0%
12.6%
7.5%
9.8%
-2.3%
1.5%
2006
Var %
06/05
Fuente: Organizacin Mundial de Turismo
Cuadro 4
Divisas por turismo internacional
(Cifras en miles de millones de dlares)
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
14
2002
2003
2004
2005
Total mundial
479.1
481.5
524.2
632.7
678.0
735.0
8.4%
Estados Unidos
Espaa
Francia
Italia
China
Reino Unido
Alemania
Australia
Turqua
Austria
Mxico
82.4
29.9
30.7
27.5
16.2
21.8
18.7
8.4
7.6
9.9
8.2
66.6
31.7
32.3
26.6
20.4
20.3
19.2
8.5
11.9
11.2
8.8
64.3
39.6
36.6
31.2
17.4
22.6
23.1
10.3
13.2
13.9
9.3
74.5
45.2
40.8
35.7
25.8
28.2
27.7
15.2
15.9
15.6
10.8
81.8
48.0
44.0
35.4
29.3
30.7
29.2
16.9
18.2
16.0
11.8
85.7
51.1
46.3
38.1
33.9
33.5
32.8
17.8
16.9
16.7
12.2
4.8%
6.5%
5.2%
7.6%
15.7%
9.1%
12.3%
5.3%
-7.1%
4.4%
3.4%
Fuente: Organizacin Mundial de Turismo
El principal expulsor de turistas internacionales es Alemania con 71.2

millones, seguido del Reino Unido con 69.5 millones. Como se analizar ms
adelante, la mayor parte de los visitantes extranjeros que visitan nuestro pas
proceden de Canad y Estados Unidos, ambos pases se encuentran dentro de
los 10 principales expulsores de turismo: Estados Unidos se ubica en el tercer sitio
con 63.6 millones de turistas y Canad en octavo lugar con 22.7 millones.
Cabe sealar que dos pases que vienen posicionndose de forma
importante como expulsores de turismo son China y Rusia con 34.5 y 29.1
millones de turistas respectivamente. Por su parte, Mxico ocupa el lugar 16 en
esta lista con 14 millones de turistas internacionales en 2006 (vase Cuadro 5).
Cuadro 5
Salidas de turistas internacional (millones de personas)
Pas
2004
2005
2006
Alemania
72.3
77.4
71.2
Reino Unido
64.2
66.4
69.5
Estados Unidos
61.8
63.5
63.6
Polonia
37.2
40.8
44.7
China
28.9
31
34.5
Rusia
24.5
26.4
29.1
Italia
23.3
24.8
25.7
Canad
19.6
21.1
22.7
Eslovaquia
20.4
22.4
22.7
10
Francia
21.1
22.3
22.5
16
Mxico
12.5
13.3
14
Fuente: Organizacin Mundial de Turismo, disponible en www.unwto.org

(consulta julio 2008)
De igual forma, en el Cuadro 6 se observa que los turistas internacionales

de Alemania son los que en conjunto realizan el mayor gasto. En 2006 los
alemanes que visitaron otros destinos realizaron una derrama de 74 mil
10
ochocientos millones de dlares, seguidos del turismo procedente de los Estados

Unidos que realizaron un gasto de 72 mil millones de dlares y del de Reino Unido
con 62 mil 600 millones de dlares. Canad se encuentra en octavo sitio en esta
lista con 20 mil ochocientos millones de dlares.
Es pertinente apuntar que los chinos y los rusos se encuentran dentro de
los 10 primeros lugares de gasto turstico internacional, el primero con 24 mil
trescientos millones y el segundo con 18 mil ochocientos millones de dlares.
Mxico ocup el lugar 22 con ocho mil cien millones de dlares.
Cuadro 6
Gasto turstico internacional (miles de millones de dlares)
Pas
2004
2005
2006
Alemania
71.6
74.4
74.8
Estados Unidos
65.8
69
72
Reino Unido
56.5
59.6
62.6
Francia
28.8
30.5
31.2
Japn
38.2
27.3
26.9
China
19.1
21.8
24.3
Italia
20.5
22.4
23.1
Canad
15.9
18.4
20.8
Rusia
15.7
17.8
18.8
10
Corea
12.4
15.4
18.2
22
Mxico
7.6
8.1
Fuente: Organizacin Mundial de Turismo, disponible en www.unwto.org

(consulta julio 2008)
11
Continuando con el anlisis de los cuadros 5 y 6 podemos sealar que en

2006 los turistas internacionales procedentes de Francia realizaron un gasto por
viaje de mil 387 dlares por persona, seguidos de los procedentes de los Estados
Unidos y de los Alemanes con mil 132 y mil 51 dlares respectivamente. En
promedio los canadienses gastaron por viaje ms que los britnicos, los primeros
916 dlares por viaje y los segundos 901 dlares por viaje. Los chinos 704 dlares
y los rusos 646 dlares por viaje (vase Cuadro 7).
Cuadro 7
Gasto por viaje 2006
(Cifras en dlares)
Francia
1,387
Estados Unidos
1,132
Alemania
1,051
Canad
916
Reino Unido
901
Italia
899
China
704
Rusia
646
Fuente: Cuadros 5 y 6
IV)
Resultados de la actividad turstica
A pesar de que el primer informe de gobierno reporta algunos avances en materia

de poltica turstica, es importante mencionar que los operadores tursticos han
manifestado que an faltan algunas acciones que el gobierno federal debe
impulsar
para
consolidar
la
actividad
tales
como
emitir
el
reglamento
correspondiente para poder operar la devolucin del IVA a los turistas extranjeros;
incorporar en los llamados fines de semana largos fechas como navidad, ao
12
nuevo y el da de la independencia, cuando stos caigan en fin de semana; as

como una poltica para combatir la inseguridad en destinos tursticos.17
a) Llegadas de turistas internacionales

En el ltimo ao Mxico ha recibido a 92 millones 233 mil visitantes
internacionales, cifra 5.6% inferior a la del 2006. De stos, 21.4 millones son
turistas y 70.8 millones son excursionistas. De los primeros, 13 millones fueron de
internacin y 8.4 millones fronterizos. Es pertinente sealar que en los ltimos tres
aos el nmero de turistas creci 3.9%, los de internacin 12.6% y los fronterizos
una disminucin de 7.2%. Por lo que hace a los excursionistas, en el mismo
periodo hubo una disminucin de 9.9%, en los fronterizos una disminucin de
11.3% y un aumento en los excursionistas de cruceros de 5% (vase Cuadro 8).
Cuadro 8
Visitantes internacionales a Mxico
PERSONAS
(MILES)
ACUMULADO
ENERODICIEMBRE
ENE-DIC
2004
ENE-DIC
2005
ENE-DIC
2006
ENE-DIC
2007
VAR. ENEDIC 07/04
VISITANTES
99,250
103,146
97,701
92,233
-7.1
-10.6
-5.6
-5,467.70
TURISTAS
20,618
21,915
21,353
21,424
3.9
-2.2
0.3
70.9
DE INTERNACION
11,553
12,534
12,608
13,010
12.6
3.8
3.2
401.9
9,065
9,381
8,745
8,414
-7.2
-10.3
-3.8
-331
EXCURSIONISTAS
78,632
81,231
76,348
70,810
-9.9
-12.8
-7.3
-5,538.70
FRONTERIZOS
72,139
74,524
69,832
63,995
-11.3
-14.1
-8.4
-5,837
EN CRUCEROS
6,493
6,707
6,516
6,815
5.0
1.6
4.6
298.3
FRONTERIZOS
VAR. ENEDIC 07/05
VAR. ENEDIC 07/06
DIFERENCIA
07-06
FUENTE: Tomado de SECTUR, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007
17
Gordon F. Viberg, Discurso de clausura del presidente del Consejo Nacional Empresarial
Turstico en el Tianguis Turstico Acapulco, disponible en www.cnet.org.mx (consulta: mayo de
2008).
13
El cuadro 9 muestra las 15 principales nacionalidades de los turistas de

internacin que visitaron el pas, destacando el caso de los procedentes de
Estados Unidos, que en 2007 fueron 8.8 millones, 67.9% del total; seguidos de los
procedentes de Canad con 953 mil, lo que represent 7.3%. Enseguida los
turistas externos que ms nos visitaron fueron los procedentes del Reino Unido,
286 mil; de Espaa, 280 mil y de Francia, 191 mil. Las cifras anteriores reflejan
que Mxico est atrayendo el 13.8% del mercado turstico de los Estados Unidos y
el 3.72% del de Canad, pero solamente 0.77% del de Francia o el 0.39% del de
Reino Unido.
Cuadro 9
Nacionalidad de los turistas de internacin a Mxico
Pas
1
Estados Unidos
2005
2006
2007
% part 2007
8,524,684
8,765,123
8,834,429
67.9
Canad
675,216
785,457
952,810
7.3
Reino Unido
231,421
260,146
286,411
2.2
Espaa
203,716
261,458
280,089
2.2
Francia
160,195
173,184
191,855
1.5
Italia
15,155
163,289
166,729
1.3
Alemania
129,973
135,251
151,969
1.2
Argentina
78,654
84,583
112,165
0.9
Holanda
61,813
70,202
73,034
0.6
10 Japn
65,788
68,981
71,857
0.6
11 Venezuela
32,243
38,015
62,532
0.5
12 Colombia
33,863
35,955
59,066
0.5
13 Brasil
78,026
31,890
57,834
0.4
14 Chile
35,543
41,230
54,259
0.4
15 Cuba
17,863
27,010
39,427
0.3
Fuente: Sistema Integral de Informacin de Mercados Tursticos, disponible en

www.siimt.com (consulta julio 2008)
14
Si contrastamos el Cuadro 9 con los cuadros 5 y 6 se puede sealar que de

los principales pases expulsores de turismo y de los que realizan mayor gasto por
este concepto no estamos atrayendo mercados de Polonia, China, Rusia,
Eslovaquia y Corea.
Del total de turistas de internacin que visitaron Mxico durante 2007,
75.2% provino de Norteamrica, 11.1% de Europa y 4.5% de Latinoamrica y el
Caribe (vase Cuadro 10).
Cuadro 10
Nacionalidad de los turistas de internacin a Mxico por regin
Pas
2005
2006
2007
% part 2007
Norteamrica
9,199,900
9,550,551
9,787,239
75.2
Europa
Latinoamrica y
Caribe
1,149,104
1,310,318
1,441,842
11.1
431,073
415,905
591,561
4.5
Otros
1,753,840
1,330,831
1,188,903
9.1
Total
12,533,917
12,607,605
13,009,545
100
Cuadro 11
Llegadas de extranjeros a destinos nacionales, 2003 y 2007
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mxico DF
Corredor Riviera Maya
Cancn
Corredor Los Cabos
Puerto Vallarta
Playacar
Playa del Carmen
Nuevo Vallarta
Cabo San Lucas
Ensenada
2003
2007
% crecimiento
2,563,676
669,171
2,077,217
ND
113,141
134,138
141,438
61,882
ND
38,725
2,559,804
2,217,026
2,021,596
854,710
596,392
544,532
522,705
466,358
444,347
342,897
-0.15%
231.31%
-2.68%
427.12%
305.95%
269.56%
653.62%
785.47%

15
Para 2007 los destinos preferidos de los turistas extranjeros fueron, salvo la
Ciudad de Mxico, destinos de sol y playa: la Ciudad de Mxico recibi 2.5
millones de turistas, el Corredor Riviera Maya 2.2 millones, Cancn 2 millones, el
Corredor Los Cabos 854 mil y Puerto Vallarta 596 mil. En el Cuadro 11 destaca
que durante el periodo 2003 a 2007 el destino que tuvo mayor crecimiento de
turistas extranjeros fue Ensenada, seguido por Nuevo Vallarta y Puerto Vallarta.
Cancn y la Ciudad de Mxico tuvieron una ligera disminucin.
De los destinos nacionales que visitaron los turistas extranjeros durante el
2007 sobresale Akumal, en donde tuvieron una estada promedio de 7.76 noches,
seguido de Huatulco con 6.12 noches, del Corredor Riviera Maya con 6.10
noches, de Mazatln con 6.07 noches y Playacar con 6.03 noches. El Cuadro 12
muestra los 10 principales destinos en donde los extranjeros permanecieron ms
tiempo son destinos de Playa.
Cuadro 12
Estada promedio de turistas extranjeros
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Akumal
Huatulco
Mazatln
Playacar
Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo
Cancn
Playa del Carmen
Cabo San Lucas
Puerto Vallarta
2003
2007
% crecimiento
6.97
3.38
6.63
ND
7.16
5.25
5.09
5.80
ND
5.11
7.76
6.12
6.10
6.07
6.03
5.39
5.29
5.27
5.05
4.69
11.33%
81.07%
-7.99%
-15.78%
2.67%
3.93%
-9.14%
-8.22%

16
Destaca el caso de Huatulco que en el periodo 2003-2007 tuvo un

incremento en la estada promedio de 81%, seguido de Akumal con un aumento
de 11.3%. Por otro lado Playacar, Playa del Carmen y Puerto Vallarta
disminuyeron este indicador en 15.7%, 9.14% y 8.2% respectivamente.
b) Ingresos y gasto medio

Durante 2006, los ingresos por visitas internacionales alcanzaron la cifra de
12 mil 176 millones de dlares, 3.5% ms que la registrada durante el 2005. Para
2007, los ingresos sumaron 12 mil 901 millones de dlares, lo que signific un
crecimiento de 5.95% respecto del ao anterior. De igual forma, al cierre de 2006,
el gasto medio de los turistas se ubic en 710.3 dlares por estancia, mientras que
en diciembre de 2007 lleg a los 750.6 dlares por estancia, un incremento de
5.67% (vase Grfica 1).
Grfica 1
Ingresos por visitantes internacionales y gasto medio de turistas
14,000
12,901.0
11,803.4
12,000
12,176.6
900
10,795.6
10,000
8,400.6
8,000
585.3
8,858.0
615.6
800
9,361.7
645.2
1,000
750.6
678.4
673.7
710.3
700
600
500
6,000
400
4,000
300
2,000
200
100
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Ingresos por visitantes internacionales (Millones de dlares)
2006
2007
Gasto medio de turistas
Fuente: Gobierno de la Repblica, 1er Informe de Gobierno, Mxico, 2007, p. 186;

Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007, disponible en
www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008)
17
El crecimiento acumulado en los ltimos seis aos de los ingresos por

visitantes extranjeros fue de 53.57%, en tanto que el aumento del gasto promedio
por estancia para el periodo 2001-2006 fue de 28.24%.
c) Balanza turstica y balanza comercial

En la Grfica 2 se puede observar el comportamiento de los ingresos por turismo
extranjero, as como el gasto que realizan nuestros connacionales cuando viajan
al exterior. Para el periodo 2000-2007 los ingresos han pasado de 8 mil 294 a 12
mil 901 millones de dlares, en tanto que el gasto de los mexicanos en el exterior
por concepto de turismo pas de 5 mil 499 millones en 2000 a 8 mil 378 millones
de dlares en 2007.
Grfica 2
Saldo de la balanza turstica
(Cifras en millones de dlares)
14,000
12,901
12,177
11,803
12,000
10,796
10,000
9,362
8,858
8,401
8,294
7,600
8,000
6,000
8,108
8,378
6,959
5,499
5,702
6,253
6,060
4,000
4,203
3,837
2,795
2,699
4,069
4,523
3,109
2,798
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
Ingresos
2004
Egresos
2005
2006
2007
Saldo
Fuente: Gobierno de la Repblica, Anexo estadstico del primer informe de Gobierno, Mxico,
2007, p. 166; Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007,
disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008)
18
Nuestro pas ha registrado una balanza turstica superavitaria en los ltimos

aos. Para 2007, la cifra se ubic en 4 mil 523 millones de dlares, cifra superior
al 2006 en 11.16% cuando registr 4 mil 069 millones de dlares.
Mientras que en los ltimos aos en Mxico han sido ms grandes las
importaciones que las exportaciones, en materia de turismo hemos atrado ms
divisas que las que han salido por este concepto. La Grfica 3 muestra el
comparativo entre la balanza comercial y la balanza turstica para el periodo 20002007. Para este ltimo ao el dficit comercial fue de 11 mil 189 millones de
dlares, la cifra ms grande de los ltimos seis aos; mientras que la balanza
turstica ha presentado cifras positivas.
Grfica 3
Balanza Turstica y Balanza Comercial
6,000
4,000
3,837
2,796
2,699
4,203
4,068
4,523
3,108
2,798
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
-5,779
-8,000
-7,587
-7,633
-8,337
-10,000
-6,133
-8,811
-9,617
-12,000
-11,189
Balanza turstica
Balanza comercial
Fuente: Gobierno de la Repblica, Anexo estadstico del primer informe de Gobierno, Mxico,
2007, p. 166; Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007,
disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008); INEGI, Balanza Comercial de Mxico,
mayo de 2008, disponible en www.inegi.gob.mx (consulta: mayo de 2008).
19
d) Turismo domstico
A pesar de que Mxico es uno de los pases ms visitados en el mundo, la
cifra del gasto en consumo final por turismo domstico llega a superar casi 5
veces la derrama econmica que realizan los extranjeros (vase Grafica 5).
Grfica 5
Gasto en consumo final e ingreso por visitantes extranjeros
(Cifras en millones de pesos)
600,000
499,895
469,132
500,000
404,293
414,601
437,928
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
77,033
92,471
105,203
120,370
125,518
0
2001
2002
Gasto en consumo final
2003
2004
2005
Ingreso por turismo extranjero
Fuente: Grfica 1 y clculos propios tomando como base el PIB turstico mediante
la frmula Y=C+I+G+XN donde C es el consumo interno, I es la inversin privada
nacional y extranjera, G es el gasto que realiza el gobierno y XN es el saldo de la
balanza turstica.
En 2007 se registraron 58 millones 132 mil llegadas de turistas nacionales a

distintos destinos en el pas, cifra superior en poco ms de 4 millones a la
registrada durante el 2006. La Grfica 6 muestra que la cifra ha venido
aumentando los ltimos 5 aos pues durante el periodo comprendido entre 2003 y
2007 se registr un aumento de 21.31%, es decir un crecimiento promedio anual
de 5.32%.
20
Grfica 6
Llegadas de turistas nacionales a hoteles 2003-2007
(Cifras en miles)
60,000
58,132
54,113
53,506
55,000
49,806
50,000
47,917
45,000
40,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
Llegada de turistas nacionales a hoteles (miles)
2007
Fuente: Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica

2007, disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008)
A diferencia del turista extranjero, los nacionales prefirieron durante el 2007

los destinos de ciudades. De los 10 destinos que registraron mayores llegadas de
turismo nacional solamente 3 fueron destinos de playa y sol.
En primer lugar aparece la Ciudad de Mxico con 7.7 millones de llegadas,
seguido de Acapulco con 4.5 millones, Guadalajara con 2.12 millones, Veracruz
con 1.94 millones y Monterrey con 1.44 millones. Aparecen en esta lista adems
Puebla, Cancn, Mazatln, Len y Tijuana.
Durante el periodo 2003-2007 destaca el caso de Acapulco que increment
el nmero de llegadas de nacionales en 1,662%. De igual forma, Monterrey lo hizo
en 152%, Guadalajara en 116% y la Ciudad de Mxico en 11% (vase cuadro 13).
21
Cuadro 13
Llegadas de nacionales 2003 y 2007
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mxico DF
Acapulco
Guadalajara
Veracruz
Monterrey
Puebla
Cancn
Mazatln
Len
Tijuana
2003
2007
% crecimiento
6,961,052
260,369
985,348
ND
571,373
ND
980,110
ND
194,755
ND
7,747,198
4,589,606
2,132,963
1,942,861
1,443,584
984,712
982,243
968,114
954,657
887,456
11.29%
1662.73%
116.47%
152.65%
0.22%

En el ltimo ao los turistas nacionales registraron 96.77 millones de

noches en los distintos destinos del pas, cifra superior en 4.65 millones de noches
registradas en 2006. Para el periodo representado en la Grfica 7, este indicador
present un aumento de 11.621 millones de noches, es decir 13.64% en los
ltimos 4 aos, lo que representa 3.41% de crecimiento promedio anual.
Este indicador aunque presenta un aumento, es inferior al registrado por el
nmero de llegadas, lo que significa que los turistas nacionales han permanecido
menos tiempo en los lugares que visitan.
Lo anterior se corrobora con lo observado en la grfica 8 donde se presenta
la estada promedio de los turistas nacionales durante el periodo 2003 al 2007.
Mientras en 2003 la estada promedio de los turistas nacionales era de 1.77
noches, para 2007 fue de 1.60 noches, una disminucin de 9.6% en los 4 aos. La
reduccin ms significativa fue en el ltimo ao, cuando pas de 1.70 noches por
turista en 2006 a 1.60 en 2007, un decrecimiento de 5.88%.
22
Grfica 7
Nmero de noches registradas por turistas nacionales 2003-2007
(Cifras en miles)
100,000
96,775
95,000
90,908
90,000
92,124
87,292
85,154
85,000
80,000
75,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Turistas nacionales - noche (miles

Grfica 8
Estada promedio de turistas nacionales 2003-2007
1.80
1.77
1.75
1.75
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.60
1.55
1.50
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Estada promedio (noches/turista)

23
En el ltimo ao, los destinos tursticos en donde los turistas nacionales

permanecieron ms tiempo fueron destinos de playa. En primer lugar aparece
Cabo San Lucas donde los turistas nacionales tuvieron una estada de 4.16
noches, seguido del Corredor Riviera Maya con una estancia de 3.90; Akumal
3.82; Cancn 3.80 y San Jos del Cabo con 3.52. Adicionalmente aparecen en
esta lista Playacar, Corredor Los Cabos, Huatulco, Nuevo Vallarta y Puerto
Vallarta.
Dentro de stos, para el periodo 2003-2007, Akumal tuvo un crecimiento de
43% y el Corredor Riviera Maya de 21.5%; por otro lado, Playacar disminuy su
estada promedio 18.4% (vase Cuadro 14).
Cuadro 14
Estada promedio de turistas nacionales 2003 y 2007
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Cabo San Lucas

Akumal
Cancn
San Jos del Cabo
Playacar
Corredor Los Cabos
Huatulco
Nuevo Vallarta
Puerto Vallarta
2003
2007
ND
3.21
2.67
3.70
ND
3.86
ND
2.94
2.93
2.78
4.16
3.90
3.82
3.80
3.52
3.15
3.13
2.90
2.88
2.88
% crecimiento
21.50%
43.07%
2.70%
-18.39%
-1.36%
-1.71%
3.60%

e) Ocupacin hotelera
Durante 2007, los diferentes destinos nacionales tuvieron una ocupacin
promedio de 57.12%, los centros de playa presentaron una cifra de 60.3%,
mientras que las ciudades de 53.54%. En el cuadro 15 se observa que de los
24
ltimos cuatro aos, 2005 present una ocupacin promedio ligeramente superior
al registrar 57.65%. Ese ao los centros de playa estuvieron ocupados en 60.79%
mientras que las ciudades en 54.14%.
En el ltimo ao, los destinos catalogados como integralmente planeados y
las grandes ciudades registraron una ligera disminucin en su ocupacin
promedio, mientras que los centros de playa tradicionales, las ciudades del interior
y las fronterizas aumentaron marginalmente.
Cuadro 15
Porcentaje de ocupacin hotelera 2004-2007
2004
2005
2006
2007
Centros de playa
61.04
60.79
61.39
60.3
Integralmente planeados
69.06
70.55
71.16
68.38
Tradicionales
50.61
50.72
51.22
51.9
Otros
67.16
64.16
64.33
62.43
53.02
54.14
53.34
53.54
Grandes
55.65
58.33
57.88
56.95
Del interior
48.55
48.49
46.91
48.51
Fronterizas
58.49
54.03
54.7
55.3
57.21
57.65
57.61
57.12
Ciudades
Total
Fuente: SECTUR, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica, disponible en

www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: julio 2008)
Los destinos nacionales que presentaron los ndices ms altos de

ocupacin durante 2007 fueron Playacar con 78.40%, Akumal con 77.86%, Nuevo
Vallarta con 76.14, Cabo San Lucas con 75.84% y el Corredor Riviera Maya con
72.49%. Complementan la lista de los 10 destinos con mayor ocupacin promedio
Playa del Carmen, Cancn, Quertaro, Loreto e Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo (vase Cuadro
16). Para el periodo 2003-2007 Quertaro present un incremento en el porcentaje
ocupacional de 14.81% e Ixtapa Zihuatanejo de 10.78%. En tanto que el
25
Corredor Riviera Maya, Playacar y Akumal sufrieron una disminucin de poco ms

de 5%.
Cuadro 16
Porcentaje de ocupacin 2003 y 2007
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Playacar
Akumal
Nuevo Vallarta
Cabo San Lucas
Playa del Carmen
Cancn
Quertaro
Loreto
Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo
2003
2007
% crecimiento
82.74
82.06
76.28
ND
76.72
67.14
69.91
58.40
ND
59.01
78.40
77.86
76.14
75.84
72.49
71.54
71.20
67.05
65.54
65.37
-5.25%
-5.12%
-0.18%
-5.51%
6.55%
1.85%
14.81%
10.78%

En lo que hace al turismo extranjero, durante 2007
los destinos que
presentaron mayor porcentaje de ocupacin hotelera por estos turistas fueron

Playacar con 77.81%, Akumal con 77.39%, el Corredor Riviera Maya con 70.45%,
Playa del Carmen con 68.30 y Cabo San Lucas con 62.26%. Los Cabos, Cancn,
el Corredor Los Cabos, Nuevo Vallarta y Cozumel complementan esta lista.
Para el periodo analizado, Playa del Carmen y Playacar son los destinos
que presentaron un incremento en el porcentaje de ocupacin hotelera por turismo
extranjero al registrar 10.89% y 2.27% respectivamente. De forma contraria,
Nuevo Vallarta tuvo un decremento de 5.61%, Akumal tuvo un decremento de
5.19%, y Cozumel un decremento de 4.04% (vase Cuadro 17).
Por lo que respecta al turismo nacional, el destino que durante 2007
encabez la lista de porcentaje de ocupacin fue Coatzacoalcos con 59.83%,
seguido de Quertaro con 58.61%, Villahermosa con 54.88%, Culiacn con
51.68%, Salamanca con 51.54%. Hermosillo, Ciudad Jurez, Mrida, Veracruz y
Chetumal complementan la lista de destinos ocupados por estos turistas. Destaca
26
el caso de Mrida que en 4 aos increment el porcentaje de ocupacin en 35%

(vase Cuadro 18)
Cuadro 17
Porcentaje de ocupacin por turistas extranjeros
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Playacar
Akumal
Playa del Carmen
Cabo San Lucas
Los Cabos
Cancn
Corredor Los Cabos
Nuevo Vallarta
Cozumel
2003
2007
% crecimiento
76.08
81.63
72.88
61.59
ND
ND
51.73
ND
55.24
41.79
77.81
77.39
70.45
68.30
62.26
54.97
52.48
52.31
52.14
40.10
2.27%
-5.19%
-3.33%
10.89%
1.45%
-5.61%
-4.04%

Cuadro 18
Porcentaje de ocupacin por turistas nacionales
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Coatzacoalcos
Quertaro
Villahermosa
Culiacn
Salamanca
Hermosillo
Ciudada Jurez
Mrida
Veracruz
Chetumal
2003
2007
ND
51.97
57.48
ND
ND
ND
ND
35.82
ND
ND
59.83
58.61
54.88
51.68
51.54
51.09
51.05
48.38
48.12
47.71
% crecimiento
12.78%
-4.52%
35.06%

27
f) PIB Turstico
El sector turstico contribuye de forma importante en las cuentas nacionales y
representa alrededor de 8% del total de la economa nacional. Entre 1998 y 2005
el PIB turstico creci 97.6% al pasar de 291 mil 594 millones de pesos a 576 mil
157 millones de pesos.
El crecimiento ms importante se dio en 1999 cuando el PIB del sector
aument cerca de 22% respecto del ao anterior. Para 2005 tuvo un crecimiento
de 6.7% respecto de 2004, cuando se ubic en 539 mil 955 millones de pesos
(vase Grfica 9).
Grfica 9
PIB Turstico
(Cifras en Millones de pesos)
9
700,000
8.4
600,000
8.4
576,159
8.4
539,955
8.3
493,722
500,000
419,207
400,000
300,000
444,903
461,153
8.0
355,144
8
7.9
291,594
7.8
200,000
7.6
100,000
7
1998
1999
2000
2001
Pib Turstico
2002
2003
2004
2005
Pib Turstico/Pib Total (%)
Fuente: Sectur, Informe de labores de la Secretara de Turismo 2007, Mxico, 2007 p. 89.
28
Es importante resaltar que la actividad turstica ha tenido un mejor

comportamiento que la economa mexicana en su conjunto, pues el PIB turstico
ha venido presentando tasas de crecimiento superiores a las del PIB total
nacional.
En la misma Grfica 9 tambin se observa el peso del sector turstico en la
economa nacional. En 1998 la actividad turstica represent 8.3% del Producto
Interno Bruto total.
Aunque en el periodo analizado (1998-2005) el PIB turstico casi duplic su
valor, el peso del sector en la economa ha venido disminuyendo ligeramente,
pues para 2005 signific 7.6% del global, lo que significa que el PIB total tambin
ha venido aumentando.
g) Empleo en el Sector Turismo

En cuanto al empleo, la aportacin de las actividades tursticas del pas ha
mostrado una tendencia creciente en el periodo 2000-2007, alcanzando en este
ao la cifra de 2 millones 357 mil trabajadores, cifra superior en 34.46% al nmero
de empleados registrados en 2000, que fue de 1 milln 753 mil empleos.
A pesar de que en 2001 y 2002 el nmero de empleos en el sector registr
una ligera disminucin, para 2004 la cifra volvi a los niveles registrados en 2001.
Destaca el hecho de que 2006 y 2007 presentan un incremento de empleos
considerable respecto de 2005, razn atribuible quiz a la forma de medir, ya que
hasta 2005 la Sectur tomaba el dato de la Cuenta Satlite de Turismo, y desde
hace dos aos lo hace con base en una estimacin de los trabajadores
permanentes y eventuales registrados en el IMSS (vase Grfica 10).
29
Grfica 10
Trabajadores en el Sector Turismo
(Miles de trabajadores)
2500
2,357
2,220
2000
1753
1740
1,713
1,726
1,740
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1,799
1500
1000
500
0
2005
2006
2007
Personal ocupado en el pas (cifras en miles)
Nota: para 2006 y 2007 las cifras corresponden a la estimacin total de trabajadores
permanentes y eventuales asegurados en el IMSS; anteriormente la Sectur tomaba el
dato de las unidades laborales (ocupaciones remuneradas) permanentes estimadas
en la Cuenta Satlite del Turismo en Mxico.
Fuente: Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007,
disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008)
h) Inversin privada en el Sector Turismo
Para el periodo 2001-2006 se identific una inversin privada total

acumulada en el sector turstico de 12 mil 833 millones de dlares. La Grfica 11
muestra que el ltimo ao de la administracin federal anterior fue donde se
invirtieron ms recursos de ese sexenio al contabilizar 3 mil 117 millones de
dlares, mil 552.8 millones ms que la observada en 2001 cuando se registraron
mil 564.4 millones de dlares.
30
Como se observa en la grfica, a partir del 2003 la inversin registr una

tendencia ascendente que para 2007 present un incremento de 14.5% respecto
del ao anterior.
Grfica 11
Inversin privada en el sector turstico 2001-2006
3,500
3,117.2
3,000
2,723.5
2,294.8
2,500
2,000
1,656.3
1,564.4
1,476.8
2001
2002
1,500
1,000
500
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
Inversin privada en el sector turstico
Fuente: SECTUR, "La inversin privada en el sector turstico", disponible en www.

Sectur.gob.mx
Es pertinente sealar que la inversin privada prcticamente se ha

concentrado en las entidades federativas con destinos de playa consolidados.
Destaca el hecho de que en Guerrero el 89% de la inversin se haya concentrado
en Acapulco; en Quintana Roo, el 82% de la inversin se haya destinado a
Cancn y a la Riviera Maya; o en Nayarit, donde el 60% de la inversin privada fue
para Nuevo Vallarta.18
18
SECTUR, "La inversin privada en el sector turstico", disponible en www. Sectur.gob.mx
31
El Cuadro 19 muestra las 10 entidades federativas donde fueron

canalizadas las mayores inversiones privadas durante el periodo 2001-2006.
Destacan Guerrero, Quintana Roo y Nayarit, ya que tan solo estos tres estados
suman 51.9% de los recursos identificados.
Cuadro 19
Entidades federativas con mayor inversin privada
en el sector turstico
Acumulado 2001 a mayo de 2006
(Millones de dlares)
Entidad
Inversin
% del total
Guerrero
2,625.0
22.6
Quintana Roo
2,469.9
21.3
Nayarit
924.7
8.0
Baja California
863.4
7.4
Sonora
784.2
6.8
D.F.
601.5
5.2
Baja California Sur
573.4
4.9
Jalisco
237.5
2.0
Nuevo Len
230.4
2.0
10 Sinaloa
163.0
Fuente: SECTUR, "La inversin privada en el sector
turstico", disponible en www. Sectur.gob.mx
1.4
En cuanto al origen de los recursos, cabe sealar que la inversin nacional

es superior a la inversin extranjera. La grfica 12 muestra el origen de los
recursos para el periodo 2001 al 2006. En promedio, la inversin nacional
representa 75% y la extranjera el restante 25%. Estados Unidos y Espaa son los
dos pases que ms inversin han generado en nuestro pas, el primero con
desarrollos inmobiliarios en el norte del pas y algunos destinos de playa, y el
segundo bsicamente en el estado de Quintana Roo.19
19
Idem
32
Grfica 12
Inversin privada en el sector turstico por origen de los recursos
Acumulado 2001 a mayo de 2006 (millones de dlares)
2,500
1,910.5
2,000
1,729.6
1,438.8
1,500
1,243.5
1,307.2
1,083.6
1,000
500
813.0
565.2
480.8
233.3
453.2
349.1
0
2001
2002
2003
Extranjera
2004
2005
2006
Nacional
Fuente: SECTUR, "La inversin privada en el sector turstico", disponible en www.

Sectur.gob.mx
i) El presupuesto destinado a las campaas publicitarias

El Consejo de Promocin Turstica de Mxico (CPTM) destin durante los ltimos
tres aos dos mil 384 millones de pesos para la promocin de nuestro pas a
travs de campaas publicitarias en Mxico y en el extranjero.
El Cuadro 20 muestra que solo en 2007 se destinaron 701 millones de
pesos distribuidos de la siguiente manera: 22.8% para el mercado nacional,
47.55% para el mercado de Norteamrica, 15.39 % para el mercado de Europa y
5.70% para el mercado de Latinoamrica.
33
Cuadro 20
Presupuesto ejercido por campaas publicitarias 2005-2007
(Cifras en millones de pesos)
Mercado
2005
2006
2007
Nacional
274.9
205.0
160.0
Norteamrica
423.1
396.7
333.7
Europa
124.9
144.7
108.0
31.9
33.6
40.0
5.4
26.7
Latinoamrica
Asia
Otros
Total
860.2
16.0
60.0
822.7
701.7
Fuente:CPTM, Informes de autoevaluacion 2005, 2006 y 2007
Analizando el presupuesto ejercido en campaas publicitarias para distintos

mercados y el nmero de turistas nacionales y extranjeros que visitaron los
destinos nacionales para el periodo 2005 al 2007 (Grfica 6 y cuadros 10 y 20),
tenemos que para el 2007 mover a un turista nacional cost $2.75, cifra ms
eficiente que los $5.14 que cost en 2005.
Cuadro 21
Gasto por atraccin de turistas
Mercado
Nacional
2005
2006
2007
$5.14
$3.79
$2.75
$45.99
$41.54
$34.10
$108.69
$110.43
$74.90
Latinoamrica
$74.00
$80.79
$67.62
Promedio
turistas
extranjeros
$46.70
$48.99
$41.64
Norteamrica
Europa
Nota: los clculos fueron realizados con el presupuesto destinado a las

campaas promocionales y no con todo el gasto ejercido por el CPTM
34
De igual forma, atraer un turista de Norteamrica $34.10, uno de Europa

$74.90 y uno de Latinoamrica $67.62. En promedio atraer un turista extranjero
cost $41.64, cantidad ms eficiente que los $46.70 que cost en 2005. Los
resultados aparecen en el Cuadro 21.20
Comentarios finales:
El turismo es una importante actividad econmica que ha venido creciendo en los
ltimos aos, generando divisas, inversin extranjera y nacional, y empleo. Como
se observ, el consumo nacional turstico, la derrama por visitas internacionales, el
nmero de visitantes y el gasto medio han venido aumentando.
El efecto multiplicador del turismo ha motivado a gobiernos y a especialistas
a argumentar a favor del desarrollo de esta industria, convirtindolo en un modelo
de desarrollo, sin embargo sus efectos pueden ser diferentes en cada caso
particular en donde se busque instrumentar. Si no se tiene el cuidado debido en su
planeacin, esta actividad puede acabar con la riqueza cultural y natural de una
localidad.
En algunos pases desarrollados, el turismo ha funcionado para volver a dar
vida econmica a grandes ciudades, transformndolas en lugares excitantes para
los visitantes, lo que ha originado que estos pases sean lideres en atraccin de
turistas extranjeros.
Por otro lado, en pases emergentes, el turismo ha cumplido con su tarea
de efecto multiplicador en el mbito econmico, social, cultural y ambiental, pero si
no se tiene una planeacin adecuada puede llegar a profundizar las asimetras
existentes.
20
Para una mayor explicacin de la evaluacin del gasto en promocin turstica vase Gustavo
Meixueiro Njera, Resultados de la actividad turstica: una revisin del presupuesto para los
programas de promocin en CESOP, Socioscopio 11, diciembre de 2006, pp. 122-133.
35
Con esta particularidad, la actividad turstica es importante no solo por su

aportacin al crecimiento econmico, sino tambin desde una perspectiva social,
ambiental y cultural. El turismo puede ser una oportunidad estratgica para
pequeos territorios, pero para ello es necesario incorporar la perspectiva local y
respetar la realidad socioeconmica, cultural y ambiental de las comunidades.
De igual forma, la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo ha exteriorizado su
preocupacin por que el turismo pueda conducir a la prdida gradual de los
valores culturales, de la estructura econmica y de la identidad colectiva de una
localidad; por el contario, la OMT manifiesta que el turismo no debe suponer la
implantacin de nuevas relaciones sociales, nuevos valores culturales o nuevas
costumbres, todas ellas ajenas a la comunidad; y agrega que para lograr un
desarrollo turstico equilibrado y sostenible se requiere que precisamente esas
condiciones nativas de la comunidad orienten la concepcin y la instrumentacin
de proyectos y productos tursticos.
Como se menciona en las conclusiones de la reunin de expertos sobre
turismo y desarrollo, el turismo puede ser un motor relevante del desarrollo local si
ocupa un lugar preponderante en el diseo de las polticas locales, si se impulsa la
coordinacin entre los distintos rdenes de la administracin pblica y si se
fomenta la cooperacin pblico-privada.21
21
Centro Internacional de Formacin de la OIT , Turismo y desarrollo, Op. Cit
36
TURISMO: FACTOR DE DESARROLLO Y

COMPETITIVIDAD EN MXICO
Octavio Ruiz
I.
INTRODUCCIN
Por muchos aos, el turismo1 ha experimentado un continuo crecimiento. Su profunda

diversificacin lo ha convertido en un sector con mayor crecimiento econmico en el mundo.
El turismo hoy en da se encuentra ampliamente ligado al desarrollo y abarca un nmero
creciente de nuevos destinos. Este dinamismo ha originado que el turismo se convierta en el
elemento clave para el progreso socio-econmico.
Por lo tanto, recientemente se ha demostrado y reconocido, la capacidad de la actividad
turstica para reducir la pobreza en pases en vas de desarrollo. El potencial econmico que el
turismo implica, se representa en la apertura de empleos, siendo ms relevantes stos en reas
rurales y remotas, donde de acuerdo con datos de la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo2
(OMT), viven tres cuartos de los dos billones de personas bajo condiciones de pobreza
extrema.
En el Programa de Medio Ambiente en el Turismo de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), se
establece que el desarrollo de un turismo sustentable deber lograr las necesidades de los
turistas actuales y de las regiones anfitrionas, al mismo tiempo que de proteger e incrementar
las oportunidades para el futuro. Y de igual forma, recomienda alcanzar un liderazgo en la
1
Se entiende por turismo, segn a la definicin de la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo, al conjunto de actividades
realizadas por las personas viajando hacia o quedndose en lugares fuera de su ambiente usual por no ms de un ao
consecutivo de placer, negocios y otros propsitos. La OMT identifica distintas formas de turismo; el turismo receptivo, el
turismo de salida y el turismo domstico. Organizacin Mundial del Turismo, Metodological Notes, Concepts and
Definitions <http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/methodological.htm#2>
2
La Organizacin Mundial del Turismo se crea en el ao de 1975, en sustitucin de la UIOOT (cuya fundacin se
remonta a 1947), la cual surge como la principal organizacin internacional en el campo de los viajes y del turismo. Su
objetivo general es la promocin y desarrollo del turismo como medio para estimular el progreso econmico, fomentar la
paz, la comprensin internacional y la cooperacin entre los pases. La OMT cuenta entre sus miembros a 113 Gobiernos
y ms de 170 afiliados procedentes del sector privado de viajes y turismo; es la nica organizacin intergubernamental
abierta al sector empresarial. INEGI, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico
1999-2004, Mxico 2006.
administracin de todos los recursos de tal manera que se satisfagan las necesidades
econmicas, sociales y estticas, mientras que al mismo tiempo se mantenga la integridad
cultural, los procesos ecolgicos esenciales, la biodiversidad y los sistemas de apoyo de vida.3
Por su parte, la OMT, establece que el turismo sustentable deber de: (i) hacer uso ptimo de
los recursos ambientales que constituyen el elemento clave en el desarrollo turstico.
Manteniendo procesos ecolgicos esenciales y ayudando a conservar la herencia natural y la
biodiversidad. (ii) Respetar la autenticidad socio-cultural de las comunidades, conservando su
herencia cultural de vida y construccin y sus valores tradicionales, para as contribuir al
entendimiento intercultural y la tolerancia. (iii) Asegurar operaciones econmicas viables de
largo plazo, proveyendo de una distribucin justa de los beneficios econmicos-sociales a
todos los involucrados en la actividad, incluyendo un empleo estable, oportunidades de
ingreso, servicios sociales a las comunidades y contribuir a la reduccin de la pobreza.4
El desarrollo del turismo sustentable requiere de participacin informada de todos los
beneficiarios relevantes, as como de un liderazgo poltico para asegurar una amplia
participacin y construccin de consensos. Alcanzar un turismo sustentable, es un proceso
continuo y que requiere de un constante monitoreo de impactos, introduciendo las medidas
preventivas y correctivas cuando sean necesarias.
Un turismo sustentable tambin deber de mantener un alto nivel de satisfaccin turstica y
asegurar una experiencia significativa hacia los turistas, elevando su conocimiento acerca de
temas de sustentabilidad y as promover prcticas de turismo sustentable entre ellos.5
Responsible Travel Handbook 2006.

http://www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/travel/responsible/responsible_travel_handbook.pdf Pg. 12-13
4
Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (OMT). Concepts & Definitiios (2004) <http://www.worldtourism.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html>. Fecha de consulta: 10 junio 2008
5
Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (OMT). Concepts & Definitiios (2004) <http://www.worldtourism.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html>. Fecha de consulta: 10 junio 2008
II.
TURISMO: PANORAMA GENERAL
El turismo es uno de los sectores con crecimiento acelerado de la economa mundial. El

desarrollo turstico puede promover el crecimiento econmico, tanto directa como
indirectamente. Primero, al estimular el crecimiento de otros sectores y segundo al incrementar
el ingreso domstico y la demanda efectiva. Diversos estudios han comprobado que
efectivamente existe una relacin directa entre el desarrollo turstico y el crecimiento
econmico de las economas.6 Por lo que la verificacin de tal hiptesis nos conduce a
importantes consecuencias polticas. Los gobiernos necesitan involucrarse activamente en
fomentar el sector. El turismo puede ser especialmente importante para pases en desarrollo,
donde las ganancias del intercambio comercial se encuentran ligadas a la importacin de
insumos y a la inversin en bienes para la industrializacin.
En el escenario mundial, el turismo presenta cifras contundentes. Desde 1950 al 2005 la llegada
de turistas internacionales se expande a una tasa anual de 6.5%, lo que representa un
crecimiento de 25 millones a 806 millones de turistas (ver grfica 1). As mismo, el ingreso
generado por estas llegadas creci una tasa an mayor, alcanzando el 11.2%, en este mismo
periodo y la cantidad de $680 billones de dlares en el ao 2005. Por su parte, mientras que en
1950 los 15 Mejores destinos tursticos absorban el 88% de las llegadas internacionales, para
1970 la proporcin fue del 75% y decreci al 57% en el 2005. Y para ese mismo ao, el
turismo fue capaz de exportar casi 2 mil millones de dlares cada da.7 Reflejando lo anterior la
emergencia de nuevos destinos tursticos, muchos de ellos en pases en desarrollo.8
En un estudio de panel de datos realizado recientemente (2006) por la facultad de economa y ciencias administrativas
de la Universidad de Mugla en Turqua, estimaron un modelo economtrico [GGDP= E0+E1(GFCFCDP) + E2 (TOUEX) +
E3 (GLF) + u]; donde GGDP: Tasa de crecimiento del PIB, GFCFCP: Formacin de capital fijo como porcentaje del PIB,
TOUEX: Recepcin de turistas como porcentaje de las exportaciones, GLF: Crecimiento de la fuerza laboral. Dicho
modelo pretenda comprobar la hiptesis si el Turismo contribuye al crecimiento econmico de los pases del
Mediterrneo o no. El estudio concluy de manera positiva que efectivamente el turismo contribuye al crecimiento
econmico de una economa y que llega a estimular de manera directa e indirecta a otros sectores de la economa. Para
mayor informacin sobre el estudio realizado por la Universidad de Mugla, consultar la investigacin Contribution of
Tourism to Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach. Gkavali, Ummuhan; Bahar, Ozan. Mugla University. 2006
7
World Tourism Organization (WTO), United Nations. Turismo en Iberoamrica, panorama actual edicin 2006. Pg.
3
8
Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (OMT). Why Tourism? http://www.unwto.org/aboutwto/why/en/why.php?op=1
Grfica 1: Turistas Internacionales en el Mundo

Millones de llegadas (1950-2000)
Fuente: Secretara de Turismo (2000). Estudio de Gran visn de Turismo en Mxico:

Perspectiva 2020. Pg. 27
* Pronsticos
El crecimiento del turismo mundial como se mencionaba en prrafos anteriores, presenta un

crecimiento constante en los ltimos 50 aos, como se puede observar en la grfica 1.
Pasando de 25 millones de turistas a inicios de los aos 50s hasta 673 millones de turistas en el
ao 2000, lo que signific que se multiplicara 26 veces en ese perodo.
En la actualidad los datos presentados por la OMT son igualmente alentadores, lo que
representa que para el ao 2006 las llegadas mundiales de turistas alcanzaron los 842 millones,
representando el 4.6% de crecimiento ao con ao. El 2007 fue el cuarto ao consecutivo de
crecimiento sustentable para la industria turstica global, la cual contina mostrando resistencia
hacia crisis humanas o naturales. El mismo organismo predice un crecimiento de largo plazo
de 4.1% hacia el ao 2020, y se espera que se alcance la cifra de 1.5 billones de turistas para ese
ao.
Grfica 2: Ingreso total por turismo en el mundo (1950-2000)

Miles de millones de Dlares

* Estimados
Como se puede observar en la grfica 2, los ingresos totales por turismo en el mundo tambin
crecieron. Entre los aos 50s y 70s, el turismo present un movimiento constante, sin embargo
fue hasta principio de los aos 80s cuando los ingresos se multiplicaron casi 7 veces su valor.
Se estima que para el ao 2020 los ingresos mundiales rebasen los 600 mil millones de dlares.
Los datos demuestran que la demanda del sector turstico, depende altamente de las
condiciones del tipo econmico de los mercados. Al presentar crecimiento en las economas, el
ingreso per cpita disponible, usualmente crece. Lo que de manera relativa sucede es que parte
de ese ingreso ser gastado o consumido en turismo, en particular en el caso de las economas
emergentes. Y de manera opuesta, si se presenta un bajo crecimiento econmico, se originar
una reduccin en el gasto en turismo.
Grfica 3.- Crecimiento econmico (PIB) y llegadas de

Turistas internacionales
QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Fuente: Comit de Competitividad, LX Legislatura, Cmara de Diputados. Ficha Tcnica de

la Mesa de Trabajo: Acciones para el Fortalecimiento del Turismo en Mxico (2007). Pg. 2
En esta grfica 3 claramente se puede observar como el nmero de llegadas de turistas

sobrepasa al Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial. Para aquellos aos en donde el PIB real
mundial estuvo por encima del 4 por ciento, el crecimiento de llegada de turistas tambin
creci. Sin embargo cuando el PIB real mundial registr cifras igual o menor al 2 por ciento,
las llegadas de turistas tambin crecan en menor medida.
Una de las posibles razones al fenmeno que representa el turismo en la economa, es que el
turismo dej de ser una actividad de lujo para convertirse en un fenmeno social. Es inevitable
no hablar del caso Espaa, cuando se habla de turismo. En este pas europeo, el nmero de
turistas se manifiesta a la alta, ao con ao, llegando en la actualidad a los cerca de los 50
millones de turistas. Lo que representa efectivamente un total fenmeno social, si se toma en
cuenta que tan solo la poblacin de Espaa no sobrepasa los 40 millones de habitantes.
Y si nos hacemos la pregunta a qu se debe el xito espaol?, pues es gran parte, ciertamente
a una serie de caractersticas naturales, pero tambin al resultado de una fuerte poltica de
inversin que ha sido implementada a lo largo de los ltimos aos.
Lo anterior se traduce a que las polticas hacia el turismo produzcan una mayor captacin de
ingresos en la economa nacional, para de esta forma producir, lo que varios autores denominan,
el efecto multiplicador del turismo9. Tales ingresos generados por el gasto de los turistas, producen
los llamados efectos indirectos (ver cuadro 1). Sin embargo como ya se ha expuesto a lo largo de
este documento, los beneficios econmicos que brinda el turismo, no solo se limitan a las
actividades que se encuentran directamente relacionadas con los turistas propiamente.
Cuadro 1.- Forma como se produce el efecto multiplicador del
Turismo en la economa
Fuente: Miguel A. Acerenza, Efectos Econmicos, socioculturales y ambientales

del turismo. Mxico, 2006. Pg.35
9
El autor Miguel Angel Acerenza en su investigacin detalla que este efecto multiplicador fue estudiado por primera vez
por Harry G. Clement en 1961 y que se define como el coeficiente que mide la cantidad de ingreso generado por cada
unidad de gasto turstico. Y que dicho coeficiente se encuentra dado por la relacin de incrementos: 'y / 'Ei donde: 'y
= ingreso final generado en la economa. 'Ei= inyeccin inicial producida por el gasto realizado por los turistas. Pg.33
As como se muestra en el cuadro 1, el gasto que realiza el turista en territorio nacional

representa una inyeccin inicial en la economa, traducido en ingresos percibidos por los
factores de produccin del sector turstico, lo que a su vez origina efectos indirectos en la
economa. Lo anterior principalmente se da debido a que una parte de esos ingresos son
utilizados en la compra de bienes y servicios para el funcionamiento de la propia industria.
Esos pagos realizados a la compra de bienes y servicios, originan a su vez efectos inducidos,
debido a que quienes reciben estos ingresos, los emplean tambin en el pago de productos y
servicios y as de manera sucesiva.
Ya hemos analizado cmo el turismo puede generar grandes ingresos y beneficios econmicos
a la economa de una nacin y a regiones no desarrolladas que cuentan con amplias ventajas
comparativas. Para lo anterior la OMT ha enlistado razones por las que esta industria turstica
representa un factor de desarrollo econmico sustentable, en los pases menos desarrollados, y
se detallan a continuacin;10
a) El turismo es consumido exactamente en el punto en donde se produce; el
turista va al destino especfico y es ah donde gasta dinero, abriendo de esta
manera, una oportunidad para los negocios locales de todo tipo, y permitiendo
a las comunidades locales beneficiarse a travs de la economa informal en la
venta de bienes y servicios directamente a los visitantes.
b) Muchos pases menos desarrollados tienen una ventaja comparativa en el
turismo con respecto algunos pases desarrollados, ya que tienen una gran gama
de valores como la cultura, el arte, msica, escenarios naturales, variedad en
flora, fauna y climas, incluyendo los lugares considerados Patrimonio de la
Humanidad. Las visitas tursticas a tales lugares puede generar empleos e
ingresos a las comunidades y ayudar a la conservacin de recursos tanto
naturales, como culturales.
c) El turismo es una industria con mucha mayor diversidad que otras. Cuenta con
el potencial de sustentar otras actividades econmicas, ambas a travs de
10
Report of the World Tourism Organization to the United Nations Secretary-General in preparation for the
High Level Meeting on the Mid-Term Comprehensive Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least
Developed Coutries for the Dacade 2001-2010. Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (WTO);
http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/WorldTourisminput.pdf
proveer flexibilidad. Trabajos de medio tiempo pueden ser complementados

con otras opciones de sustento y a travs de la creacin de ingresos mediante
una amplia cadena de insumos de bienes y servicios.
d) El turismo es intensivo en mano de obra, la cual es particularmente importante
en atacar a la pobreza. Fomenta la creacin de muchas y diversas
oportunidades de empleo, especialmente para las mujeres y la gente joven, la
cual generalmente requieren de poco entrenamiento.
e) Crea oportunidades para muchas micro y pequeas empresas, tanto en la
economa formal como informal. Es una industria en la que generalmente los
costos y las barreras de entrada son relativamente bajos o pueden ser fcilmente
reducidos.
f) El turismo provee no slo los beneficios materiales para los pobres, sino que
tambin fortalece el orgullo cultural. La actividad crea una indudable conciencia
del medio ambiente y su valor econmico, un sentido de identidad y
pertenencia y la reduccin de vulnerabilidad a travs de la diversificacin de los
recursos de ingreso.
g) La infraestructura que requiere el turismo, tal como el transporte y las
comunicaciones, suministros de agua y sanitarios, seguridad pblica, y servicios
de salud, beneficia directamente a las comunidades con ndices altos de
pobreza.
III.
MXICO Y EL TURISMO (1950- 2000)
III.1.- Turismo en Mxico y la Contabilidad Nacional

Como se ha podido constatar a lo largo del documento, sobre la importancia del turismo como
factor de desarrollo de los estados y municipios, el gobierno mexicano ha seguido las
recomendaciones de los organismos internacionales, circunscribindose en principio a la
compilacin de indicadores sobre el nmero de turistas, tiempo de permanencia, medio de
transporte utilizado, capacidad hotelera, atractivos tursticos e ingresos y egresos de divisas por
concepto de turismo. En particular, el gobierno de Mxico ha seguido las recomendaciones de
la OMT sobre la creacin de una cuenta satlite de turismo, la cual ha sido implementada
de manera conjunta por el INEGI y la Secretaria de Turismo, lo que permite dimensionar de

manera especfica la contribucin de las actividades relacionadas al turismo en la economa. La
cuenta satlite de turismo tiene como objetivo: suministrar informacin adicional, de carcter
funcional o de interrelaciones sectoriales, utilizar conceptos, clasificaciones y normas contables
complementarias o alternativas cuando as se requiere y de esta forma extender el marco de la
contabilidad nacional, ampliar la cobertura de los costos y beneficios de las actividades
humanas, propiciar el anlisis de los datos mediante indicadores y agregados especiales para un
campo de estudio y por ltimo, vincular el anlisis de registros fsicos con el sistema contable11.
La contabilidad de la Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico (CSTM) est a cargo del INEGI,
como una extensin especializada del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico (SCNM). La
cuenta presenta los distintos aspectos del turismo tales como: productos, actividades, oferta y
utilizacin; y su impacto en las variables macro-econmicas, as como en la balanza de pagos y
el empleo. De igual forma los datos que ah se presentan estn en valores corrientes y
constantes a precios de 1993 contenidos en cuadros que guardan una estrecha relacin con los
presentados en el SCNM, base 199312.
De la misma forma que muchos pases, Mxico posee vastos e importantes destinos tursticos
que le permiten captar considerables divisas y recursos. Tales ingresos provenientes del
exterior por concepto de turismo son contabilizados en las cuentas nacionales y son registrados
en la Balanza de Pagos del pas, por lo que dichos ingresos representan una aportacin muy
significativa. Por lo anterior, diversos autores, entre ellos Michael Clancy (2001) en su
investigacin sobre el turismo mexicano desde 1970, afirman que el turismo ha sido la mayor
exportacin de Mxico contabilizada en la balanza de pagos, desde al menos, a finales de la
Segunda Guerra Mundial.
El autor Clancy afirma que desde 1970, Mxico gradualmente se ha convertido en uno de los
ms populares destinos en el mundo y que de igual forma, el turismo tiene un mayor
componente en la economa mexicana. Para los aos 90s, el pas se posicion en el lugar
nmero 1 de llegadas en Amrica Latina, representando lo anterior casi el 40% de todos los
11
12
INEGI, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico 1999-2004, Mxico 2006.
INEGI, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico 1999-2004, Mxico 2006.
10
viajeros internacionales de la regin. Asimismo, el pas se coloc para esos aos en el primer
lugar de recepcin internacional entre los pases subdesarrollados. Afirma el autor, que los
nmeros son an mas impresionantes cuando se revisan con el tiempo. Las llegadas a Mxico
se triplicaron entre 1970 y 1991, mientras que las ganancias por el tipo de cambio del turismo
se incrementaron de 415 millones a 3.8 billones de dlares, (ver grfica 5). Las cifras
demuestran que las llegadas internacionales crecieron a una tasa anual promedio del 5 por
ciento, mientras que la tasa de llegadas era del 11 por ciento.
A lo largo de los aos 90s se continu con un rpido crecimiento, alcanzando en el ao 1998 la
cifra cercana a los 20 millones de visitantes extranjeros, los cuales gastaban cerca de los 7.5
billones de dlares en los distintos destinos del pas (ver grfica 5). En aos recientes, la
industria del turismo, se ha consistentemente ubicado como la segunda o tercera fuente de
intercambio de divisas en el pas.
Grfica 4.- Llegadas Internacionales a Mxico (1950-2000)

(Miles de Turistas)

* Dato calculado por SECTUR con base en informacin existente. (Factor de error +- 3%)
Al igual que en el escenario mundial, Mxico tambin ha presentado crecimiento constante de

llegadas internacionales de turistas en los primeros aos, para despus registrar un crecimiento
11
acelerado. La grfica 4 nos presenta como a mediados de la dcada de los 70s el sector turstico
en Mxico se consolida y logra despegar hasta alcanzar los 12 millones de turistas
internacionales. Para el ao 2000, el pas sobre pasa los 19 millones de llegadas.
Grfica 5.- Ingresos por turismo receptivo en Mxico (1950-2000)

(Millones de Dlares)
Fuente: Secretara de Turismo (2000). Estudio de Gran Visin de Turismo en

Mxico: Perspectiva 2020. Pg. 29
Como se hace mencin en prrafos anteriores, esta grfica 5 muestra el constante y acelerado
crecimiento que ha presentado la industria turstica en nuestro pas. Es importante sealar que
esta grfica proviene de un estudio que realiza la Secretara de Turismo denominado: Estudio
de Gran Visin de Turismo en Mxico: Perspectiva 2020, en el cual se establecen 5 etapas de
la evolucin del turismo en Mxico; (i) etapa de gestacin, (ii) etapa de consolidacin, (iii) etapa
de culminacin, (iv) transicin, y (v) situacin actual.13
13
La presente investigacin no entrar en detalles de las etapas mencionadas. Se recomienda leer la investigacin de
SECTUR, la cual muestra un marco histrico de turismo en Mxico, cuyo objeto es de proporcionar elementos sobre la
evolucin y desarrollo de diversas variables cuantitativas y cualitativas que permiten comprender la dinmica y tendencias
que ha tenido el turismo en los ltimos 50 aos.
12
Al inicio, el estado favoreca a gran escala la planeacin y desarrollo de destinos tursticos, los
cuales eran vislumbrados como polos. Una de las ventajas de esta construccin visionaria del
polo, era su localizacin. Estos eran ubicados en algunas de las ms pobladas y ms pobres
ciudades de Mxico.
Si bien se puede observar en la misma grfica 5, que la etapa de consolidacin del sector se dio
entre los aos de 1958 y 1974, tambin se puede afirmar que el verdadero despegue hacia la
transicin se produce entre los aos 1990 y el 2000. Lo anterior se debe a que en ese perodo el
turismo se ha robustecido como una de las principales fuentes generadoras de divisas en el
pas, al mismo tiempo que destaca su significativa participacin en el Producto Interno Bruto
(PIB) total nacional. Lo que represent para el perodo entre 1993 y 2000 una participacin
promedio del 8.3% al PIB nacional, comparndolo con la aportacin promedio de otros
sectores para el mismo periodo como los son: comercio (1%), alojamiento (1.1%), restaurantes
y bares (2.0%), transporte (2.5%) y las artesanas (0.9%), lo que en su conjunto produjeron un
promedio total del 7.5% del PIB nacional. Por otra parte, en lo que respecta a la participacin
del consumo turstico en el consumo privado nacional, ste alcanz su mximo en 1995 con el
17.6% en relacin al consumo privado nacional. En el periodo comprendido entre los aos
1993 y 2000 el ndice promedio fue de 16.7% del consumo turstico en relacin al consumo
privado nacional.14
La siguiente grfica nos ensea como la productividad presentada en el sector turstico
sobrepasa de manera significativa a la productividad nacional en su conjunto. El dato
promedio calculado por SECTUR del ramo turstico es de 36.3% ms productivo que el
nacional. Lo que significa que el ramo turstico gener un producto promedio anual por
ocupacin remunerada de 58.8 miles de pesos, entre el periodo comprendido de 1993 y 2000,
en comparacin con el 43.16 miles de pesos a nivel nacional. En la grfica tambin se puede
observar como para el ao 2000 la productividad turstica registr un 35.4% ms que la
nacional.
14
Secretara de Turismo. El empleo en el sector turstico de Mxico. Pgs.3-4
13
Grfica 6.- Productividad turstica Vs. nacional

1993=100
Fuente: SECTUR. El empleo en el sector turstico de Mxico Pg. 6
La lnea en color verde nos muestra como la productividad del sector turstico, presenta
tendencias a registrar mayor crecimiento que el promedio de la economa del pas. Sin
embargo, de igual forma tal productividad turstica presenta una gran sensibilidad en relacin a
la coyuntura econmica nacional y as se demuestra en el ao 1995 cuando la crisis origin un
gran impacto negativo en el sector turstico.
El crecimiento mostrado por Mxico en la industria turstica, ha sido rpido y ha
experimentado cambios estructurales sustanciales a lo largo de los ltimos 20 aos
transcurridos. El sector cuenta ahora con una mayor capacidad total, mayor organizacin
central y diversificacin. A qu se debe que el sector haya experimentado tanto crecimiento?
Primeramente a la poltica implementada por el gobierno en materia de fortalecimiento del
sector. Otros factores que influyeron son: las mejoras en infraestructura, el crecimiento en el
sector de comunicaciones y transportes, el crecimiento en el sector de hospedaje y la
concentracin de otros polos tursticos, lo que ayud a disminuir la presin de los tradicionales
destinos tursticos y generar empleo en otras reas ms pobres del pas. Por ltimo, Mxico se
convirti en un pas ms financiero y emprendedor, especialmente en el rea de alojamiento,
donde se careca de iniciativa privada para el sector turismo.
14
En la actualidad el gobierno federal cuenta con dos polticas o guas para el desarrollo de la
industria nacional y el crecimiento econmico. La primera, es un plan de desarrollo en el
mbito nacional con proyecciones a corto y mediano plazo denominado: Plan Nacional de
Desarrollo 2007-2012, el cual posee acciones especficas para la industria turstica, enfocadas a
generar mayor sustentabilidad, diversificacin y competitividad en dicho sector. La segunda es
una poltica de turismo, que se rige de un gran objetivo nacional general y de objetivos
sectoriales. Esta poltica de turismo se encuentra contenida en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo
2007-2012. Ambas polticas son incluidas de manera ntegra en esta investigacin debido a su
importancia directa en la conduccin del turismo nacional y sus repercusiones regionales y
tambin por su gran impacto en el desarrollo del pas.
III.2.- Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012: Turismo
El sector turismo tiene varias caractersticas que lo convierten en una prioridad nacional dada
su importancia como factor de desarrollo y motor de crecimiento. Destacan, en primer lugar,
su elevada productividad y empleo bien remunerado; y en segundo, que en muchas ocasiones
se desenvuelve en regiones de menor desarrollo econmico. Cabe notar que la riqueza cultural
y natural de Mxico implica que existen amplias oportunidades de actividades tursticas que no
se han desarrollado cabalmente.
La mayor integracin mundial, aunada a la riqueza cultural y natural de nuestro pas, implica
que Mxico hoy en da se encuentra en una situacin de enorme potencial para que el
desarrollo exitoso del sector turismo se convierta en uno de los ejes de desarrollo del pas. El
desarrollo acelerado a nivel mundial implica que la demanda por servicios tursticos se
incrementar de forma importante en los aos venideros. Finalmente, el incremento en la
poblacin pensionada en los pases industrializados implica una proporcin cada vez mayor de
individuos de elevados recursos socioeconmicos con inters por realizar largos viajes a
destinos atractivos.
15
Sin embargo, al igual que en otros mbitos, el mismo fenmeno de globalizacin lleva a que el
viajero, tanto nacional como extranjero, tenga mayores opciones. As como la tecnologa de la
informacin facilita adquirir informacin y realizar la planeacin de un viaje en nuestro pas, lo
hace tambin para otros destinos. Los menores costos de transportacin area permiten a
nuestros visitantes tradicionales tener acceso a destinos ms alejados. Ello implica que, al igual
que en otros mbitos de la actividad econmica, las oportunidades y retos que representa la
integracin mundial debe resolverse mediante polticas pblicas decididas.
El sector debe ser reconocido como una pieza clave en el desarrollo econmico del pas.
Asimismo, se debe garantizar que el crecimiento del sector respete los entornos naturales,
culturales y sociales. Es justamente la riqueza de Mxico en trminos de cultura, enorme
diversidad climtica, belleza orogrfica, fauna y flora endmicas, y su sociedad vibrante y
abierta, lo que atrae y diferencia a nuestro pas de otras naciones del mundo.
El papel del sector como detonante del desarrollo local implica que el desarrollo de
infraestructura y de servicios debe incluir aquellos orientados a dotar de capacidades a la
poblacin local. Slo de esa forma puede consolidarse una mejora en el bienestar de las
poblaciones locales que les permita ser participes plenos del proceso de desarrollo.
Objetivo 12.Hacer de Mxico un pas lder en la actividad turstica a travs de la diversificacin de sus
mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la competitividad de las empresas del
sector de forma que brinden un servicio de calidad internacional.
Para convertir a Mxico en un pas lder en el sector turismo y aumentar, para 2012, en un
35% el nmero de turistas internacionales es necesario poner en marcha las siguientes
estrategias:
Estrategia 12.1 Hacer del turismo una prioridad nacional para generar inversiones, empleos y
combatir la pobreza, en las zonas con atractivos tursticos competitivos. Crear condiciones de
certeza jurdica para las nuevas inversiones en los destinos tursticos del pas, as como
acciones para consolidar las existentes. La poltica turstica considerar programas de
desarrollo de una amplia gama de servicios tursticos, incluyendo turismo de naturaleza,
16
turismo rural y turismo de aventura, con la participacin de las secretaras y organismos del
gobierno federal que apoyan proyectos de desarrollo turstico en las zonas rurales e indgenas.
En este proceso se deber hacer converger programas como el financiamiento y capacitacin a
MIPyMEs.
Estrategia 12.2
Mejorar sustancialmente la competitividad y diversificacin de la oferta
turstica nacional, garantizando un desarrollo turstico sustentable y el ordenamiento territorial

integral.
Orientar los esfuerzos de la poltica turstica y de las actividades de las entidades pblicas del
gobierno federal que incidan directa o indirectamente en el desarrollo del turismo hacia la
competitividad nacional e internacional de las empresas, productos, y atractivos tursticos del
pas, en un marco de sustentabilidad econmica y social y coordinacin con el sector privado.
Estrategia 12.3 Desarrollar programas para promover la calidad de los servicios tursticos y
la satisfaccin y seguridad del turista. Desarrollar programas de promocin en los mercados y
segmentos tursticos de mayor rentabilidad fortaleciendo los programas de informacin,
asistencia y seguridad al turista.
Estrategia 12.4 Actualizar y fortalecer el marco normativo del sector turismo. Promover
junto con el Poder Legislativo, las comunidades y las empresas del sector, la actualizacin del
marco legal para el desarrollo sustentable del sector e impulsar normas que garanticen la
prestacin de servicios tursticos competitivos.
Estrategia 12.5 Fortalecer los mercados existentes y desarrollar nuevos mercados. La poltica
turstica nacional promover acciones de desarrollo y apoyo a la comercializacin de
productos competitivos para los diferentes segmentos de los mercados actuales y potenciales,
nacionales y extranjeros. Se disearn programas de mercadotecnia puntuales para cada
segmento, consolidando los productos actuales e impulsando nuevos productos de calidad,
accesibles y competitivos para nuevos segmentos y nichos del mercado.
Estrategia 12.6 Asegurar un desarrollo turstico integral. El sector turstico requiere de
estrategias que permitan aprovechar todo el potencial de crecimiento. Para ello, es necesario
17
que el desarrollo del sector sea incluyente en lo referente a las condiciones de vida de las
poblaciones locales donde se ubique la actividad15.
III.3.- Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
El Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012, presentado por la Secretara de Turismo

establece como objetivo nacional: Hacer de Mxico un pas lder en la actividad turstica a
travs de la diversificacin de sus mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la
competitividad de las empresas del sector de forma que brinden un servicio de calidad
internacional16
Asimismo el programa sectorial cuenta con 8 objetivos sectoriales que buscan dar solucin al
cumplimiento del objetivo y estrategia de la poltica turstica nacional definida en el Plan
Nacional de Desarrollo.
Objetivo Sectorial 1.- De Concurrencia de polticas pblicas
Impulsar ante las dependencias en concurrencia las acciones necesarias para fortalecer las
condiciones de accesibilidad a los destinos tursticos del pas; las condiciones de conectividad y
las polticas de sustentabilidad ambiental, econmica y social que permiten a la oferta turstica
lograr resultados ms rentables y con mayor productividad.
Objetivo Sectorial 2.- De Desarrollo regional
Aprovechar de manera sustentable el potencial de los recursos culturales y naturales y su
capacidad para transformarse en oferta turstica productiva, creando servicios y destinos
competitivos, dando opciones de desarrollo y bienestar para los individuos de las comunidades
receptoras urbanas, rurales y costeras, as como para las empresas sociales y privadas.
Objetivo Sectorial 3.- De Concurrencia legal y normativa
Actualizar y fortalecer la gestin del marco legal y regulatorio del sector y las disposiciones
concurrentes relacionadas con la regulacin ambiental, laboral, de inversin pblica y privada,
15
16
Caldern Hinojosa, Felipe de Jess. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012. Mxico, 2007. Pgs. 118-120
Secretara de Turismo. Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012. Pg. 31
18
educacin, seguridad pblica, salud e higiene, para contribuir al aprovechamiento sustentable

de los recursos naturales y culturales, el fomento a la inversin privada y social, as como el
bienestar de las poblaciones residentes en destinos tursticos.
Objetivo Sectorial 4.- De Oferta competitiva
Consolidar la oferta existente y los proyectos en proceso, as como la captacin de nueva
inversin en proyectos y desarrollos tursticos, apoyando con planes de financiamiento,
asesora tcnica y planificacin para regiones, estados, municipios y destinos.
Objetivo Sectorial 5.- De Empleo de calidad
Promover polticas pblicas en el sector para crear las condiciones en el marcado laboral que
incentiven la creacin de empleos formales permanentes y mejor remunerados en el sector
turismo con enfoque de igualdad de gnero.
Objetivo Sectorial 6.- De Fomento productivo
Elevar la productividad y competitividad de los destinos tursticos y las empresas privadas y
sociales para aumentar la atractividad de la oferta tradicional y emergente de Mxico,
evaluando de manera permanente la gestin y resultados de las polticas pblicas de fomento,
as como fortaleciendo los sistemas de calidad, capacitacin, informacin, tecnologas y
planificacin en regiones, estados, municipios, destinos y empresas del sector.
Objetivo Sectorial 7.- De Promocin y comercializacin integrada
Promover y comercializar la oferta turstica de Mxico en los mercados nacionales e
internacionales, desarrollando anlisis de inteligencia para la consolidacin de mercados y la
apertura de nuevos segmentos especializados que fortalezcan la imagen de Mxico en el
extranjero, potencien los valores nacionales y la identidad regionales y las fortalezas de la
Marca Mxico.
Objetivo Sectorial 8.- De Demanda turstica domstica e internacional
Impulsar el crecimiento sostenido del consumo de la oferta turstica nacional con una adecuada
relacin valor-precio para cada segmento y nicho de mercado, consolidando y diversificando
19
los mercados internacionales, as como el crecimiento del turismo domstico y su consumo

incluyendo a todos los sectores de la poblacin17.
Por ltimo el programa sectorial, cuenta con 5 estrategias de la poltica pblica del sector
turismo.
Estrategia 1.- Hacer del turismo una prioridad nacional para generar inversiones, empleos y
combatir la pobreza en las zonas con atractivos tursticos competitivos. Crear condiciones de
certeza jurdica para las nuevas inversiones en los destinos tursticos del pas, as como acciones
para consolidar las existentes. La poltica turstica considerar programas de desarrollo de una
amplia gama de servicios tursticos, incluyendo turismo de naturaleza, turismo rural y turismo
de aventura, con la participacin de las secretaras y organismos del gobierno federal que
apoyan proyectos de desarrollo turstico en las zonas rurales e indgenas. En este proceso se
deber hacer converger programas con el financiamiento y capacitacin a MIPyMES.
Estrategia 2.- Mejorar sustancialmente la competitividad y diversificacin de la oferta turstica
nacional, garantizando un desarrollo turstico sustentable y el ordenamiento territorial integral.
Orientar los esfuerzos de la poltica turstica y de las actividades de las entidades pblicas del
gobierno federal que incidan directa o indirectamente en el desarrollo del turismo hacia la
competitividad nacional e internacional de las empresas, productos y atractivos tursticos del
pas, en un marco de sustentabilidad econmica y social y coordinacin con el sector privado.
Estrategia 3.- Desarrollar programas para promover la calidad de los servicios tursticos y la
satisfaccin y seguridad del turista. Desarrollar programas de promocin en los mercados y
segmentos tursticos de mayor rentabilidad, fortaleciendo los programas de informacin,
asistencia y seguridad al turista.
Estrategia 4.- Actualizar y fortalecer el marco normativo del sector turismo. Promover junto
con el Poder Legislativo, las comunidades y las empresas del sector, la actualizacin del marco
17
Secretara de Turismo. Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012. Pgs. 29-30
20
legal para el desarrollo sustentable del sector e impulsar normas que garanticen la prestacin de
servicios tursticos competitivos.
Estrategia 5.- Asegurar un desarrollo turstico integral. El sector turstico requiere de
estrategias que permitan aprovechar todo el potencial de crecimiento. Para ello, es necesario
que el desarrollo del sector sea incluyente en lo referente a las condiciones de vida de las
poblaciones locales donde se ubique la actividad18.
III.3.- Programa Nacional de Financiamiento del Desarrollo
Recientemente el gobierno federal present el Programa Nacional de Financiamiento del

Desarrollo 2008-2012 (Pronafide), el cual tiene como objetivo y finalidad la disponibilidad de
recursos, tanto financiero como fiscales suficientes, que permitan alcanzar un desarrollo
humano sustentable.
El programa cuenta con dos vertientes:
1) Mejorar los determinantes transversales de la competitividad de la economa mexicana
como el Estado de Derecho y la seguridad, la infraestructura, las capacidades de las
personas, la estabilidad macroeconmica, la competencia econmica y el marco
regulatorio, las condiciones para el desarrollo y adopcin de nuevas tecnologas, y
2) Eliminar las limitantes al crecimiento de los sectores econmicos causadas por un
marco legal, regulatorio o de competencia inadecuados o por disponibilidad
insuficiente de recursos19.
En lo que respecta al sector turstico, el Pronafide sustentar y respaldar los objetivos
planteados en el Plan Nacional de desarrollo y en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo de la
presente administracin, con el desarrollo de infraestructura de comunicaciones y transportes
que permitir el fcil trnsito de turistas, la mejora al Estado de Derecho y de la seguridad que
18
Secretara de Turismo. Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012. Pg. 31

Secretara de Hacienda y Crdito Pblico (SHCP), Programa Nacional de Financiamiento del Desarrollo 2008-2012.
Mexico, 2008. Pg. 8
19
21
fomentar la demanda de servicios del sector, as como una mayor competencia en el

transporte que har ms accesible y eficientes los traslados. Lo que para la Secretara de
Hacienda y Crdito Pblico el factor turismo tendr un impacto en las metas sectoriales.
IV.
TURISMO: MEDIO AMBIENTE Y EL CMBIO CLIMTICO
El turismo, como ya se ha mencionado, tiene una relevancia ineludible para el crecimiento de

los pases, ya que juega un importante papel para detonar las economas nacionales, contribuir
a la disminucin de la pobreza por generar grandes cadenas productivas en la generacin de
empleos y ser un elemento insoslayable de cohesin social y cultural. De ah la importancia que
tiene la implementacin de polticas pblicas y la toma de decisiones que impulsen el desarrollo
del sector.
De acuerdo a los ltimos datos del Banco de Mxico, el turismo aporta aproximadamente el
8% del Producto Interno Bruto total, generando ms de 1.8 millones de empleos remunerados
y posicionndose como la tercera actividad econmica generadora de divisas en el pas.
En la actualidad, muchos sectores econmicos tales como el turismo, se relacionan directa e
ntimamente con factores que produce el inminente fenmeno de la globalizacin. Un efecto
de lo anterior es el llamado cambio climtico, cuyas repercusiones ya se consideran, que se han
manifestado de forma considerable, ocupando un destacado lugar en los temas de la agenda
internacional.
Segn la definicin aportada por Naciones Unidas, el cambio climtico es la modificacin del
clima atribuida directa o indirectamente a las actividades del hombre, que alteran la
composicin de la atmsfera y que se suma a la variabilidad natural del clima observada
durante perodos de tiempo comparables.20 A partir de la definicin anterior, se establece, que
la actividad del hombre permea en la composicin de la atmsfera y en consecuencia en las
modificaciones climticas. Es importante sealarlo, ya que como se especificar ms adelante,
el clima y el medio ambiente son los recursos principales con los que se explota la actividad
20
Convencin Marco de las Naciones Unidas Sobre cambio climtico. Nueva York. EE.UU. 1992.
22
turstica (especialmente el turismo de playa, de nieve, etctera), por lo que una alteracin en
stos, implica indudablemente una alteracin proporcional al cambio en el potencial de la
actividad turstica
La relacin que se establece entre la actividad turstica y el medio ambiente es recproca, ya que
por un lado, la evasin de polticas que promuevan un turismo sustentable trasciende en la
calidad del ambiente y ste a su vez altera directamente al sector, de surgir modificaciones en l.
Como se ha sealado con anterioridad, la llamada industria sin chimeneas cuenta con un
gran potencial econmico que indica que es una actividad rentable y que genera grandes
retribuciones para los pases, sin embargo, dicha rentabilidad puede ponerse en grave riesgo si
no se atienden los fenmenos relacionados con el medio ambiente. De este modo, el segmento
debe responder con inmediatez a los efectos que con claridad han sido manifestados por el
cambio climtico, alineando sus estrategias para mitigar los resultados que genera la emisin de
gases de efecto invernadero, derivados principalmente de las actividades de transporte21 y
alojamiento, asimismo desvinculando el crecimiento sostenido hasta la actualidad del sector
con un consumo irracional de energa. El turismo contribuye en aproximadamente un 5% a las
emisiones globales de CO2, de acuerdo con cifras de la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo
(2007).
Segn la World Wild Fund, WWF, los viajes areos son los principales contribuyentes al
efecto invernadero. Los jets de pasajeros son el origen con crecimiento ms rpido de
emisiones de gases invernadero. Se espera que el nmero de pasajeros internacionales se
incremente de 594 millones en el ao 1996 a 1.6 billones en el 2020, agravando
considerablemente el problema, a menos que se tomen las medidas necesarias para reducir las
emisiones.22
21
Segn la organizacin defensora del medioambiente Friends of the Earth, el sector de transporte areo se
ha hecho con la etiqueta de fuente de gases de efecto invernadero de mayor tasa de crecimiento mundial,
pues sus aviones liberan ms de 600 millones de toneladas de CO2 cada ao. Esta cifra prcticamente iguala
las emisiones anuales de CO2 del continente Africano. Por su parte, el sector Aviacin publica cifras distintas.
Segn IATA y el Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climtico de Naciones Unidas (IPCC), la aviacin
en su conjunto solo da cuenta de alrededor del 3% de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. (ITB, Berln
2008. Cambio climtico y el futuro del turismo mundial)
22
Secretara de Turismo de Mxico (SECTUR). Boletn Hechos y Tendencias del Turismo,

Nmero 42 Abril 2005
23
Hoy en da se observa como el cambio climtico se ha manifestado en fenmenos como el

incremento extremo de temperaturas, olas de calor, precipitaciones intensas, mayor frecuencia
de tormentas tropicales y huracanes. Muchas regiones con destacados destinos tursticos han
sufrido dichas consecuencias, por lo que es de vital importancia, tal y como lo menciona el
reporte elaborado por la OMT el cambio climtico influye tambin en la duracin y calidad de
las estaciones, de manera que una modificacin en este sentido ponen en grave riesgo la
competitividad de las empresas tursticas, los destinos y las regiones.
Segn los datos reportados por el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio
Climtico (IPCC) en su Segundo Informe de Evaluacin, el incremento de temperatura
anunciado para este siglo ha aumentado en un rango aproximado de 1- 3.5C a 1.4- 5.8C. "La
tasa de calentamiento proyectada es mucho mayor que los cambios observados durante el siglo
XX y es muy probable que no tenga precedente durante al menos los ltimos 10,000 aos. Las
tendencias del siglo XX de aumento de temperatura, incremento del nivel del mar y mayor
precipitacin continuarn y se intensificarn en el siglo XXI a menos que se reduzcan las
emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.23 Asimismo, organismos internacionales prevn el
aumento de fenmenos meteorolgicos como precipitaciones que causan grandes inundaciones,
huracanes, olas de calor, incendios forestales y sequas ms prolongadas y extremas. Lo anterior
significa prdida real de potencial y rentabilidad en materia turstica de no hacer frente con
urgencia al cambio de las condiciones climticas y tomar medidas de sus futuras repercusiones.
El turismo puede ocupar un lugar destacado en la lucha contra el cambio climtico si se
movilizan plenamente los recursos y la capacidad de innovacin de este sector econmico
mundial de importancia capital orientndolos a la consecucin de ese objetivo24
Con anterioridad se ha mencionado que el clima tiene gran repercusin en el sector turstico,
ya que de ste depende la eleccin de los destinos, la calidad de la oferta en el sector y el
tiempo de duracin de las temporadas tursticas y en consecuencia el gasto de los turistas que
se traduce en derrama econmica. De esta manera, se observa que el clima puede ser un
23
SEMARNAT, IMTA. Anlisis de posibles impactos del cambio climtico. Estudio de caso preliminar: Cancn,
Quintana Roo. Mxico: Septiembre, 2006.
24
Cambio climtico y turismo. Responder a los retos mundiales. Pg. 5
24
incentivo de connotacin positiva, como negativa para el desarrollo turstico ya que est
directamente implicado con la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sector.
En aras de observar cientficamente cifras que indiquen que el crecimiento sostenido del
turismo se traduce en grandes beneficios para la sociedad, es preciso cerciorar la permanencia
del sector, asegurando previamente la sustentabilidad del turismo. Lo anterior significa elaborar
estrategias y determinar prioridades que controlen y reduzcan significativamente las acciones
humanas que han propiciado el cambio climtico.
Es preciso destacar que tanto el clima, como el medio ambiente, son herramientas
imprescindibles con las que cuenta el turismo para su desarrollo. stas inciden notablemente
en la eleccin de los destinos, en mayor medida en los que dependen de la explotacin en
torno a su naturaleza, lo cual se traduce posteriormente en la rentabilidad y competitividad de
stos. Los destinos que ofertan la atraccin de su clima pueden ser vulnerables ante los
cambios de tipo climtico o la destruccin del medio ambiente; el cambio climtico, incide
tambin, por ejemplo, en la erosin de los litorales y el deterioro de ecosistemas, arrecifes de
coral o puede perjudicar las nevadas en las zonas montaosas que explotan los deportes de este
tipo (ver figura 1). Asimismo afectan el suministro de servicios bsicos como el agua.
Figura 1.- Distribucin geogrfica de las principales repercusiones
del cambio climtico en los destinos tursticos
25
Fuente: UNWTO, OMT, IOHBTO, PNUMA, ORGANIZACIN METEOROLGICA MUNDIAL.

Cambio climtico y turismo: Responder a los retos mundiales. Resumen Junio de 2008. Pg.12
Mxico en la actualidad no est obligado a cumplir compromisos que reduzcan la emisin de

gases de efecto invernadero, por ejemplo los que sustenta el Protocolo de Kyoto, sin embargo
las presiones internacionales aumentarn en los prximos 20 aos, ya que se prev que la
mayor parte de las emisiones se generarn por parte de los pases en vas de desarrollo. Las
emisiones de CO2 derivadas del consumo de energa en nuestro pas alcanzaron las 3.64
toneladas por habitante en 2002, apenas por debajo del promedio mundial de 3.89.25
El turismo sustentable, de acuerdo al Responsible Travel Handbook 2006, debe optimizar el
uso de los recursos naturales que son clave para el desarrollo turstico; de esta manera se
mantienen los procesos ecolgicos esenciales y se ayuda a conservar la biodiversidad natural.
V.
ACCIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
En el panorama general e internacional, la OMT plantea algunas recomendaciones: 26

i.
Apoyar los esfuerzos de los pases menos desarrollados, en la inversin en la industria

turstica y desarrollar empresas en la amplia economa del turismo. En particular a
travs del incremento en el acceso al financiamiento y al desarrollo del recurso humano
local;
25
Aguayo, Francisco. Mitigacin de gases invernadero e innovacin en el sector industrial en Mxico. En:
Sustentabilidad y Desarrollo ambiental. Pg. 217.
26
http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/WorldTourisminput.pdf Pg. 3
26
ii.
Auxiliar a los pases menos desarrollados a alcanzar su eficiencia econmica,

competitividad y sustentabilidad en las operaciones del turismo, y ayudarlos a acceder y
participar en los sistemas de distribucin global y el uso apropiado de tecnologa;
iii.
Ayudar a los pases menos desarrollados a promover sinergias entre el transporte y el

turismo, particularmente: el transporte areo; y
iv.
Considerar ayuda financiera, tecnolgica y de otras formas de asistencia para apoyar los
esfuerzos de los pases menos desarrollados en materia de fortalecimiento de sus
capacidades nacionales en el sector del turismo.
Estas acciones son parte de un trabajo integral hacia el creciente reconocimiento de la

contribucin clave que el desarrollo turstico puede generar para una economa equitativa,
progreso social y combate a la pobreza.
Las Naciones Unidas a travs de su agencia especializada el OMT sugiere once principios y
recomendaciones para que los gobiernos en conexin con el turismo y el combate a la pobreza,
adopten. Los principios sugeridos son:27
1. Principal prioridad: asegurarse que el desarrollo sustentable del turismo se encuentre
incluido en los programas generales de combate a la pobreza. Incluir medidas de
eliminacin de la pobreza a travs de estrategias para el desarrollo sustentable del
turismo;
2. Asociacin: Desarrollar asociaciones entre los sectores internacionales, gobierno,
agencias no gubernamentales y sector privado, con un fin comn de reducir la pobreza
mediante el turismo;
3. Integracin: Adoptar un acercamiento integral con otros sectores y evitar una sobre
dependencia del turismo;
4. Distribucin Equitativa: Asegurarse que las estrategias de desarrollo turstico se
enfoquen en una mayor y mejor distribucin equitativa de bienestar y servicios. El
crecimiento solo no es suficiente;
27
http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/WorldTourisminput.pdf Pg. 4
27
5. Actuando Localmente: Enfocar acciones a un nivel de destino local, dentro del

contexto de apoyar a las polticas nacionales;
6. Retencin: Reducir salidas y fugas de la economa local y construir puentes dentro de
la misma economa local, enfocarse en la cadena de insumos;
7. Viabilidad: Mantener una disciplina financiera y activos viables de todas las acciones
tomadas:
8. Empoderamiento: Crear condiciones que empoderen y permitan a los pobres tener
acceso a la informacin, influir y tomar decisiones;
9. Derechos Humanos: Remover toda forma de discriminacin hacia las personas
trabajando o en busca de trabajo en el sector turstico, eliminar cualquier tipo de
explotacin, en particular aquellas en contra de las mujeres y los nios;
10. Compromiso: Establecer un plan de accin y de aplicacin de recursos para el largo
plazo, y;
11. Monitoreo: Desarrollar indicadores simples y sistemas de medicin de impacto del
turismo en la pobreza.
Debido a la importancia de la actividad turstica en la globalizacin, como fuente importante de
ingresos y herramienta para reducir la pobreza, se plantea la inminente necesidad de llevar a
cabo un agregado de polticas pblicas que promuevan un turismo sostenible, en donde se
refleje el compromiso real para preservar el medio ambiente, en aras tambin, de que la
actividad siga siendo sostenible. Por lo anterior, en materia de medio ambiente y cambio
climtico se hacen las siguientes recomendaciones de acuerdo con las realizadas por la
UNWTO y la OMT:
-
El sector turstico debe actuar con respuesta inmediata a los efectos del cambio
climtico reduciendo progresivamente su contribucin a la generacin de gases de
efecto invernadero, relacionadas como se haba mencionado, con actividades
relacionadas con transporte y alojamiento. Lo anterior puede basarse en un afn de
crear conciencia de la importancia de la conservacin del medio ambiente y la
racionalizacin de energa.
28
Lograr que las empresas relacionadas con el sector, se adapten a las nuevas condiciones
de clima, de esta manera, se procura mantener constante el potencial con el que el
turismo cuenta.
Aplicar nuevas tecnologas y logsticas limpias con el propsito de usar con mayor
eficiencia los recursos energticos.
Alentar la sensibilizacin de los consumidores en destinos y mercados emisores para

modificar hbitos de consumo que sean dainos para el clima.
VI.
CONCLUSIN
El turismo es una actividad econmica con creciente presencia en los pases en va de

desarrollo, cuya potencialidad para apoyar procesos de avance y por lo tanto, de combate
contra la pobreza, ha sido reconocida internacionalmente. Muchos pases menos desarrollados
han visto aumentar su progreso turstico, inclusive en aquellos donde hasta hace poco
consideraban al turismo como una actividad secundaria. Por lo que definitivamente el turismo
representa una oportunidad hacia los pases en desarrollo, pero stos tienen que estar sujetos a
directrices de turismo responsable, por lo que es importante contar con una gestin
compartida por los agentes involucrados (gobierno federal, estatal, sector privado, ONGs,
destinos tursticos, sociedad civil, etc) que establezcan un marco legislativo, poltico, socioeconmico y cultural, que propicien una visin ms amplia y consideren como prioridad al
turismo a manera de estrategia de desarrollo para reducir la pobreza.
En la actualidad, el volumen del negocio del turismo iguala o sobrepasa las exportaciones de
petrleo, productos alimenticios y automviles. El turismo se ha convertido en uno de los
mayores jugadores en el comercio internacional y representa al mismo tiempo una de las
principales fuentes de ingreso para muchos de los pases en vas de desarrollo. Este
crecimiento se da, mano a mano con una diversificacin creciente y competencia entre los
destinos tursticos.
29
Cuando se inicia la creacin del sector turstico en Mxico, el estado favoreca la planeacin y
desarrollo de los polos o destinos en base a su localizacin geogrfica. Hoy en da, se deben
desarrollar polos tursticos basndose en la herencia cultural y en el potencial econmico del
destino y no exclusivamente en su belleza natural. Lo anterior favorecer al desarrollo de las
comunidades ms necesitadas y crear nuevas formas de turismo, como lo es: el ecoturismo, de
deporte, de retiro, industrial, de negocios, nutico, educativo, entre otros.
Las polticas relacionadas al turismo debern estar cuidadosamente diseadas para operar con
una infraestructura que sea conductiva para el sector turstico. Los hacedores de polticas
pblicas debern poner mucha atencin en su diseo, especialmente al momento de ponderar
la parte de la inversin entre el turismo y otros sectores productivos.
Las decisiones polticas en lo concerniente al turismo, no solo debern estar en manos del
gobierno central, sino que tambin debern ser llevadas hacia los gobiernos regionales, lo que
posibilitar poner en prctica polticas coordinadas del sector turismo, destinadas a mejorar la
oferta, modernizar la infraestructura y promocionar las posibles atracciones.
La importancia de preservar el medio ambiente obedece, en el caso del turismo, a la necesidad
rigurosa de mantener la competitividad de los destinos tursticos. Es preciso entender que las
acciones de los seres humanos que contribuyen a la emisin de gases de efecto invernadero o
daos a los ecosistemas, van en continuo detrimento de los sectores, en este caso, de la
actividad turstica, por lo que el dao ambiental y la reduccin de competitividad de los
destinos se relacionan directamente. Con el objetivo de mantener el importante potencial y en
consecuencia la rentabilidad de este importante sector, hay que destacar la instrumentacin de
polticas que contribuyan a la innovacin y adopcin de prcticas relacionadas con el turismo,
de modo que sea prioridad en ellas, el cuidado al medio ambiente, la reduccin del cambio
climtico y la innovacin tecnolgica en pro del medio ambiente.
Es importante destacar que ni el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012 (PND) ni el Programa
Sectorial de Turismo 2007-20012, ligan entre sus estrategias y determinacin de prioridades al
medio ambiente y cambio climtico con el sector turstico.
30
De cumplirse con las metas transversales y sectoriales del Pronafide, se generar un impacto
sobre el crecimiento econmico de 1.9 por ciento de aumento en la tasa de crecimiento a
mediano plazo, con lo que sta aumentara de 3.2 por ciento en 2007 a por lo menos 5.2 por
ciento de crecimiento en su escenario conservador. Por su parte, la inversin en el sector
turstico programada para el periodo 2007-2012 ser de 219 mil millones de pesos de acuerdo
con datos de la Secretara de Turismo, lo que contribuir en un aumento en el crecimiento del
PIB de 0.08 por ciento a las metas del Pronafide.
31

6.- LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN
TURISMO
IR A LA LIGA
Qu es la competitividad turstica?
Jorge L. Lpez Ramois*
La actividad turstica de finales del siglo XX e inicios del XXI ha tenido como
caracterstica principal la enorme competencia por captar el mayor nmero de
turistas, para ello se les debe de ofertar una mayor variedad de alternativas en las
actividades de los destinos ya que de no ser as difcilmente el paseante volver a
ese lugar. El proceso de globalizacin y los enormes avances de desarrollo
tecnolgico que vive la poca actual facilito la promocin de destinos de todo el
mundo por lo que existi una mayor variedad de opciones para cada uno de los
segmentos tursticos, lo cual provoco que fueran ms las oferentes que
demandantes derivando en que las condiciones de compra y satisfaccin ya no
eran establecidas por los productores sino por los consumidores.
De esta manera los diferentes destinos se vieron envueltos en un nuevo
modelo de desarrollo turstico basado fundamentalmente en la satisfaccin de los
segmentos altamente diferenciados y que requeran de servicios y de actividades
con altos estndares de calidad por lo que la satisfaccin del turista se converta
en un objetivo mas difcil de conseguir que en el pasado lo que dio inicio a un
proceso de competitividad turstica.
Pero Qu es la competitividad?, esta se define como la habilidad de un pas
para crear un valor agregado que aumente la riqueza nacional, producto de la
administracin de activos o procesos, atracciones o incursiones, globalidad o
*
Estudiante de la Maestra en Desarrollo Sustentable y Turismo del CUC, jlopez@pv.udg.mx

Artculo publicado en la Gaceta CUC, Universidad de Guadalajara, febrero de 2004.
proximidad, y por la integracin de esas relaciones dentro de un modelo

econmico y social; otro significado es la capacidad de alcanzar los objetivos de
rentabilidad y sostenibilidad de forma superior al promedio del sector de
referencia.
En este entendido los productos, servicios y procesos de las zonas tursticas,
al combinarse favorablemente entre s y crear un encadenamiento productivo,
aumentan su valor, y de una simple suma de valores ms valores, puede llegarse
a una multiplicacin de valores e inclusive puede hacerse que crezcan
exponencialmente, a este encadenamiento de productos se le llama "cluster
turstico". Michael Porter, profesor destacado de las Escuela de Negocios de
Harvard, ha desarrollado aportaciones fundamentales al significado de la
competitividad a travs del estudio de las ventajas competitivas de las naciones,
en el que manifiesta que "Una nueva teora debe reconocer como elemento central
(de la competitividad) a la mejora y la innovacin en los mtodos y tecnologa".
Porter nos dice que la competitividad debe entenderse en trminos de
capacidad de mejora continua e innovacin constante para generar ventajas.
Implica realizar un anlisis estructural de los mercados para elegir las alternativas.
Considera que un sector alcanzar competitividad cuando el llamado Diamante
Competitivo logre condiciones favorables. Sostiene que la competitividad debe
entenderse no en trminos de una nacin, sino de sus industrias y sectores, por
tanto: No existen naciones competitivas, sino naciones con industrias y sectores
competitivos.
Bajo estos principios la actividad turstica se desarrolla en espacios

geogrficos perfectamente localizados donde se concentran e interrelacionan los
atractivos tursticos, infraestructuras, equipamientos, servicios y organizacin
turstica para ofrecer un producto turstico a un mercado determinado. Esto lo
podemos traducir como que la competitividad turstica no se desarrolla entre
pases, sino entre clusters y entre negocios tursticos. De esta manera, nuestro
pas no compite con Jamaica, Cuba o Venezuela, pero Cancn si compite con
Montego Bay, Varadero o Isla Margarita. Argentina y Uruguay no compiten entre
s, pero Mar de Plata compite con Punta del Este.
Por ello, los que deben ser competitivos son los clusters tursticos, no los
pases, cada cluster compite en diversos mercados, diversos segmentos, subsegmentos y diversos nichos donde hay distintos competidores, en este contexto
podemos ejemplificar con Cancn en cual compite con Acapulco o Ro de Janeiro
en playas y sol, y con el Distrito Federal, Boston o Dallas en convenciones.
Es indudable que el Turismo en nuestro pas se ha convertido en un sector
con potencial elevado para generar riquezas y para incrementar beneficios como
el combate a la pobreza, desarrollo regional, captacin de divisas, y dinamizacin
del empleo, pero tambin es cierto que es un sector que requiere aprender a ser
competitivo y para ello es indispensable redisear las polticas del estado as
como buscar el involucramiento de todos los involucrados en la actividad turstica,
la oportunidad y reto que el Turismo representa para generar riqueza de manera
sostenida y sostenible as lo demandan.
Mxico es un pas que rene los factores para fortalecer la competitividad de

su sector turstico, pero requiere adoptar un nuevo paradigma que le permita
aprovechar los beneficios del turismo, actividad que se ha perfilado en este nuevo
siglo como la de mayor dinamismo econmico.
Marco terico de competitividad1: el cluster de turismo

La prosperidad de una nacin no es consecuencia inevitable de la abundancia de sus recursos naturales. Por el
contrario, la abundancia de recursos naturales ha evitado que muchos pases en el pasado sintieran la necesidad de
desarrollar destrezas competitivas reales. La prosperidad de una nacin depende del nivel de productividad y
competitividad de sus empresas. En un mundo globalizado, las ventajas comparativas son fcilmente copiadas y
mejoradas por los competidores; por ello, la ventaja competitiva se determina por la habilidad de una empresa o
grupos de empresas de innovar y mejorar continuamente sus productos y servicios.
Ningn pas es competitivo en todas las industrias. Japn, por ejemplo, no es competitivo en la industria de
software, en productos de consumo masivo como detergentes y cereales o en productos qumicos. Por el contrario,
es altamente competitivo en mquinas de fax, cmaras fotogrficas y otros productos electrnicos de uso domstico.
La competitividad no es un atributo de los pases, ms bien es un atributo de las empresas. Un pas prspero es aquel
que cuenta con una masa significativa de empresas competitivas a nivel mundial, en uno o varios de sus sectores
productivos.
La investigacin emprica de Michael E. Porter a finales de los aos 80 sobre la ventaja competitiva de diferentes
naciones evidenci que las empresas lderes en cualquier campo tienden a agruparse en reas geogrficas
relativamente pequeas. Esas agrupaciones se han denominado conglomerados o clusters competitivos. De esta
forma, dentro de un pas o una regin se van creando grupos completos de industrias relacionadas o clusters,
altamente eficientes, que permiten crear una ventaja competitiva sostenible.
El fenmeno de los clusters competitivos se presenta en todo el mundo: insulina en Dinamarca, flores en Holanda,
corcho en Portugal, autos de carrera en Inglaterra, calzado y prendas de vestir de alta moda en el norte de Italia, etc.
En turismo, tambin la competitividad se genera en lugares focalizados. Hawaii y Orlando, en los Estados Unidos; la
Costa del Sol, en Espaa; Punta Cana, en Repblica Dominicana; y la Riviera Maya, en Mxico, son ejemplos de
clusters tursticos altamente competitivos.
Para que un cluster de turismo en un pas llegue a ser competitivo a escala mundial se requiere de acciones conjuntas
de empresas privadas individualmente, de ellas actuando en cmaras conjuntas, de sectores relacionados y de los
gobiernos locales y centrales.
Segn el marco conceptual propuesto por Michael E. Porter, la competitividad de una empresa o grupo de stas est
determinada por seis dimensiones fundamentales. Estos atributos y la interaccin entre ellos explican por qu innovan
y se mantienen competitivas las compaas ubicadas en regiones determinadas.
Seccin tomada de: Segura, Gustavo e Inman, Crist. Turismo en Honduras: el Reto de la Competitividad. CLACDS/INCAE,
agosto de 1998.
Figura No. 7
Determinantes de la competitividad
(conocido como El Diamante de Porter)
1. Condiciones de los factores

La teora econmica clsica de las ventajas comparativas explica que una nacin o regin es competitiva en
determinada industria por su abundante dotacin de los factores bsicos de produccin requeridos: tierra, mano de
obra y capital. Pero, cmo se explica con ese enfoque la competitividad de Holanda en la industria de las flores?
Holanda es responsable de dos tercios de las exportaciones mundiales de flores frescas. A pesar de que es claramente
deficiente en su dotacin de factores bsicos crticos para esta actividad: sufre de una escasez notoria de tierra, tiene
una temporada corta de produccin, su clima es inhspito para el cultivo y su mano de obra es cara en relacin con
pases competidores.
La respuesta a esta aparente paradoja es que no son los factores bsicos, sino los llamados factores especializados,
los que permiten alcanzar ventajas competitivas. Estos factores especializados no son heredados, sino creados por
cada pas: surgen de habilidades especficas derivadas de su sistema educativo, de su legado exclusivo de
conocimiento (know-how) tecnolgico, de infraestructura especializada, etc.; y responden a las necesidades
particulares de una industria concreta. Se requiere de inversiones considerables y continuas por parte de empresas y
gobiernos para mantenerlos y mejorarlos. Los factores especializados propician ventajas competitivas para un pas,
porque son nicos y muy difciles de replicar o accesar por competidores de otras regiones.
En turismo, los factores bsicos que permiten el desarrollo de un pas son su legado patrimonial de riquezas naturales,
arqueolgicas y culturales. Sin embargo, la competitividad de un pas o regin reside, ms bien, en la calidad de los
factores especializados que permiten valorar su herencia patrimonial por encima de pases con un legado similar.
Recursos humanos con capacitacin turstica, infraestructura diseada para hacer accesibles los atractivos naturales,
mercados de capitales adecuados para financiar proyectos tursticos de largo plazo, niveles de seguridad personal
adecuados y alta cobertura de servicios pblicos de apoyo son ejemplos de ese tipo de factores especializados.
2. Condiciones de la demanda
En un mundo dirigido hacia la globalizacin podra parecer que la demanda local es de menor importancia, pero la
evidencia demuestra lo contrario. Las empresas ms competitivas invariablemente cuentan con una demanda local
que se encuentra entre las ms desarrolladas y exigentes del mundo.
Clientes exigentes permiten que las empresas vislumbren y satisfagan necesidades emergentes y se conviertan en
otro incentivo a la innovacin. Tener a estos clientes cerca permite que las empresas respondan ms rpidamente,
gracias a lneas de comunicacin ms cortas, mayor visibilidad y a la posibilidad de realizar proyectos conjuntos.
Cuando los clientes locales anticipan o moldean las necesidades de otros pases, las ventajas para las empresas
locales son an mayores.
Las compaas estadounidenses de comida rpida son lderes mundiales indiscutibles en la industria. Gran parte de su
xito se debe a que han tenido que satisfacer a clientes locales muy exigentes, que valoran la conveniencia, la calidad
estandarizada y la rapidez en el servicio, ya que no disponen de mucho tiempo para comer. Ahora que estos atributos
son cada vez ms apreciados en otros mercados, las cadenas estadounidenses han podido aplicar lo aprendido y
conquistar estos nuevos mercados.
En la industria turstica, la demanda est formada tanto por los turistas nacionales como los extranjeros que visitan el
pas. En esta industria, en vez de exportar productos, son los consumidores los que se movilizan hacia los atractivos
tursticos. Lo relevante de la calidad de la demanda, en el modelo conceptual propuesto, es el nivel de exigencia a que
est sometida una industria de parte de los clientes que atiende en forma directa. Por consiguiente, debe analizarse el
volumen y tendencia de crecimiento de la demanda, su origen y grado de segmentacin, pero fundamentalmente los
gustos, exigencias y grado de sofisticacin de los turistas que visitan un destino.
3. Sectores relacionados y de apoyo
La existencia de sectores de apoyo especializados y eficientes crean ventajas competitivas para un pas. Las industrias
relacionadas y de apoyo entregan a las empresas pertenecientes al cluster insumos, componentes y servicios, hechos
a la medida, a menores costos, con calidad superior y suministrados de manera rpida y preferente. Esto es
consecuencia de vnculos ms estrechos de colaboracin, mejor comunicacin, presiones mutuas y aprendizaje
constante, que facilitan la innovacin y el mejoramiento continuo dentro del cluster.
Italia, lder mundial en la produccin de calzado de alta moda, domina dos tercios de las exportaciones mundiales del
sector. El liderazgo italiano ha sido posible por la existencia de una red de industrias relacionadas y de apoyo muy
eficientes: unas se especializan en la curtiembre de pieles de alta calidad, otras son lderes en la produccin de los
moldes y equipos que se utilizan para fabricar los zapatos. Adicionalmente, los diseadores italianos, reconocidos
mundialmente, posicionan ventajosamente al pas en el mbito de la moda.
Para que un cluster turstico sea competitivo, es imprescindible un sector de apoyo vigoroso e innovador. Esto
significa buenos proveedores de alimentos y suministros para la hotelera y los restaurantes, buenas escuelas de
formacin de personal, tanto a nivel operativo, tcnico como gerencial; ingenieros y arquitectos especializados en
diseo de obras de turismo, servicios mdicos confiables y afiliados a los sistemas internacionales de seguros, entre
otras empresas de servicio afines a la actividad. Hay mucho que aprender, por ejemplo, de la dinmica de sectores
relacionados en Cancn, Mxico. Con eficientes y variados sistemas de transporte interno de turistas, abundantes
puestos de informacin y un sistema de seguridad turstica que transmite confianza al visitante, las grandes empresas
que han invertido en hotelera y atractivos garantizan que sus clientes meta pueden disfrutar de una experiencia sin
sobresaltos.
4. Estrategia, estructura y competencia de las empresas
La creacin de destrezas competitivas requiere un ambiente que motive la innovacin. Una competencia local vigorosa
e intensa es una de las presiones ms efectivas para que una compaa mejore continuamente. Esta situacin obliga a
las empresas a buscar maneras de reducir sus costos, mejorar la calidad, buscar nuevos mercados o clientes, etc. En
Japn, las industrias ms exitosas cuentan con varios jugadores de clase mundial que compiten intensamente por la
atencin del mercado japons. Tal es el caso de Sony, Matsushita, Casio y Sharp en electrnicos, as como Toyota,
Nissan y Honda en automviles. La competencia intensa, lejos de ser un problema como algunos empresarios la
conciben, es una bendicin para la competitividad de largo plazo.
En turismo, el nivel de competencia debe analizarse desde dos puntos de vista: la competencia local y la internacional.
En los mercados locales, las empresas compiten en cada sector de la industria, generalmente no solo por participacin
de mercado, sino tambin por empleados, excelencia en servicio y por prestigio. Cuanto mayor sea el grado de
rivalidad en un sector (por ejemplo, hotelera, alquiler de autos o tour operadores), mayor ser la presin e
incentivos por mejorar estndares e introducir nuevos productos.
En el mbito internacional, debe analizarse la rivalidad entre pases que compiten entre s como destinos con
posicionamientos diversos y campaas de promocin que intentan atraer al turista. Sin embargo, debe recalcarse que
el origen de la ventaja competitiva se da a nivel de empresa y cluster, ya que un pas no puede mercadear
sosteniblemente un producto que su industria no ha logrado producir.
5. La dinmica dentro del diamante
La interaccin o refuerzo mutuo de los cuatro atributos de la ventaja nacional es, a menudo, ms importante que los
atributos en s. El grado de impacto de un atributo sobre las ventajas competitivas depende, en gran parte, del estado
en que se encuentren los otros determinantes. Por ejemplo, si las empresas no cuentan con suficientes recursos
humanos capacitados, la sola presencia de compradores locales exigentes no garantizar el surgimiento de mejores
productos.
La dinmica de las relaciones entre los atributos del diamante puede darse de diversas maneras. Por ejemplo, la
presencia de numerosas empresas hoteleras que compiten vigorosamente en un mercado turstico justifica realizar
nuevas inversiones para crear y desarrollar mejor infraestructura en su zona de influencia. Tambin crea un mercado
atractivo para el surgimiento de industrias de apoyo. La demanda turstica se vuelve ms exigente, gracias a que las
empresas se ven obligadas a ofrecer mejores productos y servicios para ganar la preferencia de los consumidores
ante la competencia.
Por otro lado, una fuerte demanda turstica, o bien, la misma presin de las empresas que all compiten, puede influir
ante el gobierno y la opinin pblica en la asignacin de recursos para el mejoramiento de factores especializados
(institutos de capacitacin turstica, mejoramiento de carreteras a las principales zonas de atractivos, polica turstica,
aeropuertos, etc.) y ello puede estimular an ms el surgimiento de nuevas empresas como tour operadores y
alquileres de autos, dirigidas a atender directamente al consumidor. A su vez, los factores creados para atender la
industria principal son aprovechables para las industrias relacionadas y de apoyo. Estos factores especializados
pueden ser un gran atractivo para atraer un mayor nmero de turistas exigentes, lo que ayudara a construir una
demanda local ms sensible hacia unos servicios de mayor calidad. Por ltimo, las industrias relacionadas y de apoyo
pueden integrarse y transformarse en nuevos actores que vendran a aumentar la rivalidad dentro de la industria
principal.
Los determinantes de la ventaja competitiva de un pas constituyen por s mismos un sistema bastante complejo. Sus
elementos se refuerzan entre s y se multiplican con el transcurso del tiempo. As, las ventajas crecen y se van
expandiendo hacia otras industrias relacionadas. De esta manera se va creando un entorno de relaciones e
interacciones complicadas, difciles de imitar por parte de los otros pases o clusters tursticos potencialmente
competidores.
6. El azar y el papel del gobierno
Los cuatro atributos del diamante son, a su vez, influenciados por otras variables: el azar y el papel del gobierno. El
azar surge de eventos repentinos que influyen en la posicin competitiva de ciertas empresas que saben moverse
ante los cambios. Estos eventos pueden ser nuevos inventos tecnolgicos, cambios en las tendencias de los mercados,
decisiones polticas, guerras, eventos de la naturaleza, entre otros.
El gobierno puede ejercer influencia sobre cualquiera de los elementos del diamante, tanto positiva como
negativamente. Por ejemplo, el gobierno define las polticas y asignacin de recursos a infraestructura y educacin.
Por medio de la fijacin de regulaciones y estndares, afectan la rentabilidad de las diferentes actividades
econmicas. Claramente, las polticas tributarias pueden estimular o frenar la inversin en industrias tursticas o el
desarrollo de industrias relacionadas dentro de un pas.
De la misma manera, el gobierno tambin puede ser influenciado o afectado por los elementos del diamante, tal es el
caso cuando decide invertir en educacin en reas especficas necesarias para el mejoramiento de un cluster, o
invertir en caminos de acceso e infraestructura de servicios bsicos, motivado por el ritmo de crecimiento de la
demanda turstica y los beneficios para el pas en generacin de divisas.
Publicado en:
Boletn Electrnico Intercambios. Ao 5. N 32. Facultad de Turismo. UNC. 2006.
Planificacin y gestin competitiva de destinos tursticos

por Dr. Adriana Mara Otero (*)
e-mail.: otero@uncoma.edu.ar
Si bien asociamos la competitividad a su dimensin econmica, la competitividad de un destino
turstico debe ser analizada desde una perspectiva de largo plazo. El as hacerlo tiene
importantes implicancias en la forma en que los destinos se planean, se desarrollan y se
gestionan. Entonces la expresin competitividad sustentable puede llegar a entenderse como
tautolgica. Sin embargo todos nosotros conocemos muchos ejemplos en el sector turstico de
construccin de competitividad a partir de visiones de corto plazo que no reparan ms que en
los tiempos de recupero de las inversiones de la planta turstica instalada (Otero, A. 2005).
Partamos por decir lo difcil que resulta equilibrar las necesidades de proteccin del ambiente
con la promocin del desarrollo econmico. Esto es as, ya que las fuerzas del mercado que
son cortoplacistas socavan la visin ambiental del desarrollo sustentable, que por naturaleza es
de largo plazo. Estos criterios de corto plazo determinados por el mercado afectan el ciclo de
vida de los destinos tursticos, ya que perpetan el mal del turismo masivo, como la reduccin
de la duracin del ciclo total de los mismos, un control menor de la actividad por parte de la
poblacin local, y la externalizacin generalizada de los costos y la internalizacin de bienes
ambientales de patrimonio comunitario.
Entonces y acordando con la propuesta de B. Ritchie (2003) en cuanto a su visin de lo que
hace a un destino competitivo es su habilidad para aumentar el gasto turstico, atrayendo
ms visitantes que tienen en el destino experiencias significativas, que generan ingresos que
mejoran la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, conservando el capital ambiental para las
generaciones futuras.
El esfuerzo de competir debe ser esencialmente un esfuerzo de un grupo de personas por
establecer una base de poder mediante una poltica econmica que posibilite el control de los
recursos capaces de generar el bienestar individual y colectivo. La nocin central respecto de
la construccin de competitividad regional es que las ventajas competitivas no se generan al
interior de las instituciones individualmente, sino que depende directamente de la de los
dems, as como de la eficiencia de un conjunto de organizaciones relacionadas, donde el
conocimiento cumple un rol estratgico (Otero, A. 2006).
La generacin de ventajas competitivas para los destinos tursticos cuya trama productiva esta
fundamentalmente constituida por Pymes es un desafo que va ms all de la conducta
individual de los agentes econmicos y que involucra un conjunto de instituciones pblicas y
privadas. Para ello es importante revalorizar el rol social de los procesos de aprendizaje,
acumulacin y mejora de competencias y de la educacin. Para ello, es necesario trabajar para
la creacin de agentes intermediarios que operen como trasmisores-traductores entre las
distintas partes del sistema, que catalicen los procesos de aprendizaje de los agentes.
En la mayora de los casos, el xito competitivo tiende a ser medido por el nivel de prosperidad
econmica que el turismo genera. No obstante, un destino puede ser juzgado como exitoso si
ha logrado otro tipo de objetivos por l antes fijados. Por ejemplo la meta de equilibrar un nivel
de retorno econmico con niveles deseados de conservacin del patrimonio y mejora de la
integridad ecolgica y cultural del rea.
El desafo que enfrentan los gestores de la poltica del sector es entonces establecer metas
que reflejen los valores y ambiciones de los grupos de inters del destino, para promover una
poltica que acte como marco de estas metas. Los gestores del destino, los operadores
tursticos y los distintos grupos de inters deben realizar los mximos esfuerzos para el logro
de estas metas. De esta manera el logro del xito del destino es una responsabilidad
compartida por todos.
Para esto, es importante que en los distintos sectores de la sociedad se pase de la teora, a la
aplicacin de propuestas de negociacin basadas en el conocimiento pragmtico tanto de los
actores que intervienen en el proceso, como de sus intereses. As, para que el desarrollo
sustentable del turismo deje de ser un sueo vaco de contenido en la realidad, se deben
revisar las formas de intervencin tradicionales. Los protagonistas del desarrollo local debieran
incorporar la idea de un desarrollo gradual con respeto a la conservacin del ambiente. La tica
conservacionista debiera ser aquella que lejos de rechazar todo tipo de cambio, lo cual
resultara totalmente estril, busque propiciar lo que en general demandan los residentes en la
mayora de los centros tursticos, que los cambios y las transformaciones que trae aparejada la
actividad, respeten aquellos valores y prcticas sociales que hacen a un lugar nico y diferente
del resto del mundo.
En este sentido, la Universidad debe crear conciencia comunitaria y educar para la iniciativa,
promoviendo el desarrollo de una vinculacin universidad-empresa efectiva que potencie los
procesos de aprendizaje codificado y tcito. As, la posibilidad de el turismogenere beneficios
netos para los sectores sociales mas desfavorecidos es un desafo colectivo, donde las
Universidades Pblicas regionales tenemos un importante rol que cumplir.
Referencias
- Ritchie B. & Geoffrey Crouch (2003) The Competitive Destination- A Sustainable Perspective.
Cabi
Publishing.
Wallingford
.
Oxon.United
Kingdom.
- Otero, Adriana (2005) Gestin competitiva y sustentable de destinos tursticos - puerta a
parques nacionales. 9 Encuentro Red Federal de Municipios Tursticos Sustentables. San
Martn
de
los
Andes.
Neuqun.
Argentina.
15
pp.
- Otero, A. (2006) La Importancia de la Visin del Territorio para la Construccin de Desarrollo
Competitivo de los Destinos Tursticos Ponencia en Turiciencia 2006. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
13
pp.
_____________________________
Adriana M. Otero es Directora del CEPLADES-TURISMO. Profesora Adjunta Area
Planificacin y Gestin del Desarrollo Turstico de la Facultad de Turismo - Universidad
Nacional del Comahue.
(*)
Reporte de competitividad en viajes y turismo, 2007

Resumen Ejecutivo
Desde 1979 el Foro Econmico Mundial ha estado a la vanguardia en la

investigacin sobre competitividad nacional. Su objetivo se ha centrado en
contribuir a una mejor comprensin de los fenmenos que permiten que algunos
pases crezcan con prosperidad, mientras que otros se quedan atrs.
El inters del Foro en cuestiones de desarrollo econmico, aunado a la
creciente importancia del sector turstico en las economas nacionales, motiv la
elaboracin del Reporte de competitividad en viajes y turismo, en donde se busca
explorar factores y polticas detrs de la competitividad turstica en diversos pases
alrededor del mundo.
La medicin de la competitividad turstica que realiza el Foro para 124
pases a partir del ndice de competitividad turstica1 (TTCI, por sus siglas en
ingls), aparece como un objetivo relevante toda vez que el sector turismo se ha
convertido en una fuente de crecimiento y desarrollo para muchos pases, ya que
contribuye con un porcentaje significativo del
PIB,
es una fuente importante de
divisas, y favorece la generacin de empleos.

Asimismo, la actividad turstica genera efectos indirectos favorables sobre el
desarrollo toda vez que impulsa a los gobiernos a efectuar mejoras de
El ndice de competitividad turstica busca medir los factores y polticas que favorecen el
desarrollo del sector turstico en diferentes pases. Dicho ndice se compone de 13
indicadores que se agregan en tres diferentes categoras: 1) Marco regulatorio; 2) Ambiente
de negocios e infraestructura; y 3) Recursos humanos, culturales y naturales.
infraestructura, como la construccin y rehabilitacin de vas de comunicacin,

redes elctrica, telefnica y de transporte, provisin de servicios pblicos de
calidad y una mejor planeacin y gestin urbana. Todo lo cual no slo mejora la
provisin de servicios tursticos, sino que tambin eleva la calidad de vida de los
residentes.
Por ltimo, es fundamental sealar la contribucin que la industria turstica
puede tener en el mejoramiento del medio ambiente. La dependencia del turismo
respecto al medio ambiente natural favorece la comunicacin del valor de ste a
sus residentes, as como la creacin de incentivos empresariales para la mejora
ambiental, y el fomento de una actitud conservadora entre los turistas.
De acuerdo con el ndice de competitividad turstica, Mxico se encuentra
ubicado en el lugar 49. No obstante, se ubica en el lugar 29 en cuanto a recursos
naturales y culturales se refiere, e incluso llega al sptimo lugar debido a las reas
naturales protegidas y al gran nmero de sitios declarados patrimonio de la
humanidad. Este encanto natural se ve reforzado por la existencia de una
relativamente adecuada poltica para el desarrollo del sector.
De este modo, Mxico se ubica en el lugar 33 debido a los laxos
requerimientos que exige par obtener una visa, y a las bajas restricciones a la
propiedad extranjera. Asimismo, cuenta con una infraestructura area bien
desarrollada (lugar 32), aunque su infraestructura turstica (lugar 47) y terrestre
(lugar 62) obtienen menores calificaciones.
Las debilidades del pas parecen recaer en algunos factores que erosionan la
competitividad en precio, ubicada en el lugar 85, como los elevados impuestos al
trasporte areo y los cargos por servicios aeroportuarios que se trasladan al

consumidor.
World Economic Forum

Geneva, Switzerland 2007
The Travel & Tourism

Competitiveness Report 2007
Furthering the Process of Economic Development
Jennifer Blanke, World Economic Forum

Thea Chiesa, World Economic Forum
Editors
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness

Report 2007 is published by the World
Economic Forum within the framework of
the Global Competitiveness Network and the
Industry Partnership Programme for Aviation,
Travel and Tourism.
Professor Klaus Schwab, Executive Chairman
EDITORS
Jennifer Blanke, Senior Economist

Thea Chiesa, Head of Aviation, Travel and Tourism

Geneva
Copyright 2007
by the World Economic Forum
Published by World Economic Forum
www.weforum.org
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
or otherwise without the prior permission of
the World Economic Forum.
GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK
Fiona Paua, Senior Adviser

Ciara Browne, Senior Community Manager
Margareta Drzeniek, Senior Economist
Thierry Geiger, Economist
Irene Mia, Senior Economist
Aviva Rajczyk, Team Coordinator
We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing

work and Ha Nguyen for her excellent graphic
design and layout. We are very grateful to
Tamara Gomes, and Pearl Samandari for their
invaluable research assistance.
The terms country and nation as used in
this report do not in all cases refer to a
territorial entity that is a state as understood
by international law and practice. The
terms cover well-defined, geographically
self-contained economic areas that may
not be states but for which statistical
data are maintained on a separate and
independent basis.
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-01-2
Contents
Partner Institutes
1.8 Long-Haul Hubs and the Future of Air Transport
95
by Maurice Flanagan, Emirates Group
Preface
xi
1.9 The Challenge of Open Skies in the Middle East:
How to Manage Competition in the High-Growth
Air Transport Sector
by Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
xiii
103
by Samer Majali and Geoffrey Weston, Royal Jordanian Airlines
by Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa,

1.10 Driving Tourism Growth through

Consumer-Centric Marketing
107
by Brad Corrodi, Rosetta Marketing Group
Part 1: Selected Issues of T&T Competitiveness
1.1 The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index:

Assessing Key Factors Driving the Sectors
Development
Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles and

Data Presentation
113
iii
by Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, World Economic Forum
2.1 Country/Economy Profiles

1.2 Taking Travel & Tourism to the Next Level:
Shaping the Government Agenda to Improve the
Industrys Competitiveness
27
115
How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles .............................117

List of Countries/Economies ......................................................119
Country/Economy Profiles..........................................................120
by Jrgen Ringbeck and Stephan Gross, Booz Allen Hamilton
2.2 Data Tables

1.3 Using Policy Measures and Economics
to Improve Travel & TourismRelated Policy
and Business Decision Making
45
369
How to Read the Data Tables ....................................................371

List of Data Tables......................................................................373
Data Tables.................................................................................375
by Richard R. Miller, World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)
1.4 Tourism Competitiveness and the Development

Agenda
Technical Notes and Sources
451
About the Authors
455
Acknowledgments
459
55
by Geoffrey Lipman and John Kester, United Nations World

Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
1.5 Fulfilling the Promise: Positives and Potentials

of Travel & Tourism
67
by Marilyn Carlson Nelson, Carlson
1.6 Electronic Payments: A Catalyst for Tourism

and Economic Growth
75
by John Elkins, Visa International
1.7 Investing in Air Transport Connectivity to

Boost National Productivity and Economic Growth
by Brian Pearce, International Air Transport Association (IATA)
83
Partner Institutes
Partner Institutes
Albania
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Artan Hoxha, President
Ilir Ciko, Researcher
Julia Dhimitri, Researcher
Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Applique pour le
Dveloppement (CREAD)
Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director
Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor
Angola
Servios de Organizao e Finanas (SOF)
Marcolino Meireles, Manager
Argentina
IAEUniversidad Austral
Marcelo Paladino, Vice Dean
Ariel A. Casarin, Assistant Professor
Armenia
Economy and Values Research Center
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Senior Research Associate
Anna Makaryan, Research Analyst
Australia
Australian Industry Group
Heather Ridout, Chief Executive
Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research
Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Professor Karl Aiginger, Director
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Sanar Mammadov, Executive Director
Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator
Saida Mammadova, Consultant
Bahrain
Bahrain Competitiveness Council
Sulaf Zakharia, Secretary-General
Barbados
Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies,
University of West Indies (UWI)
Andrew Downes
Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya, Executive Director
Professor Mustafizur Rahman, Research Director
Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Fellow
Belgium
Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School
Professor Dr Lutgart Van den Berghe, Executive Director;
Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Professor Dr Harry P. Bowen, Economics and International
Business
Benin
Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP)
Benin
Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator
Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator
Cosme Vodounou, Responsible Axe Thmathique
Damien Mededji, Researcher
Bosnia and Herzegovina
MIT Center, the Faculty of Economics, Sarajevo University
Professor Zlatko Lagumdzija
Dr Fikret Causevic
Dr Zeljko Sain
Botswana
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA)
Dr N.H. Fidzani, Executive Director
Kedikilwe P. Maroba, Program Coordinator
Brazil
Fundao Dom Cabral
Professor Carlos Arruda, Associate Dean for Research
and Development
Rafael Tello, Researcher
Diogo Lara, Research Assistant
Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Jos Fernando Mattos, President
Claudio Leite Gastal, Director
Jorge H. S. Lima, Project Coordinator
Bulgaria
Center for Economic Development
Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert
Burkina Faso
Societe dEtudes et de Recherche Formation pour le
Developpement (SERF)
Abdoulaye Tarnagda, Director General
Burundi
Center of Scientific Research in Economics (CURDES)
Pascal Rutake, Dean of Economics
Ferdinand Bararuzunza, Professor of Economics
Cambodia
Economic Institute of Cambodia
Sok Hach, Director
Chan Vuthy, Researcher
Tuy Chak Riya, Research Associate
Cameroon
Comit de Comptitivit (Competitiveness Committee)
Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary
Canada
Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity
Roger Martin, Dean of the Rotman School of Management,
University of Toronto, and Chairman of the Institute for
Competitiveness and Prosperity
James Milway, Executive Director of the Institute for
Competitiveness and Prosperity
Partner Institutes
Chad
Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet
Ptrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC)
Professor Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director
Lydie Beassemda, Program Officer
Yode Miangotar, Researcher
France
HEC School of ManagementParis
Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor, Dean of HEC School of
Management
Bertrand Moingeon, Professor, Associate Dean for Executive
Education
Chile
Universidad Adolfo Ibez
Andres Allamand, Dean, School of Government
Catalina Mertz, Director, Institute of Political Economics
Sergio Selman, Project Coordinator
Gambia
Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute
(GESDRI)
Makaireh A. Njie, Director
China
Institute of Economic System and Management
National Development and Reform Commission
Dr Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor
Dong Ying, Professor
Chen Wei, Research Fellow
Colombia
National Planning Department
Santiago Montenegro Trujillo, General Director
Orlando Gracia Fajardo, Entrepreneurial Development Director
Victor Manuel Nieto, Economist
Croatia
National Competitiveness Council
Mira Lenardic, Secretary General
Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant
Cyprus
Center of Applied Research, Cyprus College
Dr Bambos Papageorgiou
vi
The Cyprus Development Bank

Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Banking
Services Unit and Business Development
Czech Republic
CMC Graduate School of Business
Dr Dagmar Glueckaufova, Interim President & Academic Dean
Jarmila Krupickova, Coordinator
Daniela Sedlackova, Executive Assistant to the President
Denmark
Copenhagen Business School
Department of International Economics and Management
Lars Hkanson, Head of Department
Anne Sluhan, Administrative Director
Ecuador
Escuela Superior Politcnica del Litoral (ESPOL)
Escuela de Postgrado en Administracin de Empresas (ESPAE)
Virginia Lasio, Acting Director
Sara Wong, Professor
Lorena Carlo, Project Assistant
Egypt
The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies
Dr Hanaa Kheir-El-Din, Executive Director and Director of Research
Amal Refaat, Economist
Estonia
Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Siim Raie, Director General
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Economic Association/Ethiopian Economic Policy
Research Institute
Assefa Admassie, Director
Kibre Moges, Senior Researcher
Worku Gebeyehu, Researcher
Finland
ETLAThe Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Petri Rouvinen, Research Director
Pasi Sorjonen, Head of the Forecasting Group
Pekka Yl-Anttila, Managing Director
Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Irakli Burdiladze, Executive Director
Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Germany
WHUOtto Beisheim School of Management
Professor Michael Frenkel, Chair, Macroeconomics and
International Economics
Greece
Federation of Greek Industries
Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis
Antonis Tortopidis, Coordinator, Research and Analysis
Guyana
Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana
Clive Thomas, Director
Karen Pratt, Research Associate
Hong Kong SAR
The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
David ORear, Chief Economist
Federation of Hong Kong Industries
Alexandra Poon, Director
Hungary
Kopint-Datorg, Economic Research
Dr va Palcz, Deputy General Director
gnes Nagy, Project Manager
Iceland
IceTec
Hallgrmur Jnasson, General Director
Eyds Arnvi,ardttir, Information Manager, Innovation Centre
Hallfr,ur Benediktsdttir, Information Manager, Innovation Centre
India
Confederation of Indian Industry
Tarun Das, Chief Mentor
Kavita Choudhry, Deputy Director
Indonesia
LP3E-Kadin Indonesia
M.S. Hidayat, Chairman
Tulus Tambunan, Director
Ireland
Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics,
University College Cork
Dr Eleanor Doyle
Rosemary Kelleher
Niall OSullivan
Dr Bernadette Power
Israel
Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI)
Shraga Brosh, President
Yoram Blizovsky, Managing Director
Dan Catarivas, Director, Foreign Trade and International Relations
Division
Jamaica
The Private Sector Organisation of Jamaica (PSOJ)
Lola Fong Wright, Chief Executive Officer
Stephanie Logan, Administrative Officer
Mona School of Business (MSB), University of the West Indies
Professor Neville Ying, Executive Director (Acting)
Michelle Tomlinson, Survey Coordinator
Patricia Douce, Survey Coordinator
Japan
Hitotsubashi University
Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy (ICS)
Yoko Ishikura, Professor and Associate Dean
Jordan
Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation
Jordan National Competitiveness Team
Amjad Attar, Director
Kazakhstan
Kazyna Development Fund
Prasad Bhamre, Vice-Chairman
Madagascar
Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo
Pp Andrianomanana, Director
Malawi
Malawi Investment Promotion Agency
Alick C. E. Sukasuka, Acting Deputy General Manager
Malaysia
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS)
Dato Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer
National Productivity Corporation (NPC)
Dato Nik Zainiah Nik Abdul Rahman, Director General
Chan Kum Siew, Senior Manager
Mali
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Applique et Thorique
(GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator
Malta
Competitive MaltaFoundation for National Competitiveness
Dr John C. Grech, President
Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President
Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator
Mauritius
Joint Economic Council of Mauritius
Raj Makoond, Director
Kenya
Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
Professor Dorothy McCormick, Director
Walter Odhiambo, Research Fellow
Paul Kamau, Research Fellow
Mauritania
Centre dInformation Mauritanien pour le Dveloppement
Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM)
Moustapha Sidib, Director
Chekroud Ould Bouhake
Aminata Niang
Korea
Graduate Institute of Management , Seoul School of Integrated
Science and Technologies (aSSIST)
Dean Cheol Ho Shin, Professor of Strategy and International
Business
Mr. Shin Hyo Kim, Senior Researcher
Ms. So Young Lee, Researcher
Mexico
Ministry of the Economy
Dr Eduardo J. Solis Sanchez, Chief of the Office for Investment
promotion
Lic. Veronica Orendain De Los Santos, Director of Promotion,
Office for Investment Promotion
Kuwait
Economics Department, Kuwait University
Dr Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor
Dr Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor
Dr Mohammad Ali Alomar, Assistant Professor
Dr Abdullah Al Salman, Assistant Professor
Kyrgyz Republic
Economic Policy Institute Bishkek Consensus
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman
Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator
Latvia
Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences
Dr Raita Karnite, Director
Lesotho
Sechaba Consultants
Barbara Nkoala, Associate Consultant
Lithuania
Statistikos TyrimaiStatistical Surveys, Vilnius
Benonas Miksas, Director
Luxembourg
Chamber of Commerce of Luxembourg
Carlo Thelen, Member of the Managing Board
Jean-Christophe Burkel, Attach, Economics Department
Macedonia, FYR
National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC)
Mirjana Apostolova, President of the Assembly
Minco Jordanov, President of the Managing Board
Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director
Partner Institutes
Italy
SDA Bocconi
Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University
Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial
Management Department
Olga E. Annushkina, Assistant Professor, Strategic and
Entrepreneurial Management Department
Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness

Dr Rene Villarreal, President
Ren Alejandro Villarreal, Vice-President
Moldova
Center for Strategic Territorial Development
Ruslan Codreanu, Executive Director
Andrei Smic, Expert, Regional Economic Development
Mongolia
Open Society Forum (OSF)
Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy
Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director
Morocco
Universit Hassan II
Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics
Mozambique
EconPolicy Research Group
Dr Peter Coughlin, Partner
Professor Dr Paulo N. Mole, Partner
Namibia
Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU)
Dr Christoph Stork, Senior Researcher
Nepal
Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
Dr Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Executive Director
Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher
Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher
vii
Partner Institutes
Netherlands
Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam
Professor Frans A. J. Van den Bosch
Professor Henk W. Volberda
New Zealand
Business New Zealand
Phil OReilly, Chief Executive
Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Business Services
Nigeria
Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)
Dr Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research
Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research
Norway
BI Norwegian School of Management
Professor Torger Reve
Eskil Goldeng, Researcher
Pakistan
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
Nadeem Ul Haque, Director
Faheem Jehangir, Research Economist
Paraguay
Centro de Analisis y Difusion de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP)
Dionisio Borda, Director
Fernando Masi, Research Member
Jaime Escobar, Research Member
Peru
Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de
Industrias
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Nstor Asto, Project Director
viii
Philippines
Makati Business Club
Guillermo M. Luz, Executive Director
Marc P. Opulencia, Deputy Director
Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist
Singapore
Economic Development Board
Tan Choon Shian, Director, Planning and Policy, Marcom and Client
Services
Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit
Slovak Republic
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Robert Kicina, Executive Director
Gabriel Machlica, Project Manager
Institute for Economic and Social Reforms (INEKO)
Eugen Jurzyca, Director
Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research
Dr Art Kovacic
Professor Peter Stanovnik
Dr Mateja Drnovsek
Professor Ales Vahcic
South Africa
Business Unity South Africa (BUSA)
Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer
Friede Dowie, Chief Officer Strategic Services
Spain
Anselmo Rubiralta Center for Globalization and Strategy, IESE
Business School
Professor Eduardo Ballarn
Mara Luisa Blzquez, Research Associate
Sri Lanka
Institute of Policy Studies
Indika Siriwardena, Database Manager
Suriname
Institute for Development Oriented Studies (IDOS)
John R.P. Krishnadath, President
Ashok Hirschfeld
Poland
Warsaw School of Economics
Professor Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor
Sweden
Center for Strategy and Competitiveness, Stockholm School of
Economics
Professor rjan Slvell
Dr Christian Ketels
Portugal
PROFORUM, Associao para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia
Ildio Antnio de Ayala Serdio, Vice President of the Board of
Directors
Switzerland
University of St. Gallen
Professor Dr Franz Jaeger, Director, Research Institute for
Empirical Economics and Economic Policy
Qatar
Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)
Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General
Bassam Ramzi Massouh, General Manager
Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist
Taiwan, China
Council for Economic Planning and Development
Dr Sheng Cheng Hu, Chairman
J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department
Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department
Romania
Group of Applied Economics (GEA)
Dragos Pislaru, Executive Director
Dr Liviu Voinea, Research Director
Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator
Tajikistan
The Center for Sociological Research Zerkalo
Qahramon Baqaev, Director
Isoev Alikul Ismankulovich, Sociologist/Economist
Eskina Olga Konstantinovna, Researcher
Russian Federation
Academy of National Economy, Bauman Innovation
Dr Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor
Tanzania
Economic and Social Research Foundation
Professor Haidari Amani, Executive Director
James Kajuna, Research Assistant, Commissioned Studies
Department
Institute for Private Sector Development and Socio-Economic

Analysis (IPSSA)
Irina Evseyeva
Stockholm School of Economics, Russia
Professor Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research
Dr Igor Dukeov, Research Fellow
Serbia and Montenegro
Jefferson Institute
Aaron Presnall, Director of Studies
Thailand
National Economic and Social Development Board
Dr Ampon Kittiampon, Secretary-General
Arkhom Termpittayapaisith, Deputy Secretary-General
Tunisia
Institut Arabe des Chefs dEntreprises
Faycal Lakhoua, Conseiller
Turkey
TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum
Professor Dr A. Gunduz Ulusoy, Director
Hande Yegenoglu, Project Specialist
Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
INCAE Business School Latin American Center for
Competitiveness and Sustainable Development
Roberto Artavia, Rector
Arturo Condo, Dean
Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations
Partner Institutes
Trinidad and Tobago

Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business
Dr Rolph Balgobin, Executive Director
Deryck Omar, Managing Consultant, Centre for Strategy &
Competitiveness
Narisha Khan, Research Analyst
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Stockholm School of Economics in Riga
Dr Anders Paalzow, Rector
Dr Karlis Kreslins, Associate Professor
Uganda
Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University
Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow
Wilson Asiimwe, Graduate Fellow
Robert Apunyo, Research Associate
Ukraine
CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Researcher
Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Executive Director
United Arab Emirates
Economic & Policy Research Unit, Zayed University
Dr Kenneth Wilson, Director
United Kingdom
London Business School
Dr Rebecca Harding, Executive Director, Global Entrepreneurship
Monitor
United States
US Chamber of Commerce
David Hirschmann, Senior Vice President
John C. Clark, Associate Director, Information Resources
Julie Morris
Uruguay
Universidad ORT
Professor Isidoro Hodara
Venezuela
CONAPRINational Council for Investment Promotion
Patricia Wallis, Consulting Manager
Giuseppe Rionero, Junior Consultant, Special Projects
Vietnam
Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM)
Dr Dinh Van An, President
Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of Macroeconomic
Management
Pham Hoang Ha, Senior Researcher, Department of
Macroeconomic Management
Institute for Economic Research of HCMC
Tran Du Lich, Director
Du Phuoc Tan, Head of the Research Management and
International Cooperation Department
Doan Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Researcher of the Research
Management and International Cooperation Department
Zambia
Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR),
University of Zambia
Dr Mutumba M. Bull, Director
Dr Inyambo Mwanawina, Assistant Director and Coordinator,
Economics and Business Research Program
Kabombo Fenete, Research Affiliate
Zimbabwe
Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe
Professor A.M. Hawkins
ix
Preface
Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB,
Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum has been actively engaged

in studying issues related to national competitiveness for
nearly three decades, motivated by a desire to better
understand the drivers of growth and prosperity. Over the
years, our goal has been to provide benchmarking tools
that enable countries to identify key obstacles to competitiveness, and to provide a platform for dialogue among
government, business, and civil society to discuss the best
ways of removing them. In this light, given the importance of the Travel & Tourism (T&T) industry to the
world economy, the fundamental objective of the Travel
& Tourism Competitiveness Report (TTCR) is to explore
the factors driving T&T competitiveness worldwide.
Travel & Tourism is currently one of the worlds
largest economic activities. It is the leading industry in
many countries, as well as the fastest growing economic
sector in terms of job creation worldwide. In 2006, the
sector generated 10.3 percent of world gross domestic
product (GDP), providing 234 million jobs, or 8.2 percent
of total world employment.
The economic significance and potential of Travel
& Tourism is particularly prominent in the developing
world. Most new jobs in developing economies are created in tourism industries. In addition,Travel & Tourism
helps diversify economic activity and enables the creation
of wealth and jobs in rural areas.
The industry also triggers important indirect development effects that improve the quality of life of citizens
and enhance a countrys overall economic prospects.The
desire to improve the national environment for Travel &
Tourism encourages governments to make infrastructure
improvements such as better roads, electricity, telephone,
and public transport networks. Furthermore, the industry
contributes positively in raising cultural awareness and
enhancing environmental sustainability.
Recognizing the important development potential
of this industry, the World Economic Forum has engaged
a number of industry and thought leaders through its
Industry Partnership Programme to carry out an in-depth
analysis of the T&T competitiveness of economies around
the world.The goal is to construct a platform for multistakeholder dialogue to ensure the development of
strong and sustainable national T&T industries capable
of contributing effectively to international economic
development.
Drawing on our expertise in developing tools for
measuring national competitiveness, the World Economic
Forum has developed the first Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which is at the core of

this Report.The aim of the TTCI, which covers 124
economies, is to provide a comprehensive strategic tool
for measuring the factors and policies that make it
attractive to develop the Travel & Tourism sector in different countries. By providing detailed assessments of
the T&T environments in countries worldwide, the
results can be used by all stakeholders to work together
to improve the industrys competitiveness in their
national economies, thereby contributing to national
growth and prosperity.
The Report contains detailed profiles for each of the
124 economies featured in the study, as well as an
extensive section of data tables with global rankings
covering all of the indicators included in the TTCI. In
addition, the Report includes insightful contributions
from a number of industry organizations and firms.
These essay contributions examine the different aspects
of T&T competitiveness, exploring issues such as the
relationship between Travel & Tourism and economic
development, the role of electronic payments in driving
tourism and growth, and the economic impact of
improving air transport networks.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report could
not have been put together without the distinguished
thinkers who have shared with us their knowledge and
experience.We are grateful to our Strategic Design
Partner, Booz Allen Hamilton, and our Data Partners:
the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World
Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) for helping us to
design and develop the TTCI and for providing much
of the industry-relevant data used in its calculation.We
thank our industry partners in this ReportBombardier,
Carlson, Emirates Group, Qatar Airways, Royal Jordanian
Airlines, Silversea Cruises Group, Swiss International
Airlines, and Visa Internationalfor their support in this
important venture.We also wish to thank the editors of
the Report, Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, for their
energy and their commitment to the project.Appreciation
also goes to Fiona Paua, who leads the Global
Competitiveness Network, and the other members of the
team: Ciara Browne, Margareta Drzeniek,Thierry Geiger,
Irene Mia, and Aviva Rajczyk. Finally, we would like to
convey our sincere gratitude to all the business executives
around the world who took the time to participate in
our Executive Opinion Survey, and whose valuable
input made the publication of this Report possible.
xi
JENNIFER BLANKE, Senior Economist, Global Competitiveness Network, World Economic Forum
THEA CHIESA, Head of Aviation, Travel and Tourism, World Economic Forum
Since 1979, the World Economic Forum has been at the

forefront of national competitiveness research. Our competitiveness work is aimed at contributing to a better
understanding of why some countries grow prosperous,
while others are left behind. Given the Forums longstanding interest in economic development, coupled
with the growing importance of Travel & Tourism
(T&T) for national economies, a study focusing on the
T&T industry is extremely relevant. In this context,
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report aims to
explore the factors and policies driving travel and
tourism competitiveness in nations worldwide.
The measurement of national T&T competitiveness
an important undertaking, as it has become a key sector
in the world economy and is a critical source of economic
growth and development in many countries. Between
1950 and 2004, international tourism receipts increased
from US$2.1 billion to US$622.7 billion;1 by 2006, the
T&T sector accounted for 10.3 percent of world GDP.
In the same year, there were 234 million jobs in the
industry, making up 8.2 percent of total employment
worldwide.2 The rising economic importance of the
industry has been fueled by the large and growing
number of international travelers. According to the
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the number
of international arrivals grew from 25 million in 1950
to an estimated 763 million in 2004, corresponding to
an average annual growth rate of 6.5 percent.3
Travel & Tourism is thus one of the most important
international economic activities internationally, and the
main industry in many countries, as well as the fastestgrowing economic sector in terms of foreign exchange
earnings and job creation, according to the UNWTO.
The sector is an important driver of growth and
prosperity and, within developing countries, for poverty
reduction. In fact, according to the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC), most new jobs in developing countries are created in tourism industries.4
The sector also has important indirect positive
development effects. It encourages governments to make
infrastructure improvements such as better roads, electricity, telephone, and public transport networks, which,
as well as facilitating tourism, improve the economys
overall development prospects and the quality of life for
its residents.
The dependence of tourism on the quality of the
natural environment also places it in a special position in
terms of environmental sustainability.The T&T industry
can make a positive contribution to the quality of the

natural environment by, for example, communicating the
value of the natural environment to residents, by creating business incentives for environmental improvements,
and through raising awareness of environmental issues
and encouraging tourists to advocate environmental
conservation.5
Given these potential significant benefits of fostering strong national T&T sectors worldwide, the World
Economic Forum has embarked on an effort to better
understand the drivers of T&T competitiveness and the
challenges that face the industry at the present time.
This Report is the first in what we expect to be an
annual series dedicated to this effort.
A principal aim of this Report is to measure the
competitiveness of individual economies T&T competitiveness, using the comprehensive vehicle that has been
developed for this purpose, the Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Index (TTCI), described in more detail
below.The TTCI was produced by the World Economic
Forum in close collaboration with Booz Allen Hamilton,
the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the
UNWTO, and the WTTC.We have also received
important feedback from a number of key companies
that are industry partners in the effort: Bombardier,
Carlson, Emirates Group, Qatar Airways, Royal
Jordanian Airlines, Silversea Cruises, Swiss International
Airlines, and Visa International. Several thought leaders
from these companies and organizations have also contributed insightful papers addressing various aspects of
T&T competitiveness, which are described following
the section on the TTCI below.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index

The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI),
described in Chapter 1.1, aims to measure the factors and
policies that make it attractive to develop the T&T sector in
different countries.The TTCI is composed of a number of
pillars of T&T competitiveness, of which there are 13
in all.These are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Policy rules and regulations

Environmental regulation
Safety and security
Health and hygiene
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
Air transport infrastructure
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
xiii
Executive Summary
xiv
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Ground transport infrastructure

Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
Human resources
National tourism perception
Natural and cultural resources
The pillars are organized into three subindexes capturing

broad categories of variables that facilitate or drive T&T
competitiveness.These categories are (1) T&T regulatory
framework, (2) T&T business environment and infrastructure, and (3) T&T human, cultural, and natural resources.
The first subindex captures those elements that are
policy related and generally under the purview of the
government (policy rules and regulations, environmental
regulation, safety and security, and prioritization of
Travel & Tourism); the second subindex captures elements
of the business environment and the infrastructure of
each economy (air transport infrastructure, ground
transport infrastructure, tourism infrastructure, ICT
infrastructure, and price competitiveness); and the third
subindex captures the human and cultural elements of
each countrys resource endowments (human capital,
national tourism perception, and natural and cultural
resources).
Each of the pillars is made up of a number of individual variables.The dataset includes both hard data and
Survey data from the World Economic Forums annual
Executive Opinion Survey.The hard data were obtained
from publicly available sources, international T&T institutions, and T&T experts (for example, IATA, ICAO,
UNWTO,WTTC, UNESCO).The Survey is carried
out among CEOs and top business leaders in all
economies covered by our researchthese are the people
making the investment decisions in their respective
economies.The Survey provides unique data on many
qualitative institutional and business environment issues.
The exact methodology underlying the construction of
the TTCI is described in Chapter 1.1.
The TTCI Rankings for 2007

The rankings from the TTCI for the 124 countries
covered in this years Report are presented in Table 1,
with the rankings in each of the three subindexes.Tables
2, 3 and 4 show the rankings within each subindex and
individual pillar.
Switzerland takes the leading position in the TTCI
rankings, followed closely by Austria and Germany.
Switzerland owes its position at the top to strengths in
all areas covered by the Index. As is well known,
Switzerland is an extremely safe country, with excellent
health and hygiene indicators, as well as environmental
regulation that is among the most stringent and effective
in the world. And in a country that has some of the
most well regarded hotel management schools in the
world, the quality of the countrys human resources is

second to none, ensuring an adequate supply of highquality staff for the industry.The T&T infrastructure is
also among the best in the world, making it very easy
and comfortable for visitors to move around the country.
Further, the countrys natural and cultural resources are
among the richest in the world. Switzerland is home to
six World Heritage sites, a significant number for such a
small country, and nearly 30 percent of the land area in
the country is protected. Given the importance of policy
in driving T&T competitiveness, it is also notable that
Switzerland is one of the only high-income countries,
together with Spain, that is among the top 10 countries
with regard to the prioritization of Travel & Tourism.
All of this comes together to make Switzerland a very
attractive place to develop the T&T sector.
Austria and Germany, ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively, share a number of characteristics with regard to
their own T&T environments. For example, both
countries are among the top three countries, together
with Denmark, in the quality of environmental regulation, and they are among the top four in terms of safety
and security in the country, with very low crime and
violence and reliable police services. Most strikingly
they hold the top two spots in natural and cultural
resources, ranks attributable to several World Heritage
sites in both countries (especially in Germany) and large
protected national parks and such areas. But there are
some nuances. For example, Germany is rated as doing
better with regard to the quality of transport infrastructure, particularly ground transport infrastructure, where it
is rated number 1, whereas Austrias tourism-specific
infrastructure is rated as the best in the world, ahead of
Germany. And Austria also outperforms Germany quite
strongly in the prioritization of Travel & Tourism by the
country.
The United States is ranked 5th in the Index. It is
among the top three of the 124 economies covered
regarding natural and cultural resources, with a large
number of World Heritage sites (20 of them), as well as
much protected land area, making the country an attractive destination.The country also has an excellent infrastructure and business environment for Travel & Tourism,
ranked number 1 in the overall subindex: it has the most
well developed air transport infrastructure in the world,
by a significant margin, as well as excellent tourism
infrastructure.The countrys human resources also get
excellent marks (ranked 5th overall). It should be noted,
however, that hiring foreign labor is highlighted as difficult (ranked 43rd).This is an area of concern because of
the seasonality of much of the tourism labor force.
France, the most-traveled-to destination in the
world, is ranked just outside the top 10 at 12th place.
The countrys strengths lie in areas such as natural and
cultural resources (with, for example, 30 World Heritage
sites, among the highest in the world), the quality of the
air and ground transport infrastructures (both ranked 4th),
environmental regulations, which are aimed at ensuring

that this remains a sustainable strength. Further, both
countries are characterized by a relatively strong prioritization of the T&T sector and effective destination
marketing campaigns.
Malaysia, ranked 31st, has good ground transport
infrastructure and excellent price competitivenessit is
ranked 2nd overall on this indicator, with very low ticket
taxes and airport charges, low comparative fuel prices,
and a favorable tax regime.The country is perceived as
quite safe (24th), although health and hygiene indicators
lag behind many other countries in the region, with in
particular a low physician density.The countrys policy
environment is measured as relatively conducive to the
development of the sector (ranked 26th), and the government is prioritizing Travel & Tourism, with one of
the highest T&T fair attendances in the world (ranked
2nd) and an excellent evaluation for its destination
marketing campaigns (ranked 6th).
Thailand is ranked 43rd in the TTCI, just behind
Korea (ranked 42nd).Thailand benefits from a very
friendly attitude toward tourists (ranked 6th), and the
sector is indeed prioritized by the government (ranked
14th) with excellent destination marketing campaigns
and an effort to ensure national presence at major travel
and tourism fairs internationally. However, important
weaknesses remain, particularly regarding the quality of
transport and tourism infrastructure, both of which
remain relatively underdeveloped.
India is ranked 65th overall.The country has some
clear strengths, linked mainly to cultural endowments. It
ranked a very high 7th overall with regard to the number
of World Heritage sites in the country, and it also benefits from a famously welcoming attitude toward foreign
travelers.The country also benefits from excellent price
competitiveness, ranked 6th overall, with very low ticket
taxes and airport charges as well as low prices in the
economy as a whole.With regard to the policy environment, property rights are indeed well protected and
foreign ownership is authorized, although the stringency
of visa requirements places India a very low 106th
overall. However, the tourism infrastructure remains
underdeveloped. Furthermore, despite government and
industry efforts to promote the country abroad (India is
ranked 4th with regard to tourism fair attendance) and
the exposure given to recent promotional campaigns,
the assessment of marketing and branding to attract
tourists remains mediocre (ranked 59th).
China is ranked 71st in the TTCI. Although China
is ranked 3rd in terms of World Heritage sites and 11th
in terms of price competitiveness, it has a policy environment that is not at all conducive for T&T development
(ranked a low 97th), with property rights that are not
sufficiently protected, strong foreign ownership restrictions, and stringent visa requirements. Environmental
regulation also gets low marks, with the government not
seen to be prioritizing the development of the sector in
Executive Summary
and health and hygiene (9th). However, these strengths

are offset by weaknesses such as the countrys policy
rules and regulations (ranked 40th), and, most particularly,
issues related to national tourism perception, particularly
the general attitude of the French toward visitors (ranked
a very low 122nd overall).
Spain, a country that has seen an impressive increase
in tourism over the years, is ranked 15th overall, just
behind France within Europe. Spains strengths can be
traced to its excellent tourism infrastructure (ranked
2nd) and air transport infrastructure (ranked 7th), as
well as excellent natural and cultural resources (with the
second highest number of World Heritage sites in the
world, second only to Italy). And Spain is notably ranked
3rd overall with regard to the prioritization of the T&T
sector by the country, the top-ranked European country
in this area, demonstrating the recognition within Spain
of the importance of the sector as an important driver
of economic growth.
Italy, the country with the highest number of World
Heritage sites in the world, ranks a mediocre 33rd in the
TTCI ranking.The country is strongly assessed for its
cultural aspects and its very good tourism infrastructure.
However, Italys T&T competitiveness suffers from several
weaknesses, which bring the overall rating down.These
include policy rules and regulations, where it ranks a
dismal 70thbelow most European countries because
of its very strong foreign ownership restrictions and rules
governing FDI. Further, the government is not seen to
be prioritizing the sector (ranked 92nd).
Within Asia, Hong Kong is measured as the economy
with the strongest T&T competitiveness (ranked 6th
overall), followed closely by Singapore (8th).These
economies have excellent infrastructures: both their
ground transport infrastructures are assessed as among
the top three in the world, and their air transport infrastructures also get high marks.They also have top-notch
human resources, providing healthy and well-educated
people to work in the sector.With regard to the policy
environment, they hold the top two places out of all
economies, with regulatory environments that are
extremely conducive to the development of the T&T
industry (policies facilitating foreign ownership and
foreign direct investment, well-protected property rights,
few visa restrictions). Further, they are among the safest
countries of all assessed with regard to crime and security
issues. Hong Kong is unsurpassed in the quality of health
and hygiene, and Singapore is ranked second in the
overall prioritization of Travel & Tourism.
Australia is ranked 13th overall, just ahead of New
Zealand (14th). Both countries are characterized by
excellent natural and cultural resources, with much
nationally protected land area and, in the case of
Australia, many World Heritage sites as well (16, placing
the country 12th). And given the importance of the
natural environment for much of their leisure tourism,
it is notable that they also have comparatively stringent
xv
Executive Summary
Table 1: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index

SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy
xvi
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Iceland
United States
Hong Kong SAR
Canada
Singapore
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Australia
New Zealand
Spain
Finland
Sweden
Netherlands
Cyprus
Belgium
Portugal
Norway
Greece
Japan
Malta
Ireland
Estonia
Barbados
Taiwan, China
Malaysia
Israel
Italy
Tunisia
Czech Republic
Qatar
Slovak Republic
Croatia
Mauritius
Hungary
Costa Rica
Korea, Rep.
Thailand
Slovenia
Chile
Jordan
Bahrain
Jamaica
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Lithuania
Turkey
Latvia
Bulgaria
Panama
Uruguay
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Indonesia
South Africa
Poland
Argentina
India
Georgia
Regulatory framework
Business environment
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
5.66
5.54
5.48
5.45
5.43
5.33
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.28
5.27
5.23
5.21
5.20
5.18
5.16
5.13
5.09
5.08
5.07
5.07
5.05
5.04
4.99
4.99
4.96
4.93
4.90
4.86
4.82
4.80
4.80
4.78
4.76
4.75
4.71
4.68
4.66
4.63
4.61
4.60
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.52
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.34
4.32
4.31
4.31
4.28
4.28
4.27
4.24
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.14
4.13
2
3
6
5
33
4
15
1
17
21
8
13
16
10
25
7
19
18
22
29
24
11
9
20
28
23
14
32
31
45
27
36
42
12
40
34
37
58
35
26
39
46
41
44
38
30
61
49
48
51
57
53
60
66
56
43
47
50
67
54
79
59
63
85
62
55
5.80
5.79
5.62
5.69
5.06
5.75
5.31
5.81
5.28
5.20
5.46
5.34
5.28
5.44
5.15
5.61
5.25
5.28
5.17
5.09
5.16
5.40
5.45
5.21
5.10
5.16
5.32
5.07
5.08
4.73
5.12
4.93
4.77
5.34
4.80
5.04
4.86
4.37
4.96
5.15
4.80
4.61
4.78
4.74
4.83
5.09
4.24
4.54
4.55
4.52
4.39
4.45
4.32
4.17
4.41
4.76
4.60
4.52
4.14
4.45
3.99
4.35
4.22
3.90
4.24
4.44
2
12
3
8
1
14
4
11
9
6
16
5
10
20
7
18
13
19
15
23
29
22
21
32
17
31
26
25
36
28
27
33
30
47
37
39
45
40
46
51
52
24
35
38
42
54
34
59
57
71
43
63
41
56
53
67
72
60
48
68
80
44
62
58
55
98
5.36
4.97
5.23
5.04
5.74
4.81
5.22
5.01
5.04
5.08
4.76
5.10
5.04
4.57
5.05
4.68
4.88
4.68
4.77
4.50
4.41
4.50
4.56
4.36
4.71
4.37
4.44
4.45
4.14
4.43
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.77
4.13
4.10
3.81
4.06
3.77
3.71
3.66
4.46
4.14
4.11
3.87
3.65
4.24
3.53
3.60
3.28
3.84
3.49
4.00
3.64
3.66
3.32
3.27
3.51
3.76
3.30
3.09
3.81
3.50
3.58
3.64
2.77
2
1
6
5
12
14
16
42
8
10
9
28
26
7
19
33
27
24
25
3
4
30
40
15
38
21
46
34
17
23
57
35
32
37
22
49
18
11
39
51
20
73
59
53
47
58
54
36
50
29
61
48
77
41
63
64
52
68
67
56
13
96
60
45
81
31
5.81
5.86
5.61
5.61
5.50
5.44
5.40
5.11
5.60
5.58
5.59
5.27
5.30
5.60
5.34
5.18
5.27
5.31
5.30
5.62
5.62
5.23
5.12
5.41
5.15
5.33
5.03
5.18
5.38
5.32
4.84
5.18
5.18
5.15
5.32
4.99
5.37
5.55
5.15
4.98
5.34
4.67
4.82
4.88
5.03
4.82
4.86
5.17
4.98
5.24
4.79
5.00
4.63
5.11
4.76
4.75
4.93
4.70
4.70
4.85
5.47
4.37
4.81
5.05
4.55
5.18
(contd.)
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy
Kuwait
Russian Federation
Guatemala
Botswana
China
Colombia
Namibia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Romania
El Salvador
Ukraine
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Peru
Kazakhstan
Macedonia, FYR
Gambia
Trinidad and Tobago
Philippines
Vietnam
Honduras
Nicaragua
Albania
Mongolia
Mauritania
Algeria
Zambia
Moldova
Cambodia
Ecuador
Kenya
Venezuela
Guyana
Uganda
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Mali
Nepal
Zimbabwe
Suriname
Bolivia
Tajikistan
Paraguay
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
Malawi
Nigeria
Benin
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Mozambique
Bangladesh
Lesotho
Angola
Burundi
Chad
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
4.08
4.03
4.00
3.99
3.97
3.96
3.95
3.93
3.92
3.91
3.90
3.89
3.89
3.86
3.86
3.81
3.81
3.81
3.79
3.79
3.78
3.78
3.76
3.75
3.72
3.71
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.64
3.64
3.62
3.62
3.56
3.56
3.54
3.52
3.51
3.50
3.49
3.48
3.47
3.46
3.46
3.44
3.44
3.41
3.31
3.30
3.28
3.26
3.25
3.23
3.21
3.12
2.89
2.88
2.68
71
100
68
64
78
69
73
65
77
87
75
76
70
72
74
81
114
52
88
80
84
83
82
94
92
95
89
86
99
90
98
91
117
96
105
111
106
101
93
113
108
110
109
97
107
104
102
103
118
112
120
119
115
121
116
122
123
124
4.07
3.64
4.14
4.21
4.00
4.12
4.05
4.21
4.01
3.86
4.01
4.01
4.11
4.07
4.04
3.97
3.34
4.48
3.83
3.98
3.91
3.93
3.97
3.70
3.74
3.68
3.81
3.87
3.65
3.77
3.66
3.76
3.32
3.67
3.54
3.41
3.50
3.59
3.72
3.39
3.49
3.44
3.46
3.67
3.50
3.54
3.58
3.57
3.32
3.40
3.13
3.16
3.34
3.07
3.34
2.91
2.82
2.51
50
49
76
69
61
77
64
96
70
74
66
73
91
89
85
81
82
106
65
79
95
83
99
114
109
97
93
120
100
103
90
86
78
88
119
104
75
94
121
117
84
87
101
112
92
105
115
118
102
116
110
122
107
108
111
113
123
124
3.71
3.75
3.16
3.30
3.51
3.15
3.44
2.80
3.29
3.20
3.34
3.21
2.86
2.88
2.95
3.03
3.01
2.66
3.35
3.10
2.81
2.97
2.76
2.49
2.57
2.80
2.82
2.44
2.75
2.71
2.87
2.94
3.12
2.93
2.44
2.69
3.19
2.82
2.41
2.47
2.97
2.94
2.73
2.52
2.84
2.68
2.48
2.46
2.72
2.47
2.57
2.37
2.63
2.61
2.54
2.50
2.31
1.80
86
65
69
85
93
78
95
62
88
71
98
89
70
75
80
90
44
101
104
100
76
91
82
43
55
74
97
72
83
87
94
107
92
109
66
84
118
108
99
79
114
112
103
105
113
110
106
117
119
115
111
102
121
116
123
124
122
120
4.46
4.71
4.69
4.47
4.39
4.62
4.37
4.77
4.45
4.68
4.36
4.45
4.69
4.64
4.59
4.44
5.07
4.28
4.20
4.29
4.63
4.44
4.54
5.07
4.86
4.67
4.37
4.67
4.54
4.45
4.38
4.15
4.41
4.09
4.70
4.52
3.88
4.14
4.36
4.60
3.99
4.02
4.20
4.18
4.00
4.09
4.17
3.90
3.86
3.96
4.08
4.22
3.71
3.96
3.48
3.25
3.50
3.72
Executive Summary
Table 1: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (contd.)
xvii
Executive Summary
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework

PILLARS
Regulatory
framework
Country/Economy
xviii
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
94
89
122
85
65
16
3
77
61
121
31
24
112
109
101
64
67
66
102
123
90
119
15
124
38
78
69
39
58
29
40
8
51
98
50
75
32
120
7
13
52
55
6
20
68
96
83
4
26
5
62
54
14
36
42
49
28
30
81
91
46
71
111
60
116
57
3.70
3.81
2.91
3.90
4.21
5.28
5.79
4.01
4.24
3.07
5.08
5.16
3.40
3.46
3.59
4.21
4.14
4.17
3.58
2.82
3.77
3.16
5.31
2.51
4.83
4.00
4.12
4.80
4.37
5.09
4.80
5.46
4.52
3.66
4.52
4.01
5.07
3.13
5.61
5.34
4.48
4.44
5.62
5.21
4.14
3.67
3.93
5.75
5.15
5.69
4.24
4.45
5.32
4.93
4.77
4.54
5.10
5.09
3.97
3.76
4.61
4.07
3.41
4.32
3.34
4.39
84
113
121
78
92
52
22
96
62
99
27
20
119
85
83
59
75
82
105
122
93
111
16
123
7
97
41
17
72
49
32
10
14
77
69
9
47
115
15
40
74
80
6
57
18
79
37
2
25
36
86
43
4
30
70
3
38
29
106
116
56
100
120
71
87
68
4.14
3.37
2.93
4.30
3.81
4.81
5.33
3.76
4.71
3.69
5.24
5.33
3.22
4.13
4.18
4.74
4.35
4.25
3.65
2.92
3.78
3.39
5.46
2.78
5.66
3.76
4.99
5.40
4.55
4.87
5.15
5.56
5.47
4.32
4.59
5.63
4.92
3.33
5.46
5.00
4.38
4.27
5.67
4.77
5.37
4.29
5.12
5.76
5.26
5.12
4.12
4.97
5.69
5.18
4.58
5.70
5.05
5.18
3.54
3.33
4.78
3.69
3.10
4.57
4.04
4.59
124
82
115
94
102
13
2
104
77
112
42
18
76
114
119
59
46
103
57
118
73
116
19
123
36
88
58
35
52
53
31
1
72
107
75
63
32
111
5
15
43
68
3
45
79
93
87
24
33
12
41
81
22
30
54
67
17
56
80
60
37
96
106
49
105
51
2.50
3.66
2.92
3.41
3.28
5.58
6.09
3.18
3.74
2.96
4.43
5.44
3.75
2.95
2.79
4.11
4.38
3.24
4.16
2.85
3.82
2.91
5.43
2.62
4.61
3.53
4.12
4.63
4.26
4.26
4.82
6.11
3.84
3.08
3.79
3.97
4.78
2.98
5.98
5.50
4.41
3.89
6.05
4.39
3.68
3.44
3.54
5.11
4.75
5.60
4.45
3.66
5.18
4.86
4.26
3.92
5.47
4.21
3.67
4.07
4.60
3.35
3.16
4.31
3.17
4.29
80
74
92
91
49
20
4
38
61
119
35
36
82
103
75
55
90
107
65
108
98
89
21
120
30
83
105
67
63
34
52
8
87
102
64
118
28
58
1
29
48
47
2
18
114
124
113
6
25
3
39
50
31
69
53
111
23
19
76
116
37
22
115
41
94
57
4.09
4.18
3.85
3.90
4.79
5.50
6.20
4.97
4.55
3.08
5.13
5.06
4.09
3.56
4.16
4.65
3.91
3.46
4.47
3.45
3.72
4.01
5.40
2.98
5.22
4.08
3.48
4.40
4.54
5.17
4.74
6.00
4.05
3.56
4.54
3.10
5.25
4.60
6.55
5.22
4.80
4.80
6.26
5.53
3.17
2.39
3.24
6.07
5.32
6.21
4.96
4.77
5.22
4.34
4.73
3.30
5.37
5.53
4.15
3.12
5.00
5.38
3.15
4.92
3.80
4.60
58
53
119
90
40
22
14
63
61
105
42
2
113
98
57
86
72
27
120
111
122
110
38
123
51
84
55
50
66
36
44
16
79
80
69
73
30
124
6
9
95
43
11
3
76
87
83
1
12
4
100
103
35
7
5
67
28
41
45
106
60
37
74
68
109
47
4.81
4.91
2.61
4.04
5.46
5.91
6.18
4.70
4.76
3.27
5.40
6.59
3.12
3.73
4.85
4.09
4.43
5.81
2.59
3.16
2.21
3.19
5.66
1.78
5.03
4.09
4.88
5.05
4.59
5.69
5.32
6.14
4.18
4.12
4.50
4.27
5.75
1.67
6.32
6.27
3.81
5.37
6.23
6.53
4.23
4.08
4.09
6.62
6.20
6.42
3.59
3.48
5.69
6.31
6.41
4.59
5.78
5.41
5.30
3.26
4.78
5.67
4.27
4.56
3.21
5.24
107
109
121
64
67
30
14
84
81
118
11
86
110
108
123
83
71
45
103
124
7
119
32
117
73
33
98
34
57
4
52
80
18
96
12
100
28
102
65
27
20
59
56
22
38
41
70
13
39
16
48
6
24
53
60
10
63
17
97
19
58
120
89
94
115
95
2.94
2.92
2.27
3.85
3.68
4.62
5.17
3.42
3.46
2.37
5.19
3.40
2.84
2.93
1.97
3.45
3.64
4.11
3.05
1.75
5.34
2.32
4.60
2.38
3.61
4.54
3.14
4.54
3.89
5.49
3.97
3.47
5.05
3.21
5.18
3.11
4.67
3.10
3.76
4.69
4.98
3.87
3.90
4.85
4.24
4.16
3.65
5.18
4.22
5.10
4.06
5.36
4.84
3.93
3.86
5.22
3.85
5.10
3.20
4.99
3.87
2.28
3.37
3.22
2.46
3.21
(contd.)
PILLARS
Regulatory
framework
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
17
114
104
103
27
93
23
95
35
48
99
92
47
115
73
113
22
10
82
118
9
106
56
107
74
80
63
11
34
87
100
79
1
37
44
59
25
70
110
19
2
45
97
72
41
88
12
53
105
76
18
21
33
43
117
84
86
108
5.28
3.34
3.54
3.57
5.12
3.72
5.16
3.68
4.96
4.55
3.65
3.74
4.60
3.34
4.05
3.39
5.17
5.44
3.97
3.32
5.45
3.50
4.41
3.50
4.04
3.98
4.22
5.40
5.04
3.86
3.64
3.99
5.81
4.86
4.74
4.35
5.15
4.11
3.44
5.25
5.80
4.73
3.67
4.07
4.78
3.83
5.34
4.45
3.54
4.01
5.28
5.20
5.06
4.76
3.32
3.91
3.87
3.49
5
89
117
73
26
110
53
112
63
33
118
94
48
108
44
91
12
19
39
109
34
98
31
95
35
61
66
28
65
67
124
76
1
24
81
46
45
64
107
23
21
8
102
101
55
60
42
51
103
88
54
11
13
50
90
104
58
114
5.67
3.96
3.23
4.45
5.25
3.45
4.79
3.38
4.67
5.13
3.22
3.78
4.90
3.50
4.95
3.83
5.50
5.36
5.04
3.49
5.13
3.73
5.16
3.77
5.13
4.72
4.66
5.23
4.66
4.61
2.71
4.33
5.78
5.30
4.27
4.94
4.95
4.67
3.54
5.30
5.33
5.65
3.68
3.68
4.78
4.74
4.98
4.82
3.66
3.99
4.78
5.54
5.48
4.84
3.84
3.66
4.76
3.36
11
110
62
86
20
69
55
98
34
47
92
117
64
91
48
97
10
8
99
78
9
85
70
121
71
83
65
26
29
101
113
120
6
38
27
28
40
74
122
7
4
21
89
44
39
100
16
61
66
109
25
14
23
50
108
84
95
90
5.65
3.01
3.98
3.56
5.31
3.87
4.21
3.34
4.67
4.35
3.46
2.87
3.97
3.48
4.32
3.35
5.69
5.85
3.32
3.69
5.83
3.57
3.85
2.68
3.85
3.65
3.96
5.05
4.89
3.31
2.96
2.72
5.92
4.59
5.01
4.97
4.51
3.80
2.67
5.87
6.04
5.19
3.52
4.40
4.58
3.32
5.47
4.04
3.94
3.04
5.07
5.52
5.15
4.30
3.06
3.59
3.39
3.51
13
97
93
81
26
66
16
54
40
104
88
77
43
100
85
123
27
12
68
117
9
106
59
101
110
96
71
11
17
72
99
62
7
24
33
95
46
112
84
15
5
32
78
79
42
121
14
56
109
73
10
44
45
60
122
51
70
86
5.70
3.75
3.81
4.09
5.30
4.45
5.62
4.71
4.95
3.54
4.01
4.13
4.88
3.60
4.07
2.73
5.29
5.72
4.36
3.10
5.96
3.46
4.58
3.58
3.38
3.75
4.26
5.82
5.61
4.26
3.66
4.55
6.02
5.37
5.21
3.77
4.84
3.27
4.07
5.64
6.08
5.21
4.11
4.09
4.91
2.85
5.64
4.61
3.44
4.23
5.83
4.88
4.84
4.57
2.80
4.77
4.33
4.07
19
96
118
104
62
114
26
115
46
49
56
75
81
121
107
116
15
23
97
108
10
91
65
88
93
77
89
17
24
99
31
48
29
18
34
82
21
70
71
13
8
85
92
101
59
64
52
54
112
39
25
33
32
20
78
94
117
102
5.97
3.80
2.69
3.28
4.75
3.12
5.82
3.05
5.25
5.05
4.87
4.26
4.11
2.50
3.23
3.02
6.16
5.90
3.76
3.21
6.24
4.04
4.63
4.08
3.97
4.22
4.07
6.13
5.88
3.68
5.73
5.11
5.77
5.99
5.69
4.10
5.93
4.49
4.48
6.19
6.29
4.09
4.00
3.55
4.80
4.68
5.02
4.90
3.13
5.55
5.84
5.70
5.72
5.95
4.20
3.96
2.69
3.48
85
122
50
114
21
66
5
55
9
29
113
68
15
72
69
49
91
36
88
101
46
111
62
87
61
74
42
26
40
82
99
92
2
104
77
51
3
37
116
93
8
78
106
31
25
75
1
54
79
90
23
35
47
44
112
76
43
105
3.41
2.20
3.99
2.47
4.98
3.71
5.37
3.90
5.24
4.65
2.69
3.66
5.16
3.64
3.66
4.04
3.24
4.37
3.38
3.10
4.10
2.71
3.85
3.39
3.86
3.59
4.15
4.78
4.17
3.45
3.13
3.23
5.57
3.05
3.51
3.99
5.54
4.33
2.43
3.22
5.28
3.51
3.03
4.61
4.84
3.57
5.59
3.91
3.51
3.25
4.85
4.38
4.10
4.13
2.70
3.55
4.15
3.04
Executive Summary
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework (contd.)
xix
Executive Summary
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure
PILLARS
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
xx
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
Price competitiveness
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
114
93
113
58
96
10
12
70
34
108
36
29
116
101
94
69
48
56
115
123
103
122
4
124
42
61
77
52
40
23
37
16
71
90
60
66
25
110
18
5
106
98
3
32
76
88
83
14
51
8
55
68
26
33
30
59
17
54
81
86
24
50
104
41
111
43
2.49
2.82
2.50
3.58
2.80
5.04
4.97
3.29
4.24
2.61
4.14
4.41
2.47
2.73
2.82
3.30
3.76
3.64
2.48
2.31
2.71
2.37
5.22
1.80
3.87
3.51
3.15
3.66
4.06
4.50
4.13
4.76
3.28
2.87
3.51
3.34
4.45
2.57
4.68
5.10
2.66
2.77
5.23
4.36
3.16
2.93
2.97
4.81
3.71
5.04
3.64
3.30
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.53
4.71
3.65
3.03
2.94
4.46
3.71
2.69
4.00
2.54
3.84
113
101
98
43
95
5
23
77
27
114
53
26
122
68
117
59
28
76
119
123
89
120
2
124
41
36
50
44
80
34
48
17
63
82
49
57
56
94
19
4
102
106
6
37
55
69
74
12
65
13
33
64
20
40
22
47
16
67
75
71
24
62
107
54
121
61
2.00
2.25
2.29
3.49
2.32
5.41
4.10
2.75
3.95
1.99
3.22
3.99
1.71
2.87
1.88
3.13
3.94
2.75
1.81
1.58
2.54
1.80
5.68
1.54
3.59
3.78
3.34
3.49
2.71
3.83
3.39
4.63
3.04
2.67
3.35
3.15
3.17
2.35
4.55
5.45
2.21
2.16
5.39
3.72
3.18
2.83
2.77
4.83
2.98
4.81
3.86
2.98
4.33
3.59
4.20
3.39
4.68
2.88
2.76
2.82
4.10
3.06
2.15
3.19
1.75
3.07
122
78
120
69
98
20
17
49
39
87
41
9
100
121
114
66
79
70
103
117
82
113
13
124
30
45
86
93
46
51
38
7
71
97
58
63
31
118
10
4
80
76
1
34
73
92
75
2
56
29
40
89
50
24
55
57
6
47
72
84
19
43
104
36
115
32
1.94
3.00
2.00
3.37
2.56
5.18
5.49
3.87
4.21
2.82
4.14
6.05
2.47
1.96
2.12
3.49
2.96
3.33
2.44
2.10
2.93
2.19
5.67
1.63
4.61
3.99
2.83
2.59
3.98
3.84
4.27
6.21
3.20
2.58
3.73
3.54
4.48
2.07
5.88
6.44
2.95
3.07
6.58
4.42
3.12
2.60
3.09
6.46
3.74
4.61
4.17
2.80
3.85
4.94
3.77
3.74
6.32
3.95
3.19
2.89
5.30
4.02
2.41
4.29
2.11
4.47
86
114
115
51
110
14
1
101
31
120
42
33
97
98
56
73
28
25
109
111
122
89
16
117
61
113
79
36
11
5
23
22
39
94
85
78
21
118
29
15
108
106
18
7
76
80
82
70
34
10
96
87
13
41
8
64
43
49
100
71
68
52
95
37
103
40
2.39
1.69
1.63
3.51
1.86
5.44
6.92
2.14
4.18
1.29
3.78
4.15
2.18
2.17
3.27
2.68
4.36
4.43
1.87
1.86
1.09
2.29
5.31
1.44
3.12
1.72
2.53
4.10
5.73
6.10
4.49
4.61
3.90
2.19
2.39
2.55
4.84
1.43
4.33
5.40
1.87
1.87
5.28
6.02
2.64
2.52
2.45
2.79
4.15
5.82
2.18
2.36
5.58
3.79
6.00
3.05
3.76
3.56
2.15
2.75
2.88
3.49
2.19
4.08
1.98
3.80
106
118
121
55
84
8
22
73
52
112
25
29
113
98
61
97
48
50
110
123
111
122
4
124
41
63
67
45
34
31
26
10
79
85
74
66
19
119
15
21
104
87
13
38
71
65
90
16
39
2
75
80
30
23
27
44
17
72
78
93
3
53
99
36
117
40
1.80
1.63
1.58
2.95
2.20
5.57
4.79
2.39
3.00
1.71
4.62
4.39
1.70
1.89
2.67
1.89
3.22
3.05
1.74
1.46
1.71
1.51
5.76
1.32
3.54
2.62
2.52
3.32
3.79
4.26
4.49
5.44
2.33
2.15
2.39
2.54
4.86
1.60
5.24
4.83
1.82
2.09
5.31
3.65
2.46
2.54
2.03
4.98
3.61
6.16
2.38
2.28
4.31
4.78
4.48
3.37
4.95
2.44
2.34
2.02
5.81
2.98
1.89
3.73
1.67
3.54
81
9
30
62
28
111
113
17
3
19
33
114
79
49
92
16
80
59
67
66
18
100
110
123
69
11
71
42
96
72
101
124
104
45
5
36
34
13
117
118
73
58
112
103
74
90
68
31
97
108
6
1
91
78
116
95
107
12
51
82
84
29
40
55
24
77
4.31
5.52
5.01
4.56
5.05
3.59
3.55
5.30
5.84
5.25
4.93
3.49
4.32
4.74
4.14
5.32
4.31
4.63
4.53
4.54
5.27
4.04
3.68
3.08
4.52
5.42
4.51
4.83
4.09
4.48
4.03
2.90
3.94
4.76
5.68
4.89
4.92
5.39
3.41
3.35
4.48
4.65
3.56
3.99
4.41
4.15
4.53
4.98
4.07
3.80
5.61
6.10
4.15
4.32
3.43
4.09
3.84
5.42
4.72
4.25
4.24
5.01
4.83
4.68
5.17
4.35
(contd.)
PILLARS
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
9
82
105
118
27
121
31
97
46
57
100
109
72
107
64
117
15
20
99
102
21
75
53
92
85
79
62
22
39
74
49
80
11
45
38
44
7
91
87
13
2
28
112
89
35
65
47
63
119
73
19
6
1
67
78
95
120
84
5.04
3.01
2.68
2.46
4.44
2.41
4.37
2.80
3.77
3.60
2.75
2.57
3.27
2.63
3.44
2.47
4.77
4.57
2.76
2.72
4.56
3.19
3.66
2.84
2.95
3.10
3.50
4.50
4.10
3.20
3.75
3.09
5.01
3.81
4.11
3.81
5.05
2.86
2.94
4.88
5.36
4.43
2.52
2.88
4.14
3.35
3.77
3.49
2.44
3.21
4.68
5.08
5.74
3.32
3.12
2.81
2.44
2.97
38
108
110
118
31
116
42
111
60
32
103
96
83
105
45
112
14
15
73
104
18
84
39
66
88
72
86
35
29
93
21
99
10
97
79
30
7
91
81
11
9
52
109
100
25
46
78
51
115
87
8
3
1
92
58
90
85
70
3.68
2.12
2.03
1.87
3.91
1.92
3.58
2.03
3.12
3.87
2.19
2.31
2.66
2.17
3.45
2.02
4.80
4.69
2.78
2.18
4.61
2.64
3.66
2.89
2.55
2.80
2.60
3.81
3.93
2.38
4.23
2.29
4.88
2.30
2.72
3.92
5.17
2.48
2.71
4.87
4.97
3.22
2.09
2.26
4.07
3.43
2.74
3.34
1.98
2.56
5.05
5.59
6.75
2.47
3.14
2.52
2.61
2.82
21
83
106
111
15
105
60
99
53
62
110
109
54
108
33
116
8
25
112
88
22
52
42
119
96
91
61
23
48
77
65
107
3
44
37
35
18
74
102
12
5
14
94
68
28
90
27
59
101
67
26
16
11
64
95
85
123
81
5.10
2.92
2.40
2.32
5.58
2.40
3.62
2.47
3.79
3.57
2.35
2.35
3.78
2.37
4.46
2.11
6.20
4.83
2.24
2.80
5.10
3.84
4.04
2.04
2.58
2.70
3.60
4.99
3.94
3.01
3.52
2.38
6.45
4.01
4.28
4.34
5.42
3.11
2.46
5.74
6.36
5.66
2.58
3.39
4.67
2.77
4.78
3.66
2.46
3.39
4.82
5.52
5.77
3.54
2.58
2.88
1.90
2.94
6
63
81
112
60
105
12
72
38
47
88
116
62
92
83
123
32
35
77
107
17
99
57
90
66
93
46
9
26
50
58
54
44
30
20
48
2
102
59
27
4
74
124
84
53
65
45
55
119
75
24
19
3
69
67
121
104
91
6.05
3.10
2.48
1.74
3.14
1.89
5.60
2.71
3.99
3.58
2.32
1.45
3.11
2.20
2.43
1.08
4.16
4.12
2.58
1.87
5.30
2.17
3.18
2.28
2.96
2.19
3.61
5.89
4.40
3.55
3.17
3.34
3.73
4.29
5.22
3.58
6.80
2.01
3.14
4.39
6.48
2.67
1.01
2.40
3.45
2.97
3.70
3.30
1.36
2.66
4.47
5.23
6.50
2.80
2.90
1.11
1.91
2.21
6
76
115
116
37
107
11
96
59
60
81
91
92
120
86
105
12
20
103
102
24
89
62
109
68
83
43
33
49
56
51
46
18
35
28
70
32
94
82
1
9
14
101
108
58
57
69
54
100
64
42
5
7
47
77
88
114
95
5.69
2.38
1.68
1.67
3.69
1.79
5.39
1.90
2.75
2.74
2.26
2.02
2.02
1.60
2.10
1.81
5.37
4.85
1.85
1.85
4.70
2.09
2.63
1.76
2.49
2.22
3.46
3.83
3.12
2.85
3.01
3.29
4.87
3.78
4.47
2.46
3.93
1.99
2.26
6.31
5.54
5.27
1.86
1.77
2.78
2.85
2.46
2.95
1.86
2.56
3.53
5.73
5.64
3.29
2.36
2.09
1.69
1.90
56
64
43
54
2
98
109
38
20
85
60
52
46
41
47
14
119
75
76
35
121
22
44
21
89
7
83
102
25
87
39
88
26
57
106
48
105
53
93
122
115
15
27
63
4
50
23
86
65
37
8
120
99
70
61
10
94
32
4.67
4.55
4.82
4.68
5.89
4.06
3.68
4.88
5.23
4.23
4.62
4.71
4.76
4.83
4.75
5.35
3.34
4.37
4.35
4.91
3.10
5.19
4.79
5.22
4.15
5.59
4.24
3.99
5.12
4.19
4.84
4.16
5.10
4.66
3.87
4.74
3.93
4.70
4.11
3.10
3.46
5.32
5.08
4.56
5.71
4.72
5.17
4.21
4.55
4.89
5.53
3.30
4.06
4.51
4.60
5.47
4.10
4.95
Executive Summary
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure (contd.)
xxi
Executive Summary
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
Country/Economy
xxii
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
and cultural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
43
97
124
45
62
26
1
88
54
116
17
4
115
103
108
85
67
41
106
122
87
102
16
120
47
93
78
20
11
3
22
9
29
94
68
98
34
111
33
28
101
31
6
15
69
109
91
14
51
5
81
56
46
35
32
36
38
58
90
107
73
86
84
77
123
61
5.07
4.37
3.25
5.05
4.77
5.30
5.86
4.45
4.86
3.96
5.38
5.62
3.96
4.20
4.14
4.47
4.70
5.11
4.17
3.50
4.45
4.22
5.40
3.72
5.03
4.39
4.62
5.34
5.55
5.62
5.32
5.59
5.24
4.38
4.70
4.36
5.18
4.08
5.18
5.27
4.28
5.18
5.61
5.41
4.69
4.09
4.44
5.44
4.98
5.61
4.55
4.85
5.03
5.18
5.18
5.17
5.15
4.82
4.44
4.15
4.67
4.46
4.52
4.63
3.48
4.79
35
86
118
66
53
17
23
36
79
99
42
27
104
91
90
113
83
67
117
119
105
103
12
120
24
74
58
28
54
49
26
4
57
96
69
41
30
112
8
32
107
33
25
55
78
95
82
7
37
3
85
62
9
13
46
39
11
63
60
100
48
16
71
38
116
61
5.37
4.82
3.09
5.08
5.23
5.64
5.53
5.36
4.94
4.30
5.32
5.49
4.08
4.79
4.79
3.52
4.85
5.08
3.18
3.08
4.08
4.16
5.69
2.99
5.52
5.00
5.18
5.49
5.22
5.24
5.50
6.08
5.18
4.51
5.06
5.32
5.45
3.55
5.87
5.42
3.96
5.40
5.52
5.21
4.95
4.62
4.86
5.93
5.34
6.19
4.83
5.14
5.83
5.69
5.26
5.33
5.75
5.13
5.17
4.20
5.24
5.64
5.05
5.33
3.37
5.15
10
114
121
52
53
80
33
65
36
119
2
59
79
113
111
28
87
30
12
98
32
24
76
37
92
120
89
39
4
5
77
69
21
86
85
102
31
101
109
96
25
7
88
23
74
68
63
27
100
49
81
57
67
78
66
15
116
34
58
75
118
117
72
107
103
93
6.17
4.01
3.64
5.13
5.11
4.60
5.53
4.82
5.37
3.88
6.56
4.99
4.61
4.02
4.10
5.59
4.54
5.56
6.15
4.42
5.53
5.67
4.66
5.34
4.44
3.82
4.53
5.30
6.52
6.48
4.65
4.72
5.88
4.55
4.55
4.36
5.54
4.36
4.15
4.42
5.65
6.26
4.54
5.71
4.67
4.73
4.83
5.60
4.39
5.19
4.60
5.00
4.77
4.61
4.79
6.10
3.97
5.51
5.00
4.67
3.88
3.94
4.69
4.29
4.34
4.44
93
65
119
35
78
15
2
116
66
92
68
4
112
90
100
62
42
43
114
120
91
123
11
122
32
60
72
28
36
31
12
7
45
74
55
103
49
61
18
9
108
81
1
23
56
121
97
39
30
22
70
58
54
27
20
76
14
86
117
98
37
89
88
67
124
38
3.68
4.28
3.02
4.93
3.98
5.64
6.52
3.15
4.27
3.69
4.25
6.38
3.19
3.80
3.52
4.30
4.71
4.70
3.18
2.99
3.75
2.83
5.86
2.83
5.13
4.36
4.16
5.22
4.90
5.15
5.80
5.97
4.65
4.10
4.49
3.41
4.54
4.32
5.52
5.95
3.25
3.89
6.75
5.29
4.46
2.91
3.62
4.78
5.20
5.44
4.22
4.40
4.49
5.23
5.50
4.08
5.73
3.83
3.15
3.59
4.89
3.80
3.82
4.27
2.72
4.80
(contd.)
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
8
44
110
117
57
99
21
74
39
50
83
55
52
121
95
79
25
7
82
119
40
118
63
113
80
100
60
30
49
71
65
13
42
18
53
96
19
70
112
27
2
23
105
75
59
104
37
48
66
89
24
10
12
64
92
76
72
114
5.60
5.07
4.09
3.90
4.84
4.36
5.33
4.67
5.15
4.98
4.54
4.86
4.93
3.71
4.37
4.60
5.30
5.60
4.54
3.86
5.12
3.88
4.76
4.00
4.59
4.29
4.81
5.23
4.99
4.68
4.71
5.47
5.11
5.37
4.88
4.37
5.34
4.69
4.02
5.27
5.81
5.32
4.18
4.64
4.82
4.20
5.15
5.00
4.70
4.45
5.31
5.58
5.50
4.75
4.41
4.63
4.67
3.99
14
56
108
121
34
114
43
101
89
50
80
68
72
124
122
106
21
20
59
102
18
98
88
92
77
93
44
40
19
76
70
47
2
10
52
111
45
84
97
31
1
15
87
110
75
64
22
65
109
73
29
6
5
51
94
81
115
123
5.69
5.21
3.93
2.84
5.38
3.49
5.32
4.19
4.80
5.24
4.94
5.07
5.04
2.54
2.83
4.05
5.55
5.60
5.18
4.18
5.62
4.45
4.81
4.79
4.95
4.64
5.31
5.32
5.60
4.96
5.05
5.25
6.21
5.78
5.23
3.64
5.30
4.84
4.48
5.43
6.25
5.69
4.82
3.69
4.97
5.10
5.54
5.09
3.88
5.00
5.47
5.97
5.99
5.23
4.63
4.92
3.40
2.60
22
13
73
40
26
8
16
1
14
91
48
11
45
44
9
20
82
38
84
110
108
123
61
115
105
83
122
54
41
95
104
19
47
71
60
56
55
70
97
99
62
17
90
42
35
106
50
43
18
46
3
94
112
64
124
51
6
29
5.84
6.11
4.68
5.29
5.64
6.21
6.03
6.58
6.10
4.50
5.19
6.16
5.24
5.27
6.17
5.91
4.60
5.34
4.58
4.13
4.26
3.57
4.92
3.97
4.32
4.58
3.59
5.10
5.28
4.43
4.34
5.92
5.20
4.71
4.99
5.08
5.09
4.71
4.42
4.42
4.88
5.97
4.51
5.28
5.43
4.30
5.17
5.28
5.94
5.21
6.53
4.43
4.09
4.83
3.52
5.14
6.39
5.56
24
82
94
99
101
104
44
110
50
29
102
105
52
106
73
85
13
10
83
107
21
96
48
109
53
95
19
25
75
46
41
26
79
16
57
59
17
51
115
8
6
63
113
34
77
111
40
47
64
118
80
5
3
71
33
84
69
87
5.29
3.89
3.66
3.56
3.52
3.37
4.66
3.23
4.54
5.22
3.49
3.34
4.50
3.32
4.12
3.83
5.74
5.88
3.87
3.25
5.46
3.62
4.56
3.24
4.49
3.66
5.52
5.28
4.08
4.64
4.74
5.25
3.94
5.62
4.43
4.40
5.62
4.51
3.17
5.96
6.30
4.29
3.19
4.96
4.05
3.21
4.75
4.63
4.29
3.12
3.92
6.32
6.42
4.20
5.08
3.84
4.23
3.82
Executive Summary
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources (contd.)
xxiii
Executive Summary
xxiv
a sustainable way. China has a relatively good air transport infrastructure (ranked 36th), and ground transport
infrastructure that is ranked 45th overall. However, its
tourism infrastructure remains highly underdeveloped
(ranked 113th).There are also some safety and security
concerns (83rd), as well as issues related to health and
hygiene (84th), with a low physician density and access
to improved sanitation and drinking water that is low by
international standards.
Barbados, at 29th, is the highest-ranked country in
the Latin America and Caribbean region. Barbados is
ranked 2nd overall with regard to national tourism
perception, with a positive attitude toward tourists
and toward the value of tourism in the country.The
government is prioritizing the sector to a very high
degree (ranked 2nd), spending a high percentage of
government resources on the sector, and ensuring quality
destination marketing campaigns. Further, the country
has a regulatory environment that is quite conducive to
the development of the sector, with low visa requirements
and very open bilateral Air Service Agreements.
Costa Rica, ranked 41st, is second in the region.
The countrys strengths are in the area of natural
resources, where it is ranked 12th with regard to the
percentage of nationally protected areas. Its policy environment is extremely conducive to the development of
the sector (ranked 17th), with very open bilateral Air
Service Agreements, low visa requirements, and an environment that welcomes foreign investment. However,
safety and security remains a concern (67th). And while
tourism infrastructure is quite well developed (36),
ground transport infrastructure remains highly underdeveloped (93rd), particularly roads and ports, making
travel in the country somewhat difficult.
Mexico, in 49th place, gets quite high marks for its
natural and cultural resources (ranked 29th) with
nationally protected areas and a large number of World
Heritage sites (ranking the country 7th).This natural
attractiveness is reinforced by a relatively good policy
environment for the development of Travel & Tourism,
ranked 33rd overall with low visa requirements and low
foreign ownership restrictions, for example. Mexico also
has a relatively well developed air transport infrastructure
(32nd), although its tourism infrastructure (47th) and
ground transport infrastructure (62nd) get lower marks.
And for a developing country, it has some weaknesses
that are eroding at its price competitivenesswhich is
ranked a low 85thin particular, very high ticket taxes
and airport charges (ranked a very low 114th overall).
Safety and security is also a major concern for the
country, with high levels of crime and violence.
Brazil is ranked 59th overall.The country clearly
benefits from some excellent cultural and natural
resources, in particular many World Heritage sites. And
the air transport network gets relatively high marks (28th),
as well as measures of the dedicated tourism infrastructure
(also 28th), such as the presence of major car rental
companies. However, the general ground transport network remains underdeveloped with the quality of roads,
ports, and railroads ranked 96th, 88th, and 81st respectively. Safety and security also continues to be of serious
concern, ranked 90th overall, as it is for a number of
countries in the region. More generally, the overall policy
environment is not particularly conducive to the development of the sector, ranked 75th, with, for example,
highly stringent visa requirements and foreign ownership
restrictions.
Among countries in the Middle East and North
Africa region, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranks
highest, at 18th, well ahead of the second-ranked country,
Israel, at 32nd place. Although UAE ranks quite low with
regard to natural and cultural resources (80th), it makes
up for this with a number of strengths in other areas
captured by the Index. For example, national tourism
perception is rated 3rd in the world, with an extremely
positive attitude toward foreign travelers and the attractiveness of the country for tourism.The country also
does very well with regard to price competitiveness,
ranked 8th in this area despite a very high price level.
This is because of its very low ticket taxes and airport
charges, low taxation more generally, and low fuel price
levels in the country.The UAEs infrastructure also gets
good marks, particularly its air transport infrastructure,
which is ranked a very high 8th out of all countries
assessed.The government is seen as prioritizing the sector strongly (ranked 4th) and carrying out very effective
destination-marketing campaigns (ranked 1st).
Egypt, a country so rich in cultural heritage (with
seven World Heritage sites), ranks a low 58th overall in
the TTCI. And this is despite a number of clear strengths
beyond the cultural richness. For example, Egypt has
excellent price competitiveness, ranked 5th overall with
low comparative prices, including fuel prices, as well as
relatively low ticket taxes and airport charges. Further,
the government is prioritizing the sector, with relatively
high government spending on Travel & Tourism and
ensuring the countrys presence at major tourism fairs.
This level of prioritization is reflected in some policy
areas such as the favorable policy on visa requirements.
On the other hand, the countrys infrastructure is
underdeveloped, particularly its tourism infrastructure
(85th). An upgrading of the quality of the countrys
human resources available to work in the sector, ranked
69th, would also improve the countrys overall T&T
competitiveness.
Mauritius is by far the most competitive country in
the sub-Saharan Africa region with regard to Travel &
Tourism, ranked 39th overall.The general attitude of the
population to foreign travelers is quite welcoming, and
this is buttressed by great support by the government,
which demonstrates the greatest prioritization of the
industry of all countries analyzed.The countrys tourism
infrastructure is quite well developed, with a high
concentration of hotel rooms and many major car rental
Selected Issues of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness

The Report also features a number of excellent
contributions from T&T industry practitioners and
experts, dealing with issues related directly to T&T
competitiveness or broader industry themes. All are
concerned with the importance of improving T&T
environments for economic growth and development.
These special studies are highly business relevant and
complement the TTCI, the country profiles, and the
data tables elsewhere in the Report.
In their chapter Taking Travel & Tourism to the
Next Level: Shaping the Government Agenda to Improve
the Industrys Competitiveness, Jrgen Ringbeck and
Stephan Gross of Booz Allen Hamilton employ the
TTCI to analyze more in detail the results for countries
at different stages of development to identify the key
success factors for improving competitiveness in the
T&T sector.They explore best practice examples in each
of the defined peer groups, looking in detail at the T&T
competitiveness of Hong Kong and Iceland, Estonia and
the Slovak Republic, and Bulgaria and Egypt, as well as
two growing markets: India and China.This section of
the chapter presents a number of important lessons for
countries wishing to improve their T&T competitiveness.
The authors identify liberalization and deregulation
of the T&T industry as key factors for improving the
industrys competitivenessshowing that countries that
have liberalized have increased demand and industry
efficiency and, hence, have achieved overall economic
growth.Taking the European aviation sector as a case
study, the authors describe how, as a result of deregulation,

all industry players were forced to improve efficiency
and to expand their network at competitive prices to
survive the pressure of new market entrants.They describe
how Europes experience with market deregulation provides valuable lessons that can be applied both domestically and internationally across borders.
The authors end the chapter with recommendations
for countries at different stages of development, outlining
the steps that need to be taken to improve their T&T
competitiveness.They elaborate a framework for nations
trying to build a highly competitive T&T sector, composed of several evolutionary steps.To begin, governments
must first make sure the appropriate infrastructure
capacity is in place to provide access for domestic and
international travelers. Once the infrastructure is in
place, governments should ensure that market demand is
fully metin terms of both service quality and quantity.
They then argue that to increase performance efficiency
of the T&T sector, governments should engage in
deregulation and privatization to stimulate demand and
growth. Following domestic deregulation, they favor a
cross-border liberalization of a whole regions policy
framework, which can effectively attract new market
entrants and improve the industrys overall performance.
In their view the last step would be a full intercontinental liberalization of travel regulations. Although this has
not yet been reached, they hope this may become a
reality in coming years.To succeed, governments must
make a determined effort to work together hand-in-hand
with the private sector to be able to fully leverage the
T&T sectors potential to stimulate economic efficiency
and growth.
In Using Policy Measures and Economics to
Improve Travel & TourismRelated Policy and Business
Decision Making,WTTCs Richard Miller explores the
implications of the TTCIs results from a policy-making
perspective. In particular, he looks at how the Index
might be used by the T&T industry to engage in a
useful dialogue with the public sector to improve T&T
competitiveness.
The author describes WTTCs Tourism Satellite
Accounting (TSA) economic research, the efforts it has
taken to create a policy vision for T&T, and the qualitative and quantitative approaches it has taken to measure
country-level performance. He then presents ideas about
how the public sector should interpret and react to
the TTCIs results in order to improve national T&T
competitiveness. In particular, he points out that it will
be important to take into account not only what the
rankings indicate at a given point in time, but also how
performance evolves over time, to get a sense of progress
in particular areas.
Finally, Miller takes the analysis of the TTCI results
a step further, comparing the Index scores with the TSA
data.This analysis is aimed at assessing how countries
TTCI findings are correlated with the concept of risk
Executive Summary
companies operating in the country. On the negative

side, the policy environment could be improved; it is
ranked a low 63rd in this area because of foreign ownership restrictions and rules on foreign direct investment,
as well as a visa regime that could be simplified to allow
foreign tourists to enter the country with less hassle
(ranked 43rd).
The rest of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa are
situated quite a bit lower in the rankings. South Africa is
the regions second-strongest performer, ranked 62nd in
the TTCI.The country is endowed with a significant
number of World Heritage sites; its infrastructure is also
relatively well developed, particularly its air and ground
transport infrastructure. Some aspects of the regulatory
environment are conducive to the sectors development,
such as the excellent protection of property rights and
visa requirements that are not extremely onerous. And
the country is assessed as carrying out very effective
destination marketing. However, there are also some
areas of weakness that have brought down South Africas
overall ranking. Safety and security is of serious concern
(ranked 95th), as well as health and hygiene, where it
is ranked 82nd overall, with a low physician density
and concerns about access to improved sanitation and
drinking water.
xxv
Executive Summary
xxvi
and return.The goal is to clarify how particular countries

are perceived in this regard and to help them plan their
strategy for decreasing risk, or increasing return, to make
investment in the T&T environment more attractive in
their respective countries.
In Tourism Competitiveness and the Development
Agenda, Geoffrey Lipman and John Kester of the
UNWTO reflect on the potential of the TTCI to contribute to increasing the awareness of the importance of
the tourism sector in global and national socioeconomic
activityespecially for the worlds poorest countries.
They emphasize that by providing an overview of the
factors driving the sectors competitiveness, the Index
will enhance tourisms relevance for policymakers. Of
particular interest is its potential for enhancing the competitiveness of the poorest countries and contributing to
the Millennium Development Goals.
Although the Index rankings make clear the great
competitive advantages that industrialized states currently
enjoy in this sector, as the authors explain this also implies
a significant potential for improving the competitiveness
of the poorest. Although low-income countries are generally characterized by a number of disadvantages, such
as low skill levels, poor infrastructure, and poor transport
services, they also have important comparative advantages,
such as excellent natural and cultural attributes, relatively
unspoiled environments that can be attractive for ecotourism, and abundant, low-cost labor. Further, tourism
is growing rapidly in many developing countries.The
authors argue that the global development agenda obliges states to help proactively to reduce their disadvantages
and enhance the comparative advantages.
They conclude with three recommendations. First,
that there should be widespread adoption of the Tourism
Satellite Account (UNTSA) to ensure routine provision
of data on the macroeconomic importance of the
sector for policymaking. Second, that tourism should be
integrated more explicitly into development processes
particularly by including the sector in national
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and in the overall
support strategies of international aid agencies.Third,
they argue that, given tourisms importance for developing countries, there is a window of opportunity for
tourism services to be taken more explicitly into account
in the Doha Development Round of trade negotiations,
and that this opportunity should not be missed.
In Fulfilling the Promise: Positives and Potentials of
Travel & Tourism, Marilyn Carlson Nelson of Carlson
examines the potential of Travel & Tourism to contribute
positively to the worlds economies and societies, and
explores whether the industry is living up to that
potential.
With regard to economic development, the author
notes that developed economies already benefit fully
from Travel & Tourisms potential, as the industry there
is mature, strong, and resilient. And in developing countries,Travel & Tourism currently holds the promise of
further development, as the industry is growing very

rapidly. Further, developing countries also benefit greatly
from indirect effects of the industry, such as the infrastructure development so often needed in developing
nations, and the tax revenue that can be used for development purposes that it generates.The author also discusses how the benefits of Travel & Tourism go beyond
economic development. She explains, for example, that
since the industry depends on a destinations attractions
and culture, it is in its interest to work for their preservation, creating an agenda of sustainability.Tourism also
promotes improved cultural understanding among nations.
Nelson also highlights a number of challenges that
remain to developing the sector and fulfilling its promise.
These include security concerns, hostile regulatory environments, difficulties in attracting and retaining quality
employees, legislation hindering the hiring of immigrant
labor, and gender inequality in management. As well as
challenges, she also explores a number of opportunities
that exist, such as sharing best practices, building publicprivate partnerships, and practicing corporate social
responsibility.
The author concludes by noting that although Travel
& Tourism has accomplished much, and although it still
holds much promise, it requires commitment and action.
Specifically, governments must have a clear strategy, and
they must work together with industry leaders to seek
out barriers to tourism development and address them.
In his chapter Electronic Payments: A Catalyst for
Tourism and Economic Growth, John Elkins of Visa
International discusses how electronic payments have
been an important driver of tourism in recent years. He
also outlines the role that electronic payments will play
in less-developed economies moving forward and how
this will impact the T&T industry.
The chapter begins with an overview of some of
the critical challenges facing the growth of the T&T
industry in developing and less-developed economies
such as poor communication and transportation infrastructure, legal uncertainties over ownership, high taxes,
and bureaucratic obstacles to business. It then puts forward some broad approaches that can be implemented
to increase global T&T spending as well as improve
access to this important source of wealth creation and
growth.Approaches covered include potential government
actions, the need for public and private organizations to
act in partnership, the importance of the development
of mobile commerce for all economies, and the need to
shape a new mindset (within both government and the
private sector) that recognizes the value of tourism as a
spur to development.
Elkins goes on to highlight the great potential of
electronic payments as a driver of economic development
and an enabler of tourism growth. As he points out,
payment cards and other electronic payment enablers are
ubiquitous, secure, reliable, and convenient, and they
make it easier for people to conduct business and easier
the present day, and considers how the future of air

transport might take shape.The author takes the development of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates as an
example of the ways new long-haul hubs will enact
their role in that future.
As a region, the Middle East enjoys a geocentric
location that is a key advantage in facilitating and optimizing global air traffic flows eastwest or northsouth.
Operating from a relatively lower cost base than airports
and airlines in other parts of the world, traffic at airports
in this region is surging. Passenger traffic at airports in
the Middle East has outstripped all other regions. A
tourism boom in the Middle East is also contributing to
the regions air traffic growth, powering the rapid
expansion of airports and airlines.
The author argues that in the future of air transport,
geo-centrally located long-haul hubsparticularly in
the Middle Eastare set to play an increasingly important role if the resources are invested in the constructive
way that Dubai and some Gulf nations have done. He
believes that European hubs will continue to play an
important role in global air traffic flows, but that the rise
of new long-haul hubs in the Middle East, combined
with the advent of new ultra-long-haul aircraft, will
influence these flows and affect the way travelers
experience long-haul travel. Specifically, for global
businesses and international travelers, the development
and strengthening of long-haul hubs in the Middle East
ultimately promises to deliver more air transport options
and potentially more efficient ways to travel or to ship
products to international markets.
In their chapter The Challenge of Open Skies in
the Middle East: How to Manage Competition in the
High-Growth Air Transport Sector, Samer Majali and
Geoffrey Weston of Royal Jordanian Airlines also explore
the air travel environment in the growing Middle East
market.The authors describe seven drivers of change to
the sector in the region that they have identified.The
first force is the increased demand for air travel stimulated
by the rapid growth in Middle Eastern economies.
Second is an increasing relaxation of bilateral agreements
among Middle Eastern states, which opens up international traffic.Third, several Middle Eastern governments
are granting new operating licenses that directly increase
the number of carriers, thus stimulating competition and
expanding capacity. Fourth is the increasing reluctance
of some states to subsidize the incumbent airline directly.
Fifth is the rapid increase in the flows of labor from
other regions to the Middle East. Sixth, several states in
the Middle East are pursuing an economic policy that
requires a strong airline at its core.The seventh driver
concerns the infrastructure development that accompanies
the strategic use of airlines as a wider economic policy.
The authors generally welcome these developments,
as they see the virtuous circle of increased capacity,
lowering fares, and stimulating demand for air transport
supporting regional markets and strengthening their
Executive Summary
to travel. Further, with the introduction and application

of new technologies such as mobile commerce, the economic opportunities that can be derived from electronic
payment are expected to grow dramatically. Such technology advancements are a major asset for economies
lacking the advanced telecommunications and physical
infrastructure that have been important building blocks
for growth in the past.
The chapter closes with an important message: what
you get out of investment depends to a great extent on
what you are willing to put into it.There are some vital
infrastructure needs, as well as marketing, that must be
met to ensure tourism growth.
In his chapter Investing in Air Transport Connectivity
to Boost National Productivity and Economic Growth,
Brian Pearce, Chief Economist at IATA, explores new
evidence that the air transport network is a key capital
asset that enhances productivity and supply-side economic
growth. He points out that greater connections to the
global air transport network, which is included as a pillar
in the TTCI, do not just bring tourists into a country
but are also important to the productivity of a countrys
wider business sector.This network is an infrastructure
asset connecting a countrys businesses to global markets
and sources of inputs and ideas, offering the potential
for boosting national productivity, economic growth,
and living standards.
The author measures the quality of a countrys air
transport network by its connectivity from the point
of view of its businesses.This connectivity is defined as
the scope of access between an individual airport or
country and the global air transport network. It measures
the number and economic importance of the destinations
served, the frequency of service to each destination, and
the number of onward connections available from each
destination. Connectivity therefore increases as the range
of destinations and/or frequency of service increases.
Pearce finds a clear positive relationship between
higher levels of connectivity and higher levels of labor
productivity. Quantifying this relationship through
regression analysis, he finds that the estimated impact of
connectivity on productivity is statistically significant
and shows that a 10 percent rise in connectivity, relative
to a countrys GDP, will boost long-term productivity
by 0.07 percent. He further finds that investing in air
transport capacity in developing or transition countries,
where connectivity is currently relatively low, will have
a much larger impact on their productivity and economic
success than that same scale of investment in a relatively
developed country. He explains that realizing these
benefits will require investment in infrastructure but may
also require the liberalization of markets and other institutional changes to bring about the rise in connectivity.
In Long-Haul Hubs and the Future of Air
Transport, Maurice Flanagan, Executive Vice Chairman,
Emirates Group, discusses the shifts in global air traffic
flows from the dawn of modern commercial aviation to
xxvii
Executive Summary
xxviii
relevance to the wider global economy. However, they

point out that it is not clear whether these generally
positive trends are leading to a genuinely fair competitive
environment that will result in healthy and sustainable
growth of the regional air transport sector. In this
context, they call for progress in two areas.
The first area concerns the Middle East, where the
evolution of a group of states that is committed internally
to fair competition is deemed crucial.The authors stress
that a fair and sustainable air transport sector in the region
is something that all Middle Eastern airlines should
aspire to in the medium to long term, as they each have
a stake in a balanced and correctly structured market.
They propose that those countries willing to agree to a
fair competition environment should thus come together
and campaign for comprehensive liberalization in the
region.The second area, in parallel to the first, is the
consideration that it is in the interests of nearby countries
and regional blocs, such as the European Union, to
support initiatives that lead to economically rational and
stable outcomes. In this context, they call on the
European Union to reconsider its current negotiating
stance with regard to the further liberalization of ASAs,
suggesting that it should deal differently with those
states willing to engage in truly comprehensive negotiations within a framework of fair competition.
In Driving Tourism Growth through ConsumerCentric Marketing, Brad Corrodi of Rosetta Marketing
Group discusses how changes in the structure of travel
distribution have opened up new opportunities for
collaboration between the public and private sectors to
achieve tourism development objectives. He describes
how travel suppliers, tourist boards, and commercial
intermediaries can radically improve the productivity of
their marketing spending while accelerating sustained,
profitable growth.The author draws on experiences
with both government tourist boards and commercial
travel companies to distill the core engine of sustainable
tourism growtha consumer awareness and experience
feedback loop. Destinations must drive consumer
awareness in key source markets, with consistent messaging and brand positioningand then visitors to these
destinations must find the experience consistent with
the brand promise.
Unfortunately, the author notes that there are many
cases where substantial investments in destination infrastructure and tourism marketing have not led to such
positive feedback turbocharged growth, and identifies
five of the most common pitfalls. Most stem from the
difficulty that public and private sectors have had in collaborating to define target consumer groups and creating
effective marketing capabilities to reach them. As a
result, tourism marketing has fallen far behind the levels
of productivity achieved in other industries.
However, Corrodi notes that over the last three
years the structure of the travel distribution value chain
has changed radically, opening new ways for multiple
public and private stakeholders to collaborate in destination marketing. Rapid growth in consumers online
travel research activity, increased transparency into the
travel-buying process, and innovative new intermediary
business models all make it much easier (and practical)
for suppliers and government tourism ministries to
develop consumer-marketing programs that take advantage of leading marketing techniques developed in
other industries. Specific actions and enablers for such
marketing programs are also identified. He concludes by
stressing that the destinations that are able to work
together with a broad range of stakeholders toward a
common set of marketing objectives will likely be the
ones to ensure that the tourism sector delivers its substantial social and economic development potential, as
Google and others turn travel consumer access into a
true global marketplace.
Part 2 of the Report is a comprehensive data section
that includes country/economy profiles for each of the
124 economies covered, as well as data tables for each of
the individual variables used to assess national T&T
competitiveness. Each section is preceded by a description of how to interpret the data provided.Technical
notes, included at the end of Part 2, provide details on
the characteristics and sources of the individual hard
data variables included in the Report.
Notes
1 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online at
http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
2 WTTC 2006a.
3 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online at
http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
4 2006 Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture.
5 See UNCED (1992).
References
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). Historical Perspective of World
Tourism. Available at www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006a. Breaking Barriers:
Managing Growth, November 6. London: WTTC Media and
Resource Centre. Available at www.wttc.org/news135.htm
. 2006b. Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World
Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture.
UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development). 1992. Agenda 21 Programme of Action. Earth
Summit June 314, Rio de Janeiro.
Part 1
Selected Issues of T&T
Competitiveness
The Travel & Tourism

Competitiveness Index:
Assessing Key Factors Driving
the Sectors Development
JENNIFER BLANKE, Senior Economist, Global Competitiveness
Network, World Economic Forum
THEA CHIESA, Head of Aviation, Travel and Tourism, World
Economic Forum
Travel & Tourism (T&T) is a critical source of economic

growth and development in many countries around the
world, rendering the measurement of its competitiveness
an important undertaking. Over the past several decades,
Travel & Tourism has become a key sector in the world
economy. In 1950, international tourism receipts totaled
a mere US$2.1 billion; by 2004 this had grown to an
impressive US$622.7 billion.1 Tourism has become an
extremely important employment and revenue generator
internationally, providing jobs directly through the
tourism industry itself (for example, hotels, visitor
attractions, restaurants, tourist transport, and so on)
and indirectly through the supply of many goods and
services that are inputs to the tourism industry.2 In
addition, there are many local revenue-generating
activities that are not formally registered in the national
accounts (for example, informal employment such as
street vendors and informal guides).This indirect tourism
revenue has been estimated to have a magnitude equal
to that of direct tourism expenditures.3
By 2006, the T&T sector accounted for 234 million
jobs or 8.2 percent of total employment worldwide, as
well as 10.3 percent of world GDP.4 And the sector
continues to grow.The World Travel & Tourism Council
(WTTC) estimates that in 2006 the T&T sector contributed 2.5 million new jobs worldwide.When taking
into account both the direct and indirect impact of the
industry as described above,Travel & Tourism created
nearly 10 million new jobs globally.5
Behind these revenue and employment figures is
the large and growing number of international travelers.
According to the World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO), the number of international arrivals grew
from 25 million in 1950 to an estimated 763 million in
2004, corresponding to an average annual growth rate
of 6.5 percent.6 In the first eight months of 2006, international tourist arrivals totaled 578 million worldwide,
up by 4.5 percent from 553 million in the same period
of 2005a year that saw a record 806 million people
traveling internationally.This growth is expected to
continue in 2007 at a pace of approximately 4 percent
worldwide.7
The industry is one of the worlds largest economic
activities: it is the main industry in many countries, as
well as the fastest-growing economic sector in terms of
foreign exchange earnings and job creation according to
the UNWTO. In other words,Travel & Tourism is an
important driver of growth and prosperity and, particularly within developing countries, the sector is also
important for poverty reduction.The World Trade
Organization (WTO) estimates that developing countries
derive over 43 percent of their total services trade
The authors would like to thank Thierry Geiger for his excellent research
assistance in developing the Travel and & Tourism Competitiveness
Index and preparing the present chapter. They would also like to thank
Irene Mia for valuable input into the project over the past year.
1.1: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index
CHAPTER 1.1
revenue from tourism exports, and Least Developed

Countries (LDCs) derive more than 70 percent.8
According to WTTC research, most new jobs in developing countries are created in tourism industries.9 In
addition,Travel & Tourism can help diversify economic
activity, enabling countries to redistribute wealth and
jobs from core and urban areas to rural and regional
communities.10 More generally,Travel & Tourism creates
important backward linkages with products and services
sourced locally, producing beneficial effects for the local
economy as a whole.
Tourism also has important indirect positive development effects. For example, it can encourage governments to make infrastructure improvements such as better
water and sewage systems, roads, electricity networks,
and telephone and public transport networks, all of
which can improve the economys development
prospects and the quality of life for residents, as well as
facilitate tourism. According to the WTTC, the public
and private sector combined are expected to spend
US$1,010.7 billion in new T&T capital investment, or
9.3 percent of total worldwide capital investment.11
The development of the T&T industry also has
important implications for the natural environment.
The interdependence of tourism on the quality of the
environment places it in a special position in terms of
environmental sustainability, as tourism provides direct
returns to environmental protection. As highlighted at
the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) Earth Summit, the T&T
industry has the potential to make a positive contribution
to the quality of the natural environment.This can take
place, for example, by providing the opportunity to
communicate the value of the natural environment to
residents, by creating business incentives for environmental improvements such as cost savings from adopting
waste- and energy-minimization practices, and by raising
awareness of environmental issues and encouraging
tourists to advocate for environmental conservation.12
And the T&T sector serves an important diplomatic
as well as a development purpose, as it provides an
important tool for furthering cultural understanding.
National reputation is enhanced as the individuals who
visit countries develop a more positive impression than
those who have not done so, enabling countries to foster
their national brand.This can also lead to investment
opportunities by enabling potential investors to develop
a better understanding and impression of the country.
The critical importance of fostering the T&T sector
is thus quite clear, yet a variety of national regulatory
and other obstacles remain in many countries, hindering
its development. In order to shed some light on these
issues, the World Economic Forum has embarked on an
effort to identify the specific levers for improving T&T
competitiveness in countries around the world.The goal
is twofold. First, by providing a cross-country analysis of
the drivers of T&T competitiveness, the study intends
to provide the industry with useful comparative information, and an important benchmarking tool, for making
decisions related to business/industry development.
Second, and more importantly, the analysis provides an
opportunity for the T&T industry to highlight to
national policymakers the obstacles to T&T competitiveness that require policy attention, and to enable
dialogue between the private and public sectors for
improving the environment for developing the T&T
industry at the national level.The next section will
describe the new Index we have developed aimed at
providing such a tool.

The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
has been developed within the context of the World
Economic Forums Industry Partnership Programme for
the Aviation,Travel and Tourism sector.The TTCI aims
to measure the factors and policies that make it attractive
to develop the T&T sector in different countries.The
Index was developed between September 2005 and
October 2006 by the World Economic Forum in close
collaboration with our strategic design partner Booz
Allen Hamilton, and our data partners the International
Air Transport Association (IATA), the UNWTO, and the
WTTC.We have also received important feedback from
a number of key companies that are industry partners in
the undertaking, namely Bombardier, Carlson Companies,
Emirates Group, Qatar Airways, Royal Jordanian Airlines,
Silversea Cruises Group, Swiss International Airlines and
Visa International.
The TTCI builds upon the work carried out by the
WTTC at the beginning of this decade. For three years,
between 2001 and 2004, the WTTCs Competitiveness
Monitor tracked a range of issues, aiming to measure the
extent to which a country offers a competitive environment for Travel & Tourism development.The Monitor
included a number of indexes, capturing concepts critical
to the development of the T&T industry such as price
competitiveness, infrastructure, human resources, the
environment, and technology.
Although the Competitiveness Monitor was well
received by the international community, it remained
somewhat limited in scope. In this context, the WTTC
decided that joining efforts with the World Economic
Forum and other industry organizations would provide
access to a greater breadth of data and would better
ensure the optimal use of the findings in promoting
public-private dialogue with the goal of improving the
T&T environments of countries.Thus, the TTCI should
be seen as a natural extension of the work previously
carried out within the context of the Monitor,
enhanced by further economic data and input from a
variety of industry experts.13
The TTCI is based on three broad categories of
variables that facilitate or drive T&T competitiveness.
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index

Subindex A:
T&T regulatory framework
Subindex B:
T&T business environment
and infrastructure
Subindex C:
T&T human, cultural, and
natural resources
Human resources
Safety and security
Natural and cultural

resources
Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
Price competitiveness in
the T&T industry
These categories are summarized into the three

subindexes of the Index: (1) the T&T regulatory framework subindex, (2) the T&T business environment and
infrastructure subindex, and (3) the T&T human, cultural
and natural resources subindex.The first subindex
captures those elements that are policy-related and
generally under the purview of the government; the
second subindex captures elements of the business
environment and the infrastructure of each economy;
and the third subindex captures the human and cultural
elements of each countrys resource endowments.
Each of these three subindexes is composed in turn
by a number of pillars of T&T competitiveness, of
which there are 13 in all.These are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Safety and security
Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
Figure 1 summarizes the structure of the overall Index,

showing how the 13 component pillars are allocated
within the three subindexes.
Each of the pillars is, in turn, made up of a number
of individual variables.The dataset includes both hard
data and Survey data from the World Economic Forums
annual Executive Opinion Survey.The hard data were
obtained from publicly available sources, international
T&T institutions, and T&T experts (for example, IATA,
the International Civil Aviation Organization or ICAO,
UNWTO,WTTC, and the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization or UNESCO).The
Survey is carried out among CEOs and top business
leaders in all economies covered by our research; these
are the people making the investment decisions in their
respective economies.The Survey provides unique data
on many qualitative institutional and business environment issues. Further, for the purposes of this study and
this specific Report, a number of new questions related
to T&T competitiveness were added to the Survey on
issues such as the quality of destination marketing and
the governments prioritization of the T&T industry.
These questions provide us with entirely new data
related to T&T competitiveness.
The policy rules and regulations pillar captures the
extent to which the policy environment is conducive to
developing the T&T sector in each country. Governments
can have an important impact on the attractiveness of
developing this sector, depending on whether the policies
that they create and perpetuate support or hinder its
development. Sometimes well-intentioned policies can
Figure 1: Composition of the three subindexes of the TTCI
end up creating red tape or obstacles that have the

opposite effect than that which was intended. In this
pillar we take into account the extent to which foreign
ownership and foreign direct investment are welcomed
and facilitated by the country, how well property rights
are protected, the extent to which visa requirements
make it complicated for visitors to enter the country,
and the openness of the bilateral Air Service Agreements
into which the government has entered with other
countries.
The importance of the natural environment for
providing an attractive location for tourism cannot be
overstated, and it is clear that effective environmental
regulation is crucial for ensuring that a country will
continue to be an attractive destination going into the
future. In this pillar we measure the stringency of the
governments environmental regulations in each country,
as well as the extent to which the regulatory environment
is stable and clear, facilitating implementation. And
given the environmental impacts that tourism itself can
sometimes bring about, we also take into account the
extent to which governments prioritize the sustainable
development of the T&T industry in their respective
economies.
Safety and security is a critical factor determining
the competitiveness of a countrys T&T industry.Tourists
are likely to be deterred from traveling to dangerous
countries or regions, making the T&T sector less attractive to develop in those places. Here, we take into
account the costliness of common crime and violence
as well as terrorism, and the extent to which police
services can be relied upon for protection from crime.
Health and hygiene is also an important factor driving
T&T competitiveness.Very important is the access within the country to improved drinking water and sanitation
for the comfort and health of travelers. And in the event
that tourists do become ill, it is important that the
countrys health sector can ensure they are properly
cared for.With regard to prevention, recent scares
related for example to SARS and the threat of bird
fluhave also highlighted the importance of government efforts to reduce the health risks from pandemics.
The extent to which the government prioritizes
the T&T sector also has an important impact on T&T
competitiveness. By making clear that T&T is a priority
sector, and by reflecting this in its budget priorities, the
government can channel needed funds to essential
development projects. It also sends a signal of its intentions, which can have positive spillover effects, such as
attracting further private investment into the sector.
Prioritization of the sector can be reflected in a variety
of other ways as well, such as ensuring the countrys
attendance at international T&T fairs and commissioning
high-quality destination-marketing campaigns.
The air transport infrastructure is very important for
providing ease of access to and from countries, as well as
for movement to destinations within countries. In this
pillar we measure both the quantity of air transport, as

measured by the available seat kilometers, the number of
aircraft departures, airport density, and the number of
operating airlines, as well as the quality of the air transport infrastructure both for domestic and international
flights.
Vital for ease of movement within the country is
the extensiveness and quality of the countrys ground
transport infrastructure.Very important is the quality of
roads, railroads, and ports, as well as the extent to which
the national transport network offers efficient, accessible
transportation to key business centers and tourist attractions within the country.
We have also included a pillar that captures a
number of aspects of the general tourism infrastructure in
each country, as distinct from the general transport
infrastructure.This includes a measure of the accommodation infrastructure (the number of hotel rooms) and
the presence of major car rental companies in the country, as well as a measure of the financial infrastructure for
tourists in the country (the availability of automatic
teller machines, or ATMs).
Given the increasing importance of the online
environment for the modern T&T industry, for planning
itineraries and purchasing travel and accommodations,
we also capture the quality of the ICT infrastructure in
each economy. Here we measure ICT penetration rates
(Internet and telephone lines), which provide a sense of
the societys online activity.We also include a specific
measure of Internet use by businesses in carrying out
transactions in the economy, to get a sense of the extent
to which these tools are in fact being used for business
(including T&T) transactions in the economy.
The price competitiveness in the T&T industry is
clearly an important element of T&T competitiveness,
with lower costs increasing the attractiveness of some
countries for many travelers.To measure countries price
competitiveness, we take into account factors such as
airfare ticket taxes and airport charges (which can make
air travel much more expensive), fuel price levels compared with those of other countries, taxation in the
country (which can be passed through to travelers), and
the extent to which goods and services in the country
are more or less expensive than elsewhere (purchasing
power parity).
It is also very important to have quality human
resources in the economy, ensuring that the industry has
access to the collaborators it needs to develop and grow,
and who can communicate effectively.This pillar takes
into account the health and the education and training
levels in each economy, and is made up of three specific
subpillars.The education and training subpillar measures
educational attainment rates (primary and secondary), as
well as the overall quality of the educational system in
each country, as assessed by the business community. As
well as the formal educational system, we also take into
account private-sector involvement in upgrading human

rankings 2007
The rankings from this years TTCI are shown in Tables
1 through 4, providing a summary of the T&T competitiveness of each country. As would be expected, the
rankings are highly correlated with a number of T&T
indicators. For example, Figures 2 and 3 show the correlation between the TTCI and tourist arrivals, and
between the TTCI and tourism receipts, respectively
(both shown in log form) in 2005. As the figures show,
the index is highly correlated with both the number of

tourists actually traveling to various countries, as well as
the annual income generated from Travel & Tourism.
This supports the idea that the TTCI captures factors
that are important for developing the T&T industry in
countries.
The rest of this section will discuss some of the
highlights of the rankings in a regional context, grouping
countries into the following five regional groups:
Europe and North America, Asia, Latin America and
the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, and
sub-Saharan Africa. For further details for each of the
124 economies included in this Index, we provide twopage profiles in section 2 of the Report.The profiles
show the rankings on each subindex and pillar, as well
as T&T competitiveness balance sheets, which separate
each of the 58 factors included in the TTCI into T&T
competitive strengths and weaknesses.
resources, including the availability of specialized training

services and the extent of staff training by companies in
the country.The subpillar measuring the availability of
qualified labor further takes into account the extent to
which hiring and firing is impeded by regulations, and
whether labor regulations make it easy or difficult to
hire foreign labor. Finally, the workforce wellness
subpillar measures the health of the workforce, taking
into account health indicators such as the prevalence of
specific diseases and inhabitants average life expectancy
in the country.
The national tourism perception pillar measures the
extent to which the country and society are open to
tourism and foreign visitors. It is clear that the general
attitude of the population to travel and to foreign visitors
has an important impact on T&T competitiveness. In
particular we provide a measure of the extent to which
people in the country are welcoming to foreign travelers,
a measure of the extent to which business leaders are
willing to recommend leisure travel in their countries to
important business contacts, and a measure of tourism
openness (tourism expenditures and receipts as a percentage of GDP), which provides a sense of the importance of tourism relative to the countrys overall size.
Finally, it is also clear that natural and cultural
resources are a critical driver of T&T competitiveness
around the world. Countries that are able to offer
travelers access to natural or cultural assets clearly have
a competitive advantage. In this pillar we include a
measure of cultural heritage (the number of UNESCO
World Heritage sites), environmental attractiveness
measuresincluding environmental damage and the
percentage of nationally protected areasand a measure
of health risks, in particular the risk of tropical diseases.
These 13 pillars are regrouped into the three
subindexes described above, as shown in Figure 1, and
the overall score for each country is derived as an
unweighted average of the three subindexes.The details
of the composition of the TTCI are shown in the
appendix to this chapter.
Based upon data availability, this year the TTCI
measures the T&T competitiveness for 124 economies,
covering all of the worlds regions and accounting for
approximately 90 percent of the worlds population and
98 percent of world GDP.
Europe and North America
As shown in Table 1, most of the countries in the top

10 rankings hail from Europe and North America.The
top spot is held by Switzerland, followed closely by
Austria and Germany. Switzerland owes its position at
the top to strengths in all areas covered by the Index. As
is well known, Switzerland is an extremely safe country,
with excellent health and hygiene indicators and environmental regulation that is among the most stringent
and effective in the world. And in a country that has
some of the most well regarded hotel management
schools in the world, the quality of the countrys human
resources is second to none, ensuring an adequate supply of high-quality staff for the industry.The transport
and tourism infrastructure (both ground and air transport) are also among the best in the world, making it
very easy and comfortable for visitors to move around
the country. Further, the countrys natural and cultural
resources are among the richest in the world.
Switzerland is home to six World Heritage sites, a significant number for such a small country, and nearly 30
percent of the land area of the country is protected.
Given the importance of policy in driving T&T
competitiveness, it is also notable that Switzerland
together with Spainis one of the only two high-income
countries among the top 10 with regard to the prioritization of Travel & Tourism. In other words, Switzerland
has a number of underlying strengths that are reinforced
by political will. All of this comes together to make
Switzerland a very attractive place to develop the T&T
sector. Regarding weaknesses, Switzerland is assessed as
one of the most high-cost economies for the sector,
ranked 115th overall. Although this is primarily because
of the general costliness in the economy, Switzerland
also ranks 59th with regard to airport charges and taxes;
these could be reduced to improve the price competitiveness of the country, and thus improve the countrys
T&T competitiveness even further.
Correlation: 0.77
Log of international tourist arrivals
per 1,000 population, 2005
Figure 2: T&T competitiveness and tourist arrivals
0
1
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (score)
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization; World Economic Forum.
Figure 3: T&T competitiveness and tourism receipts
Log of international tourism receipts (US$)

per 1,000 population, 2005
Correlation: 0.84
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (score)
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization; World Economic Forum.
well-educated and healthy workers to the industry.

Interestingly, health and hygiene is a relative weakness
for the country, ranked 38th overall, attributable mainly
to a somewhat low physician density in the country
(ranked 48th).
France, the most traveled-to destination in the
world, is ranked just outside the top 10 at 12th place.
The countrys strengths lie in areas such as natural and
cultural resources (for example, it has 30 World Heritage
sites, among the highest in the world), the quality of the
air and ground transport infrastructure (both ranked
4th), and health and hygiene (9th). However, these
strengths are offset by weaknesses such as the countrys
policy rules and regulations (ranked 40th), and most
particularly, issues related to national tourism perception,
specifically the perceived attitude of the citizens toward
visitors (ranked a very low 122 overall).
Spain, a country that has seen an impressive
increase in tourism over the years, is ranked 15th overall,
just behind France within Europe. Spains strengths can
be traced to its excellent tourism infrastructure (ranked
2nd, just behind Austria) and air transport infrastructure
(ranked 7th), as well as excellent natural and cultural
resources (with the second-highest number of World
Heritage sites in the world (39second only to Italy).
And Spain is notably ranked 3rd overall with regard to
the prioritization of the T&T sector by the country
it is the top-ranked European country in this area,
demonstrating the recognition within Spain of the sector
as an important driver of economic growth. However,
interestingly, the accompanying policy environment is
ranked a relatively low 45th overall, due for example to
somewhat stringent visa requirements (as in other
Schengen countries), and a lack of openness within the
Air Service Agreements into which the country has
entered (ranked 80th).
Greece is ranked 24th overall, with very attractive
cultural resources, excellent health and hygiene (ranked
3rd overall), and a safe and secure environment (18th).
Further, there is a strong national tourism perception
compared with many other European countries, with a
generally open and positive attitude toward tourists, as
well as a higher prioritization of the T&T sector by the
government (22nd) than many European countries.The
countrys overall ranking is held back, however, by its
regulatory environment (ranked 57th, with stringent
rules governing foreign direct investment and foreign
ownership restrictions as well as visa requirements for
visitors from many countries). Another area of weakness
is the countrys air and ground transport infrastructure,
which are characterized as less efficient than in many
other European countries. Human resources (ranked
55th) is another area of concern, with, for example,
insufficient training available in the country.
Italy, the country with the highest number of
World Heritage sites in the world (43), ranks a mediocre
33rd in the TTCI ranking. Unsurprisingly, the country
Austria and Germany share a number of characteristics with regard to their own T&T environments. For
example, both countries are among the top three countries, together with Denmark, in the quality of their
environmental regulation; and they are among the top
four in terms of safety and security in the country, with
very low crime and violence and reliable police services.
Most strikingly they hold the top two spots in the area
of natural and cultural resources, ranks attributable to
several World Heritage sites in both countries (especially
in Germany) and to large nationally protected national
parks and such areas. But there are some nuances. For
example, Germany is rated as doing somewhat better
with the quality of transport infrastructure, particularly
ground transport infrastructure, where it is rated number
1; Austrias tourism-specific infrastructure is rated as the
best in the world, ahead of Germanys. And Austria also
outperforms Germany quite strongly in the countrys
prioritization of Travel & Tourism.
The United States is ranked 5th in the index. It is
among the top three of the 124 countries covered regarding natural and cultural resources, with a large number
of World Heritage sites (20 of them) as well as a high
percentage of protected land area, making the country
an attractive destination. Some aspects of the policy
environment are also favorable, such as the strong property
rights in the country, although other policies, such as
the relatively stringent visa regime, have become a hindrance to attracting foreign visitors to the country.The
country also has an excellent infrastructure and business
environment for Travel & Tourism, ranked number 1 in
the overall subindex, and it has the most well developed
air transport infrastructure in the world, by a significant
margin, as well as excellent tourism infrastructure (ranked
3rd) and very good ground transport infrastructure.
The countrys human resources also get excellent marks
(ranked 5th overall). It should be noted, however, that
hiring foreign labor is highlighted as somewhat difficult
(ranked 43rd).This is an area of concern because of the
seasonality of much of the tourism labor force. Among
the countrys weaknesses are in particular what is perceived to be a generally negative attitude toward tourists
(ranked 101st), as well as a lack of prioritization of the
sector by the government (84th). Safety and security is
also a relatively more important problem than it is in
many other countries of the same income level (the
United States is ranked 45th), mainly because of fears
about terrorist threats in the country.
Canada is ranked 7th in the TTCI, with excellent
air transport infrastructure (second only to the United
States), and very good ground transport and ICT infrastructure, facilitating the online T&T environment.
Canada has a large number of World Heritage sites (13),
which attract visitors. And there is a greater prioritization
of the T&T industry within Canada than there is in the
United States.The country also does comparatively
well with the quality of its human resources, providing
10
Table 1: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index

SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Iceland
United States
Hong Kong SAR
Canada
Singapore
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Australia
New Zealand
Spain
Finland
Sweden
Netherlands
Cyprus
Belgium
Portugal
Norway
Greece
Japan
Malta
Ireland
Estonia
Barbados
Taiwan, China
Malaysia
Israel
Italy
Tunisia
Czech Republic
Qatar
Slovak Republic
Croatia
Mauritius
Hungary
Costa Rica
Korea, Rep.
Thailand
Slovenia
Chile
Jordan
Bahrain
Jamaica
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Lithuania
Turkey
Latvia
Bulgaria
Panama
Uruguay
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Indonesia
South Africa
Poland
Argentina
India
Georgia
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
5.66
5.54
5.48
5.45
5.43
5.33
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.28
5.27
5.23
5.21
5.20
5.18
5.16
5.13
5.09
5.08
5.07
5.07
5.05
5.04
4.99
4.99
4.96
4.93
4.90
4.86
4.82
4.80
4.80
4.78
4.76
4.75
4.71
4.68
4.66
4.63
4.61
4.60
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.52
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.34
4.32
4.31
4.31
4.28
4.28
4.27
4.24
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.14
4.13
2
3
6
5
33
4
15
1
17
21
8
13
16
10
25
7
19
18
22
29
24
11
9
20
28
23
14
32
31
45
27
36
42
12
40
34
37
58
35
26
39
46
41
44
38
30
61
49
48
51
57
53
60
66
56
43
47
50
67
54
79
59
63
85
62
55
5.80
5.79
5.62
5.69
5.06
5.75
5.31
5.81
5.28
5.20
5.46
5.34
5.28
5.44
5.15
5.61
5.25
5.28
5.17
5.09
5.16
5.40
5.45
5.21
5.10
5.16
5.32
5.07
5.08
4.73
5.12
4.93
4.77
5.34
4.80
5.04
4.86
4.37
4.96
5.15
4.80
4.61
4.78
4.74
4.83
5.09
4.24
4.54
4.55
4.52
4.39
4.45
4.32
4.17
4.41
4.76
4.60
4.52
4.14
4.45
3.99
4.35
4.22
3.90
4.24
4.44
2
12
3
8
1
14
4
11
9
6
16
5
10
20
7
18
13
19
15
23
29
22
21
32
17
31
26
25
36
28
27
33
30
47
37
39
45
40
46
51
52
24
35
38
42
54
34
59
57
71
43
63
41
56
53
67
72
60
48
68
80
44
62
58
55
98
5.36
4.97
5.23
5.04
5.74
4.81
5.22
5.01
5.04
5.08
4.76
5.10
5.04
4.57
5.05
4.68
4.88
4.68
4.77
4.50
4.41
4.50
4.56
4.36
4.71
4.37
4.44
4.45
4.14
4.43
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.77
4.13
4.10
3.81
4.06
3.77
3.71
3.66
4.46
4.14
4.11
3.87
3.65
4.24
3.53
3.60
3.28
3.84
3.49
4.00
3.64
3.66
3.32
3.27
3.51
3.76
3.30
3.09
3.81
3.50
3.58
3.64
2.77
2
1
6
5
12
14
16
42
8
10
9
28
26
7
19
33
27
24
25
3
4
30
40
15
38
21
46
34
17
23
57
35
32
37
22
49
18
11
39
51
20
73
59
53
47
58
54
36
50
29
61
48
77
41
63
64
52
68
67
56
13
96
60
45
81
31
5.81
5.86
5.61
5.61
5.50
5.44
5.40
5.11
5.60
5.58
5.59
5.27
5.30
5.60
5.34
5.18
5.27
5.31
5.30
5.62
5.62
5.23
5.12
5.41
5.15
5.33
5.03
5.18
5.38
5.32
4.84
5.18
5.18
5.15
5.32
4.99
5.37
5.55
5.15
4.98
5.34
4.67
4.82
4.88
5.03
4.82
4.86
5.17
4.98
5.24
4.79
5.00
4.63
5.11
4.76
4.75
4.93
4.70
4.70
4.85
5.47
4.37
4.81
5.05
4.55
5.18
(contd.)
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy
Kuwait
Russian Federation
Guatemala
Botswana
China
Colombia
Namibia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Romania
El Salvador
Ukraine
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Peru
Kazakhstan
Macedonia, FYR
Gambia
Trinidad and Tobago
Philippines
Vietnam
Honduras
Nicaragua
Albania
Mongolia
Mauritania
Algeria
Zambia
Moldova
Cambodia
Ecuador
Kenya
Venezuela
Guyana
Uganda
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Mali
Nepal
Zimbabwe
Suriname
Bolivia
Tajikistan
Paraguay
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
Malawi
Nigeria
Benin
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Mozambique
Bangladesh
Lesotho
Angola
Burundi
Chad
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
4.08
4.03
4.00
3.99
3.97
3.96
3.95
3.93
3.92
3.91
3.90
3.89
3.89
3.86
3.86
3.81
3.81
3.81
3.79
3.79
3.78
3.78
3.76
3.75
3.72
3.71
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.64
3.64
3.62
3.62
3.56
3.56
3.54
3.52
3.51
3.50
3.49
3.48
3.47
3.46
3.46
3.44
3.44
3.41
3.31
3.30
3.28
3.26
3.25
3.23
3.21
3.12
2.89
2.88
2.68
71
100
68
64
78
69
73
65
77
87
75
76
70
72
74
81
114
52
88
80
84
83
82
94
92
95
89
86
99
90
98
91
117
96
105
111
106
101
93
113
108
110
109
97
107
104
102
103
118
112
120
119
115
121
116
122
123
124
4.07
3.64
4.14
4.21
4.00
4.12
4.05
4.21
4.01
3.86
4.01
4.01
4.11
4.07
4.04
3.97
3.34
4.48
3.83
3.98
3.91
3.93
3.97
3.70
3.74
3.68
3.81
3.87
3.65
3.77
3.66
3.76
3.32
3.67
3.54
3.41
3.50
3.59
3.72
3.39
3.49
3.44
3.46
3.67
3.50
3.54
3.58
3.57
3.32
3.40
3.13
3.16
3.34
3.07
3.34
2.91
2.82
2.51
50
49
76
69
61
77
64
96
70
74
66
73
91
89
85
81
82
106
65
79
95
83
99
114
109
97
93
120
100
103
90
86
78
88
119
104
75
94
121
117
84
87
101
112
92
105
115
118
102
116
110
122
107
108
111
113
123
124
3.71
3.75
3.16
3.30
3.51
3.15
3.44
2.80
3.29
3.20
3.34
3.21
2.86
2.88
2.95
3.03
3.01
2.66
3.35
3.10
2.81
2.97
2.76
2.49
2.57
2.80
2.82
2.44
2.75
2.71
2.87
2.94
3.12
2.93
2.44
2.69
3.19
2.82
2.41
2.47
2.97
2.94
2.73
2.52
2.84
2.68
2.48
2.46
2.72
2.47
2.57
2.37
2.63
2.61
2.54
2.50
2.31
1.80
86
65
69
85
93
78
95
62
88
71
98
89
70
75
80
90
44
101
104
100
76
91
82
43
55
74
97
72
83
87
94
107
92
109
66
84
118
108
99
79
114
112
103
105
113
110
106
117
119
115
111
102
121
116
123
124
122
120
4.46
4.71
4.69
4.47
4.39
4.62
4.37
4.77
4.45
4.68
4.36
4.45
4.69
4.64
4.59
4.44
5.07
4.28
4.20
4.29
4.63
4.44
4.54
5.07
4.86
4.67
4.37
4.67
4.54
4.45
4.38
4.15
4.41
4.09
4.70
4.52
3.88
4.14
4.36
4.60
3.99
4.02
4.20
4.18
4.00
4.09
4.17
3.90
3.86
3.96
4.08
4.22
3.71
3.96
3.48
3.25
3.50
3.72
Table 1: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (contd.)
11
12
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework

PILLARS
Regulatory
framework
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
94
89
122
85
65
16
3
77
61
121
31
24
112
109
101
64
67
66
102
123
90
119
15
124
38
78
69
39
58
29
40
8
51
98
50
75
32
120
7
13
52
55
6
20
68
96
83
4
26
5
62
54
14
36
42
49
28
30
81
91
46
71
111
60
116
57
3.70
3.81
2.91
3.90
4.21
5.28
5.79
4.01
4.24
3.07
5.08
5.16
3.40
3.46
3.59
4.21
4.14
4.17
3.58
2.82
3.77
3.16
5.31
2.51
4.83
4.00
4.12
4.80
4.37
5.09
4.80
5.46
4.52
3.66
4.52
4.01
5.07
3.13
5.61
5.34
4.48
4.44
5.62
5.21
4.14
3.67
3.93
5.75
5.15
5.69
4.24
4.45
5.32
4.93
4.77
4.54
5.10
5.09
3.97
3.76
4.61
4.07
3.41
4.32
3.34
4.39
84
113
121
78
92
52
22
96
62
99
27
20
119
85
83
59
75
82
105
122
93
111
16
123
7
97
41
17
72
49
32
10
14
77
69
9
47
115
15
40
74
80
6
57
18
79
37
2
25
36
86
43
4
30
70
3
38
29
106
116
56
100
120
71
87
68
4.14
3.37
2.93
4.30
3.81
4.81
5.33
3.76
4.71
3.69
5.24
5.33
3.22
4.13
4.18
4.74
4.35
4.25
3.65
2.92
3.78
3.39
5.46
2.78
5.66
3.76
4.99
5.40
4.55
4.87
5.15
5.56
5.47
4.32
4.59
5.63
4.92
3.33
5.46
5.00
4.38
4.27
5.67
4.77
5.37
4.29
5.12
5.76
5.26
5.12
4.12
4.97
5.69
5.18
4.58
5.70
5.05
5.18
3.54
3.33
4.78
3.69
3.10
4.57
4.04
4.59
124
82
115
94
102
13
2
104
77
112
42
18
76
114
119
59
46
103
57
118
73
116
19
123
36
88
58
35
52
53
31
1
72
107
75
63
32
111
5
15
43
68
3
45
79
93
87
24
33
12
41
81
22
30
54
67
17
56
80
60
37
96
106
49
105
51
2.50
3.66
2.92
3.41
3.28
5.58
6.09
3.18
3.74
2.96
4.43
5.44
3.75
2.95
2.79
4.11
4.38
3.24
4.16
2.85
3.82
2.91
5.43
2.62
4.61
3.53
4.12
4.63
4.26
4.26
4.82
6.11
3.84
3.08
3.79
3.97
4.78
2.98
5.98
5.50
4.41
3.89
6.05
4.39
3.68
3.44
3.54
5.11
4.75
5.60
4.45
3.66
5.18
4.86
4.26
3.92
5.47
4.21
3.67
4.07
4.60
3.35
3.16
4.31
3.17
4.29
80
74
92
91
49
20
4
38
61
119
35
36
82
103
75
55
90
107
65
108
98
89
21
120
30
83
105
67
63
34
52
8
87
102
64
118
28
58
1
29
48
47
2
18
114
124
113
6
25
3
39
50
31
69
53
111
23
19
76
116
37
22
115
41
94
57
4.09
4.18
3.85
3.90
4.79
5.50
6.20
4.97
4.55
3.08
5.13
5.06
4.09
3.56
4.16
4.65
3.91
3.46
4.47
3.45
3.72
4.01
5.40
2.98
5.22
4.08
3.48
4.40
4.54
5.17
4.74
6.00
4.05
3.56
4.54
3.10
5.25
4.60
6.55
5.22
4.80
4.80
6.26
5.53
3.17
2.39
3.24
6.07
5.32
6.21
4.96
4.77
5.22
4.34
4.73
3.30
5.37
5.53
4.15
3.12
5.00
5.38
3.15
4.92
3.80
4.60
58
53
119
90
40
22
14
63
61
105
42
2
113
98
57
86
72
27
120
111
122
110
38
123
51
84
55
50
66
36
44
16
79
80
69
73
30
124
6
9
95
43
11
3
76
87
83
1
12
4
100
103
35
7
5
67
28
41
45
106
60
37
74
68
109
47
4.81
4.91
2.61
4.04
5.46
5.91
6.18
4.70
4.76
3.27
5.40
6.59
3.12
3.73
4.85
4.09
4.43
5.81
2.59
3.16
2.21
3.19
5.66
1.78
5.03
4.09
4.88
5.05
4.59
5.69
5.32
6.14
4.18
4.12
4.50
4.27
5.75
1.67
6.32
6.27
3.81
5.37
6.23
6.53
4.23
4.08
4.09
6.62
6.20
6.42
3.59
3.48
5.69
6.31
6.41
4.59
5.78
5.41
5.30
3.26
4.78
5.67
4.27
4.56
3.21
5.24
107
109
121
64
67
30
14
84
81
118
11
86
110
108
123
83
71
45
103
124
7
119
32
117
73
33
98
34
57
4
52
80
18
96
12
100
28
102
65
27
20
59
56
22
38
41
70
13
39
16
48
6
24
53
60
10
63
17
97
19
58
120
89
94
115
95
2.94
2.92
2.27
3.85
3.68
4.62
5.17
3.42
3.46
2.37
5.19
3.40
2.84
2.93
1.97
3.45
3.64
4.11
3.05
1.75
5.34
2.32
4.60
2.38
3.61
4.54
3.14
4.54
3.89
5.49
3.97
3.47
5.05
3.21
5.18
3.11
4.67
3.10
3.76
4.69
4.98
3.87
3.90
4.85
4.24
4.16
3.65
5.18
4.22
5.10
4.06
5.36
4.84
3.93
3.86
5.22
3.85
5.10
3.20
4.99
3.87
2.28
3.37
3.22
2.46
3.21
(contd.)
PILLARS
Regulatory
framework
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
17
114
104
103
27
93
23
95
35
48
99
92
47
115
73
113
22
10
82
118
9
106
56
107
74
80
63
11
34
87
100
79
1
37
44
59
25
70
110
19
2
45
97
72
41
88
12
53
105
76
18
21
33
43
117
84
86
108
5.28
3.34
3.54
3.57
5.12
3.72
5.16
3.68
4.96
4.55
3.65
3.74
4.60
3.34
4.05
3.39
5.17
5.44
3.97
3.32
5.45
3.50
4.41
3.50
4.04
3.98
4.22
5.40
5.04
3.86
3.64
3.99
5.81
4.86
4.74
4.35
5.15
4.11
3.44
5.25
5.80
4.73
3.67
4.07
4.78
3.83
5.34
4.45
3.54
4.01
5.28
5.20
5.06
4.76
3.32
3.91
3.87
3.49
5
89
117
73
26
110
53
112
63
33
118
94
48
108
44
91
12
19
39
109
34
98
31
95
35
61
66
28
65
67
124
76
1
24
81
46
45
64
107
23
21
8
102
101
55
60
42
51
103
88
54
11
13
50
90
104
58
114
5.67
3.96
3.23
4.45
5.25
3.45
4.79
3.38
4.67
5.13
3.22
3.78
4.90
3.50
4.95
3.83
5.50
5.36
5.04
3.49
5.13
3.73
5.16
3.77
5.13
4.72
4.66
5.23
4.66
4.61
2.71
4.33
5.78
5.30
4.27
4.94
4.95
4.67
3.54
5.30
5.33
5.65
3.68
3.68
4.78
4.74
4.98
4.82
3.66
3.99
4.78
5.54
5.48
4.84
3.84
3.66
4.76
3.36
11
110
62
86
20
69
55
98
34
47
92
117
64
91
48
97
10
8
99
78
9
85
70
121
71
83
65
26
29
101
113
120
6
38
27
28
40
74
122
7
4
21
89
44
39
100
16
61
66
109
25
14
23
50
108
84
95
90
5.65
3.01
3.98
3.56
5.31
3.87
4.21
3.34
4.67
4.35
3.46
2.87
3.97
3.48
4.32
3.35
5.69
5.85
3.32
3.69
5.83
3.57
3.85
2.68
3.85
3.65
3.96
5.05
4.89
3.31
2.96
2.72
5.92
4.59
5.01
4.97
4.51
3.80
2.67
5.87
6.04
5.19
3.52
4.40
4.58
3.32
5.47
4.04
3.94
3.04
5.07
5.52
5.15
4.30
3.06
3.59
3.39
3.51
13
97
93
81
26
66
16
54
40
104
88
77
43
100
85
123
27
12
68
117
9
106
59
101
110
96
71
11
17
72
99
62
7
24
33
95
46
112
84
15
5
32
78
79
42
121
14
56
109
73
10
44
45
60
122
51
70
86
5.70
3.75
3.81
4.09
5.30
4.45
5.62
4.71
4.95
3.54
4.01
4.13
4.88
3.60
4.07
2.73
5.29
5.72
4.36
3.10
5.96
3.46
4.58
3.58
3.38
3.75
4.26
5.82
5.61
4.26
3.66
4.55
6.02
5.37
5.21
3.77
4.84
3.27
4.07
5.64
6.08
5.21
4.11
4.09
4.91
2.85
5.64
4.61
3.44
4.23
5.83
4.88
4.84
4.57
2.80
4.77
4.33
4.07
19
96
118
104
62
114
26
115
46
49
56
75
81
121
107
116
15
23
97
108
10
91
65
88
93
77
89
17
24
99
31
48
29
18
34
82
21
70
71
13
8
85
92
101
59
64
52
54
112
39
25
33
32
20
78
94
117
102
5.97
3.80
2.69
3.28
4.75
3.12
5.82
3.05
5.25
5.05
4.87
4.26
4.11
2.50
3.23
3.02
6.16
5.90
3.76
3.21
6.24
4.04
4.63
4.08
3.97
4.22
4.07
6.13
5.88
3.68
5.73
5.11
5.77
5.99
5.69
4.10
5.93
4.49
4.48
6.19
6.29
4.09
4.00
3.55
4.80
4.68
5.02
4.90
3.13
5.55
5.84
5.70
5.72
5.95
4.20
3.96
2.69
3.48
85
122
50
114
21
66
5
55
9
29
113
68
15
72
69
49
91
36
88
101
46
111
62
87
61
74
42
26
40
82
99
92
2
104
77
51
3
37
116
93
8
78
106
31
25
75
1
54
79
90
23
35
47
44
112
76
43
105
3.41
2.20
3.99
2.47
4.98
3.71
5.37
3.90
5.24
4.65
2.69
3.66
5.16
3.64
3.66
4.04
3.24
4.37
3.38
3.10
4.10
2.71
3.85
3.39
3.86
3.59
4.15
4.78
4.17
3.45
3.13
3.23
5.57
3.05
3.51
3.99
5.54
4.33
2.43
3.22
5.28
3.51
3.03
4.61
4.84
3.57
5.59
3.91
3.51
3.25
4.85
4.38
4.10
4.13
2.70
3.55
4.15
3.04
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework (contd.)
13
14
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure
PILLARS
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
114
93
113
58
96
10
12
70
34
108
36
29
116
101
94
69
48
56
115
123
103
122
4
124
42
61
77
52
40
23
37
16
71
90
60
66
25
110
18
5
106
98
3
32
76
88
83
14
51
8
55
68
26
33
30
59
17
54
81
86
24
50
104
41
111
43
2.49
2.82
2.50
3.58
2.80
5.04
4.97
3.29
4.24
2.61
4.14
4.41
2.47
2.73
2.82
3.30
3.76
3.64
2.48
2.31
2.71
2.37
5.22
1.80
3.87
3.51
3.15
3.66
4.06
4.50
4.13
4.76
3.28
2.87
3.51
3.34
4.45
2.57
4.68
5.10
2.66
2.77
5.23
4.36
3.16
2.93
2.97
4.81
3.71
5.04
3.64
3.30
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.53
4.71
3.65
3.03
2.94
4.46
3.71
2.69
4.00
2.54
3.84
113
101
98
43
95
5
23
77
27
114
53
26
122
68
117
59
28
76
119
123
89
120
2
124
41
36
50
44
80
34
48
17
63
82
49
57
56
94
19
4
102
106
6
37
55
69
74
12
65
13
33
64
20
40
22
47
16
67
75
71
24
62
107
54
121
61
2.00
2.25
2.29
3.49
2.32
5.41
4.10
2.75
3.95
1.99
3.22
3.99
1.71
2.87
1.88
3.13
3.94
2.75
1.81
1.58
2.54
1.80
5.68
1.54
3.59
3.78
3.34
3.49
2.71
3.83
3.39
4.63
3.04
2.67
3.35
3.15
3.17
2.35
4.55
5.45
2.21
2.16
5.39
3.72
3.18
2.83
2.77
4.83
2.98
4.81
3.86
2.98
4.33
3.59
4.20
3.39
4.68
2.88
2.76
2.82
4.10
3.06
2.15
3.19
1.75
3.07
122
78
120
69
98
20
17
49
39
87
41
9
100
121
114
66
79
70
103
117
82
113
13
124
30
45
86
93
46
51
38
7
71
97
58
63
31
118
10
4
80
76
1
34
73
92
75
2
56
29
40
89
50
24
55
57
6
47
72
84
19
43
104
36
115
32
1.94
3.00
2.00
3.37
2.56
5.18
5.49
3.87
4.21
2.82
4.14
6.05
2.47
1.96
2.12
3.49
2.96
3.33
2.44
2.10
2.93
2.19
5.67
1.63
4.61
3.99
2.83
2.59
3.98
3.84
4.27
6.21
3.20
2.58
3.73
3.54
4.48
2.07
5.88
6.44
2.95
3.07
6.58
4.42
3.12
2.60
3.09
6.46
3.74
4.61
4.17
2.80
3.85
4.94
3.77
3.74
6.32
3.95
3.19
2.89
5.30
4.02
2.41
4.29
2.11
4.47
86
114
115
51
110
14
1
101
31
120
42
33
97
98
56
73
28
25
109
111
122
89
16
117
61
113
79
36
11
5
23
22
39
94
85
78
21
118
29
15
108
106
18
7
76
80
82
70
34
10
96
87
13
41
8
64
43
49
100
71
68
52
95
37
103
40
2.39
1.69
1.63
3.51
1.86
5.44
6.92
2.14
4.18
1.29
3.78
4.15
2.18
2.17
3.27
2.68
4.36
4.43
1.87
1.86
1.09
2.29
5.31
1.44
3.12
1.72
2.53
4.10
5.73
6.10
4.49
4.61
3.90
2.19
2.39
2.55
4.84
1.43
4.33
5.40
1.87
1.87
5.28
6.02
2.64
2.52
2.45
2.79
4.15
5.82
2.18
2.36
5.58
3.79
6.00
3.05
3.76
3.56
2.15
2.75
2.88
3.49
2.19
4.08
1.98
3.80
106
118
121
55
84
8
22
73
52
112
25
29
113
98
61
97
48
50
110
123
111
122
4
124
41
63
67
45
34
31
26
10
79
85
74
66
19
119
15
21
104
87
13
38
71
65
90
16
39
2
75
80
30
23
27
44
17
72
78
93
3
53
99
36
117
40
1.80
1.63
1.58
2.95
2.20
5.57
4.79
2.39
3.00
1.71
4.62
4.39
1.70
1.89
2.67
1.89
3.22
3.05
1.74
1.46
1.71
1.51
5.76
1.32
3.54
2.62
2.52
3.32
3.79
4.26
4.49
5.44
2.33
2.15
2.39
2.54
4.86
1.60
5.24
4.83
1.82
2.09
5.31
3.65
2.46
2.54
2.03
4.98
3.61
6.16
2.38
2.28
4.31
4.78
4.48
3.37
4.95
2.44
2.34
2.02
5.81
2.98
1.89
3.73
1.67
3.54
81
9
30
62
28
111
113
17
3
19
33
114
79
49
92
16
80
59
67
66
18
100
110
123
69
11
71
42
96
72
101
124
104
45
5
36
34
13
117
118
73
58
112
103
74
90
68
31
97
108
6
1
91
78
116
95
107
12
51
82
84
29
40
55
24
77
4.31
5.52
5.01
4.56
5.05
3.59
3.55
5.30
5.84
5.25
4.93
3.49
4.32
4.74
4.14
5.32
4.31
4.63
4.53
4.54
5.27
4.04
3.68
3.08
4.52
5.42
4.51
4.83
4.09
4.48
4.03
2.90
3.94
4.76
5.68
4.89
4.92
5.39
3.41
3.35
4.48
4.65
3.56
3.99
4.41
4.15
4.53
4.98
4.07
3.80
5.61
6.10
4.15
4.32
3.43
4.09
3.84
5.42
4.72
4.25
4.24
5.01
4.83
4.68
5.17
4.35
(contd.)
PILLARS
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
9
82
105
118
27
121
31
97
46
57
100
109
72
107
64
117
15
20
99
102
21
75
53
92
85
79
62
22
39
74
49
80
11
45
38
44
7
91
87
13
2
28
112
89
35
65
47
63
119
73
19
6
1
67
78
95
120
84
5.04
3.01
2.68
2.46
4.44
2.41
4.37
2.80
3.77
3.60
2.75
2.57
3.27
2.63
3.44
2.47
4.77
4.57
2.76
2.72
4.56
3.19
3.66
2.84
2.95
3.10
3.50
4.50
4.10
3.20
3.75
3.09
5.01
3.81
4.11
3.81
5.05
2.86
2.94
4.88
5.36
4.43
2.52
2.88
4.14
3.35
3.77
3.49
2.44
3.21
4.68
5.08
5.74
3.32
3.12
2.81
2.44
2.97
38
108
110
118
31
116
42
111
60
32
103
96
83
105
45
112
14
15
73
104
18
84
39
66
88
72
86
35
29
93
21
99
10
97
79
30
7
91
81
11
9
52
109
100
25
46
78
51
115
87
8
3
1
92
58
90
85
70
3.68
2.12
2.03
1.87
3.91
1.92
3.58
2.03
3.12
3.87
2.19
2.31
2.66
2.17
3.45
2.02
4.80
4.69
2.78
2.18
4.61
2.64
3.66
2.89
2.55
2.80
2.60
3.81
3.93
2.38
4.23
2.29
4.88
2.30
2.72
3.92
5.17
2.48
2.71
4.87
4.97
3.22
2.09
2.26
4.07
3.43
2.74
3.34
1.98
2.56
5.05
5.59
6.75
2.47
3.14
2.52
2.61
2.82
21
83
106
111
15
105
60
99
53
62
110
109
54
108
33
116
8
25
112
88
22
52
42
119
96
91
61
23
48
77
65
107
3
44
37
35
18
74
102
12
5
14
94
68
28
90
27
59
101
67
26
16
11
64
95
85
123
81
5.10
2.92
2.40
2.32
5.58
2.40
3.62
2.47
3.79
3.57
2.35
2.35
3.78
2.37
4.46
2.11
6.20
4.83
2.24
2.80
5.10
3.84
4.04
2.04
2.58
2.70
3.60
4.99
3.94
3.01
3.52
2.38
6.45
4.01
4.28
4.34
5.42
3.11
2.46
5.74
6.36
5.66
2.58
3.39
4.67
2.77
4.78
3.66
2.46
3.39
4.82
5.52
5.77
3.54
2.58
2.88
1.90
2.94
6
63
81
112
60
105
12
72
38
47
88
116
62
92
83
123
32
35
77
107
17
99
57
90
66
93
46
9
26
50
58
54
44
30
20
48
2
102
59
27
4
74
124
84
53
65
45
55
119
75
24
19
3
69
67
121
104
91
6.05
3.10
2.48
1.74
3.14
1.89
5.60
2.71
3.99
3.58
2.32
1.45
3.11
2.20
2.43
1.08
4.16
4.12
2.58
1.87
5.30
2.17
3.18
2.28
2.96
2.19
3.61
5.89
4.40
3.55
3.17
3.34
3.73
4.29
5.22
3.58
6.80
2.01
3.14
4.39
6.48
2.67
1.01
2.40
3.45
2.97
3.70
3.30
1.36
2.66
4.47
5.23
6.50
2.80
2.90
1.11
1.91
2.21
6
76
115
116
37
107
11
96
59
60
81
91
92
120
86
105
12
20
103
102
24
89
62
109
68
83
43
33
49
56
51
46
18
35
28
70
32
94
82
1
9
14
101
108
58
57
69
54
100
64
42
5
7
47
77
88
114
95
5.69
2.38
1.68
1.67
3.69
1.79
5.39
1.90
2.75
2.74
2.26
2.02
2.02
1.60
2.10
1.81
5.37
4.85
1.85
1.85
4.70
2.09
2.63
1.76
2.49
2.22
3.46
3.83
3.12
2.85
3.01
3.29
4.87
3.78
4.47
2.46
3.93
1.99
2.26
6.31
5.54
5.27
1.86
1.77
2.78
2.85
2.46
2.95
1.86
2.56
3.53
5.73
5.64
3.29
2.36
2.09
1.69
1.90
56
64
43
54
2
98
109
38
20
85
60
52
46
41
47
14
119
75
76
35
121
22
44
21
89
7
83
102
25
87
39
88
26
57
106
48
105
53
93
122
115
15
27
63
4
50
23
86
65
37
8
120
99
70
61
10
94
32
4.67
4.55
4.82
4.68
5.89
4.06
3.68
4.88
5.23
4.23
4.62
4.71
4.76
4.83
4.75
5.35
3.34
4.37
4.35
4.91
3.10
5.19
4.79
5.22
4.15
5.59
4.24
3.99
5.12
4.19
4.84
4.16
5.10
4.66
3.87
4.74
3.93
4.70
4.11
3.10
3.46
5.32
5.08
4.56
5.71
4.72
5.17
4.21
4.55
4.89
5.53
3.30
4.06
4.51
4.60
5.47
4.10
4.95
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure (contd.)
15
16
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
43
97
124
45
62
26
1
88
54
116
17
4
115
103
108
85
67
41
106
122
87
102
16
120
47
93
78
20
11
3
22
9
29
94
68
98
34
111
33
28
101
31
6
15
69
109
91
14
51
5
81
56
46
35
32
36
38
58
90
107
73
86
84
77
123
61
5.07
4.37
3.25
5.05
4.77
5.30
5.86
4.45
4.86
3.96
5.38
5.62
3.96
4.20
4.14
4.47
4.70
5.11
4.17
3.50
4.45
4.22
5.40
3.72
5.03
4.39
4.62
5.34
5.55
5.62
5.32
5.59
5.24
4.38
4.70
4.36
5.18
4.08
5.18
5.27
4.28
5.18
5.61
5.41
4.69
4.09
4.44
5.44
4.98
5.61
4.55
4.85
5.03
5.18
5.18
5.17
5.15
4.82
4.44
4.15
4.67
4.46
4.52
4.63
3.48
4.79
35
86
118
66
53
17
23
36
79
99
42
27
104
91
90
113
83
67
117
119
105
103
12
120
24
74
58
28
54
49
26
4
57
96
69
41
30
112
8
32
107
33
25
55
78
95
82
7
37
3
85
62
9
13
46
39
11
63
60
100
48
16
71
38
116
61
5.37
4.82
3.09
5.08
5.23
5.64
5.53
5.36
4.94
4.30
5.32
5.49
4.08
4.79
4.79
3.52
4.85
5.08
3.18
3.08
4.08
4.16
5.69
2.99
5.52
5.00
5.18
5.49
5.22
5.24
5.50
6.08
5.18
4.51
5.06
5.32
5.45
3.55
5.87
5.42
3.96
5.40
5.52
5.21
4.95
4.62
4.86
5.93
5.34
6.19
4.83
5.14
5.83
5.69
5.26
5.33
5.75
5.13
5.17
4.20
5.24
5.64
5.05
5.33
3.37
5.15
10
114
121
52
53
80
33
65
36
119
2
59
79
113
111
28
87
30
12
98
32
24
76
37
92
120
89
39
4
5
77
69
21
86
85
102
31
101
109
96
25
7
88
23
74
68
63
27
100
49
81
57
67
78
66
15
116
34
58
75
118
117
72
107
103
93
6.17
4.01
3.64
5.13
5.11
4.60
5.53
4.82
5.37
3.88
6.56
4.99
4.61
4.02
4.10
5.59
4.54
5.56
6.15
4.42
5.53
5.67
4.66
5.34
4.44
3.82
4.53
5.30
6.52
6.48
4.65
4.72
5.88
4.55
4.55
4.36
5.54
4.36
4.15
4.42
5.65
6.26
4.54
5.71
4.67
4.73
4.83
5.60
4.39
5.19
4.60
5.00
4.77
4.61
4.79
6.10
3.97
5.51
5.00
4.67
3.88
3.94
4.69
4.29
4.34
4.44
93
65
119
35
78
15
2
116
66
92
68
4
112
90
100
62
42
43
114
120
91
123
11
122
32
60
72
28
36
31
12
7
45
74
55
103
49
61
18
9
108
81
1
23
56
121
97
39
30
22
70
58
54
27
20
76
14
86
117
98
37
89
88
67
124
38
3.68
4.28
3.02
4.93
3.98
5.64
6.52
3.15
4.27
3.69
4.25
6.38
3.19
3.80
3.52
4.30
4.71
4.70
3.18
2.99
3.75
2.83
5.86
2.83
5.13
4.36
4.16
5.22
4.90
5.15
5.80
5.97
4.65
4.10
4.49
3.41
4.54
4.32
5.52
5.95
3.25
3.89
6.75
5.29
4.46
2.91
3.62
4.78
5.20
5.44
4.22
4.40
4.49
5.23
5.50
4.08
5.73
3.83
3.15
3.59
4.89
3.80
3.82
4.27
2.72
4.80
(contd.)
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
8
44
110
117
57
99
21
74
39
50
83
55
52
121
95
79
25
7
82
119
40
118
63
113
80
100
60
30
49
71
65
13
42
18
53
96
19
70
112
27
2
23
105
75
59
104
37
48
66
89
24
10
12
64
92
76
72
114
5.60
5.07
4.09
3.90
4.84
4.36
5.33
4.67
5.15
4.98
4.54
4.86
4.93
3.71
4.37
4.60
5.30
5.60
4.54
3.86
5.12
3.88
4.76
4.00
4.59
4.29
4.81
5.23
4.99
4.68
4.71
5.47
5.11
5.37
4.88
4.37
5.34
4.69
4.02
5.27
5.81
5.32
4.18
4.64
4.82
4.20
5.15
5.00
4.70
4.45
5.31
5.58
5.50
4.75
4.41
4.63
4.67
3.99
14
56
108
121
34
114
43
101
89
50
80
68
72
124
122
106
21
20
59
102
18
98
88
92
77
93
44
40
19
76
70
47
2
10
52
111
45
84
97
31
1
15
87
110
75
64
22
65
109
73
29
6
5
51
94
81
115
123
5.69
5.21
3.93
2.84
5.38
3.49
5.32
4.19
4.80
5.24
4.94
5.07
5.04
2.54
2.83
4.05
5.55
5.60
5.18
4.18
5.62
4.45
4.81
4.79
4.95
4.64
5.31
5.32
5.60
4.96
5.05
5.25
6.21
5.78
5.23
3.64
5.30
4.84
4.48
5.43
6.25
5.69
4.82
3.69
4.97
5.10
5.54
5.09
3.88
5.00
5.47
5.97
5.99
5.23
4.63
4.92
3.40
2.60
22
13
73
40
26
8
16
1
14
91
48
11
45
44
9
20
82
38
84
110
108
123
61
115
105
83
122
54
41
95
104
19
47
71
60
56
55
70
97
99
62
17
90
42
35
106
50
43
18
46
3
94
112
64
124
51
6
29
5.84
6.11
4.68
5.29
5.64
6.21
6.03
6.58
6.10
4.50
5.19
6.16
5.24
5.27
6.17
5.91
4.60
5.34
4.58
4.13
4.26
3.57
4.92
3.97
4.32
4.58
3.59
5.10
5.28
4.43
4.34
5.92
5.20
4.71
4.99
5.08
5.09
4.71
4.42
4.42
4.88
5.97
4.51
5.28
5.43
4.30
5.17
5.28
5.94
5.21
6.53
4.43
4.09
4.83
3.52
5.14
6.39
5.56
24
82
94
99
101
104
44
110
50
29
102
105
52
106
73
85
13
10
83
107
21
96
48
109
53
95
19
25
75
46
41
26
79
16
57
59
17
51
115
8
6
63
113
34
77
111
40
47
64
118
80
5
3
71
33
84
69
87
5.29
3.89
3.66
3.56
3.52
3.37
4.66
3.23
4.54
5.22
3.49
3.34
4.50
3.32
4.12
3.83
5.74
5.88
3.87
3.25
5.46
3.62
4.56
3.24
4.49
3.66
5.52
5.28
4.08
4.64
4.74
5.25
3.94
5.62
4.43
4.40
5.62
4.51
3.17
5.96
6.30
4.29
3.19
4.96
4.05
3.21
4.75
4.63
4.29
3.12
3.92
6.32
6.42
4.20
5.08
3.84
4.23
3.82
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources (contd.)
17
18
is strongly assessed for its cultural aspects. Other areas of

strength are the health and hygiene of the country (5th)
and its very good tourism infrastructure (8th). However,
Italys T&T competitiveness suffers from several weaknesses, which bring the overall rating down.These
weaknesses include policy rules and regulations, where it
ranks a dismal 70thbelow most European countries
because of its very strong foreign ownership restrictions
(ranked 103rd) and rules governing foreign direct investment (101st).There are also safety and security concerns
(53rd). Ground transport infrastructure also gets poor
marks, particularly the quality of railroads (49th) and
ports (77th). Also the T&T sector is not assessed as
being an important priority for the government (ranked
a low 92nd).
Among countries that recently joined the European
Union, Cyprus is ranked highest, at 20th overall,
just behind the Netherlands.The countrys tourism
infrastructure is ranked 5th overall, with top marks for
the availability of hotel rooms and major car rental
companies, as well as good access to ATMs. Its tourism
perception also gets top marks, ranked 5th overall, with
Cypriots being extremely open to foreign visitors, for
example. It is also notable that Cyprus is ranked 4th
overall with regard to the prioritization of T&T, behind
only Spain among European countries. However, more
could be done in the policy environment, where the
country is ranked 49th overall, behind many other
European countries, and in upgrading human resources
in order to ensure more and better-qualified people for
the industry.
Elsewhere in Europe, Turkey is ranked a relatively
low 55th overall. Although the country has a rich cultural
heritage (with nine World Heritage sites), its overall
T&T competitiveness is held back by onerous policy
rules and regulations (ranked 51st), such as foreign
ownership restrictions and rules on foreign direct
investment.There are also worries about safety and security (61st, particularly related to terrorism), health and
hygiene (54th), and infrastructure inadequacies.These
weaknesses might be tackled more readily if the sector
were further prioritized by the government (73rd).
Russia is ranked 68th overall.The country gets
relatively high marks for natural and cultural resources,
particularly because of the high number of World
Heritage sites (23). It also has a quite well developed air
transport infrastructure (21st). However, ground transport
infrastructure (65th) and tourism infrastructure (58th)
get lower marks, with a very low concentration of hotel
rooms and relatively few ATMs available. Safety and
security issues are also of serious concern (99th), with a
high level of crime and violence and a lack of trust in
the police to protect from crime. Most strikingly, with
regard to the policy environment, Russia is assessed as
having the worst policy environment of all countries
covered (124th), due, for example, to extremely high
foreign ownership restrictions, property rights that are
not well protected, and visa requirements for visitors

from many countries. Environmental regulation, ranked
113th, is also a serious weakness. More generally, the
sector is not seen to be a priority of the government,
ranked a low 120th overall. Much needs to be achieved
in the country in order to fully exploit its T&T potential.
Asia and Oceania
Within Asia, Hong Kong is the economy with the

strongest T&T competitiveness (ranked 6th overall), followed closely by Singapore (8th).These economies have
excellent infrastructures: both their ground transport
infrastructures are assessed as among the top three in the
world, and their air transport infrastructures get high
marks as well.They also have top-notch human resources,
with healthy and well-educated people to work in the
sector.With regard to the policy environment, they hold
the top two places out of all economies, with regulatory
environments that are extremely conducive to the
development of the T&T industry (policies facilitating
foreign ownership and foreign direct investment, wellprotected property rights, and few visa restrictions).
Further, they are among the safest countries of all
assessed in terms of crime and security issues. Hong
Kong is unsurpassed in the quality of health and
hygiene, and Singapore is ranked second in the overall
prioritization of Travel & Tourism.
Australia is ranked 13th overall, just ahead of New
Zealand (14th). Both countries are characterized by
excellent natural and cultural resources, with much
nationally protected land area and, in the case of
Australia, many World Heritage sites as well (there are
16 such sites in Australia, placing the country 12th).
And, given the importance of the natural environment
for much of their leisure tourism, it is notable that they
also have comparatively stringent environmental regulations, which are aimed at ensuring that this remains a
sustainable strength (both countries governments get
good marks for making efforts to ensure that the T&T
industry is developed sustainably). Given their distance
from other continents, particularly Australia, and the
importance of domestic air travel to overcome the large
distances between major sites, their competitiveness is
also buttressed by excellent air transport infrastructure
(especially Australia, ranked 5th), as well as good ground
transport and general tourism infrastructure. Further,
both countries are characterized by a relatively strong
prioritization of the T&T sector and by effective
destination-marketing campaigns.
Japan is ranked 25th, quite a bit lower than its
overall economic competitiveness ranking (Japan is
ranked 7th in the World Economic Forums Global
Competitiveness Index), inferring that the countrys
many strengths are not fully translating into an attractive
environment for the development of Travel & Tourism.
Although Japan gets quite good marks for its cultural
resources (ranked 15th for its 14 World Heritage sites),
infrastructure in the country, including air transport (64th),

ground transport (89th), and tourism infrastructure
(87th).There are also some concerns related to safety
and security, particularly the reliability of police services
to protect from crime.
India is ranked 65th overall.The country has some
clear strengths, which are mainly linked to cultural
endowments. It ranked a very high 7th overall with
regard to the number of World Heritage sites in the
country, and it also benefits from a relatively welcoming
attitude toward foreign travelers.The country also benefits from excellent price competitivenessit is ranked
6th overall, with very low ticket taxes and airport
charges (ranked 7th) and low prices in the economy as
a whole (ranked 11th). And with regard to the policy
environment, property rights are indeed well protected
and foreign ownership is authorized, although the
stringency of visa requirements places India a very low
106th overall. India also has quite a good air transport
network (ranked 33rd), particularly given the countrys
stage of development. But the tourism infrastructure
remains underdeveloped (ranked a very low 96th),
with very few hotel rooms available by international
comparison (ranked 113th) and low ATM penetration.
Further, despite government and industry efforts to
promote the country abroad (India is ranked 4th with
regard to tourism fair attendance) and the exposure
given to recent promotional campaigns, the assessment
of marketing and branding to attract tourists remains
somewhat mediocre (ranked 59th).
China is ranked 71st in the TTCI. Although China
is ranked 3rd in terms of World Heritage sites and 11th
in terms of price competitiveness, there are many weaknesses pulling the countrys ranking down. China has a
policy environment that is not at all conducive for T&T
development (ranked a low 97th, just ahead of Pakistan),
with property rights that are not sufficiently protected,
strong foreign ownership restrictions, and stringent
visa requirements. Environmental regulation also gets
low marks (88th), with the government not seen to be
prioritizing the development of the sector in a sustainable
way. China has a relatively good air transport infrastructure
(ranked 36th), and ground infrastructure that is ranked
45th overall. However, tourism infrastructure remains
highly underdeveloped (ranked 113th), with very few
major international car rental companies operating in
the country, few hotel rooms given the size of the
country, and few ATMs.There are also some safety and
security concerns (83rd), as well as issues related to
health and hygiene (84th), with a low physician density
and access to improved sanitation and drinking water
that is low by international standards. However, on a
positive note, China does seem to be prioritizing the
sector to a certain extent (33rd), with active participation
in most international tourism fairs.
it does very poorly on the national tourism perception

pillar (116th), because, for example, of a negative attitude
toward foreign travelers in the country. Further, the sector is not perceived to be a priority for the government
(ranked 98th).
Taiwan is ranked 30th, just ahead of Malaysia,
which is ranked 31st.Taiwans strengths lie in the quality
of its human resources (ranked 15th), good ground
transport and ICT infrastructure (both ranked 14th), a
policy environment that is conducive to developing the
sector (8th), and strong price competitiveness (ranked
15th), indicating that much of the underlying structure
and environment exists for developing the sector. But its
overall T&T competitiveness is held back by a relatively
underdeveloped tourism infrastructure (ranked a low
74th) and the lack of prioritization of the sector by the
government (ranked 78th).
Malaysia also has good ground transport infrastructure and excellent price competitivenessit is ranked
2nd overall on this indicator, with very low ticket taxes
and airport charges, low comparative fuel prices, and a
favorable tax regime.The country is perceived as quite
safe (24th), although health and hygiene indicators lag
behind those of many other countries in the region, with
in particular a low physician density (placing the country
86th).The countrys policy environment is measured as
relatively conducive to the development of the sector
(ranked 26th), and the government is prioritizing Travel
& Tourism, with one of the highest T&T fair attendances
in the world (ranked 2nd) and an excellent evaluation
for its destination-marketing campaigns (ranked 6th).
Thailand is ranked 43rd in the TTCI, just behind
Korea (ranked 42nd).Thailand does reasonably well in
national tourism perception, where it is ranked 35th,
because of a very friendly attitude toward tourists
(ranked 6th) and general openness toward tourism in
the country. And the sector is indeed prioritized by the
government (ranked 14th) with (as in Malaysia) excellent destination-marketing campaigns and an effort to
ensure national presence at major T&T fairs internationally. However, important weaknesses remain, particularly
in the quality of transport and tourism infrastructure,
both of which remain underdeveloped. And despite its
prioritization by the government, some aspects of the
regulatory environmentsuch as stringent foreign
ownership restrictions and rules governing foreign
direct investmentare not particularly conducive to
developing the sector (ranked 55th).
Indonesia is ranked quite a bit lower, at 60th overall.The country does have a great number of nationally
protected areas and World Heritage sites, making it an
attractive place to visit for a number of reasons. Further,
Indonesia is ranked first overall in price competitiveness
in the T&T industry because of low ticket taxes and
airport charges, favorable fuel prices, and overall relatively
low prices in the country. However, these strengths
are held back by weaknesses such as underdeveloped
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20
Latin America and the Caribbean
Barbados, at 29th, is the highest-ranked country in the

Latin America and the Caribbean region. Barbados is
ranked 2nd overall in national tourism perception, with
a positive attitude toward tourists and toward the value
of tourism in the country.The government is prioritizing
the sector to a very high degree (ranked 2nd), spending
a high percentage of GDP on the sector and ensuring
quality destination-marketing campaigns. Further, the
country has a regulatory environment that is quite
conducive to the development of the sector, with low
visa requirements and very open bilateral Air Service
Agreements.
Costa Rica, ranked 41st, is second in the region.
The countrys strengths are in the area of natural
resources, where it is ranked 12th with regard to the
percentage of nationally protected areas. Its policy
environment is extremely conducive to the development
of the sector (ranked 17th), with very open bilateral Air
Service Agreements, low visa requirements, and an environment that welcomes foreign investment. However,
safety and security remains a concern (67th). And
although tourism infrastructure is quite well developed
(36), with an excellent presence of major car rental
companies and a high hotel room concentration in the
country, ground transport infrastructure remains highly
underdeveloped (93rd), particularly roads and ports,
making travel in the country somewhat difficult.
Chile is ranked 45th.The country has an excellent
policy environment (7th), with well-protected property
rights, few foreign ownership restrictions, and a conducive visa regime.The country also benefits from a
high level of safety and security by regional standards
(30th), with low crime and reliable police services. Chile
also has a relatively well developed ground transport
infrastructure (30th), with quality roads and ports,
although tourism infrastructure is less developed (61st),
in particular hotel rooms and car rental possibilities.
Further, the government is not seen as prioritizing the
sector (ranked 93rd).
Jamaica is ranked 48th overall, followed by Mexico,
in 49th place. Jamaicas government is assessed as prioritizing the sector significantly (ranked 15th), spending a
large percentage of the government budget on the sector
(almost 17 percent, ranked 2nd) and ensuring effective
destination-marketing campaigns. In this context, it is
perhaps not surprising that Jamaica gets good marks for
its policy environment, ranked 3rdjust after Singapore
and Hong Kongwith low visa requirements, very
open bilateral Air Service Agreements, and low foreign
ownership restrictions. Air transport infrastructure is also
quite developed given the countrys stage of development,
and although the country has quite a few hotel rooms,
other aspects of tourism infrastructuresuch as the
availability of ATMs and the presence of major car
rental companiesare weaker. Health and hygiene
issues are also an area of concern (ranked 67th), with a
very low physician density in the country. Of even

greater concern is the safety and security situation in
Jamaica, ranked a very low 111th overall, just behind
Uganda and Peru, with high levels of crime and violence
and a police force that is not relied upon to protect
from crime. Clearly the safety issue is hindering its overall T&T competitiveness.
Mexico, in 49th place, gets quite high marks for its
natural and cultural resources (ranked 29th) with
nationally protected areas and a large number of World
Heritage sites (ranking the country 7th).This natural
attractiveness is reinforced by a relatively good policy
environment for the development of Travel & Tourism,
ranked 33rd overall with low visa requirements and low
foreign ownership restrictions, for example. Mexico also
has a relatively well developed air transport infrastructure
(32nd), although its tourism infrastructure (47th) and
ground transport (62nd) get lower marks. And it has
some weaknesses that are eroding at its price competitiveness, ranked a low 85th, in particular very high ticket
taxes and airport charges (ranked a very low 114th
overall). Safety and security is also a major concern for
the country, where it is ranked a very low 104just
after Bolivia and before Colombiawith high levels of
crime and violence and, as in Jamaica, a police force that
cannot be relied on to protect from crime.
Brazil is ranked 59th overall.The country clearly
benefits from some excellent cultural and natural
resources, in particular many World Heritage sites. And
the air transport network gets relatively high marks
(28th), as well as measures of the dedicated tourism infrastructure (also 28th) such as the presence of major car
rental companies. However, the general ground transport
network remains underdeveloped with the quality of
roads, ports and railroads ranked 96th, 88th, and 81st
respectively. Safety and security also continues to be of
serious concern, ranked 90th overall, as it is for a number
of countries in the region.The country also suffers
greatly from a lack of price competitiveness (80th), attributable in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges in
the country. More generally, the overall policy environment is not particularly conducive to the development
of the sector (ranked 75th), with, for example, highly
stringent visa requirements (ranked 89th) and foreign
ownership restrictions.
Argentina is ranked a bit lower than Brazil, in 64th
place. Argentina gets relatively good marks for its cultural
and natural resources (ranked 35th), with eight World
Heritage sites.The countrys air transport network also
receives a moderately good evaluation, with a high airport
density and several operating airlines, although the quality
of air transport is highlighted as a problem area (ranked
84th). Some aspects of the quality of human resources
are also strengths, such as the high primary and secondary
school enrollment rates. However, a number of weaknesses are pulling the countrys overall score down. For
example, several government policiessuch as weak
Middle East and North Africa
Among countries in the Middle East and North Africa

region, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranks highest, at 18th, well ahead of the second-ranked country,
Israel at 32nd place. Although UAE ranks quite low
with regard to natural and cultural resources (80th), it
makes up for this with a number of strengths in other
areas captured by the Index. For example, national
tourism perception is rated 3rd in the world, with an
extremely positive attitude toward foreign travelers and
the attractiveness of the country for tourism. UAE is
also seen as extremely safe from crime and violence
(ranked 10th).The country also perhaps surprisingly
does very well in terms of price competitiveness, ranked
8th in this area, despite a very high price level.This is
because of its very low ticket taxes and airport charges,
low taxation more generally, and comparatively low fuel
price levels. UAEs infrastructure also gets good marks
particularly its air transport infrastructure, ranked a very
high 8th out of all countries assessed.The government is
seen as prioritizing the sector strongly (ranked 4th), carrying out very effective destination-marketing campaigns
(ranked 1st) and ensuring the presence of the country at
major T&T fairs internationally. On the other hand, the
policy rules and regulations could be adapted to better
support the sectors development; this is ranked 54th
overall because of foreign ownership restrictions and
relatively stringent visa requirements, for example.
Israel, ranked 32nd, is quite strong with regard to
natural and cultural resources, with a large percentage of
land that is nationally protected, and with five World
Heritage sites.The country also has excellent human
resources (13th), providing healthy and well-trained
people to work in the T&T sector. Further, its infrastructure is quite well developed compared with that of
other countries in the region, although some improvements could be made in the areas of air transport (40th)
and tourism infrastructure (41st)by increasing the
number of ATMs and hotel rooms, for example. Israels
regulatory environment, ranked 30th, is somewhat conducive to the development of the sector, with very well
protected property rights and low foreign ownership
restrictions. And the countrys environmental regulation
also gets relatively good marks, with the government
seen as prioritizing the development of the T&T sector
in a sustainable way (27th). But while Israel gets excellent marks related to health and hygiene (ranked 7th)
with one of the highest physician densities in the world,
it is not surprising that safety and security continues to
be a major concern, placing the country a low 69th out
of 124 countries, primarily related to concerns about
terrorism (ranked 120th).
Tunisia is ranked very close to Israel, at 34th place.
Tunisia is the number 1 country within the prioritization of Travel & Tourism pillar, just ahead of Singapore
and Spain, with high government spending on the
sector, effective destination-marketing campaigns, and
attendance at most major international tourism fairs.
Further, unlike some other countries in the region,
Tunisia is perceived as extremely safe from crime and
violence (ranked 14th), including terrorism. On the
other hand, health and hygiene remains an area of
concern (52nd), with a relatively low physician density
and a lack of access to improved drinking water that
places the country 78th.Tunisias competitiveness could
also be improved with a more conducive regulatory
environment, where it is ranked 42nd, with a less
restrictive visa regime, for example.
Egypt, a country so rich in cultural heritage (with
seven World Heritage sites), ranks a low 58th overall in
the TTCI. And this is despite a number of clear
strengths beyond the cultural richness. For example,
Egypt has excellent price competitiveness, where it is
ranked 5th overall with low comparative prices, including
fuel prices, and relatively low ticket taxes and airport
charges. Further, there is a prioritization by the government of the sector, with relatively high government
spending on Travel & Tourism and ensuring the countrys
presence at major tourism fairs.This level of prioritization
is reflected in some policy areas such as the favorable
policy on visa requirements, ranked 15th overall. On the
other hand, the countrys infrastructure is somewhat
underdeveloped, particularly tourism infrastructure
(85th) and ICT infrastructure (74th). An upgrading of
the quality of the countrys human resources available to
work in the sector, ranked 69th, would also improve the
countrys overall T&T competitiveness.
property rights (ranked 121st) and stringent rules on

foreign direct investment (ranked 111th)are not
supporting the development of the sector. Further, environmental regulation is not sufficiently stringent (ranked
87th) nor sufficiently clear and stable (ranked 110th),
and, in relative terms, the government is not seen to be
developing the concept of sustainable tourism actively
(ranked 91st).
Despite its very good natural resources, Venezuela
is ranked much lower than most other countries in the
region at 99th overall. Among the significant weaknesses
in the country are a lack of safety and security (ranked
122nd) and the state of infrastructure, particularly
ground transport infrastructure (ranked a low 95th).The
policy environment is also not very conducive to the
development of the T&T sector. Although visa requirements are not particularly onerous, property rights are
not well protected in the country (ranked 123rd) and
foreign direct investment is also not encouraged (ranked
120th). More generally, the Venezuelan government has
not pursued an international program to promote and
support the T&T sector (ranked 124th), as several other
Latin American countries have.
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22
Sub-Saharan Africa
Mauritius is by far the most competitive country in the

region with regard to Travel & Tourism; it is ranked 39th
overall, a ranking that is attributable to a number of
strengths.To begin, Mauritius demonstrates significant
openness to tourism, with the sector representing an
important part of the economy and the general attitude
of the population to foreign travelers being quite welcoming.This openness is buttressed by great support
from the government, which demonstrates the greatest
prioritization of the industry of all countries analyzed.
The countrys tourism infrastructure is quite well
developed, ranked 38th overall, with a high concentration
of hotel rooms and many major car rental companies
operating in the country. And with regard to human
resources, the country has strengths in the area of educationhaving attained universal primary enrollment
and with quite good on-the-job training (ranked 33rd).
And although there are some areas of concern, compared
with other countries in the region, Mauritius has excellent health indicators, including higher life expectancy
and a very low HIV prevalence rateamong the very
lowest in the worldin a region with the highest
prevalence rate in the world. On the negative side, there
are some areas that could be addressed to further
enhance Mauritius competitiveness. For example, the
policy environment could be improved; it is ranked a
low 63rd in this area because of foreign ownership
restrictions and rules on foreign direct investment, as
well as a visa regime that could be simplified to allow
foreign tourists to enter the country with less hassle
(ranked 43rd). And although the government is seen
to be making an effort to develop the industry in a
sustainable way (ranked 7th), this could be backed up
by more stringent and clearer environmental regulations
(ranked 47th).
The rest of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa are
situated quite a bit lower in the rankings. South Africa
is the regions second-strongest performer, ranked 62nd
in the TTCI.The country is endowed with a significant
number of World Heritage sites, placing it 30th overall
in this indicator. Infrastructure in the country is also
well developed, particularly for the region. Specifically,
its air transport infrastructure gets good marks (ranked
30th), as well as its ground transport infrastructure
(35th), with a particularly good assessment of road
quality. Some aspects of the regulatory environment
are conducive to the sectors development, such as the
excellent protection of property rights and visa requirements that are not extremely onerous. In particular,
environmental regulation is a strength, with the government prioritizing the sustainable development of the
sector quite strongly. And the government is seen to be
prioritizing the development of the T&T sector as a
whole, through, for example, effective destination marketing (ranked 16th) and ensuring attendance at tourism
fairs (35th). However, there are also some areas of
weakness that have brought down the countrys overall

ranking. Safety and security is of serious concern
(ranked 95th), with the costs of crime and violence in
particular ranked a low 112th.The country also has
weaknesses in the area of health and hygiene, where it is
ranked 82nd overall, with a low physician density (84th)
as well as concerns about access to improved sanitation
(70th) and drinking water (65th). Finally, there are some
areas for improvement with regard to human resources.
Although the country has quite good educational
indicators, such as educational enrollment rates and
on-the-job training by companies, health indicators are
extremely worrisome. South Africas life expectancy is
very low at 48 years, placing the country 111th overall,
related in large part to the very high rates of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.The
situation is thus one of precariousness with regard to the
quality of human resources available for the T&T sector,
as well as all sectors in the economy.
The next most competitive T&T sector in the region
is in Botswana, ranked 70th overall. Botswana, known
for its beautiful natural parks, is evaluated very highly in
terms of its nationally protected areas, where it is ranked
19th, and its lack of environmental damage.The country
also does quite well in terms of price competitiveness,
where it is ranked 16th; this is not attributable to price
differences with richer countries (Botswanas price level
as measured by purchasing power parity places it 65th
overall, or slightly more expensive than the average).
Instead, this is attributable to low ticket taxes and airport
charges (16th), for example, and a favorable tax regime
in the country (16th). However, the country does also
have some weaknesses that lead to the rather low ranking
overall.The policy environment is not extremely conducive to the development of the sector. Although the
country does not have an onerous visa policy (where it
is ranked 15th), foreign direct investment and ownership
are somewhat restricted and property rights are not
sufficiently protected.There are also some concerns in
the area of health and hygiene because of a very low
physician density (96th) and very limited access to
improved sanitation (also 96th). Further, unlike South
Africa, Botswanas transport infrastructure is somewhat
underdeveloped, as is its tourism infrastructure, with a
low hotel room concentration (71st) and a limited
presence of international car rental companies (66th).
Finally, similar to South Africa, the country is primarily
held back by weaknesses in the area of human resources.
Although primary education has become universal,
secondary enrollment remains low at 75 percent (placing
the country at a very low 78th place), and training
facilities are also limited. But the greatest concern relates
to the health of the workforce, where life expectancy of
just 40 years places the country 121st, in a tie with
Angola and Zambia and followed only by Zimbabwe.
Botswana has the highest HIV prevalence rate of all
countries covered (124th).
Conclusions
This chapter has introduced a new comprehensive
index, the TTCI, which measures the T&T competitiveness of 124 economies spanning all regions of the world.
The results have shown that, on average, high-income
countries tend to do well in the overall rankings, a
tendency that is generally attributable to their moredeveloped policy and infrastructure environments.Yet
performance remains varied, with some economies
demonstrating strengths across most areas, and others
lagging behind.
Developing countries, on average, tend to score
lower in the Index.This can be attributed to a large
extent to the legacy of less-developed economies and
structural endowments. However, some have made great
strides, putting into place the necessary factors and
policies to make developing the T&T sector attractive.
More generally, the weaker performance of a number of
countries in the developing world should be seen as an
opportunity for sectoral improvements. As has been
demonstrated in other industry sectors, there should
be significant potential for learning from international
success stories and leapfrogging to higher levels of T&T
competitiveness.
It is our hope that, by highlighting success factors
and obstacles to T&T competitiveness in these countries,
the TTCI will serve as a useful tool for the business
community and for national policymakers to work
together to improve the T&T competitiveness of their

respective economies and thus contribute to improving
growth prospects and the prosperity of their citizens.
Notes
1 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online
at http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html (accessed December
2006).
2 See, for example, International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (2005).
3 See the Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture (2006).
4 WTTC 2006b.
Looking much lower in the rankings, we see that

Zimbabwe, a country with such rich natural and
cultural resources, such as the famous Victoria Falls, is
ranked a very low 107th overall.The country has five
World Heritage sites and many nationally protected
areas (national parks). Despite these strengths, which
have attracted tourists to Zimbabwe over the years, the
Index highlights mainly weaknesses in all of the other
areas. Its policy environment is among the worst in the
world, with very stringent foreign ownership restrictions
(114th); in any event there is a complete lack of property
rights in the country once those investments have been
made (it is ranked a rock bottom 124th on this indicator). Safety and security is also a major concern, with
high crime and violence and a lack of trust in the reliability of police services to protect from crime (112th),
reflecting the general breakdown in law and order in
the country in recent years. Human resources are also
a serious weakness, with very low enrollment rates
by international standards in primary and secondary
education, and among the worst health indicators in
the world: life expectancy is just 36 years, placing it last
of all countries covered, at 124th (with HIV prevalence
placing the country 122nd, and tuberculosis prevalence
placing it 121st). Better governance will be imperative
to get the country back on track for improved Travel &
Tourism competitiveness.
6 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online
at http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html (accessed December
2006).
7 UNWTO 2006.
8 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 2005.
10 Wason 2001.
12 See UNCED (1992).
13 For more details on the WTTCs Competitiveness Monitor, see
chapter 1.3 of this Report by Richard Miller.
References
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO. 2005. Servicexport ENewsletter 1 (8).
UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development). 1992. Agenda 21 Programme of Action. Earth
Summit June 314, Rio de Janeiro.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). Historical Perspective of World
Tourism. Available at http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
. 2006. 2007 Will Be the Fourth Year of Sustained Growth.
World Tourism Barometer. Madrid, November 6.
Wason, G. 2001. Speech at the WTO/OMC Tourism Symposium,
February 2223, Geneva. Available at
http://www.wto.int/english/tratop_e/serv_e/wttc.doc.
World Economic Forum. 2006. The Global Competitiveness Report
20062007. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006a. Tourism Satellite
Accounting research of the World Travel & Tourism Council
(WTTC) and Accenture.
. 2006b. Breaking Barriers: Managing Growth. November 6.
London: WTTC Media and Resource Centre. Available at
http://www.wttc.org/news135.htm.
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Appendix A: Composition of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index

This appendix provides details about the construction
of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index
(TTCI).The TTCI is composed of three subindexes:
the T&T regulatory framework subindex, the T&T
business environment and infrastructure subindex, and
the T&T human, cultural, and natural resources
subindex.These subindexes are, in turn, composed of
the 13 pillars of T&T competitiveness shown below:
namely, policy rules and regulations, environmental
regulation, safety and security, health and hygiene,
prioritization of Travel & Tourism, air transport
infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, tourism
infrastructure, ICT infrastructure, price competitiveness
in the T&T industry, human resources, national
tourism perception, and natural and cultural resources.
These pillars are calculated on the basis of both hard
data and Survey data.
The Survey data comprise the responses to the
World Economic Forums Executive Opinion Survey
and range from 1 to 7; the hard data were collected
from various sources, which are described in the
Technical Notes and Sources section at the end of the
Report. All of the data used in the calculation of the
TTCI can be found in the Data Tables section of the
Report.
The standard formula for converting each hard
data variable to the 1-to-7 scale is
6 x
country value sample minimum

sample maximum sample minimum
Subindex A: T&T regulatory framework

Pillar 1: Policy rules and regulations
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
Foreign ownership restrictions

Property rights
Rules governing foreign direct investment
Visa requirements (hard data)
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements
(hard data)
Pillar 2: Environmental regulation

2.01
2.02
2.03
Stringency of environmental regulation

Clarity and stability of environmental regulations
Government prioritization of sustainable Travel &
Tourism
Pillar 3: Safety and security

3.01
3.02
3.03
Business costs of terrorism

Reliability of police services
Business costs of crime and violence
Pillar 4: Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
Government efforts to reduce health risks from

pandemics
Physician density (hard data)
Access to improved sanitation (hard data)
Access to improved drinking water (hard data)
Pillar 5: Prioritization of Travel & Tourism

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
Government prioritization of the T&T industry

T&T government expenditure (hard data)
Effectiveness of marketing and branding to attract
tourists
T&T fair attendance (hard data)
+ 1
The sample minimum and sample maximum are

the lowest and highest values of the overall sample,
respectively. For some variables, a higher value indicates
a worse outcome. For example, higher carbon dioxide
damage is bad. In this case we reverse the series by
subtracting the newly created variable from 8. In some
instances, adjustments were made to account for
extreme outliers in the data.
Each of the pillars has been calculated as an
unweighted average of the individual component
variables.The subindexes are then calculated as
unweighted averages of the included pillars. In the
case of the human resources pillar, which is itself
composed of three subpillars (education and training,
availability of qualified labor, and workforce wellness),
the overall pillar is the unweighted average of the
three subpillars.The overall TTCI is then the
unweighted average of the three subindexes.
The variables of each pillar and subpillar are
described below. If a variable is one of hard data, this
is indicated in parentheses after the description.
Subindex B: T&T business environment and

infrastructure
Pillar 6: Air transport infrastructure
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
Quality of air transport infrastructure

Available seat kilometers (hard data)
Departures per 1,000 population (hard data)
Airport density (hard data)
Number of operating airlines (hard data)
International air transport network
Pillar 7: Ground transport infrastructure

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
Road infrastructure
Railroad infrastructure
Port infrastructure
Domestic transport network
Pillar 8: Tourism infrastructure

8.01
8.02
8.03
Hotel rooms (hard data)

Presence of major car rental companies (hard data)
ATMs accepting Visa cards (hard data)
Pillar 9: ICT infrastructure

9.01
9.02
9.03
Extent of business Internet use

Internet users (hard data)
Telephone lines (hard data)
Pillar 10: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
Ticket taxes and airport charges (hard data)

Purchasing power parity (hard data)
Extent and effect of taxation
Fuel price levels (hard data)
Subindex C: T&T human, cultural, and natural

resources
Pillar 11: Human resources
Appendix A: Composition of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (contd.)
Education and training

11.01 Primary education enrollment (hard data)
11.02 Secondary education enrollment (hard data)
11.03 Quality of the educational system
11.04 Local availability of specialized research and
training services
11.05 Extent of staff training
Availability of qualified labor
11.06 Hiring and firing practices
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor
Workforce wellness
11.08 HIV prevalence (hard data)
11.09 Malaria incidence (hard data)
11.10 Tuberculosis incidence (hard data)
11.11 Life expectancy (hard data)
Pillar 12: National tourism perception

12.01 Tourism openness (hard data)
12.02 Attitude toward tourists
12.03 Recommendation to extend business trips
Pillar 13: Natural and cultural resources

13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.05
Number of World Heritage sites (hard data)

Carbon dioxide damage (hard data)
Nationally protected areas (hard data)
Business concern for ecosystems
Risk of malaria and yellow fever (hard data)
25
Taking Travel & Tourism

to the Next Level:
Shaping the Government
Agenda to Improve the
Industrys Competitiveness
JRGEN RINGBECK, Senior Partner, Booz Allen Hamilton
STEPHAN GROSS, Senior Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton
Governments all over the world are striving to support

and increase the well-being of their citizens through
sustainable economic growth and the resulting improvements in commercial and social welfare. As globalization
brings every country closer together,Travel & Tourism
(T&T) has become an increasingly important means of
stimulating development, accelerating local investment,
and boosting employment. But as the world grows
smaller, the competition for business travelers and
tourists is heating up. And everyone around the world
has watched as disruptive forces such as pandemics and
terrorism have adversely affected a countrys T&T
industry and even set back its entire economy. Given
these conditions, what can countries do to sustain and
improve their T&T industry, whatever their stage of
economic development?
Factors that impact the competitiveness of the T&T

industry
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) is
a primary indicator of a countrys T&T sector competitiveness. As such, it provides a useful measure to identify
the critical success factors governments and business
leaders need to foster a flourishing T&T industry. By
using the TTCI to evaluate and compare an economys
T&T performance with the countrys peers within their
particular development stage, we have identified a number of best practice examples.These can help governments looking to improve the competitiveness of their
own T&T sectors, and thus positively influence their
countrys economic growth.
The overall TTCI is built on three primary subindexes: the T&T regulatory framework subindex (1),
the T&T business environment and infrastructure
subindex (2), and the T&T human, cultural, and natural
resources subindex (3).Together these are composed of a
total of 13 pillars that, in turn, are made up of a total of
58 variables. Looking across the different components of
the TTCI, it is evident that it pays off for governments
to adopt a balanced regulatory framework that attracts
private investors, facilitates access for domestic and
international travelers, and encourages competition in
the market.These factors improve the sectors operational
efficiency, services, and price levels. State subsidies and
government investments should be limited to areas that
are not yet attractive enough for private investment, but
always with the intention of moving toward a selfsustaining competitive environmenta necessary precondition for long-term growth. Keeping a good balance
between maintaining regulatory control and providing
business incentives that attract private investors provides
the foundation for an efficient T&T sector.
The authors would like to thank Dr Timm Pietsch for his excellent
research assistance.
1.2: Taking Travel & Tourism to the Next Level
CHAPTER 1.2
27
Figure 1: Overview of correlations between the TTCI and its subindexes
and infrastructure
90%
97%
85%
96%
Travel & Tourism

Competitiveness
Index
79%
Human, cultural,
Source: World Economic Forum; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
28
It is therefore not surprising that the regulatory

framework and the business environment and infrastructure subindexes show the highest positive correlation in
the TTCI: these two factors are correlated with the
overall Index by 97 percent and 96 percent, respectively
(see Figure 1).The high correlation of 90 percent between
those two subindexes demonstrates that government
policies are strongly related to the quality of the sectors
business environment for Travel & Tourism. By providing a powerful regulatory framework that fosters the
build-up of an efficient T&T environment, encourages
private investments, and guarantees respect for the local
culture and social welfare, government action obviously
contributes directly to the sectors competitiveness.
T&T regulatory framework. Addressing the various
factors that make up a countrys regulatory environment
is a prerequisite for sustainable growth in a countrys
T&T sector.The top factors that we found to be the
most highly correlated with a countrys T&T sector
competitiveness are:
ensuring political stability and a high standard of
safety and security (80 percent),
securing investments in the sector by adopting
and maintaining favorable rules and regulations
(80 percent),
maintaining high standards of health and hygiene

for both citizens and travelers (86 percent), and
implementing and monitoring environmental
regulations (87 percent).
Political and economic stability is a critical prerequisite for attracting private capital, foreign investors,
and international business travelers and tourists. Because
the global business community is averse to very risky
economic environments, countries with insecure legal
policies are at a significant disadvantage when trying to
leverage their business potential. Government regulations
that encourage foreign ownership and direct investments,
clearly define and protect property rights, and promote
business foundations and technical innovation provide
an effective framework for a competitive T&T industry.
If a countrys regulatory environment allows its
public and private sectors to work together effectively,
sustainable growth can be strategically plannedfurther
stimulating the sectors potential and defending it against
severe disruptions from external events beyond its direct
control.
T&T business environment and infrastructure. In
addition to a well-designed regulatory framework, an
efficient business environment and transport infrastructure
is a key driver that directly influences the competitiveness
of a countrys T&T industry. Ground, air, tourism,
and information and communications technology
Figure 2: TTCI score vs. gross national income per capita
Low-income countries
($875 or less)
Lower-middleincome countries
($876$3,465)
Upper-middleincome countries
($3,466$10,725)
High-income countries
($10,726 or more )
TTCI score
2
2
Log of GNI per capita (2005)
Source: World Bank, 2005; World Economic Forum; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
infrastructure are key factors that correlate highly with a

countrys overall TTCI.Those factors include:
an accessible, high-quality air traffic network
for example, in terms of routes, frequencies, and
number of destinations offered (84 percent);
established tourism infrastructure, such as a high
density of hotels, rental car companies, and banks
(86 percent);
a well-developed ground transportation network,
including roads, railroads, mass transit, port facilities,
and waterways (89 percent); and
broad coverage of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) services, such as television, telephones, and high-speed Internet access (90 percent).
To attract private investors to a countrys T&T
economy, governments need to create a business environment that provides the required air, ground, and
tourism networks, either through direct government
investment or state subsidies, or by entering into publicprivate partnerships for those projects too difficult for a
state authority or a single company on its own. Involving
private investors in infrastructure projects deepens
everyones long-term commitment to the sector. Such
commitment benefits not only those who work in the
T&T industry or use its services, but also the surrounding
community, thanks to the tax revenues the sector
generates. Finally, information technologywhether it
be e-booking services, travel and vehicle management

systems, or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
technologies for baggage and passenger trackingplays
a critical role throughout the T&T value chain, boosting
efficiency and service quality.
Stages of Development. The importance of the
various factors that make up the TTCI is likely to vary
depending on each countrys stage of development.
Although some of the factors are a must have for
high-income economies, they might not yet be
absolutely necessary for developing countries. Political
stability, for instance, is a prerequisite for any country
looking to attract foreign business and international
travelers; government investments in environmental protection and new technologies, on the other hand, might
become relevant only once basic infrastructure is in
place. A less-developed country that is in the process of
building up its air and ground transport network may
consider environmental regulations a secondary priority.
Comparing economies within each stage of development makes it possible to identify specific key success
factors and lessons learned that are specifically applicable
within each peer group (see Figure 2).
Travel & Tourism naturally increases as a countrys
economic and social welfare improves, and as it does so,
it becomes more important to its government and
business leaders.That is why the TTCI naturally ranks
advanced economies higher than countries at lower
stages of development.Taking the gross national income
(GNI) per capita as an indicator, it shows that the first
27 rankings in the TTCI are all countries that belong to
29
Table 1: Top 10 TTCI rankings based on stage of development

HIGH-INCOME PEER GROUP
Index rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Economy
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Iceland
United States
Hong Kong SAR
Canada
Singapore
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
UPPER-MIDDLE-INCOME PEER GROUP

Score
Index rank
5.66
5.54
5.48
5.45
5.43
5.33
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.28
28
29
31
35
37
39
40
41
45
LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME PEER GROUP

Index rank
34
43
46
48
50
54
57
58
59
60
(71)
30
Economy
Estonia
Barbados
Malaysia
Czech Republic
Slovac Republic
Mauritius
Hungary
Costa Rica
Chile
Score
4.90
4.86
4.80
4.75
4.68
4.63
4.61
4.60
4.58
LOW-INCOME PEER GROUP
Economy
Score
Index rank
Tunisia
Thailand
Jordan
Jamaica
Dominican Republic
Bulgaria
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Indonesia
(China)
4.76
4.58
4.52
4.41
4.35
4.31
4.27
4.24
4.20
4.20
(3.97)
65
80
84
88
91
92
94
96
98
101
Economy
India
Tanzania
Gambia
Vietnam
Mongolia
Mauritania
Zambia
Cambodia
Kenya
Uganda
Score
4.14
3.86
3.81
3.78
3.72
3.71
3.66
3.64
3.62
3.56
Source: World Economic Forum; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
the high-income category. Only seven high-income

economies have been surpassed by countries in either
the upper-middle-income or the lower-middle-income
categories. Looking at the TTCI score bandwidth within the four different country groupings shows that some
economies emerge as high performers relative to their
peersserving as a first starting point for a more
detailed investigation of key success factors that drive an
economys T&T competitiveness.Table 1 highlights the
top 10 fly-wheel countries for each of the four segments shown in Figure 2, illustrating their overall TTCI
rank and their respective scores.
According to the World Tourism & Travel Council
(WTTC), Chinas T&T demand is expected to grow
8.9 percent by 2013adding an astonishing 11.5 million
new jobs in this sector. Since in both absolute and relative terms Chinas T&T economy grows at an impressive
speed and thus serves as a good case example, we show
it in the table of lower-middle-income countries even
though it does not rank in the top 10 scores but comes
only in 14th place among the other 39 economies in
its peer group.
Travel & Tourism as a driver of economic growth:

The application of best practice examples across
defined peer groups
As the pace of globalization has increased, many countries
have experienced rapid GDP growth rates over the past
few years. In such countries,Travel & Tourism is taking
off at the same speed, granting people first-time access
to foreign travel destinations and directly adding to
domestic economic development.With its direct and
indirect impacts on overall welfare,Travel & Tourism
may be a key enabler helping low-income, lower-middleincome, and upper-middle-income countries to move
upward into the ranks of the more advanced nations.
Virtually every country in the three less-developed categories are achieving relatively high T&T growth rates,
suggesting that they are investing heavily in this sector
in hopes of moving toward the next development stage.
Going beyond the individual TTCI scores and comparing
average GDP growth with increase in GDP specific to
the T&T sector reconfirms this trend: low-income and
lower-middle-income countries show proportionally
higher than average sector growth rates compared to the
other country segments (see Figure 3).
If supported by open domestic market conditions
fostered by a focused and well-balanced political and
regulatory approachTravel & Tourism can provide
promising economic opportunities in many countries,
especially among low-income and lower-middle-income
Figure 3: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
10
T&T industry GDP CAGR 19932005
Over-proportional growth of the T&T sector

9
Upper-middle-income group
Low-income group
Lower-middle-income group
7
l
ona
orti
p
o
Pr
tor
sec
&T
T
e
f th
th o
w
gro
High-income group
Under-proportional growth of the T&T sector

4
4
10
GDP CAGR 19932005
Source: WTTC, 2006a; EIU, 2006; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.

Note: CAGR is the compound annual growth rate.
nations. In that way boosting the T&T sector can help

equalize economic differences among countries and
become a major contributor to a nations overall welfare.
Countries that understand the positive impact of Travel
& Tourism on their overall economiesand thus outperform their peer groups averagemake excellent
best practice case studies for understanding how and
why a focus on Travel & Tourism pays off.
Case Study 1: High-income economy group:
Hong Kong SAR and Iceland
The T&T markets in the high-income economies of the

western hemisphere are highly sophisticated from both a
demand and a supply perspective. As these economies
T&T sectors reach a high level of saturation, the sectors
average top-line growth typically becomes relatively
moderate.
Some regions, however, are breaking the rule.
Iceland and Hong Kong could hardly be more different,
but both have managed to grow their T&T industries
more quickly than the average of their peers (see Figure
4). A detailed look at Hong Kong and Iceland (ranked
6th and 4th, respectively, in the TTCI) makes clear the
initiatives and policies each country has taken to drive
their industries to perform so well.
The United Kingdom handed Hong Kong back to
China in 1997.The immediate effect in Hong Kong was
a sudden and severe economic collapse, as private
investors feared that public policies and regulations
would be tightened, thus increasing overall business
risks; that fear also affected the tourism industry. But the
worst-case scenario did not take place:TTCI results

show that Hong Kong ranked second in the policy rules
and regulations pillar, particularly in the categories of
favorable foreign direct investments and lack of foreign
ownership restrictions.
Since the handover, Hong Kong has succeeded in
restoring both its markets and its tourism industry.The
Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) was established in
early 2001 as an independent cross-sector network for
promoting the travel industry from both the demand
and the supply sides.The boards activities range from
global and regional marketing campaigns, monitoring
the industrys quality standards and improvement efforts,
and providing guidance to the domestic industry to supporting the further development of Hong Kong as a
world-class tourism destination.Today, Hong Kong is a
very successful Asian destination for shoppers from all
across the world. And it has become the gateway to the
Peoples Republic of China, a trend that has also steadily
increased visitors flows. Meanwhile, city officials are
considering the privatization of the Hong Kong
Airportthe plan is to float 25 percent of the airports
sharesthe main goal being to subject the airport to
even stronger market and commercial discipline.
An island on the outskirts of the inhabited world,
Iceland isnt as easy for visitors to reach as Hong Kong
is. In the past, Iceland has been a major destination for
eco-tourists, but the country is making a major effort
to place its tourism industry on more than one leg.
By combining effective marketing efforts with a clear
economic liberalization policy, Iceland has successfully
31
10
Iceland (4)

Figure 4: High-income economy group: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
Hong Kong (6)

0
0
10
GDP CAGR 19932005

Note: Numbers in parentheses show the economys TTCI rank and its position within its peer group. CAGR is the compound annual growth rate.
32
managed to redirect a significant share of international

convention travelers to Reykjavik, a success that shows
up in the countrys number 5 ranking in the T&T
regulatory framework subindex.
Icelands banking sector clearly demonstrates how
privatization has aided the islands overall economy.
Privatization has allowed banks to compete far beyond
the islands borders, attracting an increasing number of
business travelers to the country.Within Icelands T&T
sector, privately held conglomerate Icelandair has succeeded along the same lines by avoiding governmental
influence or international alliances. Since its establishment
as Icelandair resulting from a merger of two domestic
airlines in 1973 it has expanded rapidly, and in 2004 it
bought a 10 percent stake in EasyJet. Although based in
a domestic market of only 300,000 people, Icelandair
transported roughly 1.5 million passengers in 2005 and
Reykjavik has established itself as a hub for international
traffic, carrying more than a third of its passengers on
transatlantic flights.
Estonia emerges as a high flyer at rank 28, leaving other

more advanced countriessuch as Italy, at rank 33
behind.
Since several low-cost carriers expanded their
networks to Tallinn, tourists have been pouring into
the country in growing numbers. In order not to get
branded as a destination for booze trips from its
western neighbors, Estonias Tourism Board is following
a multiple strategy:
Case Study 2: Upper-middle-income economy group:

Estonia and the Slovak Republic
Since Estonia joined the European Union in 2004, it

has followed the path of privatization of former stateowned businesses. In late 2004, the privately held Go
Group was set up to consolidate a number of transportation and hospitality companies in order to raise
efficiency and provide better service to Estonians and
visitors alike.The group is made up of four businesses
international train services, bus services, tourism, and a
hotel businessoperating under one integrated brand.
As the European Union has expanded its borders into

Eastern Europe, with the result that its markets there are
continuously opening up to private investors, a fresh
group of small countries have become tourist destinations
and dynamic business climates. So it is not surprising
that some Eastern European countries rank relatively
high in the overall index, with T&T sectors growing
faster than their overall economies (see Figure 5).
First, to keep the travel industry growing steadily,

low-budget tourists have remained a top priority.
Second, the country has worked to brand itself as a
tourist destination with a strong cultural heritage
and traditional countryside getaways.
Third, Estonia is keeping an eye on newly
emerging sources of tourism, especially Russian
tourists, and has decided to significantly ease visa
requirements for short-term travelers.
20
Estonia (28/1)
18
16
14
Slovak Republic (37/5)
12
10
Figure 5: Upper-middle-income economy group: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
GDP CAGR 19932005

Note: Number in brackets shows the countrys TTCI rank and its position within its peer group. CAGR is the compound annual growth rate.
With its strong focus on improving infrastructure access

and efficiency, it is not surprising that Estonia scores relatively high in the T&T business environment and infrastructure subindex, ranking 25 and outperforming such
high-income countries as Belgium, Greece, and Ireland.
The Slovak Republic has chosen a similar path. It
has successfully built its capital, Bratislava, into a dynamic
business hub that attracts multinational manufacturing
and corporate affiliations, thanks to its flat-tax scheme
and low prices.The Slovak Republics aviation sector
has taken off in recent years, with Bratislava airport
emerging as a regional hub that has experienced doubledigit growth in passenger traffic. Although the Slovakian
government recently postponed the privatization of
this airport, the countrys largest air hub, the sale of a
majority stake in the countrys second-largest hub
Kosice airporthas been finalized. It is not surprising
that the Slovak Republic shows up among the top 20
percent within the TTCIs policy rules and regulations
pillar, at rank 24.
Other outperforming countries in this peer group,
such as Turkey and South Africa, already have a wellestablished reputation in the T&T industry, yet just in
the past decade, Estonia and the Slovak Republic have
managed to build up this sector virtually from scratch.
They are now well positioned to continue their success
stories, assuming they carry on their policies of economic
and regulatory liberalization.
Case Study 3: Lower-middle-income economy group:

Bulgaria and Egypt
Several lower-middle-income economies have been

using their long-standing, if underdeveloped,T&T
industries as a stepping-stone to long-term economic
stability to catch up to their economic peer group.
Bulgaria and Egypt both rank in the top 10 in the
TTCI group of lower-middle-income economies,
significantly outperforming the group as a whole (see
Figure 6).
Without its booming tourism industry, which has
successfully redirected large numbers of travelers from
Mediterranean beaches to the coast of the Black Sea,
Bulgaria would continue to suffer from a sky-high trade
deficit.Yet today the country celebrates its entrance into
the European Union. Bulgaria intends to invest heavily
in its sometimes archaic infrastructure in order to put its
skyrocketing tourism industry on a more stable basis for
further growth. As a sign of its strong economy and
ambitious future plans, Bulgarias government has drafted
an ambitious plan to spend 3.3 billion euros on improving roads, railways, ports, and waste treatment facilities in
the country by 2015.The plan will be funded in part by
the European Investment Bank and in part through a
variety of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Bulgaria is
now looking to take its mass-tourism markets to the
next level, with plans to develop more high-end offerings
for visitors. Its success has allowed Bulgaria to score
relatively well in the TTCI tourism infrastructure pillar,
ranking 25 and outpacing several other well-established
33
20
18
Figure 6: Lower-middle-income economy group: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
Bulgaria (54/7)
16
14
Egypt (58/9)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
12
GDP CAGR 19932005

Note: Numbers in parentheses show the countrys TTCI rank and its position within its peer group. CAGR is the compound annual growth rate.
34
tourism destinations, such as the Dominican Republic

(39),Tunisia (45), and Thailand (53).
Thanks to its incomparable cultural heritage and a
coastline perfect for seaside vacationers and scuba divers,
T&T is one of Egypts key engines of economic
growth, contributing close to 8 percent of the countrys
GDP and 28 percent of total investments.While other
sectors of the economy remain state-run and highly regulated, there are no such limits in the tourism industry.
For example, Egypts government has long allowed
unlimited foreign direct investments, granted the right
to liquidate and transfer capital and profits abroad, and
adopted open skies policies for all major tourism airports.
This has helped the Egyptian travel industry to overcome
several disasters, such as the Luxor attacks of 1997.
Today, Egypt has undertaken an extensive tourism
development program aimed at expanding its alreadyrich offerings, with, for example, a special focus on short
getaways for Middle East visitors. Egypts focus on its
T&T sector is strongly confirmed in the countrys
exceptionally high score in the TTCI prioritization of
Travel & Tourism pillar, where Egypt ranks 12 out of all
124 countries.
Although Egypts tourist arrivals are growing at a
greater rate than the world average, the country has not
yet extracted the full value of its T&T industry. For
example, Egypts 24 natural protectorates and its
Mediterranean coast still represent a large number of
tourism white spotsareas that have yet to reach their
full potential. These areas represent another way to
increase average visitors stays and to attract new forms
of tourism that have a higher value, such as eco-tourism.

In addition, investments in shopping, entertainment, and
conference facilities have lagged the region.This represents another opportunity to attract higher-value tourist
segments such as Meetings, International Conferences,
and Exhibitions (MICE) visitors and luxury shoppers.
Currently, Egypt is highly dependent on tour operators, which creates a mismatch between the supply and
demand for hotel rooms. Although the average length of
stay for a tourist in Egypt is high and increasing, the
revenue per hotel room is low. This is due in part to
aggressive resort package promotions offered by tour
operators and the high rate of hotel room overcapacity;
but it is also due to an underdeveloped domestic air and
land transport network. Because tourists cannot easily
travel around the country, they tend to stay in one
city for the entire duration of their visitthus visitors
are spending more time in Egypt with very little
incremental increase in spending.
To further improve T&T competitiveness Egypt
needs to address these challenges, include balancing
hotel capacity investments with demand characteristics,
transferring knowledge from global hotel and airport
operators to the local market, and capturing more value
from long average stays per tourist.
Case Study 4: Growing giants: China and India
Because of their large populations, China and India are

categorized as lower-middle-income and low-income
countries, respectively, because their per capita gross
national incomes are relatively low on average across
180
44,491
Number of domestic flights per day
45,000
40,000
160
140
35,000
120
30,000
100
25,000
80
20,000
60
15,000
40
10,000
5,000
4,468
Domestic flights per million capita
50,000
Figure 7: Number of domestic flights per capita on a typical weekday
20
1,429
0
China
India
United States
Source: OAG MAX Online (accessed September 2006); Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
Note: Domestic flights as scheduled on Wednesday, September 6, 2006
their overall population. Although they show strong

economic growth in their industrial regions, there are
still many rural areas with limited accessibility and
transportation infrastructures.
However, both countries strong and growing
domestic demand and burgeoning workforce potential
have long attracted international business. Both countries
have been outpacing the rest of the world in terms of
economic growth, and they represent huge markets for
inbound tourism. But there are still significant differences
in personal income and consumption between China
and India and the industrialized world.Therefore, the
two countriesT&T sectors are more likely to take off as
domestic industries than as international tourism destinations, at least for the foreseeable future.
Figure 7 compares the total and relative number of
domestic flights in China and India to domestic flights
in the United States, an advanced air traffic market.
Domestic travel demand in the two Eastern giants has
great potential in the years to come.
Although comparable in size and overall growth
rates, a closer look at the two countries reveals different
starting positions and perspectives for future development.
China is looking ahead to the 2008 Olympics, to be
held in Beijing, which will certainly boost the domestic
as well as the international tourism industry. As a result,
the Chinese T&T industry has already seen rapid
growth over the past few years. According to the China
National Tourism Administration, 31 million Chinese
people traveled out of the country in 2005a large
number, but still a tiny figure compared with the countrys
overall population. Domestic travelwith a total of 1.2

billion tripshas become the backbone of the Chinese
tourism industry.
Chinas T&T sector has been a major beneficiary of
the countrys open-door policy, yet it remains one of
the least progressive industries in terms of propertyrights reform and financial performance. Most of
Chinas tourism infrastructure is still publicly owned
the government still owns 63 percent of the countrys
hotels, for instance.That puts China near the bottom
end of the tourism infrastructure pillar of the TTCI, at
rank 113 out of 124. Just recently, however, the central
government has proposed speeding up ownership
reforms and encouraging the gradual withdrawal of state
capital from commerce and distribution.
Chinas T&T score of 3.97 puts it below India, at
4.14, which would suggest that the country is not fully
leveraging its potential in the sector.Yet China has been
improving its ground and air infrastructure assets
(through consolidation of its national airline industry, for
instance), in order to keep up the pace of economic
growth. And in order to boost business Travel &
Tourism, the government plans to construct up to 50
new airports by 2010.Thus it ranks relatively high in
the air and ground transport infrastructure pillars, at 36
and 45, respectively. In expanding its transport infrastructure, however, China should not forget about the
economic split between its much wealthier eastern coast
and the rural hinterland:While major economic centers
such as Beijing, Shanghai, and the southern province of
Guangdong are well served, the government must not
35
High-income group
Average TTCI score
Figure 8: Policy toward private enterprise rating vs. TTCI score (averages per defined peer group)
Upper-middle-income group
4
Lower-middle-income group
Low-income group
3
2
10
Average EIU policy toward private enterprise rating (10 = good)
Source: World Economic Forum; EIU, 2006; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
Note: Bubble size indicates overall average 2005 GDP of country cluster. The EIU Index rates countries between 1 and 10 on a variety of measures including protection of property rights and government attitudes to competition, with 1 being low and 10 being high. The average is made up of the 59 countries that are
included in the EIU rating.
36
lose sight of the need to expand the infrastructure
connecting the rest of the country.
India, meanwhile, has already gained a reputation as
a popular tourist destination, with tourist arrivals expected
to grow 10 percent annually for the foreseeable future.
Yet Indias tourism sector faces a number of constraints,
including a severe shortage of budget hotels, regulatory
barriers, high visa costs compared with neighboring
regions, and significant delays for inbound travelers from
South Asia. As a result, ranked 106, India is near the
bottom end of the list in the visa requirements variable.
Within the low-income group of countries,
however, India is far outperforming its peers, surpassing
several countries in the lower-middle-income and even
the upper-middle-income segments. In terms of infrastructure, accessibility, and safety, India shows relatively
good scores, ranking 33 in air transport infrastructure
and 40 in ground transport infrastructure. But, although
India is among the fastest-growing aviation markets in
the world, it has attained that position despite an infrastructure system that is still inadequate to deal with
projected further growth. However, the country has
plans for numerous major infrastructure projects, not
just in the aviation sector, but in its road and rail systems
as well.The Indian government and the US Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) have agreed on a major
knowledge transfer effort to help develop and modernize
the management, operations, and technology of Indias
civil aviation infrastructure.
Deregulation and privatization: Increasing demand and

improving T&T industry efficiency
The T&T industry has established itself as an ongoing
success story in countries both advanced and still developing. However, rapidly changing economic and social
conditions mean that every country must maintain its
pace of growth just to keep up with the competition
around the world.That can happen only through further
liberalization and deregulation of both the domestic and
international T&T industry.
Over the past decades, most high-income countries
have opened their domestic and international transport
markets to competition.Today, these countries are profiting from a rock-solid tourism industry that lays the
groundwork for long-term economic prosperity.The
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) private enterprise
rating, an indicator of a countrys degree of economic
liberalization, shows that the competitiveness of a countrys
T&T sector is very highly related to its degree of
liberalization. Countries that engage in deregulation and
privatization encourage competition, which forces all
economic players to improve operational efficiency; that,
in turn, drives up the T&T sectors competitiveness.
Figure 8 indicates the relationship between the four economic groups liberalization rating and their TTCI scores.
Case Study: Increasing T&T competitiveness by
liberalizing the European aviation sector
For Western Europe, the connection between economic

liberalization and the competitiveness of its T&T sector
Bottom line
(average operating profit margin in %)
Operational performance
(average operating cost/RPK in US$)
~ 7.8%
+42%
0.08
0.12
~ 4.5%
0.13
+543%
Figure 9: State-owned vs. privatized European airlines
~ 0.7%
Capacity utilization efficiency

State-owned
carriers
Privatized flag
carriers (>50%)
Privately owned
low-cost carriers
Alitalia
Austrian Airways
Turkish Airways
Finnair
LOT Polish Airlines
Air France / KLM

British Airways
Lufthansa
Iberia
Ryan Air
Easy Jet
Norwegian
Transavia
(average seat load factor across fleet)

82%
76%
72%
Source: ATW, 2006; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.

Note: RPK = Revenue Passenger Kilometer.
can be seen in the two-decade-old history of Europes

decision to open up its aviation industry.The markets
development since then has clearly shown that a crosscountry liberalization plan can have a strong impact on
growth, both within Travel & Tourism and beyond.
Since the countries that make up Europe are at similar
stages of developmentthey are all politically stable
and boast comparable social welfare systemsEuropes
experience with market deregulation provides valuable
lessons that can be applied both domestically and
internationally across borders.
The deregulation of the European aviation industry
was driven by the 12 member states of the European
Union at the time, under the basic premise of improving
access and encouraging overall competition.This shift
away from state protection opened the door not to the
kind of competition that was first imagined (that of the
states respective flag carriers competing in each others
territories) but to competition in the form of new
entrants. Indeed, once state subsidies were eliminated,
some established carriers, such as Sabena, were forced
into bankruptcy.
Once the airline market itself was deregulated, the
European airport landscape entered into a phase of privatization, which started with the initial public offering
of the British Airport Authority and was followed by
many others. Now that the British air traffic service
provider (NATS) has been privatized, and plans are on
the table to sell off DFS (the German air traffic control
provider), the overall European air traffic control sector
is also expected to follow this trend soon.
The rise of the European aviation industry clearly

demonstrates that privatization efforts pay off, even in
the short term:
Deregulation of the airline market triggered industry consolidation and fostered the development of
broad domestic and international aviation networks.
These global networks have provided better access
to more destinations, stimulating air-travel demand
and lowering prices.
Communities throughout the region have seen
higher employment and economic growth enabled
by the increased access to and from key European
business centers.
Meanwhile, most of the surviving flag carriers have
transformed themselves from government air transport
agencies into smart global players that compete successfully in a highly competitive and global business
environment. In this market, ticket prices to the endconsumer are no longer subject to bilateral negotiations
between country representatives, but to the principle of
supply and demand under strong competition.
A comparison of fully privatized flag carriers with
those in which governmental bodies still hold significant
shares shows that airlines under private leadership
operate much more profitably than state-owned airlines,
thanks to their tighter rein on costs, better operational
efficiency, and higher seat-load factors (see Figure 9).
37
20
US cents/revenue passenger kilometers
Figure 10: Yield development of European carriers (19972004)
19
18
17.5%
17
16
15
14
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source: AEA, 2005.

Note: Passenger revenue per kilometer at constant prices (1991).
38
The private investors who control the newly emerging

European Low Cost Carriers demand even more
efficiency, which shows up not only in the bottom line,
but also in terms of better operational performance and
capacity utilization.
Market deregulation has forced incumbent airlines
into competition and introduced a wide range of new
competing players into the marketplace, driving down
overall market prices by more than 17 percent since
1997 (see Figure 10).Today, European travelers can
chose from more direct connections within a vastly
expanded route network. Most importantly, the rise of
the low-cost carriers has shaken up not just the industry
but customer behavior as well. Altogether, these market
changes have added both more traffic and more money
to the skies of Europe than was ever envisioned in the
early days of liberalization.
For Travel & Tourism, basic infrastructure such as
roads, rails, public transport, andmost importantly
airports are essential to get travelers into, around, and
out of the country. In Western Europe, former stateowned airports that have been privatized during the
last decade work significantly better than those still
controlled by governments. Open market conditions in
the airport sector have led to a variety of ownership and
operating models for airports, ranging from state-owned
to partially and fully privatized.
The connection between airport profitability and
the degree of privatization makes clear the value private
operators put on factors that go far beyond simply providing the necessary infrastructure. Such factors include
the importance of non-aeronautical revenue and the

potential for improved efficiency that comes with new
technologies. Putting more emphasis on the travelers
themselves means a higher proportion of revenues from
non-aviation operations. A benchmark of bottom-line
performance among Europes national and regional hubs
reconfirms the efficiency gains privatized airports have
made since deregulation (see Figure 11).
As a result of deregulation, all industry players have
been forced to improve efficiency and to expand their
network at competitive prices to survive competition.
As a result, beyond the conventional growth that has
occurred prior to deregulation (~6 percent), additional
demand of approximately 81 million passengers has
been stimulated, triggering an overall air traffic market
increase of 20 percent since 2002 alone (see Figure 12).
Meanwhile, the number of intra-community routes
grew by more than 40 percent, creating an entirely new
market of weekend travelers.Today, low-cost carriers
carry nearly a fifth of all air passengers in Western
Europe. Lower flight fares and new direct connections
have attracted many European travelers to visit places
they would not have gone to otherwise.
The deregulation of the European aviation sector
has also contributed significantly to the growth of economic and social welfare in the European Union. Direct
stakeholders in the aviation industry now account for
4 million jobs and 220 billion of added valuemaking
up an additional 1.5 percent of Europes gross domestic
product (GDP).
Share of non-aviation revenue

of total revenue (%)
Comparison of average EBIDTA profit margin (%)

+65%
46
~43%
+39%
+19%
39
33
~ 31%
~ 26%
Non-aviation revenues per

terminal square meter ()
Figure 11: Bottom-line differences of different airport ownership models
1,684
State-owned
airports
Partially privatized
airports
Frankfurt
Rhein-Main
Zurich
Dusseldorf
Vienna
Hannover
Helsinki-Vantaa
Munich
Orly
Malpensa
Dublin
Oslo International
Geneva
Cologne/Bonn
844
Privatized airports
595
Heathrow/
Gatwick/
Stansted/Bristol
Fiumicino
Manchester
Copenhagen
Brussels National
Aeronautical revenue / ATM ()

788
857
922
Source: Company Annual Reports, Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
39
Figure 12: Growth of European air traffic demand after deregulation
Total air transport passengers (200205)

+20%
650
589
Air transport passenger EU-15
560
3%
10%
675
18%
7%
97%
93%
90%
82%
2002
2003
2004
2005
Other established carriers
New entrants (low cost)
Source: Eurostat, 2006; Eurocontrol, 2006; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.

Note: Numbers refer to intra-European traffic only.
Stimulated growth
(post market deregulation)
+ 81.4 Mio. Pax
+13%
Conventional growth
(prior to market deregulation)
+ 33.6 Mio. Pax
+6%
40
Lessons learned
The goal of this chapter has been to use the TTCI to

lay out both a rationale and a strategy for how countries
at various stages of economic development can make
their T&T sectors more competitive. So how should
countries in each of the four economic development
groups help boost their T&T sectors? Here are some
lessons learned.
High-income economies. These economies typically
score high in the TTCI. However, that is not necessarily
because they actively manage their T&T sectors, but
because their overall economic environmentin terms
of regulation, business environment, and resourcesis
favorable. In other words, these countries are not successful because their T&T industries are strong; rather,
their T&T industry is successful because the countries
themselves are strong.Their T&T infrastructure is stateof-the-art, not primarily for the sake of foreign visitors,
but for the sake of their own citizens and businesses.
Their advanced economies require a high level of regulatory sophistication, so industry policies and regulations
are clearly defined and monitored. Even though mere
size is not a factor in the TTCI, large countries such as
the United States do benefit in their ranking from their
economic power. Yet smaller high-income economies
and regions, such as Iceland and Hong Kong, can make
it to the top of the Index, too.
Nonetheless, even high-income countries have
room to improve their T&T sectors.To do so, they
should continue to fully leverage their existing potential
and concentrate on preserving their T&T-related assets.
For the first goal, an explicit T&T strategy and marketing
campaign is instrumental; for the latter, consistent environmental regulations as well as rules for conservation
of monuments, tourism sites, and areas of natural beauty
are key factors.
Upper-middle-income economies. These boast many
of the same advantages as high-income economies, and
they should set similar goals for maximizing their T&T
competitiveness.There is one major difference, however:
most upper-middle-income economies are currently
working to build up state-of-the-art infrastructure
transportation, information and communications technology, and the likein the hopes of creating a business
environment that the high-income economies already
possess.The risk from the perspective of the TTCI is
that upper-middle-income economies may focus too
much on achieving world-class standards in basic industrial categories, leaving little attention for the T&T sector. If that happens, improved Travel & Tourism may end
up the result of economic development, not a driver of it.
The upside of such a strategy is that, by building an
advanced economy almost from scratch, countries can
avoid a lot of the entrenched structures and legacy issues
the complex taxation models and multiple layers of
regulationthat still hinder some of the more advanced
countries. Furthermore, because they can be more agile
than the established industrialized nations, some uppermiddle-income countries, such as the Baltic states, have
already built out more advanced ICT technologies than
their larger neighborsand thus can benefit from more
efficient T&T sales channels.
Upper-middle-income countries should focus on
making sure they have enough leeway in their national
strategies, policies, and budgets for T&T development,
leveraging this sector as an additional source of income
and as an accelerator for the exchange of people, knowledge, and moneywithin their national boundaries,
between their regional neighbors, and around the world.
Lower-middle-income and low-income economies.
These countries should pay the closest attention to the
build-up of their T&T sectors, since they will reap the
best return-on-investment from such efforts. Because
these countries usually have limited sources of income
and access to foreign capital, they may have only partially started to invest in industry and trade. In such cases,
investment in Travel & Tourism is an ideal incubator for
their national economy, contributing to overall development in four ways:
Money raised through the T&T sector can be
invested in other sectors.
Necessary upgrades to Travel & Tourism are also
beneficial for their own citizens and domestic
business environment.
Domestic workforce working in the T&T sector
will further develop their skills and can act as role
models for advanced education for all citizens.
Growth in the T&T industry will have spillover
effects in other marketsby attracting foreign
investors, for example.
These effects also underline the priorities for national
governments: build attractive resorts and business centers, train people, and bring transportation infrastructure
up to international standards. Strong property rights,
reliable health care, and adequate security standards will
be required to attract investors as well as travelers.
Globalization is forcing every countrylarge or
small, rich or poorto compete with one another for
the benefits of strong business Travel & Tourism.That
means governments need to create an environment that
best prepares their economies for the opportunities arising of the T&T sector. In an era where business travelers
and tourists alike have many choices for travel and
investment, every countrybut especially lower middle
income and upper middle income countriesmust
strengthen their T&T sectors rapidly and intelligently,
addressing the real needs of their domestic economies
while taking into account the actions of their regional
neighbors.
Geographic scope
Domestic
Global
Intercontinental
liberalization
Intraregional
liberalization
Domestic
deregulation &
privatization
Introduce competition
to local T&T markets
Reduce cross-border
trade barriers (e.g.,
traffic & ownership
rights, taxes & duties)
Facilitate and build-up

of operations on
established platforms
Improve efficiency of
operations and service quality
Expansion of international T&T service

offerings
Further engage private

capital
Facilitate international
T&T flows
Ensure domestic &

international access
Increase depth of
service offering (e.g.,
frequency, routes)
Consider publicprivate partnerships

as source of funding
Fulfill customer
requirements
(service quality)
Expand service
provision
Build T&T
infrastructure
Provide air and
ground infrastructure
Reduction of regional
boundaries across all
T&T industries
Substitution of
bi-lateral agreements
with Open Skies
traffic rights
Figure 13: Steps toward a competitive T&T industry
Relaxation ownership
rights (e.g., airlines
and hotels)
Enhance overall T&T

industry efficiency and
quality
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton.
How to realize the opportunity: Steps toward improving

T&T competitiveness
Successfully building a highly competitive T&T sector
requires several evolutionary steps (see Figure 13).
Governments must first make sure the appropriate infrastructure capacity is in place to provide access for
domestic and international travelers; preferably by leveraging private capital early in the process through such
strategies as public-private partnerships. And both public
regulators and private investors need to ensure that they
jointly manage such partnerships efficiently, by focusing
on the demand characteristics of their markets.
Once infrastructure is in place, governments should
focus to ensure that market demand is fully metboth
in terms of service quality and quantity (for example,
routes and level of frequency served).To increase performance efficiency of the T&T sector, governments
should engage in deregulation and privatization, providing a platform for further demand stimulation and
growth. Following domestic deregulation, a cross-border
liberalization of a whole regions policy framework, such
as Europes Open Skies agreement, can effectively attract
new market entrants and improve the industrys overall
performance.That in turn can drive down both prices
and costs while stimulating service quality and demand
across all T&T players within the region.
The last step, a full intercontinentalor even globalliberalization of travel regulations has not yet been
reached, but given what the global T&T sector has
achieved over the past two decades and what is currently underway (for example, the Open Skies agreement
between Europe and North America), even this vision

may become reality in the years to come.
The positive correlation between a healthy T&T
sector and the wealth of individual nations, along with
the examples of countries and economies that have successfully leveraged that correlation, provide a clear indication that governments can influence the competitiveness of their T&T sectors and their impact on overall
GDP and welfare. Any government that wants to start
the evolutionary process to improve its T&T sector
competitiveness needs to shape its political agenda
accordingly, aligning both public and private interests,
evaluating its current situation, initiating relevant measures
and targets, and applying lessons learned from the
strongest of their peer economies (see Figure 14).
Achieve commitment. Before governmental bodies
and business leaders can agree on the steps required to
boost their T&T sector, they must agree on just how
beneficial the further development of the T&T sector
can be for their countrys welfare. Once they choose a
direction to pursue, it must be followed tenaciously,
since only persistent action will bring about real progress.
Commitment on the part of a countrys public and
private stakeholders is the first step, but aligning closely
with neighboring governments and business leaders are
just as necessary for all the stakeholders to understand
the full picture of a countrys strategic options.
Economies with close regional ties must set their
strategic agendas jointly in order to define an aligned
approach to the successful development of an efficient
and effective T&T system.That alignment can also help
41
Figure 14: Action steps toward unleashing the T&T sectors potential
Achieve
commitment
Strategic
diagnostic
Target
definition
Master
plan
Align government and

business needs
Baseline current
T&T sector
Align short-term and

long-term goals
Acquire public/
private capital
Agree on desired T&T

strategy
Benchmark to other
economies
Identify investment
requirements
Attract expertise
(education & training)
Allocate responsibilities
Define strategic options
Define regulatory and

industry targets
Set-up implementation
Stakeholder
alignment
Strategic
direction
Performance
goals
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton.
42
mitigate cross-border risks, such as the possibility of

investing in ground infrastructure with overlapping
catchment areas. (This risk was highlighted for the
Middle East in a Booz Allen Hamilton study, Mastering
the Challenges of the Middle East Aviation System, that
was developed as a result of a 2006 World Economic
Forum meeting in Sharm-el-Sheikh.)
Strategic diagnostic. Developing a workable plan
requires a thorough understanding of the current state
of a countrys and regions T&T industry.This baseline
approach involves not only the evaluation of the sectors
current competitiveness but also a gap analysis that
compares its own performance, on both the regulatory
and the business side, with comparable best practice
countries.The strategic assessment must include a sound
analytical foundation, and the TTCI should serve as a
first indicator.The critical factors described in this study
must be carefully screened and, if appropriate, adapted to
the countrys specific social, economic, and regulatory
environment.The results of the baselining and benchmarking analysis can then set the overall strategic
direction that both private and public stakeholders will
pursue, and can serve as a solid basis for defining the
required operational targets going forward.
Target definition. Once all the stakeholders agree
on an overall strategic plan, the tradeoffs between
short-term expenses and long-term benefits must be
clearly evaluated, and a target for a satisfactory return
on investment determined.These targets need to be
translated into sound and realistic planning. Governments
must compare the targets with their plans for T&T
infrastructure, support services, and sector capabilities,

and then identify the gaps. As they do so, they need to
review their regulatory policies and evaluate the size of
the infrastructure investments required, as well as any
additional budget needed for new services and education
of travel professionals.The resulting performance goals
will set the stage for the subsequent master plan.
Master plan. The most critical prerequisite for an
efficient T&T master plan is the liberalization of the
transportation sector as well as of financial markets.
Domestic as well as international air and ground travel
should be opened to competition, including, ideally,
competition from other countries. Investors in the sector
should be able to own capital equipment, real estate, and
the companies that provide travel services (if only in
the form of public-private partnerships). In considering
how state-owned infrastructure is to be shared, nondiscrimination clauses need to be enforced to ensure fair
and efficient competition between former incumbents
and new entrants into the market.
The master plan should focus on several major
elements to enable the improvement of the T&T sectors
competitiveness, including:
accelerating the national deregulation plans of
major transportation markets, while taking into
account spillover effects with neighboring regions;
reducing subsidies and public investments by limiting
them to critical areas where private investors are
not yet willing to take on the full business risk; and
The master plan must also align T&T policies with a

broader agenda of national economic growth, including
a coherent roadmap for air and ground travel that builds
on realistic projections of future traffic growth. And the
plan needs to include a comprehensive education and
training agenda for the national T&T sector, which may
involve turning to international service partners to help
kick-start the transformation.
Creating a coherent long-term plan for the T&T
market and its needed capacities is essential. A plan
will strengthen the positive elements of national transformation programs, such as employment benefits and
strengthened privatized national companies, and it
will prevent potential overinvestment in misplaced
infrastructure.
To succeed along those steps, governments must
define a clear vision and a commitment to engage all
stakeholders in the process, and they must make a determined effort to work together hand-in-hand with the
private T&T sector.
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travel routes and business centers.
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DC: World Bank.
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Tourism. October 19.
The Edge (Singapore). 2005. 40 and Beyond: Where the Economy
Should Go from Here. August 8.
EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit). 2006. WorldData Online Database
(accessed November 2006). London.
Eurocontrol/STATFOR. 2006. Low Cost Carrier Market Update.
Brussels: Eurocontrol/STATFOR, May. Available at
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November 2006).
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport.
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Brussels: European Commission. Available at
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air_portal/internal_market/index_en.ht
m (accessed November 2006).
European Low Fares Airline Association. 2004. Liberalisation of
European Air Transport: The Benefits of Low Fares Airlines to
Consumers, Airports, Regions and the Environment. Brussels:
ELFAA. Available at http://www.elfaa.com/documents/
ELFAABenefitsofLFAs2004.pdf (accessed November 2006).
Eurostat. 2003. International Air Transport of Passengers 19932000.
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Eurostat.
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Transport. Publish date January 26. Brussels: Eurostat.
43
Using Policy Measures and

Economics to Improve Travel &
Tourism-Related Policy and
Business Decision Making
RICHARD R. MILLER, Executive Vice President, World Travel &
Tourism Council
The World Economic Forum is launching in this Report

the first Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI).
The objective of the present chapter is to analyze the
implications of the results of the TTCI from a policymaking perspective and to describe our initial thoughts
on how the index might be used by the industry to
engage in an active dialogue with the public sector so
as to generate concrete actions in those economies of
interest.
In order to set the stage for this dialogue, this paper
first provides a brief overview of the mission of the
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) to raise
awareness of Travel & Tourisms contribution and the
economic research called Tourism Satellite Accounting that
it has produced for the past 16 years to assist policy and
business leaders in their decision-making processes.
It also describes WTTCs efforts to create a policy
vision for Travel & Tourism (T&T), as well as the two
approachesqualitative and quantitativeit has taken
to measure performance against this vision.
The paper then presents some of WTTCs initial
thoughts about how the public sector of a country
should interpret and react to the TTCIs results in order
to improve its countrys T&T competitiveness.
Finally, this paper presents an innovative analysis
of the results of the TTCI, which is designed to assist
business leaders to understand how countries TTCI
findings correlate to the basic question of risk versus
return. Our aim is to assist policy leaders to understand
how their countries are perceived in this regard and
thereby help them plan their strategy for decreasing risk
or increasing return, thus making investment in their
economy more attractive.
The World Travel & Tourism Council

When the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)
was established in 1989, the founding members of this
private sector industry association decided that the
quantification of Travel & Tourisms impact on world
and national economies would be the most important
contribution they could make toward their goal of raising
awareness among policy leaders and decision-makers of
the sectors economic contribution and its potential for
creating wealth and employment around the world.The
subsequent 16 years of investment in solid, professional,
and credible researchwhich to date has exceeded
US$5.0 million and is now sponsored by Accenture, a
global management consulting, technology services and
outsourcing companymade a significant contribution
to the development of the new international standard
for Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research,
adopted in 2001 by the United Nations Statistical
Commission.
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
CHAPTER 1.3
45
46
Tourism Satellite Accounting

Over the years,WTTC and its research partner,
UK-based Oxford Economic Forecasting (OEF), have
endeavored to create a pioneering system of Tourism
Satellite Accounting research, which now covers 174
economies around the world. Using the most sophisticated
combination of macroeconomic research and forecasts,
national accounting data and information, and T&T
variables and econometric modeling,WTTC/OEF have
produced a comprehensive and universal system of
research covering all concepts of T&T demandfrom
personal consumption and business purchases to capital
investment, government spending, and exports.This
information is then translated into economic concepts
of production, such as gross domestic product (GDP)
and employment, which can be compared with those of
other industries and the economy as a whole to provide
credible statistical information that will assist in policy
making and business decision-making.
Over the past 16 years years,WTTC has endeavored
to produce the most comprehensive TSA provided
for within the UNWTO conceptual frameworkby
developing the narrow concept of the T&T industry in
addition to the broader concept of the T&T economy
and in so doing, has generated a number of benefits
available to government and industry worldwide.
Full implementation of a TSA can help governments
understand:
the economic dynamics of tourism well beyond the
traditional scope of expenditure research and production by the travel service sector;
the relationship between tourism and the crucially
important durables sector of the economy;
the relationship between tourism and government
spending, thus helping establish a clear link between
tourism results and tourism support;
the balance of payments arising from the comprehensive flow of tourism goods and services necessary to make tourism possible and, in the process,
discover hidden trade surpluses or deficits;
the relationship between tourism and capital investment to assist in long-term planning for infrastructure, resort development, promotion, and so on;
the difference between the immediate impact of
tourism industry GDP and employment and the
broader impact of tourism economy GDP and
employment, which can facilitate policy analysis
and decision-making; and
the interplay between a tangible, but unsatisfactory,

supply-side perspective of employment generated
by characteristic activities and the more theoretical,
but accurate, perspective of demand-side generated
employment.
Full implementation of the a TSA can help industry
understand:
a wealth of customer and consumer information
on tourism-related purchases (domestic and
international, imported or exported goods, services,
durables or nondurables, and purchases made
before, during, and after a trip) that has never
before been available;
the full tourism product service chain and
governments ability to deliver quality and timely
service to visitors;
the history and forecast for public works that
have benefited or will benefit visitors and travel
companies in order to capitalize on public sector
intentions and priorities for growth;
the opportunities for domestic production and for
negotiating incentives from the public sector to aid
in the growth of businesses, which help alleviate
trade balance issues; and
the critical dual-perspective employment
information that will allow industry to plan their
human resource requirements and develop new
and innovative ways to attract, retain, and grow
their workforce.
There is little doubt that WTTCs Satellite
Accounting Research program has made a major
contribution to ensuring that Travel & Tourism is today
increasingly considered an industry that fully justifies
mainstream economic and policy consideration. It has
also enabled the industry to initiate a broader and more
in-depth dialogue with government about how Travel &
Tourism can be used as an economic development tool.
Tables 1 through 4 present data about the dramatic
effect of Travel & Tourism on specific economies.
Rank
Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
United States
Japan
Germany
China
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Italy
Canada
Mexico
US$ (millions)
1,652,646.0
522,894.9
412,607.5
353,672.6
336,535.4
328,298.6
251,972.5
246,927.3
189,082.4
140,450.0
Source: WTTC.
Table 2: Travel & Tourism industry GDP (2006)

Rank
Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Macau
Maldives
Seychelles
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Vanuatu
Saint Lucia
Bahamas
Total GDP (%)
34.8
34.2
29.2
25.3
24.3
23.0
22.9
19.9
18.7
16.8
Source: WTTC.
WTTCs Blueprint for New Tourism

From a global strategic perspective, the critical policy
issues concerning T&T growth are encapsulated in
WTTCs Blueprint for New Tourism, a contemporary and
historic call to action involving a coherent partnership
between all stakeholdersboth public and privateto
strengthen industry efforts and turn future challenges
into opportunities.
The Blueprint for New Tourism, which resulted from
WTTCs Global Travel & Tourism Summit in the spring
of 2002, is the latest version of the industrys policy
vision following WTTCs Millennium Vision and its
Seven Strategic Priorities. It provides a new strategic
framework for ensuring that Travel & Tourism works for
all stakeholders in the future.
In short, New Tourism is a new sense of coherent
partnership between the private sector and public
authorities. It is geared to delivering commercially
successful productsbut in a way that ensures benefits
for everyone. New Tourism looks beyond short-term
considerations. It focuses on benefits not only for those
who travel, but also for the local communities they
visit and for their respective natural, social, and cultural
environments.
New Tourism is also a new visionof Travel &
Tourism as a partnership, delivering consistent results
that match the needs of economies, local and regional
authorities, and local communities with those of
business, based on:
Table 3: Travel & Tourism industry employment (2006)

Rank
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
China
India
United States
Japan
Indonesia
Brazil
Thailand
Mexico
Spain
France
Jobs (thousands)
17,383.2
10,679.6
5,834.3
2,683.8
2,579.3
2,336.7
1,842.3
1,566.0
1,472.8
1,392.3
Source: WTTC.
Table 4: Travel & Tourism demand (200716)

Rank
Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Montenegro
China
India
Romania
Croatia
Vietnam
Latvia
Maldives
Albania
Cambodia
Source: WTTC.
Annualized real growth (%)
10.2
8.7
8.0
7.9
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.0
7.0
1.
governments recognizing Travel & Tourism as a top

priority;
2.
business balancing economics with people, culture,

and environment; and
3.
a shared pursuit of long-term growth and prosperity.
Governments recognizing Travel & Tourism as a top priority
New Tourism depends on governments recognizing

Travel & Tourisms valuable flow-through effects for all
sectors of the economy and across the whole population
and having the sense of leadership to act on that
recognition. Leadership at the highest levels of government should factor Travel & Tourism into all policies
and decision-making; should coordinate all strategies
that have an impact on, or are impacted by,Travel &
Tourism; and should reorganize structures and funding
so as to ensure effective planning and management.The
most effective policy responses are those that encompass
key government responsibilities, such as coordinating
infrastructure development and fostering competitiveness,
rather than focusing on short-term protectionism or
micro-intervention in market mechanisms.
Table 1: Travel & Tourism demand (2006)
47
48
The benefits, which can be enjoyed by every

economy that adopts measures to help deliver on the
promise, include:
long-term tourism planning at national and
regional/local levels;
the creation of a competitive business environment
that avoids inflationary taxation, guarantees
transparency, and offers more attractive corporate
ownership rules;
the assurance that quality statistics and information
feed into policy and decision-making processes;
the inclusion of new professionalism, funding,
and coordination in promotion and marketing,
employment and training needs, infrastructure,
and regional and local policy;
of sustainable development and as a contributor to the

dignity of the people and cultures it touches.
Internally, the sector must adjust business planning,
product, and service quality, and adopt policies that
respect the interests of the people for and with whom
it works. Externally, it must systematically embrace
opportunities to spread its benefitsfrom helping to
kick-start developing economies into conserving the
environment to transferring skills and promoting the
dignity of people in local communities.
Many of New Tourisms key tasks for the private
sector are very concrete.They comprise:
expanding markets, while promoting and protecting
natural resources and local heritage and lifestyles;
developing careers, education, and employee
relations;
the development of the human capital required for

T&T growth. Governments should lead investment
in human resourcesthrough education and by
bridging the gap between authorities and the
industryto help plan ahead for future needs.
An online and easily accessible market monitoring
network could link reliable tourism market
information with data on employment;
promoting small firms;
the liberalization of trade, transport, and

communications and the easing of barriers to
travel and to investment;
improving the quality of tourism products and

services, and adding value for money while
increasing consumer choice;
the building of confidence for customers and

investors on safety and security;
agreeing and implementing quality standards at all

levels and in all areas, including staff training;
the promotion of product diversification that

spreads demand;
transferring industry skills and best practice that

spread the benefits of Travel & Tourism widely
and efficiently;
sustainable tourism expansion in keeping with

cultures and character; and
investment in technological advances, such as
satellite navigation systems, to facilitate safe and
efficient T&T development.
This is the agenda that makes it possible to explore and
support the opportunities in the broadest spectrum of
T&T businesses. It will not only develop product range
and quality, but also ensure that the patterns of tourism
flow respect the natural and built heritage as well as
local interests.
Business balancing economics with people, culture, and
environment
New Tourism requires the T&T industry to achieve the

right balance between business imperatives and the
wider needs of local communities in terms of quality
of life. Private sector growth can be deployed as a driver
raising the environmental awareness, and helping

to narrow the gap between the haves and the
have-nots;
ensuring a range of tourism products that helps
diversify a countrys tourism product mix so as to
reduce seasonality and increase yields;
ensuring increasingly sophisticated and more

precise measurement of the sectors own activity,
to feed into strategic business decisions; and
communicating more effectively with the world
in which it operatesfor example, including
energetic input from T&T umbrella organizations
to government, at strategic and local levels.
The cumulative effect will be a shift toward Travel &
Tourism that continues to serve the private sectors own
needs while embracing the wider interests of the countries and communities in which it operates.
A shared pursuit of long-term growth and prosperity
New Tourism needs new joint strategies, using new

mechanisms springing from new partnerships with public authorities. Industrys recognition of its broader
responsibilities has to be matched by that of government, and both sides must be prepared to adopt a new
allying best practice in tourism development with

policies on regional affairs, transport, human
resources, the environment, infrastructure, and rural
development;
promoting public-private sector partnership in
the joint preparation of sustainable master plans for
the development of entire destinations or holiday
regionsa task that is too demanding for a single
company or state authority to undertake on
its own;
creating locally driven processes for continuous
stakeholder consultation, involvement and benefit;
restructuring national tourism organizations
(NTOs) as public-private sector partnerships;
averting the dangers of excessive, unplanned
development, and setting environmental policy
goals that can realistically be met;
developing human resources and the deploying
skills through planning and legislation that avoids
limits based on residence or other requirements;
collaborating on information requirements for
public sector analysis and policy formation;
promoting joint efforts to improve security, with
private sector mechanisms complemented by
action from public authorities; and
developing confidence among all stakeholders
that efforts are mutually reinforcing.
New Tourism offers the prize of economic activity
that enhances quality of life as well as new opportunities
for self-sufficiency and local prosperity.This prize can be
won by all economies that rise to the challenge of integrating the needs of the T&T industry with national
policies.
Travel & Tourism policy assessment

In recent years, the assessment of an economys
performance vis--vis the strategic vision of WTTCs
Blueprint for New Tourism, or even more specific T&T
policy objectives, has been limited to a qualitative
assessment conducted by experienced travel industry
analysts.
In producing its well-known and highly sought
after Country Reports,WTTC has complemented the
TSA research with a detailed analysis of each country or
economys performance against the vision of its Blueprint

for New Tourism.This is a time-consuming exercise that
involves months of desk research and numerous interviews and focus group sessions with local industry
officials, business leaders, consultants, academics, experts,
and the media. Nevertheless, the analysis of what is
working and what is not working in each economy is a
function of perspective and experience and, since no
two economies or analysts are exactly alike, it is
difficultif not impossibleto provide a meaningful
comparative analysis of one economys policy situation
versus anothers.
WTTCs Competitiveness Monitor
It is because of the difficulty of providing a truly

comparative analysis that, in 2001,WTTC undertook a
pioneering effort at the request of its former chairman,
Harvey Golub (who is also past chairman and CEO of
American Express) to develop a competitiveness index
similar in nature to that produced by the World
Economic Forum to rank global competitiveness.
WTTCs Competitiveness Monitor tracked a wide
range of information that indicated to what extent a
country offers a competitive environment for T&T
development. Produced for three years, the Monitor
was researched and compiled in partnership with the
Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Research Institute
at the University of Nottingham.
The Monitors aim was to stimulate policy-makers,
industry investors, academics, and other interested
parties to recognize the crucial role they play in
maximizing the contribution of Travel & Tourism for
the benefit of all stakeholders, and to ensure that the
development of the industry is sustainable.
The Competitiveness Monitor offered an analytical
framework that:
provided an ongoing record of policy indicators
and developments that have an impact on Travel &
Tourism;
compared national performance statistics, policies,
and agreements;
indicated, when combined with TSA research, the
effectiveness of national policies to attract foreign
direct investment and tourism expenditure in a
globally competitive market; and
highlighted the importance of long-term planning
and the need to factor Travel & Tourism into all
government policy developments and decisions.
Like the new Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index,
the WTTC Competitiveness Monitor was based on a set
of social and economic data that were available and
comparable across all countries.The data were compiled
using a series of indexes that comprise eight subindexes
form of long-term thinkingand a new degree of

openness and cooperationto develop contingency
planning as well as development strategies. Specific tasks
that can be successfully undertaken by the widest cooperation include:
49
calibrated to allow across-the-board comparisons in the

follow groupings:
Price: This subindex measured the relative cost of
travel to the countries, using room rates, purchasing
power parity, and taxes on goods and services.
Human Tourism: This subindex measured the
achievement of human development in terms of
tourism activity. It was a new index in line with
various kinds of human development indexes
constructed by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) to measure human achievement in various aspects of human development.
Infrastructure: This subindex measured the level
of infrastructure development such as road
infrastructure, sanitation facilities, and access to
improved drinking water.
Environment: This subindex measured population
density, CO2 emissions, and the ratification of
environmental treaties.
Technology: This subindex measured telephone and
Internet access, high-technology exports, and the
use of mobile phones.
50
Human Resources: This subindex measured life

expectancy, adult literacy, and combined
primary/secondary/tertiary enrollment rates.
Openness: This subindex measured a countrys
openness toward international trade and visitors
through visa requirements,TSA import/export
results, and taxes on international trade.
Social: This subindex measured the level of a
countrys human development through access to
daily newspapers, personal computers, and
television, as well as overall crime.
The WTTC Monitor used a traffic light system
to indicate relative positions rather than the absolute
performance of different countries. Green, amber, and
red lights indicated above-average, average, and belowaverage performance respectively.
After three years of development and production,
the WTTC Competitiveness Monitor, although well
received and used by the international community, was
thought to be limited by lack of access to specific policy
implementation/success measures. As a result, following
discussions with the World Economic Forum, it was
decided that joining efforts and working with a more
established policy monitoring organization, which has
access to even greater policy metrics and a broader
executive network, would be beneficial to the Monitor.
Thus,WTTC has now joined forces with the Forum to
collaborate on, and contribute to, this new TTCI.This
new Index should make great strides toward allowing
government and industry to assess the potential for

Travel & Tourism throughout the world.The ultimate
purpose of this paper is to open the discussions on how
the new TTCI can be used both by governmentsto
understand their policy positions and work to improve
their positioning in order to develop their T&T activities
and attract investment in the sector; and by industry
to prioritize their business activities, direct new
investments, and focus their necessary government
affairs efforts.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness index

The TTCI, by its nature and design, is simple to understand and to use. As a result, it is a beautiful tool that
allows economies, and governments in particular, to
understand how their tourism performance is perceived.
Simple is beautiful
Although it will be extremely tempting for each country

or economy to review the Index and immediately claim
success or failure based on where they fall within the
rankings, this would be premature and might, in fact, be
a matter of jumping to an unwarranted conclusion.
Instead, the more appropriate measure will be how each
economy, regardless of its ranking, moves forward over
time. Of course, for those economies that are ranked
lower on the list, competitive pressures will create
conditions that encourage them to move higher up the
list. But, in reality, it is not the ranking that counts.
What matters is how the actual score improvesor
notover time.
The most obvious example to illustrate this
erroneous notion is the rare situation in which each
country improves its score by exactly the same amount
from one time period to another. In this case, the policy
situation for Travel & Tourism will improve for each
country and for the industry worldwide but, at the same
time, the ranking for all countries will stay the same.
Thus, any focus on ranking alone would be very unwise.
Quantitative vs. qualitative
It will also be tempting for countries to raise their

scores and/or rankings by specifically targeting those
quantitative elements of the Index that can easily be
affected by narrow or specifically focused public policy
changes, adjustments to regulation, and increased spending or investment. Again, although this approach would
seem to be natural and appropriateafter all, the Index
does include a number of very specific quantifiable
performance measurement itemssuch an approach
merely scratches the surface of what the Index covers.
This is because the qualitative aspects as measured by
the Forums Executive Opinion Survey are perhaps even
more important, and these do not lend themselves to
direct targeting by a specific activity.
Reality vs. perception
Some countries may, nevertheless, still believe, in some

circumstances, that the Index is not reporting the reality
of a situationthat is, that it is a matter of perception
rather than reality, and that a publicity campaignnot
a change of policyis all that is needed. Although this
situation is indeed conceivable, it is our strong belief
that countries facing this situation should focus on clear
communication of facts rather than waging a publicity
campaign to win hearts and minds. Clearly articulated
facts that discuss and explain the current state of affairs
in any one of the Indexs areas of coverage will have
much greater impact on, and contribute much more
significantly to, changing perceptions than well-crafted
publicity campaigns would have.
Furthermore, the simple exercise of articulating the
facts may even help the country to understand why and
how a false perception has developed, and to establish a
mechanism to correct or prevent the false perception
from re-occurring in the future.
Industry and the TTCI
Like most government reaction, industry reaction to the
TTCI is likely to start with a review and an examination
of the individual and aggregate rankings for those
countries in which the company or enterprise is
currently operating. For organizations with businesses in
countries with lower scores and ranks, business leaders
will clearly want to know:
if the score/ranking is valid, consistent with internal
management understanding and/or perceptions, and
whether this score/ranking has been taken into
consideration by the business in terms of its strategy
and/or operations;
whether there are plans by the government, now or
in the near future, to address the weaknesses or
challenges identified by the score/ranking;
what, if anything, the individual business or industry
in aggregate must do to assist or encourage the
public sector to take action to address the weakness/challenges;
based on the existing situation, what the risk/return

tradeoff isboth for the specific organization and
industry in general; and
whether it is necessary to develop an exit strategy if
the risk/return tradeoff is insufficient or there are
no plans and efforts by the public sector to address
the challenges/weaknesses, or if these plans and
efforts are unsuccessful.
In order to understand and clearly define the
risk/return tradeoff,WTTC has created an additional
and innovative analysis by combining the TTCI with
the TSA outlook for growth.To undertake this analysis,
we have used the concept of the Growth-Share Matrix
developed by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG).
This matrix has been used by businesses around the
world to assess their business units or product lines, and
to best allocate their resources. However, instead of
using relative market share as the x-axis variable,WTTC
has used the new TTCI to help construct a growth-policy
risk matrix, which can be used by businesses to assess
the allocation of their resources on an international basis.
In translating the BCG matrix to a growth-policy
risk matrix, it is still possible to classify the results in a
similar manner (Cash Cows, Dogs, Question Marks,
Starssee Figure 1).The following language has been
taken from www.wikipedia.org and the terminology has
been adjusted to suit this new matrix.
Cash Cows are countries with a high TTCI score
that is, a low policy riskand a slow-growing T&T
economy. Companies or enterprises in these countries
typically generate a return in excess of the amount of
risk incurred by operating in this country.The T&T
economy in these countries is regarded as staid and boringthat is, it is a matureT&T economyand every
company and enterprise would be thrilled to operate in
as many Cash Cow countries as possible. Enterprises in
these countries can be milked continuously with as
little investment as possible, since such investment would
be wasted in a country with low growth. Countries that
find themselves in this group should be satisfied with
their policy situation but unsatisfied with their outlook
for growth, and should focus their attention on incentives that will encourage investment. Cash Cow countries should aspire to be Stars.
Dogs are countries with low TTCI scoresthat is,
high policy riskand a mature, slow-growing T&T
economy.T&T enterprises in these countries typically
break even, although they generate barely enough
return to maintain the risk/return ratio. Although operating in a break-even country provides the social benefit
of providing jobs and possible synergies that assist enterprises in other countries, such an enterprise is worthless
from the point of view of risk, as it does not generate
sufficient return for the company. Operations in these
countries depress a profitable companys return-on-assets
Therefore, in order realistically to affect the score

and/or ranking of the TTCI, countries will be obliged
to tackle the areas of assessment from a full policy perspective. As an example, in order to increase the quality
of road infrastructure, countries will need not only to
address roadway hardware, but also the administration of
roadway construction, safety and security, and maintenance.
Without a 360-degree perspective, the qualitative
assessment will not enjoy the full benefits that a limited
policy approach or activity targeting would provide.
51
Fast
WTTC growth forecast
Figure 1: Travel & Tourism growth-policy risk matrix
Question Marks
Stars
Dogs
Cash Cows
Slow
Low score
(high policy risk)
High score
(low policy risk)
52
ratio, used by many investors to judge how well a company is being managed. Enterprises in a Dog country, it
is thought, should be sold off. Countries that find themselves in this group should be worried about both their
policy situation and their outlook for growth; in most
cases, they will find that it is the poor policy situation
that is causing the poor growth situation. Countries in
this group should prioritize their work by focusing on
those policy issues with the greatest return on investmentthat is, they should start with those issues for
which small or quick fixes will result in large or fast
returns. Dog countries should aspire to be Question
Marks or Cash Cows.
Question Marks, aka problem children, are countries
with low TTCI scores (thus a high policy risk) in a fastgrowing T&T economy. Such countries require large
amounts of investment and policy attention to better
their TTCI scores (that is, to decrease their policy risk).
The national goal must be to decrease the policy risk to
become a Star. Otherwise, when the country matures
and growth slows, the country will fall down into the
Dog category. Like Dogs, the countries in this group
run the risk of losing T&T enterprises to countries in
which the policy risk is lower, so efforts should be made
by the public sector to reduce the risk in a return-on
investment approach similar to the one described in the
Dogs category. Question Mark countries should aspire
to be Stars.
Stars are countries with a high TTCI score (low
policy risk) in a fast-growing T&T economy.The
hopefrom an enterprise perspectiveis that Stars
become the next Cash Cows. Sustaining the countrys

policy leadership may require extra attention, but this is
worthwhile if that is what it takes for the country to
remain a leader.When growth slows, Stars become Cash
Cows if they have been able to maintain their policy
leadership, or they move from brief Stardom to
Dogdom. For countries in this group, the challenge is
to maintain their high level of growth.This requires significant attention to the details and to working with the
private sector to understand their needs, and then to
translate this information into policy initiatives that will
keep them ahead of the curve.
In attempting to take this analogy to its logical conclusion and avoid some of the criticisms that can be
applied to the original BCG matrix, it should be noted
that the intention in using this matrix is not to suggest
that enterprises need to have a balance of businesses
across all four quadrants. Rather, as stated in Wikipedia:
The reality is that it is only the Cash Cows that are
really important [for the private sector]all the other
elements are supporting actors. It is a foolish vendor
[or, in our case, enterprise] who diverts funds from a
Cash Cow when these are needed to extend the life
of that product [or activity]. Although it is necessary to recognize a Dog [country] when it appears (at
least before it bites you), it would be foolish in the
extreme to create one [or operate in one] in order to
balance up the picture. The vendor [or enterprise],
who has most of his (or her) products in the Cash
Cow quadrant, should consider himself (or herself)
fortunate indeed, and an excellent marketer [or
8.66
4.33
0.00
0.0
4.24
7.0
Travel & Tourism industry 10-year annualized growth
Figure 2: Travel & Tourism growth-competitiveness matrix
Source: World Economic Forum and WTTC.
business operator], although he or she might also

consider creating [operating in] a few Stars as an
insurance policy against unexpected future developments and, perhaps, to add some extra growth.
From an enterprise perspective, this analysis is all

about balancing risk and return. If the return is high
enough, operating in a risky policy environment is
acceptable. On the other hand, if the return is not high
enough, the enterprise will at some point seek out other
opportunities.
From a country perspective, it is not really about
risk and return because it is not possible to diversify or
move its place of operation the way it is in the private
sector. Instead, countries have only one place of operation in the matrix; their ultimate objective is to achieve
the highest return on their investment. Investment in
this context is not monetary, but rather a matter of policy. Normally, Dogs aspire to be Questions Marks or
Cash Cows. Cash Cows aspire to be Stars. Question
Marks aspire to be Stars, and Stars aspire to stay Stars.
For some countries, it is simply not possible to achieve a
high level of T&T growth because the macroeconomy is
already mature and developed, so Cash Cow is the best
they can do. However, for developing countries that still
have the possibility of high rates of growth, achieving
Star status is still the ultimate objective.
Although we expect there will be a number of
different ways in which the industry will assess the
results of the TTCI and try to use them for their own
strategy or planning purposes, this growth-policy risk
matrix will provide an intuitive and interesting method

for putting them into perspective. It will also allow the
industry to begin addressing how it wishes to proceed
in terms of current operations and possible future
investment, while allowing the countries to begin
figuring out what they want their futures to look like.
Figure 2 and Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8 illustrate the T&T
growth-policy risk matrix described above and lists
those countries or economies that fall into each of the
four quadrants. It should be noted that the delineation
between low growth/high growth and low score/high
score in the TTCI has been illustrated using median
values for each. Because there is no hard-and-fast rule
about where to draw the line, caution should be
exercised when categorizing these results.The tables
show the data of only those economies for which both
TTCI data and growth data are available. A handful of
economies covered in the TTCI are therefore not
shown.
Based on this analysis, the economies covered by
research of both the Forum and WTTC can be categorized as Stars, Question Marks, Cash Cows, and Dogs
(see Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively).
53
Table 5: Stars in the Travel & Tourism growth-policy

risk matrix
Country/economy
Bahrain
Barbados
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Egypt
Estonia
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Israel
Korea, Rep.
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Morocco
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Spain
Thailand
Tunisia
TTCI score
4.45
4.86
4.60
4.66
5.07
4.75
4.24
4.90
5.33
4.61
4.80
4.58
4.34
5.31
4.80
4.96
4.63
4.38
4.27
5.31
4.68
5.18
4.58
4.76
5.09
WTTC T&T projected

economic growth
(200716, annualized)
4.90
4.65
4.83
8.33
4.39
5.16
5.66
6.96
6.88
4.94
4.33
4.97
6.89
5.03
5.92
4.38
4.47
5.04
4.73
5.45
5.04
4.70
5.15
4.40
5.22
54
Table 6: Question Marks in the Travel & Tourism
growth-policy risk matrix
Country/economy
Albania
Algeria
Bangladesh
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chad
China
Ethiopia
India
Indonesia
Macedonia, FYR
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
Ukraine
Vietnam
TTCI score
3.75
3.67
3.21
3.28
3.51
3.99
3.41
2.88
3.64
3.25
2.68
3.97
3.26
4.14
4.20
3.81
3.95
3.49
3.76
3.52
3.79
4.18
3.91
4.03
4.18
4.18
3.89
3.86
3.79
3.56
3.89
3.78
WTTC T&T projected

economic growth
7.40
4.94
5.34
5.31
6.22
4.85
4.99
4.59
7.15
4.73
6.43
8.45
4.83
6.58
4.63
5.28
7.91
5.10
4.85
4.41
5.11
4.33
6.68
6.36
5.32
4.68
5.52
4.51
4.85
4.70
4.51
7.05
Table 7: Cash Cows in the Travel & Tourism

growth-policy risk matrix
Country/economy
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Panama
Portugal
Qatar
Slovenia
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
TTCI score
5.21
5.54
5.07
4.31
5.31
4.58
5.27
4.35
5.16
5.23
5.48
4.99
5.45
4.93
4.78
4.41
4.99
4.52
5.08
5.20
5.04
4.28
5.05
4.71
4.58
5.13
5.66
4.82
4.32
5.28
5.43
4.28
WTTC T&T projected

economic growth
3.13
1.93
2.82
3.95
3.32
3.50
1.35
4.14
2.81
3.38
2.77
3.68
2.09
3.81
1.70
3.91
2.40
3.89
2.09
3.04
3.05
4.11
3.83
3.41
4.05
3.07
2.07
4.28
3.82
2.42
2.91
3.95
Table 8: Dogs in the Travel & Tourism growth-policy

risk matrix
Country/economy
Angola
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gambia
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Kenya
Kuwait
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Nigeria
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe
TTCI score
2.89
4.18
3.46
4.20
3.96
3.64
3.90
3.81
4.00
3.56
3.78
3.62
4.08
3.12
3.44
3.31
3.50
3.30
3.44
3.86
3.47
3.62
3.66
3.48
WTTC T&T projected

economic growth
2.23
3.31
4.21
3.82
4.27
3.68
2.81
3.81
4.12
3.09
3.53
3.77
3.73
2.88
3.44
3.80
4.02
4.24
3.43
4.20
3.71
3.18
2.19
1.87
Tourism Competitiveness and

the Development Agenda
GEOFFREY LIPMAN, Assistant Secretary General, UN World
Tourism Organization
JOHN KESTER, Chief of Market Intelligence & Promotion,
UN World Tourism Organization
The World Economic Forums Travel & Tourism

Competitiveness Index (TTCI) adds a new dimension
to the increasing awareness of the importance of the
Travel & Tourism (T&T) sector in global and national
socioeconomic activity.1
As a partner in the project and as the UN agency
responsible for the sustainable development of the sector
and its contribution to the UN Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), the United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO) wants to reflect on the outputs
of the TTCI in the following two key respects:
fundamentals of tourism competition and
development, and
enhancing competitiveness for the poorest
countries.
1.4: Tourism Competitiveness and the Development Agenda
CHAPTER 1.4
The UNWTOs key conclusions are as follows.

Showing the full economic impact of the sector
in the Index will enhance Travel & Tourisms
relevance for policymakers.
The Index makes clear that, although industrialized
states currently dominate, poorer countries have
a massive potential to be the leading force in
international tourism.
There should be widespread adoption of the UN
Tourism Satellite Account (UNTSA), the recognized tool for measuring the impact of tourism and
travelrelated activity in a national economy.
Tourism should be mainstreamed for development.
Tourism services should be reinvigorated in the
World Trade Organizations Doha Development
Round.
Tourism competition and development

Today, no one disputes the importance of competitiveness, of the need for progressive global cohesion of the
conditions of competition, of level playing fields, of
minimum regulation, or of public-private partnerships
for delivery of results. Nor is there much argument over
the fact that competition has well-demonstrated positive
and negative effects. On one hand it opens markets,
keeps prices down, and broadens product offerings. On
the other hand, without ancillary regulatory measures, it
can also breed monopoly, unfair business conditions, and
market exclusion or concentration which in turn can
lead to social inequality and significant potential for
conflict.
It is also increasingly recognized, however, that
competition is a means to an end rather than an end in
itself. As such, it must ultimately contribute to the kind
of socioeconomic goals sought in the Millennium
Declaration.These goals include not only quantifiable
55
Actual
Forecast
1,600
1.6 billion
1,400

1,200
Travelers (millions)
Figure 1: International tourist arrivals (19502020)
1,000
800
Middle East
Africa
1 billion
Asia/Pacific
Americas
806 million
Europe
600
400
200
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Source: UNWTO.
56
information such as creation of wealth, jobs, trade, and

investment; they also include less quantifiable matters
such as sharing benefits, encouraging entrepreneurs,
empowering women, and preservating natural and cultural heritage as well as regenerating urban and rural
communities.Together these features help to build
peace, understanding and a fairer society.
There is also growing recognition among the development community of the scale, scope, and impact of
the demand for tourismbusiness and leisure travel
and of its spread from industrialized to developing markets, and the impact of its effect on the infrastructure
and environment by the complex of industries who collaborate to provide travel services to meet that demand.
From 1950 to 2005, international tourism arrivals
expanded at an annual rate of 6.5 percent, growing from
25 million to 806 million travelers.The income generated
by these arrivals grew at an even stronger rate, reaching
11 percent during the same period, outgrowing the
world economy.Today, the business volume of tourism
surpasses that of many major export categories such as
food products or textiles.Tourism has become one of
the major players in international commerce, and represents at the same time one of the main income sources
for many developing countries (see Figure 1).
This growth goes hand in hand with an increasing
diversification and competition among destinations. In
1950 the top 15 destinations absorbed 97 percent of
international arrivals; in 1980 the share was 70 percent,
and it decreased to 58 percent in 2005 (see Table 1).
Against this background we believe the TTCI can

be important in a number of ways.
Showing the full economic impact of the sector in the Index
will enhance Travel & Tourisms relevance for policymakers.
The Index, in looking for competitiveness in the sector,

rightly shows Travel & Tourism in terms of both consumer
demand and matching supply from the diverse cluster of
industries that provide services to travelers.
Historically, the internationally accepted System of
National Accounts has not identified tourism consumption separately; its components have been reflected
individually in areas such as transport, accommodation,
restaurants, and so on.
As the T&T sector has grown in importance in the
past two decades, and with the realization that it has catalytic effects in related sectors, the UNWTO has led an
initiative to measure its impact in national accountings.
This initiative has resulted in the Tourism Satellite
Account (UNTSA), supported by public sector bodies
such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) and private groups such as
the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC); it has
also been formally accepted by the UN Statistical
System in relation to National Accounting. It is gradually
being applied by the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) in relation to the balance of payments and by
the International Labour Organization (ILO) in regard
to employment, as well by an increasing number of
countries around the world.
Rank
1950
World
share (%)
World
share (%)
1980
2005
World
share (%)
1
2
3
4
5
United States
Canada
Italy
France
Switzerland
71
France
United States
Spain
Itally
Austria
40
France
Spain
United States
China
Italy
33
6
7
8
9
10
Ireland
Austria
Spain
Germany
United Kingdom
17
Mexico
Canada
United Kingdom
Germany
Belgium
20
United Kingdom
Mexico
Germany
Turkey
Austria
14
11
12
13
14
15
Norway
Argentina
Mexico
Netherlands
Denmark
Switzerland
Yugoslav SFR
Poland
Former Czechoslavakia
Greece
10
Russian Federation
Canada
Malaysia
Ukraine
Poland
11
Others
Others
30
Others
42
TOTAL
25 million
278 million
Table 1: Worlds top 10 tourism destinations by international tourist arrivals
806 million
Source: UNWTO.
The macroeconomic indicators give an approximation of UNTSA results and hence an indication of the
substantial scale of the economic impact of the industry.
Specifics, however, should be treated with some caution,
particularly with GDP and employment derivations
in the indirect areas of demand. As the UNTSA is
increasingly applied at the country level, this weakness
can be rectified.
At a microeconomic level, the effect of the T&T
industry could be even more significant.This is because
of the extensive role of tourism demand in stimulating
directly related economic sectors such as transport and
accommodation, as well as indirectly related sectors such
as food, manufacturing, construction, and maintenance.
The TTCI makes clear the great competitive advantages
that industrialized states currently enjoy in this sector.
It is clear from the absolute values and rankings that the

industrialized states overwhelmingly lead in the World
Economic Forums competitiveness stakes. However,
this is foremost the reflection of the comparatively long
tradition those economies have in tourism development
(that is, the countries that were among the first 15
destinations in 1950 top the competitiveness ranking).
Overall, they are losing share in the global market, and
recent developments for most have been far from
dynamic.
It is equally clear that in many respects these same
states have the better ability to compete because of their
sheer size, capital, tourist volumes, and infrastructure.
Moreover, most of the private sector companies benefiting
from global tourism expansion are from the industrialized

world. Some of the high performance, however, may be
due to the nature of the survey data currently used.The
population base of respondents, for example, will have a
greater business travel focus than the population as a
whole, and thus may well not accurately reflect perceptions of destinations that are more leisure oriented
such as small island states in the Caribbean and Pacific.
This can be rectified easily over time.
In a similar way the TTCI might show general
competitiveness criteriasuch as the ICT base or infrastructure base of the economybut fail to show some
key tourism-related deficiencies, such as border complexity or the position on tourism facility investment or
airline ownership.We expect to see these elements more
specifically covered in future iterations and plan to
provide input in these areas.
It is also important to note here the difference
between domestic and international impacts of Travel &
Tourism.The former is currently more significant for
the industrialized marketsparticularly in the European
Union and the United States, where domestic traffic
volumes can be five to ten times greater than international volumes, where competition regimes that create a
level playing field are in place, and where the reduction
of barriers to travel can be unilaterally determined.
The TTCI shows that poorer countries have a massive
potential to be competitive in international tourism.
Some developing countriessuch as Brazil, China,

India, and South Africado have significant domestic
57
Figure 2: International tourism (2005)
International tourist arrivals (ITA)

806 million
International tourism receipts (ITR)

US$680 billion
Europe
ITA: 442 million (55%)
ITR: US$348 billion (51%)
Americas
Middle East
Asia/Pacific
Africa
Source: UNWTO.
58
traffic. If the regional markets of Northeast Asia, South

Asia, Southern African Development and Economic
Co-operation (SADEC) and Mercosur are taken into
account, there is a broader quasi domestic base. In
general terms, however, the poorer countries have yet
to develop effectively their domestic tourism activity.
At the international level it is a different story.
The starting point here is to consider the international
arrivals and revenue index published annually by
UNWTO and featured in the country profiles of section
2.1 of this Report. It is the case that the industrialized
countries still dominate rankings, but some emerging
and developing countries are performing very well in
this area. In fact, China and India have emerged in
recent years as strong performers, along with Thailand,
Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, Central American
destinations, and lately the Mekong countries Laos,
Cambodia, and Vietnam. See Appendix A for an overview
of basic indicators of destinations and their growth rate
in the past decade.
International tourism revenues are a services
export. International tourism represents one third of all
trade in services, and it is the services sector that will
provide the economic growth and jobs in the decades
ahead. It is here that the real returns and potential can
be seen for the poorer countries (see Figure 2).
The worlds poorest countries have some real

comparative advantages in regard to tourism exports,
which include:
exceptional product potential based on nature,
culture, and heritage;
their presence in the mainstream of evolving market
need;
relatively unspoiled environments with a major
ecotourism focus;
favorable trade balance because of their low
outbound traffic; and
abundant labor with a low cost base.
Their disadvantages, which are well documented,
include low skill levels, inadequate capital base, poor
infrastructureboth physical and digitalpoor transport
services, related import leakages, and so on.
Despite their weakness in absolute terms, many of
these poorest economies have been advancing significantly
in relative terms:
Between 1990 and 2005, developing economies
market share of international arrivals grew from
28.6 percent to 40.3 percent (see Table 2 and
Figure 3).
For small island economies with largely international service, the UNWTO estimates that up to
40 percent of their GDP and jobs can be generated
by Travel & Tourism.
Million arrivals
World
Developing economies
50 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Other low- and low-middle-income economies*
Upper-middle-income economies*
High-income economies
Market share (%)
Average annual growth (%)
1990
2000
2005
1990
2000
2005
19902000
200005
439
126
2.9
46.7
76.0
313.4
689
243
6.4
111.4
124.7
446.2
808
326
9.5
163.5
152.7
482.6
100
28.6
0.7
10.6
17.3
71.4
100
35.2
0.9
16.2
18.1
64.8
100
40.3
1.2
20.2
18.9
59.7
4.6
6.8
8.4
9.1
5.1
3.6
3.3
6.1
8.2
8.0
4.1
1.6
Source: UNWTO; data as collected by UNWTO September 2006.

* According to the World Bank classification (July 2006).
Table 3: International tourism receipts (current prices)

US$ billion
World
Developing economies
50 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Other low- and low-middle-income economies*
Upper-middle-income economies*
High-income economies
Market share (%)
Average annual growth (%)
1990
2000
2005
1990
2000
2005
19902000
200005
273
50
1.1
22.7
25.8
223.8
483
126
3.0
63.0
60.1
356.8
682
205
5.3
102.1
97.5
476.6
100
18.1
0.4
8.3
9.4
81.9
100
26.1
0.6
13.0
12.5
73.9
100
30.1
0.8
15.0
14.3
69.9
5.9
9.8
10.5
10.7
8.8
4.8
7.1
10.2
12.0
10.2
10.1
6.0
Table 2: International tourist arrivals
Source: UNWTO, data as collected by UNWTO September 2006.

* According to the World Bank classification (July 2006).
For LDCsthe 50 poorest countries, most of

which are in Africathe rate of growth in arrivals
from 2000 to 2005 was 48 percent, almost three
times the global growth rate.
During the same period, LDC international tourism
receipts grew by 76 percent, compared with a
worldwide growth of 41 percent (see Table 3).
In 2006 the growth rate for international arrivals to
Africa is forecast at 10.6 percent, compared with a
global growth forecast of 4.6 percent.
It is not only the export income that is important for
developing countries, it is also the flow through in terms
of jobs, infrastructure, education and training, and health
standards as well as the synergistic boost in related sectors
that a vibrant T&T industry can provide. In addition
Travel & Tourism, if effectively managed, can play an
important role in promoting sustainable development
both in providing leadership through ecotourism and as
a vehicle for preserving natural and cultural heritage.2 It
can support local companies, encourage entrepreneurship
through stimulation of small and medium enterprises,
and help rural regeneration.
Enhancing competitiveness for the poorest economies

Against this background, the UNWTO contends that
the primary consideration of the TTCI should be to
serve as a tool to support the global development agenda.

The Index shows:
the overriding T&T competitive dominance of
industrialized states,
the opportunities for developing economies in this
area, and
the high value of increased T&T services for
developing economies.
There are three main initiatives we believe should be
pursued in this context.
Widespread adoption of the UN Tourism Satellite Account
(UNTSA)
The Index gives an indication of the value of T&T

services in terms of macroeconomic indicators, of
consumption, and of the impacts in the T&T supply
side and across related sectors. However, it is only with
routine provision of T&T data in coherence with
national accounts that governments will have the information needed to frame pro-development policies with
confidence.
The UNTSA provides both the measurement and
the confidence because of its incorporation into the
1993 System of National Accounts and the rigor of its
application. However, the parallel challenge of application
is the requirement of capacity inside national statistical
offices and departments of economy and trade to ensure
interface with traditional systems.This is a considerable
undertaking even for industrialized statesand hence
59
10
Percent
Figure 3. Average annual growth in international tourist arrivals, selected country groupings (19902005)
World
50 LDCs
Lower-middleincome economies
Upper-middleincome economies
High-income
economies
Source: UNWTO.
Note: Country groupings are according to the UNWTO. Emerging and LDC markets accounted for over 320 million international arrivals and US$200 billion revenue
in 2005, and grew at almost twice the rates of the industrialized markets. Virtually all LDC states are tourism exporters.
60
much more demanding for poor ones. A number of

states nevertheless have embarked on the process with
support from UNWTO.The system is slowly spreading
around the world.3
What is needed is increased public- and privatesector support to accelerate the implementation process
in the worlds poorest countries so that the development
institutionsparticularly the World Bankcan have the
relevant information to deal with Travel & Tourism as a
strategic priority sector.
Mainstreaming tourism for development
There are two interrelated actions required to make a

significant difference in enhancing the competitiveness
of the poorest countries:
Developing states must highlight Travel & Tourism
in their national Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers (PRSP).
Development financing institutionsthe World
Bank Group, the regional development banks, and
bilateral aid agencies must recognize the impact of
Travel & Tourism in their support strategies.
The fact that Travel & Tourism is the major services
export for so many developing countries and has the
potential to provide a genuine competitive advantage for
all poor countries is a pivotal issue. Even in those countries with significant exports such as oil or commodities,
it is clear that Travel & Tourism offers an opportunity
for economic diversification, a wide spread of benefits

to communities, a creation of jobs, and long-term
sustainability that no other sector can provide.
Analysis shows the strong linkage of Travel &
Tourism to other sectors such as agriculture, infrastructure,
education, and construction to competition regulation,
environment standards, foreign exchange, and employment
as well as to education, capacity building, and the like.
The UNWTO has developed a number of programs
to help states generally use Travel & Tourism in their
development projects, with a special focus on Africa.
They have created a dedicated programST-EPto
link Sustainable Tourism and Elimination of Poverty in a
disciplined way and to tap global funding for identified
tourism activities, focusing on community-based actions.
In 2007, with the governments of Canada and the
province of Quebec, they will add a dedicated Centre of
Excellence to improve the competitiveness and quality
performance of tourism destinations.
Re-invigorating tourism services in the Doha Development
Round
Action that can enhance the competitiveness of

developing states on a comprehensive basis could most
effectively be taken within the framework of the World
Trade Organizationboth in the final stages of the
Doha Development Round and in the continuing work
of the organization in subsequent rounds.
While tourism services are under discussion in the
Doha Roundand indeed more commitments have
been made in this area than in any other sectorthe
The process fails so far to cover T&T services

cohesively as defined in the UNTSA, because
negotiations are based on historical tourism clusters.
It does not incorporate the key air transport sector,
rather dealing with it separately despite the evident
linkages with T&T competitiveness.
It fails so far to provide commitments in a way
that offers good, stable domestic conditions for
investment in developing countries, for the expansion of related financial services, and for provision
of state-of-the-art communications services.
It fails so far to link Travel & Tourism with
development and poverty alleviation and thus to
consider the range of capacity building support
measures available for poor countries competitiveness enhancement.
It fails so far to link Travel & Tourism with sustainable development, despite the clear interrelationship
with the sector and despite particularly its importance for developing countries.
It fails so far effectively to recognize the links
between Travel & Tourism and infrastructure such
as roads, ports, airports, and telecommunications
channels, which are vital for effective T&T
competition in developing states.
It fails so far to capitalize on the links between
Travel & Tourism and agriculture and the way in
which rural tourism development can help to
support agricultural communities, where poverty
levels are often very high.
It could be argued that with these weaknesses, at this
stage in the negotiations, it would not be practical to
address this kind of an agenda.The fact is, however, that
the World Trade Organization has a capacity for rapid
action as the close of a Round draws near, and a prodevelopment and sustainability T&T package could be
a valuable component of any end game. Agriculture,
transport, financial services, and telecommunications are
already part of the World Trade Organization discussions.
It is merely a question of governments instructing their
negotiators to specifically include T&T interests.
Moreover, the WTO process will extend far beyond
the current negotiations, and far beyond the MDG target
date of 2015. Given the development and antipoverty
imperatives recognized in the Doha Development
Agenda, there is a good case for intensifying the
process now.
Notes
1 This kind of index presentation is a work in progressit is a broadbrush measure defined by its inputs. It is also complementary to
other sectoral indexes, and in some cases encompasses them.
Here, the outputs reflect general World Economic Forum business information as provided by the Executive Opinion Survey,
amplified by sector-specific questions and data sources. These
sources include UNWTO data on hotel rooms per capita. Further,
the Index acknowledges the UNTSA comprehensive approach for
measurement of tourism economic impacts, as UNWTO datasets
for international arrivals and revenue have been used by the
World Economic Forum for testing the explanatory power of the
Index. This UNWTO data also features prominently in the country
profiles of part 2.1 of this Report.
2 A free download of the brochure Tourism and Least Developed
Countries: A Sustainable Opportunity to Reduce Poverty is available at www.unwto.org/sustainable/doc/tourism-and-ldc.pdf.
3 For more information on the United Nations Tourism Satellite
Account (UNTSA), see the UNWTO website at
www.unwto.org/statistics. See Appendix B for a comprehensive
overview of Tourism Characteristic Products as used in the
UNTSA. More than 20 states have full implementation in process
and a further 50 are examining application measures. UNWTO is
working to extend this globally.
fact is that this is so far a relatively routine process that

fails to grasp the full development potential of the sector.
References
For an overview of UNWTO publications in the field of poverty alleviation and sustainable tourism, see the UNWTO website at
www.unwto.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html.
61
62
Appendix A: International tourism, average annual growth 19952005 (countries and territories with more
than 150,000 arrivals and more than US$150 million in receipts)
International tourist arrivalsa
Population
(millions)
2005
World
Cambodia
Qatar
Georgia
Latvia
Kazakhstan
Croatia (tce)
El Salvador
Mongolia
Ethiopia
Ukraine
Yemen (ths)
Algeria (vf)
Iran
Zambia
Oman (ths/tf)
Uganda
Botswana
United Arab Emirates (ths)
Honduras
Trinidad and Tobago
Brazil
Nicaragua
Turkey
Bahrain
Lithuania
Estonia
Guatemala
Peru
Morocco
China
Saudi Arabia
Bulgaria
Egypt
Syrian Arab Republic (tce/tf)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (tce)
Ghana
Bolivia
Vietnam (vf)
Lebanon
Turks and Caicos
Cuba
Jordan
South Africa (vf)
Macao (China)
India
Panama
Costa Rica
Greece
Belize
Malaysia
Dominican Rep.
Iceland (tce)
Namibia
Hong Kong (China)
Ecuador (vf)
Mauritius
Senegal (ths/tf)
Slovenia (tc)
New Zealand (vf)
6,449
13.6
0.9
4.7
2.3
15.2
4.5
6.7
2.8
73.1
47.0
20.7
32.5
64.7
11.1
3.0
28.2
1.6
2.6
7.2
1.08
186
5.5
69.7
0.7
3.6
1.3
12.2
27.9
32.7
1,306
26.4
7.5
77.5
18.4
4.4
22.0
8.9
83.5
3.8
0.02
11.35
5.8
44.3
0.4
1,094
3.1
4.0
10.7
0.3
24.0
9.09
0.3
2.0
6.9
13.4
1.2
11.9
2.0
4.0
Average annual
growth (%)b
(1,000 arrivals)
1995
2000
2005
541,000 687,000 806,000

220
466
1,422
309
378
913
85
387
560
539
509
1,116
n/a
1,471 3,073c
1,485
5,831
8,467
235
795
1,154
108
137
338
103
136
227
3,716
6,431 15,629c
61
73
336
520
866
1,443
489
1,342 1,659c
163
457
515c
279
571 1,195c
160
193
468
521
1,104 1,523c
2,315
3,907 5,871d
271
471
673
260
399
463
1,991
5,313
5,358
281
486
712
7,083
9,586 20,273
1,396
2,420
3,914
650
1,083
2,000
530
1,220
1,917
563
826
1,316
479
828
1,486
2,602
4,278
5,843
20,034 31,229 46,809
3,325
6,585
9,100
3,466
2,785
4,837
2,871
5,116
8,244
815
1,416
3,368
n/a
171
213
286
399
429
284
319
504
1,351
2,140
3,468
450
742
1,140
79
152
200
742
1,741
2,261
1,075
1,580
2,987
4,684
6,001
7,518
4,202
5,197
9,014
2,124
2,649
3,919
345
484
702
785
1,088
1,679
10,130 13,096 14,276
131
196
236
7,469 10,222 16,431
1,776
2,978
3,691
190
634
871
272
656
695d
n/a
8,814 14,773
440
627
860
422
656
761
280
389
769
732
1,090
1,555
1,409
1,787
2,365
International tourism receipts (current prices)

Arrivals per
1,000 pop.b
19952005
4.1
20.5
11.4
20.7
7.6
n/a
19.0
17.3
12.1
8.2
10.9
18.6
10.7
14.5
13.6
17.5
11.3
12.7
12.3
9.5
5.9
10.4
9.7
11.1
10.9
11.9
13.7
8.9
12.0
8.4
8.9
10.6
3.4
11.1
15.2
8.0
4.1
5.9
9.9
9.7
9.7
11.8
10.8
4.8
7.9
6.3
7.4
7.9
3.5
6.1
8.2
7.6
6.9
12.4
11.0
6.9
6.1
10.6
7.8
5.3
125
104
1,058
120
487
203
1,883
172
121
3
330
16
44
26
47
412
17
929
2,363
94
431
29
130
291
5,686
556
1,438
108
53
179
36
344
649
106
183
48
19
57
42
298
9,730
199
519
170
20,067
4
224
418
1,338
841
686
406
2,935
349
2,141
64
618
65
773
586
Average annual Receipts

growth (%)b
per capitab
(US$, million)
1995
2000
2005
411,000
53
n/a
n/a
20
122
1,349
85
21
16
191
50
33
67
47
n/a
78
162
632
107
77
972
50
4,957
247
77
357
213
428
1,296
8,730
n/a
473
2,684
1,258
n/a
11
55
n/a
n/a
53
963
660
2,125
3,102
2,581
309
681
4,135
78
3,969
1,571
186
278
7,760
255
430
168
1,082
2,318
483,000
304
128
97
131
356
2,782
217
36
57
394
73
96
467
111
221
165
222
1,063
260
213
1,810
129
7,636
573
391
508
482
837
2,039
16,231
n/a
1,076
4,345
1,082
233
335
68
n/a
n/a
285
1,737
723
2,675
3,208
3,460
458
1,302
9,219
111
5,011
2,860
229
160
5,907
402
542
144
965
2,267
682,000
840
760
239
341
701
7,463
543
177
168
3,125
181
178c
1,074c
161c
481
355
562
2,200
472
453
3,861
207
18,152
920
921
951
869
1,308
4,621
29,296
6,111
2,429
6,851
2,175
567
796
205
1,880
5,432
n/a
1,920
1,441
7,327
7,980
7,478
780
1,570
13,731
204
8,543
3,508
409
348
10,286
486
871
212c
1,801
4,865
19952005
5.2
31.8
35.7
22.5
32.8
19.1
18.7
20.4
23.7
26.5
22.0
13.7
20.7
14.0
14.7
10.7
16.4
13.2
13.3
16.0
19.4
14.8
15.3
13.9
14.1
12.6
10.3
15.1
11.8
13.6
12.9
n/a
17.8
9.8
5.6
12.6
15.9
14.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
7.1
8.1
13.2
9.9
11.2
9.7
8.7
12.8
10.1
8.0
8.4
8.2
2.3
2.9
6.7
7.3
2.8
5.2
7.7
US$
106
62
881
51
149
46
1,660
81
63
2
67
9
6
17
15
160
13
343
858
66
421
21
38
261
1,337
256
714
71
47
141
22
231
326
88
118
128
36
23
23
1,420
15,583
169
250
165
17,765
7
248
391
1,287
726
357
386
1,378
171
1,491
36
708
18
895
1,206
(contd.)

Population
(millions)
Pakistan
Tanzania
Romania (tce)
Ireland
Slovakia (tce)
Denmark (tce)
Br.Virgin Islands
Spain
Czech Republic (tce)
Sweden (tce)
Colombia
Australia (vf/tf)
Philippines
Belgium (tce)
Fiji
Sri Lanka
Luxembourg (tce)
Aruba
Netherlands (tce)
Finland
Germany (tce)
US Virgin Islands
Japan
Taiwan (China) (vf)
Argentina
Puerto Rico
Norway
Hungary
Tunisia
Mexico
Saint Lucia
Portugal
Thailand
France
French Polynesia
United Kingdom (vf)
Canada
Jamaica
Kenya
St. Maarten
Reunion
Chile
Korea, Rep. (vf)
Maldives
Russian Federation
Bahamas
Barbados
Cyprus
Antigua, Barbados
United States
Italy
Austria (tce)
Curaao
Malta
Switzerland (ths)
Indonesia
Singapore
Uruguay
Israel
Martinique
Average annual
growth (%)b
(1,000 arrivals)
2005
1995
162
36.8
22.3
4.0
5.4
5.4
0.02
40.3
10.2
9.0
43.0
20.1
87.9
10.4
0.9
20.5
0.5
0.07
16.4
5.2
82.4
0.1
127
22.9
39.5
3.91
4.6
10.0
10.1
106
0.17
10.6
64.2
60.7
0.3
60.7
32.8
2.74
34.9
n/a
0.8
16.0
48.6
0.3
143
0.30
0.28
0.8
0.07
296
58.1
8.2
n/a
0.4
7.5
229
4.4
3.4
6.3
0.43
378
285
766
4,818
903
n/a
219
34,920
3,381
2,309
1,399
3,726
1,760
5,560
318
403
768
619
6,574
1,779
14,838
454
3,345
2,332
2,289
3,131
2,880
n/a
4,120
20,241
231
9,511
6,952
60,033
172
23,537
16,932
1,147
896
449
304
1,540
3,753
315
n/a
1,598
442
2,100
220
43,490
31,052
17,173
224
1,116
6,946
4,324
6,070
2,022
2,215
457
2000
2005
557
798
459
566c
867
1,430
6,646
7,333
1,053
1,515
3,535
4,562
272
337
47,898 55,882
4,773
6,336
2,746
3,133
557
933
4,530
5,020
1,992
2,623
6,457
6,747
294
550
400
549
852
913
721
733
10,003 10,012
2,714
3,140
18,992 21,500
546
575
4,757
6,728
2,624
3,378
2,909
3,895
3,341
3,686
3,104
3,859
n/a 10,048
5,058
6,378
20,641 21,915
270
318
12,097 11,617c
9,579 11,567
77,190 76,001
252
208
25,209 29,970
19,555 18,612
1,323
1,479
899
1,399
432
462
430
409
1,742
2,027
5,322
6,022
467
395
n/a 19,940
1,544
1,608
545
548
2,686
2,470
207
245
51,219 49,206
41,181 36,513
17,982 19,952
191
222
1,216
1,171
7,821
7,229
5,064
5,002
6,062
7,080
1,968
1,808
2,417
1,903
526
484

Arrivals per
1,000 pop.b
19952005
7.8
7.9
6.4
4.3
5.3
8.9
4.4
4.8
6.5
3.1
4.4
3.0
4.1
2.0
5.6
3.1
1.7
1.7
4.3
5.8
3.8
2.4
7.2
3.8
5.5
1.6
3.0
n/a
4.5
0.8
3.2
2.2
5.2
2.4
1.9
2.4
1.0
2.6
4.6
0.3
3.0
2.8
4.8
2.3
n/a
0.1
2.2
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.5
0.1
0.5
0.4
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.5
0.6
5
16
64
1,826
279
840
14,883
1,385
619
348
22
250
30
651
616
27
1,948
10,236
610
601
261
5,001
53
148
99
942
840
1,004
633
206
1,912
1,104
180
1,253
769
494
567
541
40
n/a
526
127
124
1,132
140
5,328
1,963
3,166
3,571
166
628
2,438
n/a
2,937
965
22
1,600
529
303
1,118

growth (%)b
per capitab
(US$, million)
1995
2000
2005
110
502
590
2,208
623
3,673
211
25,252
2,880
3,471
657
8,125
1,136
4,548
291
226
1,721
521
6,578
1,641
18,001
822
3,224
3,286
2,222
1,828
2,238
2,953
1,530
6,179
230
4,831
8,039
27,587
326
20,500
7,917
1,069
486
349
283
911
5,150
211
4,312
1,346
622
1,798
247
63,395
28,731
12,927
175
656
9,459
5,229
7,611
611
2,993
384
81
377
359
2,633
433
3,694
345
29,968
2,973
4,064
1,030
9,274
2,156
6,592
182
248
1,806
814
7,217
1,406
18,693
1,206
3,373
3,738
2,904
2,388
2,050
3,757
1,683
8,294
281
5,243
7,468
30,757
n/a
21,857
10,778
1,333
283
511
296
819
6,834
321
3,429
1,734
723
1,941
291
82,400
27,493
9,931
189
587
7,777
4,975
5,142
713
4,088
302
180
796
1,051
4,744
1,210
4,954
391c
47,891
4,631
7,427
1,218
16,866
2,130
9,861
439
429
3,616
1,095
10,475
2,186
29,204
1,493
12,439
5,040
2,753
3,239
3,495
4,271
2,063
11,803
345
7,931
9,591
42,276
522
30,675
13,584
1,545
579
619
384
1,256
5,660
287
5,564
2,069
776
2,318
327
81,680
35,398
15,467
239
775
11,040
4,521
5,740
594
2,853
280
19952005
5.0
4.7
5.9
7.9
6.9
3.0
7.1
6.6
4.9
7.9
6.4
7.6
6.5
8.0
4.2
6.6
7.7
7.7
4.8
2.9
5.0
6.1
1.2
4.4
2.2
5.9
4.6
3.8
3.0
6.7
4.1
5.1
1.8
4.4
4.8
4.1
5.5
3.8
1.8
5.9
3.1
3.3
0.9
3.1
2.6
4.4
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
3.2
1.7
1.6
1.4
2.8
0.3
0.5
3.1
US$
1
22
47
1,181
223
912
17,623
1,187
452
825
28
840
24
951
491
21
7,716
15,304
638
419
354
12,466
98
220
70
828
761
427
205
111
2,074
751
149
697
1,928
506
414
565
17
n/a
494
79
116
821
39
6,856
2,784
2,971
4,758
276
609
1,890
n/a
1,945
1,474
20
1,297
174
455
647
(contd.)
than 150,000 arrivals and more than US$150 million in receipts) (contd.)
63
than 150,000 arrivals and more than US$150 million in receipts) (contd.)
Population
(millions)
Nepal
Venezuela
Zimbabwe (vf)
Poland
Bermuda
Cayman Islands
Average annual
growth (%)b
(1,000 arrivals)
2005
1995
2000
2005
27.7
25.4
12.2
38.6
0.07
0.04
363
700
1,416
19,215
387
361
464
469
1,967
17,400
332
354
376
706
1,559
15,200
270
168
19952005
0.3
0.1
1.0
2.3
3.6
7.4
14
28
128
394
4,124
3,790

growth (%)b
per capitab
(US$, million)
1995
2000
2005
19952005
US$
177
849
145
6,614
488
394
158
423
125
5,677
431
559
132
641
99
6,284
430
353
2.9
2.8
3.7
0.5
1.3
1.1
5
25
8
163
6,578
7,974
Note: Country order is from fastest- to slowest-growing destination according to weighted average of annual growth rate for international arrivals and for
international tourism receipts.
a Last year or years with consistent series available
b Tourist arrivals are designated with a code in parentheses after the country name. Arrivals are measured as international tourist arrivals at frontiers
(excluding same-day visitors) (tf) unless otherwise indicated; international visitor arrivals at frontiers (tourists and same-day visitors) (vf); international
tourist arrivals at hotels and similar establishments (ths); and international tourist arrivals at collective tourism establishments (tce).
c Data are from 2004.
d Data are from 2003.
Source: UNWTO; data as collected in UNWTO database November 2006.
64

Arrivals per
1,000 pop.b
CPC/code Title
CPC/code Title
63110.0
63191.0
63192.0
63193.0
63194.0
63195.0
63199.1
72211.1
Support services to time shares activities
73111.0
Leasing or rental services concerning cars and light vans

without operator
Leasing or rental services concerning campers/motor homes
without operator
Leasing or rental services concerning passenger vessels
without operator
Leasing or rental services concerning passenger aircraft
without operator
63210.0
63220.0
63290.0
63300.0
64111.1
64111.2
64213.0
64214.0
64219.1
64221.0
64222.0
64223.0
65111.0
Hotel and motel lodging services

Holiday center and holiday home services
Letting services of furnished accommodation
Youth hostel services
Childrens training and holiday camp services
Camping and caravanning site services
Sleeping-car and similar services in other transport media;
hall residence of students
Meal serving services with full restaurant services
Meal serving services in self-service facilities
Other food serving services
Beverage serving services for consumption on the premises
Scheduled rail services
Non-scheduled rail services
Interurban scheduled road transport services of passengers
Interurban special purpose scheduled road transport services of
passengers
Scheduled ski-hills services
Taxi services
Rental services of passenger cars with operator
Rental services of buses and coaches with operator
65211.0
65219.1
65219.2
65219.3
65230.0
Coastal and transoceanic water transport services of

passengers by ferries
Other coastal and transoceanic scheduled water transport
services of passengers
Other coastal and transoceanic non-scheduled water transport
services of passengers
Cruise ship services
Passenger services on freight vessels
Rental services of passenger vessels for coastal and
transoceanic water transport with operator
Inland water transport services of passengers by ferries
Scheduled passenger services
Sightseeing excursion services
Cruise services
Rental services of inland water passenger vessels with operator
66110.0
66120.1
66120.2
66400.0
Scheduled air transport services of passengers

Non-scheduled air transport services of passengers
Sightseeing services, aircraft or helicopter
Rental services of aircraft with operator
67300.0
67400.0
67510.0
67530.1
67610.0
67690.1
67690.2
67710.0
67790.0
Navigational aid services

Supporting services for railway transport
Bus station services
Parking of passenger terminal transport
Port and waterway services (excl. cargo handling)
Vessel fuelling services
Maintenance and upkeep services to private recreation passenger services
Airport operation services (excl. cargo handling)
Other supporting services for air or space transport
67811.0
67812.0
67813.0
67820.0
Travel agency services

Tour operator services
Tourist information services
Tourist guide services
71100.1
71100.2
71311.1
71320.1
71320.2
71334.1
71334.2
71339.1
71552.0
Travel card services

Travel loan services
Travel life insurance services
Travel accident insurance services
Travel health insurance services
Passengers aircraft of own use insurance services
Passengers vessel t of own use insurance services
Travel insurance services
Foreign exchange services
65119.1
65119.2
65119.3
65119.4
65130.1
73114.1
73115.1
73116.1
73240.1
73240.2
73240.3
73240.4
73240.5
73240.6
73290.1
Non-motorized land transport equipment leasing or rental services

Winter sports equipment leasing or rental services
Non-motorized air transport equipment leasing or rental services
Water sports and beach equipment leasing or rental services
Camping equipment leasing or rental services
Saddle horse leasing or rental services
Photographic camera rental services
85970.0
Trade fair and exhibition organization services
87143.0
87149.1
87149.2
Maintenance and repair services of trailers, semi-trailers and

other motor vehicles n.e.c.
Maintenance and repair services of leisure vessels of own use
Maintenance and repair services of leisure aircraft of own use
91131.1
91131.2
Fishing license services

Hunting license services
91210.1
91210.2
Passport issuing services

Visa issuing services
96230.0
96310.0
96411.0
96412.0
96421.0
96422.0
96510.0
96520.1
96520.2
96520.3
96520.5
96590.1
96620.2
96910.1
96910.2
96910.3
96920.1
96920.2
Performing arts facility operation services

Services of performing artists
Museum services except for historical sites and buildings
Preservation services of historical sites and buildings
Botanical and zoological garden services
Nature reserve services including wildlife preservation services
Sports and recreational sports event promotion and organization
services
Golf course services
Ski fields operation services
Race circuit
Recreation park and beach services
Risk sport and adventure
Guide services (mountain, hunting and fishing)
Theme park services
Amusement park services
Fair and carnival services
Casino services
Slot machine services
97230.4
97910.0
Spa services
Escort services
Appendix B: Tourism characteristic products from UNTSA
65
We are at a critical juncture in history, where what we

need most at this time is a generally accepted under-
Fulfilling the Promise:

Positives and Potentials of
Travel & Tourism
standing of how different people, different countries,

different regions are to deal with each other; how the
management of global interdependence works, particularly
at a time when we have to confront new issues on the
1.5: Fulfilling the Promise
CHAPTER 1.5
global agenda. We need to remind ourselves of our common destiny as true citizens of this world, and to facilitate
a dialogue in which we can re-emphasize the values we
MARILYN CARLSON NELSON, Chairman and CEO, Carlson
share and create a common vision of the future.

Professor Klaus Schwab,
Founder and Executive Chairman,
World Economic Forum1
It is clear that Travel & Tourism (T&T) is an industry

like no other. It is an exciting industry whose product is
the very fabric of our world; an industry of truly fabulous
places; and most importantly, of fabulous faces.
It is an industry of richness, of texture, and of
connections that brings together people, transcends
borders, and canif we do it rightknit the world
together both in good times and bad.
It is an industry with deep connections to all the
others: vehicle manufacture, construction, agriculture,
energy. Choose an industry, and Travel & Tourism is a
major consumer of other industries goods.
It is a hyper-industry arching over all the others.
In fact, it is so large and influential that it is usually
unrecognizable and incomprehensible to many leaders.
It is akin to staring at the base of a mountain without
looking up, and asking what mountain?
This chapter seeks to examine the promise that
Travel & Tourism has offered to the worlds economies
and societies, and in doing so to let the reader decide
whether it has lived up to that promise.What further
promise does it hold? How do we achieve its full
potential?
Promises and potential

There is clear evidence in and around the industry that
Travel & Tourism is a positive force for the economic
and social development of an economy.This evidence
includes statistics that demonstrate growth, indications of
communities springing up where they were not thriving
before, and new freedoms and improvements being
afforded in developing economies.The industry has also
shown its commitment to leading on sustainable Travel
& Tourism.The environmental responsibilities of the
industry are being recognized through green programs
that encompass hotel construction and design, cruise
ship operations, and local environmental programs.
For thousands of years,Travel & Tourism has
brought economic, social, and cultural benefits to
economies and communities around the globe. From
67
68
the earliest days of hand-hewn boats traversing new

riverways to the touchdown of the largest jumbo jet,
trade and curiosity have always been the catalysts, with
the goal of improving individual lives.
Until only recently,Travel & Tourism was limited
by technology and economics. Ocean-going vessels
provided the earliest form of intercontinental travel,
which was usually reserved for the worlds wealthiest
citizens.
With the advent of the airplane and jet travel, the
predictions of our world becoming a global village have
come true, bringing all the benefitsand conflictsthat
occur when people of different cultures, economic
systems, and religious beliefs interact. However, in the
case of Travel & Tourism, the malady is also the medicine.
Any social problems brought by the interaction of peoples
have the potential to be solved by increased interaction
and an expanding economic prosperity that follows.
The economic promise

Travel & Tourism continues to be one of the worlds
fastest growing and most critical economic sectors,
creating quality jobs and careers as well as improved
economic standing for people around the globe.The
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates
that the industry generates 234 million jobs and
contributes more than 10 percent of the global gross
domestic product (GDP).2 In both industrialized and
developing economies the industry is critical to the
social and economic fabric; in some cases,Travel &
Tourism is an economys single largest employer.
The promised fulfilled in developed nations
In developed economies the overall T&T industry is

mature, strong, and resilient. Despite an unprecedented
march of natural and artificial disasters and negative
economic factors (increasing fuel costs and so on) in the
first years of the 21st century, the industry continues to
grow in developed nations and regions.
Direct impacts are found with transportation services,
retail services, food services, hotel expansions, and natural
resource development and renovation. Indirect benefits
include improved personal economic conditions,
improved health care, and expanded infrastructure for
use by citizens.
Following are examples of the economic experience
of two of the worlds most developed T&T economies.
The European experience
Economic research by the WTTC indicates that in the
European Union Travel & Tourism is an overwhelming
economic force.This is quite understandable, considering
that the region currently holds 33.2 percent of world
market share of Travel & Tourism.
The influx of international tourists to the European
Union has measurable positive effects on member nations
economies: fully one in 8.5 jobs (11.8 percent) in the

region is dependent on Travel & Tourism, and 3.9 percent
of the GDP is dependent on the industry. Of the total
capital investment in the European Union, 8.6 percent is
related to Travel & Tourism. Governments would have
3.2 percent less to spend were it not for the taxes and
related fees collected by T&T entities.3
Europes growth in tourists in 2006 is expected to
be 3.1 percent and the region will remain a top-tier
destination. If the current rate of growth is maintained it
would mean some 14 million additional arrivals to the
continent in 2006.
The European T&T engine is demonstrably connected to the overall health of government and related
industrieseven seemingly unrelated industries that fall
within its long shadow.
The US experience
The dependence of even the worlds largest economy
on Travel & Tourism was evidenced following the 9/11
terrorist attacks on the United States.The resulting drop
in Travel & Tourism cut a broad swath through the US
economy, negatively affecting everything from auto sales
to restaurant receipts.
While the country saw a precipitous fall in the
post-attack years of 200103, today Travel & Tourism
has returned to pre-9/11 levels and regained its place as
one of the United States largest exports and largest
employers.
The Travel Industry Association of America (TIA)
reports international travelers brought US$93 billion
into the United States in 2004 (an export).This continued to fuel an industry that is linked to 7.3 million jobs
generated directly by travel, or one in eight non-farm
jobs in America.
Government tax coffers also benefited: local, state,
and federal governments collected US$100 billion in
direct tax revenue from T&T-related industries.Without
the collections generated by the T&T industry, every
US household would pay US$924.00 more in taxes.4 In
2006 TIA forecasts that the United States will increase
its international visitors by 6.1 percent.
The promise for developing economies
Regions and governments throughout the tourismdeveloping world are eagerly maximizing their unique
offerings on a wider scale than ever before. Along with
the movement of goods and services, globalization has
meant a greater movement of peoplemany of them
tourists.
Whereas only a few years ago competition for
tourists was an arena in which only four or five nations
played, today the ease of communication and connectedness of cultures have encouraged dozens of new
entrants into the market, making it more competitive
and raising the bar in the competition.
Africa
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Secretary-General Francesco Frangialli underscored the
importance of Africas development of Travel & Tourism,
saying, This African tourism success story is particularly
important for the fight against poverty and the progress
towards the Millennium Development Goals, where
this sector can play a pivotal role for every State on the
continent.5
With an expected overall growth rate in people
visiting Africa of 10.6 percent for 2006, Africa is this
year again the worlds regional leader in terms of percentage growth. Between January and August of 2006,
international tourist arrivals increased by 9.8 percent.
Asia and the Pacific
Asia and the Pacific has been the worlds second fastest
growing region in the first eight months of 2006
(+8.3 percent). Despite some sharp differences, the
regions overall performance is notable, especially
considering that the T&T sector has suffered from
natural disasters, health scares, and political unrest.
Middle East
The Middle Easts positive results (+6 percent growth
in visitors to the Middle East) have to be interpreted
within its geopolitical context and its impact on tourism
flows. Data available so far show that the conflict between
Israel and Lebanon had only very limited impact on the
pace of the growth of the region as a whole.
Although conflict has taken its toll on tourism
demand for some destinations, otherssuch as Dubai
and Abu Dhabiare viewed as safe destinations and
have experienced high demand, offsetting the lost
visitors to other areas in the region. Past experience

suggests that traveler confidence can recover quickly, and
industry experts point to the many other times that the
Middle East has proven its capacity for recovery.
Central and South America
In the developing Americas, some regions exceeded
growth averages: Central America (+8.7 percent), South
America (+8.1 percent), and the Caribbean (+5.1 percent).
Others declinedsuch as Mexico (3.8 percent).
South and Central America benefited both from
higher expenditures by US travelers and more arrivals of
European tourists. At the same time, intraregional travel
performed on a high level.
Rising giants
The BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China)
are each emerging giants in the T&T industry and
represent tremendous opportunities for impact across
the globe.
China is the pacesetterfor inbound, outbound,
and intracountry travel.Travel & Tourism and related
businesses will generate 13.2 percent of Chinas GDP,
and will be responsible for 10.2 percent of jobs.Through
the next decade, the industry will experience 8.7 percent
annual growth in jobs, and will represent 8.3 percent of
capital investment in the country per year.
The full impact of Travel & Tourism has yet to be
felt in Russia, where the industry accounts for only 6.6
percent of jobs and 7.8 percent of GDP. Over the next
decade the industry is expected to grow 6.5 percent per
year in Russia, and to represent 9.3 percent of capital
investment in the country each year.
In Brazil,Travel & Tourism is anticipated to generate
US$70.4 million of economic activity, have a direct and
indirect impact on 6.4 percent of all jobs, and account
for 6.7 percent of GDP.The industry is expected to grow
by 4.3 percent per annum, in real terms, through 2016.
India is experiencing the volcanic eruption of a
middle class with the means, opportunity, and desire to
travel. Looking forward to a 20 percent per year increase
in international aviation as a result of the recent opening
of Indias skies, that countrys airline industry has ordered
300 planes in the last 18 months; including the largest
airplane order in history: Air Indias order of Boeing
aircraft worth US$11 billion.
The social promise

The American author Mark Twain wrote Travel is fatal
to prejudice, bigotry and narrow mindedness (1869).
Travel & Tourism creates new contexts for understanding
global issues, constructing unique connections to
lubricate understanding between peoples and nations.
The promise of Travel & Tourism is about improving
the lives of all persons involved, both visitor and host.
Today economies are committing major funding to

their marketing budgets abroad: the top 20 destinations
spend a minimum of US$9.5 million all the way up to
US$151 million to attract visitors.
At Carlson we have this increased competition for
the T&T dollar and have even built a business on it.
Carlson Destination Marketing Services (CDMS) is a
Carlson division that assists governments and regional
groups to present their unique offerings more effectively,
especially to new and targeted markets.The Kenya
Tourist Board has been a client of CDMS for six years,
during which time travel has increased from the United
States to Kenya by more than 70 percent, bringing more
than 100,000 new visitors to Kenya from the United
States and Canada. CDMS is currently engaged by more
than a dozen tourism destinations, each attempting to
accomplish a similar goal and take a larger share of an
increasing pie.
An overview of the developing regions that
currently hold the greatest potential for T&T economic
growth follows.
69
For host economies and communities, the business

of Travel & Tourism is unique in the social promise it
holds forth, which come in both short-term and longterm forms.
Short-term benefits
Travel & Tourism tends to be a clean industry

(differing from other processing industries such as
manufacturing).
Travel & Tourism tends not to deplete natural
resources. It is not dependent on raw resources.
Travel & Tourism creates a natural agenda of
sustainability. Since it is an industry that depends
greatly on a destinations special attractions and
cultures, it must drive a natural agenda for the
preservation and honoring of those attractions and
cultures.
Travel & Tourism spurs (and pays for) infrastructure
development most often needed in developing
nations (such as roads, housing, and communications).
70
Travel & Tourism generates revenue for governments

from those who do not have long-term dependence
on that governments resources.Visitor tax revenues
can be used to support the education, health, and
safety of a society long after visitors have returned
to their own nations and communities.
Long-term benefits
By its very nature,Travel & Tourism transports

not just the body but also the subconscious into
different cultures, landscapes, social mores, skin
colors, and languages. It reaches across borders to
build bonds previously unimagined and unrealized.
Upon the conscientious tourist,Travel & Tourism
confers both a privilege and a responsibility toward
the society being visited.To the host it brings an
obligation to present the best of a people and a
society.The long-term effect on the interplay
of people and cultures is, in fact, the essence of
civilized behavior.
Areas where war and poverty are the norm stand
the most to benefit from the powerful economic
effects of tourism outlined earlier.Violence driven
by poverty falls victim to the real result of
employment offered by Travel & Tourism. Since
most new tourism jobs and businesses are created
in developing economies, the industry helps to
equalize economic opportunities across all
population sectors.
Travel & Tourism, which is often built on the
natural beauty or unique offerings of a culture, can
have a long-term social effect on the psychological
health of a community and the pride of its people.
Travel & Tourism can be a direct force for social

good.The International Tourism Partnership offers
an example of such good works through its Youth
Career Initiative, in which Carlson is a participant.6
This program currently helps open new doors in
the industry for at-risk youth. Programs range from
life skills preparation to highly skilled management
training.
The training provided to T&T employees
constitutes transferable knowledge that can be
used in most other employment situations.
Intercultural awareness and personal friendships
fostered through Travel & Tourism are a powerful
mediating force against conflict, and can contribute
to international understanding.
The building of compassionate connections
The in-house resources of global tourism companies

have been invaluable to the survival and reconstruction
of communities and lives after recent natural disasters.
Beyond their moral engagement,T&T companies will
always have a economic self-interest in assisting disasterstruck areas to which they have an economic link. For
example, Hurricane Katrina in the United States, along
with the December 2005 South Asia Tsunami, resulted
in many T&T associations and companies coming
together to provide shelter, transportation, food, and aid.
It is likely to remain the will and intent of the T&T
industry to continue such aid in times of desperate need
around the world.
Challenges
The preceding section proves that Travel & Tourism has
made great strides in fulfilling its promise. It stands to
offer more in the immediate future to developing
economies; nonetheless, challenges to continued success
do present themselves.
Security
The increased screening of travelers arising from the

threat of violence has the potential to push some casual
travelers out of the market; or at least to alter their
traveling habits.
In business travel, this need has meant new services
demanded by clients. Carlson Wagonlit Travel today
successfully offers security information and services to
its global client companies, who are seeking travel risk
management programs and emergency readiness offerings
for their employee-travelers.
New requirements by the United States regarding
passports and entry identification, coupled with the new
difficulties obtaining visas to travel to the United States,
has certainly had a dampening effect on travel to that
country. As a result, other destinations stand to benefit
Public policy
Policy issues involving local government regulations,

business regulations, and/or local custom can and do
often impede growth of Travel & Tourism in both
developed and developing nations. Slow movement on
infrastructure issuessuch as development of bridges
and roads to allow development of tourism products
can be a major obstacle to development and progress.
Likewise, lack of effective educational systems and sanitation facilities and processes can have a similar negative
effect.Two examples out of many follow:
Greece has enjoyed a growing awareness and
benefits from a healthy T&T industry, but policy
challenges remain. Excessive bureaucracy around
permitting issues, foreign investment, and development issues prevent this Mediterranean oasis from
fulfilling its potential in the industry.These artificial
roadblocks are proving to be stronger than the
countrys natural appeal.7
Trinindad and Tobago is lagging behind the growth
of its Caribbean neighbors because roadblocks
remain. Among them are improved air access,
simplification of the investment process, a strategic
plan for development, and communication to its
citizens about the benefits of T&T employment.8
Besides impediments created by lawmakers, the indifference of lawmakers to the industry is an equal challenge
to the long-term health of Travel & Tourism.These
challenges can be found in every region.
In the United States, one measure that has been
taken to raise the visibility of the industry (and in so
doing, its power) is a new joint partnership between the
Travel Business Roundtable (TBR) and the TIA.TBRs
membership consists of a high-level list of travel industry
chairmen and CEOs;TIA is the largest T&T industry
association in the United States. In many respects the
two organizations competed with each other for dominance with policymakers. But in June of 2005,TIA and
TBR realized the greater power the groups would have
working together, and they partnered to wield even
greater influence among lawmakers.9
Corruption can also be an enormous barrier to
successful T&T development, prohibiting many global
companies from entering or further investing in a
market. Excessive national and local taxation can pose
another public policy challenge.Taxes assessed to visitors
must be appropriate and not be seen as gouging visitors
to allow a nations T&T industry to flourish and expand.
Finding, training, and keeping quality employees
Economies must continue to make the most of public

campaigns, and strategic media relationships will
continue to benefit an industry dependent upon quality
products provided by quality employees.Through such
campaigns and relationships the employee base can be
made aware of the benefits of industry employment.
Once employees are chosen and trained, the use of
rewards and recognition programs to provide an incentive for continued high performance is important.
from the redirection of travelers who might otherwise

visit the United States.
Achieving gender parity
The decade between 1988 and 1997 saw a significant

increase in the participation of women in the global
T&T industry.This has always been a particularly
important sector for women (46 percent of the
workforce in Travel & Tourism are women) as their
percentages of employment in most economies are
higher than in the workforce in general.10
The numbers of women and their percentage of
the T&T workforce vary greatly among economies
from 2 percent up to over 80 percent. Although there
are few obvious regional trends, it would appear that
in those economies where tourism is a more mature
industry, women generally account for approximately
50 percent of the workforce.11 However, it is clear across
the industry that at the executive level there continues
to be a dearth of women in top roles. A 1999 report by
the United Nations Environment and Development UK
Committee (UNED-UK) spotlights the work remaining
to be done, particularly in economies where the T&T
economy is in its early stages.12
Overcoming perception of low wages
Wage and tipping issues remain a point of contention.

Critics suggest that the wage structure of the hourly
employee, coupled with the tipping practice, leads to
encouragement of nonreported income and reduced tax
benefits for the government, as well as lower economic
status for those workers.T&T jobs are often incorrectly
viewed as hamburger-flipper employment, but it is a
fact that the T&T industry provides a better path for
upward mobility than many other industries, and has
resulted in executive positions and full careers for many
who have begun at the lowest rungs of its ladder.
Immigration issues
In addition, immigration remains a top issue.T&T

industries (especially hotel and hospitality businesses)
have long been a traditional entry point for immigrants
seeking work.The industry provides steady employment,
taxes, and socialization to newcomers. Immigrant labor
is a mainstay of the industry, and yet pending immigrant
legislation in some economies could decrease or eliminate
this labor pool.
71
Opportunities
In industries of exploding growth, opportunities typically
abound for the ingenious.The advantage for economies
currently developing their T&T business is that many of
the opportunities have already been developed and
piloted in developed regions. Following are some
opportunities that could prove eminently successful
wherever they are practiced.
Sharing best practices
The development of T&T destinations benefits as much

from industry best practices as it does from the unique
offerings of the destination itself. Continuing communication across borders and industries can help ensure a
growing industry that will benefit from previous
experience and processes.
Examples of this cross-industry benefit range from
subregional groups (such as the Black Hills, Badlands &
Lakes Association served by Carlson) to the Fiji Tourism
Forum (a multi-country tourism organization).The
sharing of best practices helps all ensure the best-quality
products for the demanding 21st-century customer, and
such sharing can enhance the image and offerings of an
entire nation or region, proving to be beneficial to
everyone.
72
Building public-private partnerships
In the face of resource reductions and increased

demands on government, many private-sector industry
leaders are finding opportunities to expand business by
forming working partnerships with governmental agencies and even nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
In doing so, the private sector benefits while working
with historically adversarial entities to overcome
perceived barriers.
Private investment in local communities can take
the form of financial or in-kind investment, ranging from
learning programs and employee volunteer programs to
the creation of local businesses to support the needs of
the investor. Public-private partnerships can be formed
to address social issues that will have an effect on the
areas success (gender parity, corporate social responsibility, and trafficking, both mentioned below, are three such
issues).
Practicing corporate social responsibility
Todays business leaders understand that improving the

common good is a core responsibility of global business
today. Far more than merely providing lip service to
this concept, companies that understand and embrace
corporate social responsibility (CSR) have made it an
integral part of the culture and core business principles.
T&T leaders have a unique opportunity to impact
the customer and the host community and its people, as
well as their own employees. And being a good corporate
citizen does not mean exchanging good business for

good deeds. Addressing the common good must also
reflect business competitiveness.The two are not mutually exclusiverather, they are mutually beneficial.
By way of example, Rezidor hotel group (a partner
of Carlson) has put in place a Responsible Business program
with policies, objectives and benchmarking indicators.13
The company has equipped its hotels and general
managers with tools to better manage their local cultural
heritage, to become involved in their communities, to
provide for employee well-being, to look out for childrens
rights, health and safety, and to monitor and enhance
environmental performance.
More focused forms of involvement are also critical
when immediacy is needed. For example, Carlson has
partnered with the World Heritage Foundation to
preserve cultural sites in China now in danger of
destruction by ever-increasing numbers of visitors.
These types of public-private partnerships will be
key to the continuing good health of the resources and
communities upon which T&T companies depend.
Fighting child sex trafficking
Child sex trafficking is a problem that plagues virtually

every corner of the globe in some form or another.
Unfortunately, it has become an unwelcome niche
market for a small segment of travelers. It has also
become an opportunity for Travel & Tourism to have a
great impact on a horrific problem.
It is estimated that 2 million children around the
world are subject to sexual exploitation each and every
year.14 The issues involved can range from prostitution
involving kidnapping and trafficking of young girls
and boys, to developed child sex tourism businesses.
Child trafficking is the third largest organized criminal
activity in the world, behind illegal arms trading and
drug trafficking.
To that end, Carlson has developed a public-private
approach to finding a solution to the problem. In March
2004 the company signed the ECPAT Code of
Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual
Exploitation in Travel and Tourism,15 and made firm its
commitment to conduct its operations according to the
Code and to require partners and suppliers also to do
so.The company has created a training program for its
hotel employees to support the effort and has helped
heighten public awareness of the issue.
To attack the problem on a different front, Carlson
also became a founding sponsor of the World Childhood
Foundation (WCF), whose mission is to help children
and young women who are at risk of exploitation.16 By
helping vulnerable youth to gain employable skills and
build healthy relationships, the WCF sets them on the
road to a new life.
Coda
Travel & Tourism has accomplished much, and it still
holds much promise for the world. But, as always, it is
up to individual people to seize and derive benefit from
that promise and fulfill their individual responsibility.
The governments and destinations that will win
tomorrow will have an identifiable strategy; they will
seek out the barriers to tourism and address them.They
will form partnerships with industry leaders to prepare
the citizenry and infrastructure as required.They will
quickly counteract inaccurate media images that discourage visitors.
Our industry is a gathering of people bound by
causes both economic and societal.We who commit our
lives to this industry do so in order to make a profit for
our companies and their owners, and for ourselves. But
we make this commitment also because we desire to
contribute positively to bring the world closer together
so that jobs can be created in communities around
the world, so that those communities can have clean
water and good schools, so that disaster victims can get
food and clothing, so that grandparents live to become
old and see their children and their childrens children
thrive.We do it so that families in developing nations
can afford not to sell their children into slavery, and so
that restless teenagers can find work that takes them off
the street and gives them pride and hope.
We believe it is our responsibility to use our power,

our leadership skills, and our human network to accomplish these goals through the industry we love.
Notes
Industry outlook
The future looks bright for the T&T industry.
The UNWTO projects that 2007 will be fourth
year of sustained growth for the global industry.17
Growth is expected to continue in 2007 at a pace of
around 4 percent worldwide. Most importantly, world
tourism demand is showing resilience against external
factors. Even in the wake of terrorist attacks, wars, and
political unrest around the world, the UNWTO reports
that international tourist arrivals totaled 578 million
worldwide, up 4.5 percent, up from the same period in
2005a year that saw an all-time record number of
international travelers.
In addition, the short-term outlook remains very
positive, especially against the background of a strong
world economy. Favorable exchange rates continue to
encourage European and Asian travelers. International
tourism is likely to remain buoyant unless major incidents
occur.
The UNWTO projects a slow but steady growth
for the industry through the year 2020. Experts estimate
that the industry will see an average growth of approximately 4 percent per year through the year 2020. And
although untouched T&T destinations will continue to
emerge, the industry can likely avoid potentially dangerous fluctuations and should enjoy steady, sustainable
growth.
1 Taken from a speech to The Royal Institute for Public Affairs,

Chatham House, United Kingdom, October 24, 2006.
2 See WTTC (2006).
3 See WTTC (2006).
4 See the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) website at
www.tia.org (accessed 11/01/06). This website includes information from the US Department of Commerce Office of Travel and
Tourism Industries, World Tourism Organization. 2004 preliminary
data, updated April 2005.
5 See UNWTO (2006a).
6 International Tourism Partnership. Available at www.tourismpartnership.org (accessed 12/06/06).
7 See WTTC (2006).
8 See WTTC (2006).
9 See WTTC (2006).
10 United Nations, UN Millenium Development Goals project. Available
at www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (accessed 11/01/06).
11 United Nations, UN Millenium Development Goals project. Available
at www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (accessed 11/01/06).
12 United Nations, www.un.org (accessed 10/15/06).
13 The Rezidor Hotel Group, www.rezidor.com (accessed 11/28/06).
14 UNICEF, www.unicef.org (accessed 06/01/06).
15 Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual
Exploitation in Travel and Tourism (The Code). Available at
www.thecode.org (accessed 06/01/06).
16 World Childhood Foundation, www.childhood.org (accessed
06/01/06).
17 See UNWTO (2006b).
References
Twain, M. 1869 (2002). Innocents Abroad, with an Introduction by T.
Quirk and Notes by G. Cardwell. New York: Penguin Classics.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2006a. UNWTO Executive
Council: Tourism Fosters Trade and Development. UNWTO
Press and Communications Department, Algiers/ Madrid,
November 21. Available at www.unwto.org (accessed 11/28/06).
. 2006b. 2007 to be fourth year of sustained growth. UNWTO
World Tourism Barometer Madrid, November 6. Available at
http://www.world-tourism.org/newsroom/Releases/
2006/november/barometer06.htm
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006. Progress and Priorities,
2006/2007. London: WTTC.
73
Electronic Payments:
A Catalyst for Tourism and
Economic Growth
JOHN ELKINS, Executive Vice President of Global Brand and
Marketing, Visa International
Not only is tourism one of the worlds most robust

industries, it is also one of the most democratic. It offers
the potential for wealth creation not just for the most
advanced economies, but also for emerging and even
struggling economies.
According to the UN World Tourism Organization,
tourism is one of the worlds largest industries and the
largest service sector. Moreover, in the past decade
tourism grew in the worlds poorest 49 countries at a
rate six times that of Europe.
Over the past half-century, the growth in tourism
has been nothing less than spectacular. In 1950, about 25
million people traveled every year.Today, more than 800
million do.1 That is 32 times as many people spreading
wealth and generating economic growthmuch of it in
countries that need it the most.
The pace of growth is only expected to pick up.
World airline carriers transported 1.9 billion passengers
in 2004, up 11.6 percent.The United States alone is on
track for more than a billion passengers flying its skies
by 2015up from 700 million in 2005. Looking even
further down the road, the U.S. Department of
Transportation is anticipating a doubling or even tripling
of demand over the next 20 years.2
There are a number of reasons for the surge in
tourism: the growth of a prosperous and mobile middleclass in the developed world, improved and inexpensive
transportation and technologies, improved communications technologies that heighten awareness of the wider
world among peoples of developed countries, improved
infrastructure, and the emergence of a large educated
population seeking to learn more about other people
and places.
But, undoubtedly, one of the most important catalysts to global tourism has been the development and
growth of electronic payments.3 No longer is the need
to carry large amounts of cash a disincentive to travel.
This factor is only beginning to show its true potential
impact. In fact, the future opportunities for electronic
payments are enormous, especially in less-developed
economies that have not yet seen the type of growth
that such payment systems have experienced in
advanced economies.
The World Bank succinctly summed up the
importance of modern payment systems to emerging
economies when it said:
Effective and efficient payment systems are vital for
the economic development of emerging countries
to promote the development of commerce, enhance
economic policy oversight, reduce the financial, capital, and human resources devoted to the transfer of
payments and control the risk inherent in moving
large values.4
The World Banks position provides a macro level view

of the value of electronic payments to emerging
1.6: Electronic Payments
CHAPTER 1.6
75
76
economies. But it is important to isolate some of the

trees from the forest. Consider one less-developed economy, Ethiopia. According to the general manager of
Ethiopian Quadrants PLC, [i]f credit card acceptance
was more widespread [in Ethiopia] and each visitor
spent an additional US$100, it would mean an extra
US$22 million a year income for the country.5 In an
economy the size of Ethiopias (US$8.8 billion GDP,
US$900 GDP per capita), US$22 million a year would
have significant impact. In fact, on a comparative GDP
basis, it would be the equivalent of over US$3 billion in
the United States.6
This paper puts forward the importance of tourism
as a key driver of economic growth, particularly for
developing and less-developed economies. It also describes
the value of electronic payments as a way of driving
economic growth, particularly through increased tourism.
And it recognizes that economic growth is not the only
benefit conferred by Travel & Tourism. As the UN
World Tourism Organization points out, tourism
enriches the world in many ways. It promotes growth,
increases trade, and advances development. It also
strengthens communities, improves peoples lives and,
by bringing together people from diverse lands and
backgrounds, advances the goals of peace and global
understanding.7
Travel & Tourism links people together, by helping
them to share their culture, language, history and landmarks. In the words of US Secretary of State
Condoleeza Rice:
When you can look a person in the eye as you have a
conversation, when you can see the people and the
places of foreign countries first-hand, you gain a
sense of intimacy and knowledge that does not come
from a phone call or in an email Traveling to another
country breaks down stereotypes, and makes people
quicker to listen and slower to judge. The knowledge
and experience that citizens gain through their private
travels are vital for the cause of diplomacy and international understanding in the 21st century.8
Unfortunately, like most important objectives, increasing

tourism also has significant challenges. For that reason,
this paper offers an overview of some of the critical
challenges facing the growth of the T&T industry, especially in developing and less-developed economies
challenges that include poor communications and
transportation infrastructure, legal uncertainties over
ownership, high taxes, and bureaucratic obstacles to
business.
But it is not enough to state the opportunity and
describe the problem.This paper will also put forward
some broad approaches that can be taken to increase
global T&T spending, as well as improve the access of
developing and less-developed economies to this important source of wealth creation and growth.These
approaches include potential government actions, the
need for public and private organizations to act in

partnership, the importance of the development of
mobile commerce for all economies, andperhaps most
importantlythe need to shape a new mindset (in both
government and the private sector), one that recognizes
the true value of tourism as a spur to development, as
well as the need to ensure that all people have the
opportunity to benefit from it.
In this paper,Visa also brings its own expertise to
bear as the worlds leading electronic payments company,
describing the enormous potential of electronic payments
as a driver of economic development and an enabler of
tourism growth, particularly in developing and lessdeveloped economies. In that regard, we have only
begun to see the economic opportunities that electronic
payments can spawnopportunities that will grow
dramatically with the introduction and application of
new technologies, such as mobile commerce.This is a
major asset in particular for economies lacking the
advanced telecommunications and physical infrastructure
that have been important building blocks for growth in
advanced economies.
Underlying this analysis and recommendation is
recognition that changes in our world, especially
advancements in technology, are creating opportunities
for developing and less-developed countries. In the
words of C.K. Prahalad, expert in developing markets
and author of The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,
If we stop thinking of the poor as victims or as a burden and start recognizing them as resilient and creative
entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers, a whole
new world of opportunity will open up.9
One of the purposes of this paper is to show how
governments, the private sector, and the people of
developing and less-developed countries can indeed take
advantage of these opportunities.
Tourism and economic growth in the developing world

It was during the summer between his first and second
years at Harvard Business School that Ashwin Damera
got the idea of starting up a business in the travel industry in his native India.Working at JetBlue, the successful
US low-cost airline, it is only natural that Dameras first
impulse was to start a no-frills airline to facilitate travel
for Indias burgeoning middle-class. But he realized that
the budget airline space was quickly filling up in that
country. And red tape made it a hard field for a young
entrepreneur to enter. So where did he turn? The
Internetwhere economic democracy is at work. No
government approvals were required.
In January 2006, Damera established Travelguru, a
budget travel service that offers consumers the opportunity to compare prices among different air carriers and
choose from among a range of hotels.Today about
20,000 people visit the site every day, buying about 500
airline tickets or hotels worth about US$25,000.
United States in 7th place and Spain in 9th). Five are

developing economies (1st place is China, 2nd is
Indonesia, 3rd is Mexico, 4th is India, and 6th is Brazil).
One is an economy in transition (the countries of the
former Soviet Union, in 5th place), and two are lessdeveloped economies (8th place is Bangladesh and 10th
is Pakistan.)15
The unique value of tourism to emerging markets
is easy to see. Over the past decade, tourism grew in the
worlds 49 poorest countries at a rate six times faster than
Europe. In fact, tourism grew at a rate of 68 percent a
year collectively in China, India, Africa, and the Middle
East, compared with 35 percent in Europe and the
United States.Tourism transfers wealth, technology and
skills to emerging economies.16
Tourism expenditures and the export and import of
related goods and services generate income in the host
country and can stimulate the investment necessary to
finance growth in other economic sectors. In fact, international tourism is one of the top five export categories
for as many as 83 percent of countries, and is a leading
source of foreign exchange for at least 38 percent of
countries.17
The statistics paint a promising picturea picture
of opportunity. But filling that picture out requires
encouraging people to travel and help stimulate wealth
creation. In doing so, one of the greatest boons to Travel
& Tourism in recent years has been the development of
electronic payments.
Economic benefits of electronic payments

The widespread adoption of electronic payments has
significantly expanded the sales volume of goods and
services, reduced barriers to immediate credit and liquidity, and eased geographic restrictions to trade and
exchange. And, pertinent to the subject of this paper,
electronic payments promote travel & Tourism by
providing travelers with a form of exchange that is
ubiquitous, secure, reliable, and convenient.
When considering the value of these qualities as a
driver of tourism, it is worth taking into consideration
the assessment of Deep Kalra, founder of makemytrip.com,
who attributes part of the success of his budget travel
website in India to the wide use of credit cards in that
country. E-commerce in India has better infrastructure
because of wider use of credit cards, he says.18
Tony Hickey, general manager of Ethiopian
Quadrants PLC, in a summer 2006 speech, described
the growing strengths of Ethiopias tourism industry. But
he did not ignore its weaknesses. In particular, he cited
the limited acceptance of credit cards. In his words,
Ethiopia loses money each year because visitors are
unable to spend money. I am talking about the limited
acceptance of credit cards, in an age where travelers do
not carry wads of cash with them I believe that
Damera was not the first to recognize the potential

in India for an Internet-based travel firm. By the time
Travelguru opened up, Deep Kalra had already founded
MakeMyTrip.com, which sells 2,500 airline tickets a
dayabout 80 percent of which are for domestic
travel.10
The lesson? The combination of increased demand
in Travel & Tourism, combined with new communications
technologies, helps facilitate significant economic growth
in developing countries. And electronic payments
which can be made over the Internetare critical to
making the formula work.
These factors can also help stimulate economic
activity in less-developed economies. In Ethiopia, tourist
arrivals since the end of the 19982000 war with
Eritrea have grown by an annual average of 15 percent.
According to the World Bank report, the percentage of
vacation tourists has increased by over 180 percent.11
More than ever, tourism represents a gateway to
economic progress and prospects for increased personal
dignity and a better life for people around the world.
Tourism is now well recognized as a key to bringing
wealth and experience from the richest countries to the
poorest onesespecially as it increasingly interacts with
advanced information technologies. In fact, the UN
World Tourism Organization has cited tourism as an
important factor in achieving the UNs Millennium
Development Goals.
It is easy to see why.Tourism is bigger than the
automotive, agriculture, and electronics sectorsrepresenting 6 percent of total world trade and 40 percent of
trade in services. It generates trillions of dollars in global
GDP, hundreds of millions of jobs, massive exports and
investmentand a significant degree of resilience to
economic crises and natural disasters.12
After three years of stagnant growth, no doubt
largely attributable to concerns about terrorism and
SARS, international tourism experienced a rebound in
2004, with the large majority of destinations reporting
positive results. In particular, the Asia Pacific region
experienced a strong rebound after the SARS-induced
setbacks suffered in 2003, with the recovery of the
world economy (especially the economic generators, the
United States and Europe, as well as Asia itself). Direct
international tourist spending now stands at US$800
billion a yearmore than US$2 billion a day; it is
expected to double by 2020.13
Tourism also helps create jobs directly (in such
industries as transport, hospitality, and travel firms);
indirectly (agriculture and manufacturing); and induced
(roads, services, and utilities).World T&T employment is
currently estimated at 234 million jobs, 8.7 percent of
total employment.14 Most encouragingly, the benefits of
job creation fall disproportionately to developing and
less-developed economies. Consider the top 10 countries
benefiting from job creation through tourism. Only two
of the 10 can be classified as developed economies (the
77
78
tourist class hotels should be obliged to accept credit

cards.19
During the same speech, Hickey referenced how,
on one occasion, he was awakened by a friend with a
pressing problem.The hotel his friend was staying at
would not allow him to settle his bill with a payment
card. As a result, Hickey had to provide a guarantee of
payment for his friends account.
Indeed, Hickey estimates that more extensive
acceptance of electronic payment cards in Ethiopia
would be worth an additional US$22 million a year to
Ethiopia.This estimate is not surprising. History
demonstrates a compelling need to standardize payment
forms to enhance their utility. Examples are as ancient as
the Qin Dynasty in China (221207 BC) when the
Emperor unified three or four forms of currency into
one coin, and as contemporary as the creation of the
euro in the 21st century.
The development of money does not depend solely
on objective characteristics. Subjective evaluations play a
critical role. Ultimately, consumers determine what form
of money is most desirable. People simply substitute
cheaper and more convenient forms of money for
expensive and inconvenient forms. It is through this
substitution that new money forms embed themselves in
the marketplace.
Over the past 5,000 years of human history, weve
seen the currency of commerce evolve: from barter to
coins, to payment by paper, to check.This development
has been driven by an overwhelming marketplace preference for increased convenience and efficiency, and for
decreased risk and cost.The modern payment card is an
example of this organic, socially driven growththe
creation of new forms of exchange that continue to
make life easier and more efficient. So long as the human
condition continues to change, payment systems will
continue to evolve, driven by powerful market forces.
The advantages of electronic payment as a boon to
Travel & Tourism are easy to see. For consumers, electronic
payment cardscompared with cash and checksoffer
the convenience of global acceptance, enhanced security
and reduced liability in the event of loss or theft, immediate access to funds, as well as access to credit. For
merchants, electronic payments offer the advantages of
speed and security in transaction processing; freedom
from the costly labor, materials, and accounting services
required in paper-based processing; better management
of cash flow, inventory, and financial planning; cost and
risk savings due to the elimination of the need to run an
in-house credit facility; and, perhaps most importantly,
the incremental increase in purchasing power on the
part of the consumer. Moreover, electronic systems are
able to provide a higher level of choice and customization
because the underlying system is capable of producing
multiple offerings utilizing the same operational capital.
Among the many forms of electronic payment

choices Visa offers, it is worth considering some examples
of products that can help stimulate T&T spending.
One of the challenges facing small businesses in
tourist destinations has been the traditional lack of credit
payment options for small-ticket purchases.Visa has
been addressing this problem through the introduction
of a small-ticket option for businesses that depend on
fast turnoversuch as quick-service restaurants, coffee
shops, and newsstands.The service applies equally well
to low-cost souvenir shops, poolside snack bars, and
outdoor food stands.
Small-ticket outlets will be further assisted by
contactless cards, which are valuable in outlets where
swiping prohibitively slows down speed at the point of
sale. Perhaps more importantly, contactless payments
have applications beyond cards.The technology can be
customized to key fobs and mobile phones, and can
improve the transmission of enhanced data. (This paper
discusses mobile technologies in more detail in a later
section).
At a macro level, the effect of electronic credit
payment systems is to increase the money supply and
reduce constraints on spending. Economies depend
upon efficient payments. In Canada, economic analysis
revealed that electronic payments contributed $107
billion (Canadian) toward a total $437 billion of
economic growth in the Canadian economy between
1980 and 2000.20
In many ways, the economic impact of introducing
electronic payments is akin to using the gears on a
bicycle. Add an efficient electronic payments system to
an economy, and you kick it into higher gear. Add
well-managed consumer and business credit, and you
notch up economic velocity even further.
Tourism: Challenges facing developing economies

The opportunities for promoting the growth of tourism
are clear; as are the advantages to local economies.The
high propensity to create wealth in diverse economic
sectorsand to distribute it among all strata of the
populationhas been one of tourisms most compelling
attractions. It has led governments and economists of
developing countries to adopt it as a focal sector for
diversifying their economies, which have often historically depended on producing primary raw materials. It
generates high-paying jobs across the spectrum. And
intensive central investment in tourism facilities has the
indirect effect of creating opportunities for the sustainable
development of hundreds of small- and medium-sized
ancillary businesses, which are not capital-intensive, in a
variety of fields.
For developing economies, tourism can truly be a
rising tide, lifting all boats. But too often, such economies
fail to catch the tide.Too often, local conditions inhibit
growthincluding the growth of tourism. For instance,
Leapfrogging ahead with mobile technology

One of the biggest historic challenges has been the lack
of adequate telecommunications infrastructurethe
highways of informationa lack that has undermined
efforts to introduce electronic payments and the advantages they bring.This infrastructure deficit has posed a
significant challenge to the tourism industry in developing economies.With a shortage of these information
avenues that break down communication and commercial barriers, tourists traveling to the developing world
might have a difficult time accessing pay-phones, finding
ATM portals, or making automated electronic payments
to local retail vendors.
Recently we have seen reason for optimism.
Merchants and consumers are both able to use mobile
technology to facilitate payments, turning a simple
mobile phone into a point-of-sale device.This is a
major breakthrough for developing countries, which are
leapfrogging beyond landlines and heading straight
toward wireless communications. In Asia there were
about as many mobile phones as landline telephones in
2003. In 2006, there were 1.5 times as many mobile
phones. In 2008, mobile phones in Asia will actually
exceed the population of the continent.The number of
mobile phones in Africa will be just short of the total
population.26
By 2008, the Asia-Pacific Region will likely experience a 30 percent regional mobile penetration rate.27
Africa is also expected to benefit from a significant
explosion of mobile technology. It is expected that by
2008, Africa will experience a mobile penetration rate
of nearly 20 percent.28 The fact that there are two billion
mobile phone users worldwideequal to one-third of
the global populationis indicative of the emergence of
wireless technology in developing countries.29 Mobile
phone users make up twice the population of Internet
and personal computer users combined.30 The increasingly ubiquitous availability of mobile telephone technology is opening new opportunities for tourism-related
commerce.
The rapid development of new technologies,
especially those relating to mobile networks and mobile
devices, is creating opportunities to advance efficiencies
in electronic payments and better serve new markets
and merchant segments.Where a street vendor in
Bangalore may have previously been limited to cash
payments, new innovationssuch as turning a mobile
phone into a payment terminalare making it possible
for him to be part of the connected, real-time, electronic
payments world.
For example, a mobile phone designed for merchants
with a secure integrated adaptor that accepts both
magnetic stripe and chip cards merges low-cost and
widespread GSM/GPRS mobile phone technology
with the capabilities of a point-of-sale terminal, bringing
electronic payments to nontraditional locations and
merchant categories. One of the target markets is China,
transportation infrastructure and utilities are often

inadequate, unable to effectively facilitate tourist travel
or encourage spending. Likewise, robust financial systems
are also often markedly absent or lacking, with constricted
access to financing for both merchants and consumers,
as well as a dearth of access points for tourists to
withdraw cash, and limited telecommunications infrastructure to support electronic payments.
In addition there are often legal uncertainties over
ownership, discouraging the level of investment necessary
to draw tourists, ensure a pleasant stay, or encourage
maximum tourist spending. High taxes and bureaucratic
obstacles to business also deter investment and discourage
potential entrepreneurs from starting businesses aimed at
attracting tourists, meeting their needs, and encouraging
them to spend. A lack of training support makes it difficult for many tourist businesses to ensure the supply of
workers necessary, and diminishes the service capacity of
the industry in various countriesin turn making it
difficult to attract tourists, provide for their service, and
encourage return trips.
Moreover the T&T industries of developing
economies often suffer from disasterssuch as tsunamis,
health crises such as SARS, and terrorismas well as
economic turbulence. In the wake of triple bomb
attacks that wrecked the Red Sea resort city of Sharm
El-Sheikh, for example, the director-general of the
Egyptian Federation of Chambers of Commerce estimated
a 90 percent cancellation rate among booked arrivals.21
In the aftermath of the 2005 Bali bombings, arrivals of
foreign and domestic tourists dropped in half.
Consider also the impact of the 2004 Boxing Day
Tsunami on the economic health of Thailands tourist
industry.Thailand had some significant advantages in
dealing with the tsunami shock.The country had a
highly developed infrastructure, most of which remained
in place in the face of the tsunami. Phuket airport, for
example, was closed for only about half an hour.22
Medical facilities appeared sound, public health impacts
were relatively minor, and adequate shelter remained in
place.23
Nonetheless,Thailand had a difficult time dealing
with the tourist concerns spawned by the tsunami.
Going into the 2004 Christmas holiday season, the
country had been enjoying years of tourism growth.
The number of visitors each January had been steadily
increasing, almost doubling since 1998from 650,000
to more than 1.2 million.24 But, in the wake of the
tsunami, the visitor total dropped dramatically in January
2005, by about one-thirdto 800,000. Moreover, the
decline was seen not just in regions where significant
damage was experienced (such as Phang Nga) but also
in locales like Phuket, which suffered relatively minor
damage.25
79
80
where the government and banks are planning to

increase merchant terminal locations from 3 percent to
30 percent in time for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Mobile message-based payments are also expanding
the choice of payment available to consumers and
merchants alike. In India,Visa has joined with the State
Bank of India to trial a mobile payments system using
text messaging technology.The platform is called mChq,
and it enables both merchants and consumers to use
their mobile devices to conduct payment transactions.
Instead of presenting a card, a customer provides a
mobile phone number or secure identity code, which
the merchant uses to send a text message requesting
payment with the transaction amount and other purchase details. Once the customer confirms the transaction
by keying in a personal identification number (PIN), the
merchant is sent an authorization message that is
recorded and stored on the cards of both merchant and
customer as receipts.The mChq platform does not
require the merchant to have a conventional acceptance
terminal, which means that this technology offers electronic payment access to new merchant sectors, such as
healthcare providers, taxis, couriers, street vendors, and
electricians.
Similarly, around the globe and in areas where email
is inaccessible, individuals are using the Short Message
Service (SMS) to enable the exchange of text messages
between mobile phones.This technology presents a
significant opportunity for global tourism, particularly
in developing economies where the cost of a single
SMS message amounts to merely 13 cents (USD).31
SMS technology can transform the mobile phone
into a digital wallet, capable of bridging the physical
point of sale with the electronic point of sale. For
example, a partnership established between software
engineers, telecom companies, and banks has resulted
in cost-effective electronic transfers of currency. In
the Philippines, GlobeTelecom provides 13 million
subscribers with access to a mobile-wallet platform
designed by Utiba, an Australian software company.33
Subscribers use their mobile phones to transfer money
person-to-person, receive domestic transfer funds, and
obtain remittances from international sources. Moreover,
these subscribers do not require bank accounts.
Such mobile-wallet technology will expand tourism
in developing countries by improving the ability to
facilitate electronic transactions in locations that were
once remote.Tourists ranging from high-school backpackers to high-flying business executives will find this
technology affordable and accessible.The technology
will reduce the difficulty of handling and exchanging
unfamiliar currency for travelers who are on trips
involving a single or multiple destinations. Moreover, it
will ease the difficulty of engaging local merchants who
were previously unable to process electronic transactions.
With the simple use of a mobile phone keypad, tourists
will find it easier to transcend language barriers and
unfamiliar currency to purchase goods and services from

the smallest street vendors.This will allow the tourist to
gain a better appreciation for the country of destination
because it allows increased interaction with local merchants. At the same time, developing economies will get
a boost from the ground up, as tourists will be empowered to explore the shops and stalls of countless small
businesses and vendors in some of the most remote
markets throughout the globe.
This technology will enable even the most adventurous tourists to utilize more efficient means of commercial transactions.Tourists hiking the Himalayas or
embarking on a safari in the Sahara will be able to use
mobile phones to pay their tour guides electronically.
Support for Travel & Tourism: Roles for government

and the private sector
Due to the type of economic, social, and cultural benefits that can be derived from Travel & Tourism, the
responsibility of growing individual T&T markets no
longer falls to government initiatives alone. Instead there
is a distinct role for both the public and private sector.
Of course, it is important to recognize that there
are some things that only governments can provide
like the type of reasonable taxation and ownership laws
and regulations needed to inspire a healthy competitive
environment. Likewise, policies specifically designed to
assist small businesses and encourage start-ups are equally
valuable. And it is also important that governments
remove some of the more physical roadblocks, such as
overburdened airports and inadequate road systems. At
the end of the day, governments must recognize that
they need to invest to get a return.
There are also a number of steps that the industry
itself can take. For instance, it is important to continually
keep abreast of changing consumer preferences and
increase consumer choice.The industry needs to consider
ways to improve the quality of tourism products and
services by addressing the consumers desire for more
products and services to be customized to their needs,
tastes, and preferences.
At the same time, industry standardization and best
practices can provide a benchmark with which to
improve customer satisfaction, while also improving the
quality of services, industry skills, and staff.
As stated, the benefits of expanded Travel & Tourism
flow to both the private sector and government.This
means that, in some areas, the responsibility of ensuring
the health of the industry also rests with both parties. In
some cases this can mean the two sectors working
directly together for the betterment of the cause.
Take, for instance, one of the biggest roadblocks to
growing Travel & Tourism. In the developing and lessdeveloped world, merchants often find it virtually
impossible to obtain credit. Aspiring entrepreneurs
seeking to access capital run up against the fact that, in
enormous potential as a vehicle of economic growth

and advancement.Travel can encourage investment, create
jobs, raise living standards, and generate government
revenue. But what one gets out of any investment
depends to a great extent on what one puts into it.
Transportation infrastructure, telecommunications infrastructure, marketing initiatives, and access to electronic
payments are among the factors critical to tourism
growth.
Tourism can also bring people closer together, and
help shape shared perspectives across borders and oceans.
In the words of the enlightenment thinker Montesquieu:
The natural effect of commerce is to lead to peace.
Two nations that trade with each other become reciprocally dependent; if one has an interest in buying,
the other has an interest in selling, and all unions are
founded on mutual needs33... The history of commerce is that of communication among peoples.34
But in order for this concept to work within the context of Travel & Tourism, it is important to recognize
that the trade between the hotelier and the tourist, or
the street vendor and the tourist, needs a standardized
form of payment that is mutually acceptable and provides
a rewarding experience to both parties.This is where
electronic payments come into play. Payment cards and
other electronic payment enablers are ubiquitous, secure,
reliable, and convenient.They make it easier for people
to conduct businesses.They make it easier to travel.
Notes
1 All-Africa Media, The Reporter, July 29, 2006.
2 Remarks by former US Secretary of Transportation, April 810, 2005,
Global Travel and Tourism Summit, 2005, New Delhi, India.
3 For the purposes of this paper, the term electronic payment refers to
all card-based transactions (credit, debit, prepaid, and commercial).
4 Listfield and Monte-Nigret, August 31, 1994, Modernizing Payment
Systems in Emerging Economies, World Bank.
6 Calculated on the basis of a US GDP of US$13 trillion, a figure provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of
Commerce.
7 UNWTO, Tourism Enriches, September 27, 2006.
8 Remarks by US Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice, April 1012,
2006, Global Travel and Tourism Summit, 2006, Washington, DC.
9 Prahalad, 2005, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Wharton
School Publishing.
10 Financial Times, London Edition, May 2, 2006, p. 23.
11 Listfield and Monte-Nigret, August 31, 1994, Modernizing Payment
Systems in Emerging Economies, World Bank.
Conclusion
In a world characterized by dramatic improvements in
transportation and communications, tourism offers
many countries, information about a business or individuals credit track record is simply unavailable.This
makes it difficult, if not impossible, to borrow money.
And it can result in higher interest rates to offset the
higher risk.
In order to help bridge this gap,Visa has been
working with the International Finance Corporation (the
private sector arm of the World Bank)in cooperation
with governmentsto set up and improve credit bureaus
in more than 10 countries. By reducing risk, the initiative
can increase access to financial services; something that
is good for the merchants business and good for the
economy.
Of course one of the most important activities that
governments and the private sector can each undertake
is promotion and marketing, because it can benefit
countries and regions as a whole, as well as the bottom
lines of individual organizations. However, as the very
medium of promotional marketing evolves, so too must
the tactical programs that the public and private sector
initiate. It is no longer effective to operate marketing
programs in a silo. Instead, todays collaborative environment offers endless possibilities to extend reach in a
highly targeted way. For instance, nationally hosted
events such as the Olympic Games and the Rugby
World Cup offer tremendous opportunity to leverage
private sector sponsorships, investment, and marketing
initiatives that drive tourists to the host country long
past the actual event.
Likewise a cross-regional approach to marketing
key destinations through tactical marketing activities
aimed at tourists from just one source market can yield
significant results because the firepower is directed
toward where it will generate the most results.This type
of work can easily be done on the industry-side, with
government endorsement, when the organization
involved is in one or more markets.Visa has initiated its
own cross-regional marketing program in support of its
own T&T efforts.
Of course, one of the most effective forms of
marketing is probably word of mouth. And in todays
world of technology-enabled peer-to-peer communication, this fact should never be underestimated. As new
media such as community chat boards and blogs dethrone
traditional travel information sources such as paid advertisements and journalist commentary, the travel industry
needs to be able to respond to consumer demand for
real recommendations.This means not only revising
current marketing strategies to accommodate new communication mediums and styles, but also ensuring that
industry employeesespecially those dealing directly
with the traveling publicare well-trained and motivated.
14 WTTC 2006, Climbing to New Heights.

15 WTTC 2003, Blueprint for New Tourism.
16 UNWTO, September 27, 2006, Tourism Enriches.
81
17 UNWTO, September 27, 2006, Tourism Enriches.

20 Visa Canada, 2003, The Benefit of Electronic Payments in the
Canadian Economy.
21 Inter Press Service, July 27, 2005.
22 Birkland, Impact of the Boxing Day Tsunami on Tourism in Thailand,
SUNY Albany, www.rpi.edu/dept/cits.
26 Celent, Mobile Commerce: Dealing with the Devil in the Details,
February 2006,
February 2006, p. 8.
29 Celent, Mobile Commerce: Dealing with the Devil in the Details
82

33 Spirit of the Laws, Book 20, Chapter 2, Montesquieu
34 Spirit of the Laws, Book 21, Chapter 5, Montesquieu
References
All-Africa Media. 2006. The Reporter. July 29.
Birkland, T. A. 2005. Impact of the Boxing Day Tsunami on Tourism in
Thailand. Slide presentation, SUNY Albany. Available at
www.rpi.edu/dept/cits.
Celent. 2006. Mobile Commerce: Dealing with the Devil in the Details.
February. San Francisco: Celent.
Financial Times. 2006. London Edition, May 2: 23.

Listfiled, R. and F. Monte-Nigret. 1994. Modernizing Payment Systems
in Emerging Economies. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Prahalad, C. K. 2005. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing.
UNWTO (United Nations World Travel Organization). 2006. Tourism
Enriches. Ebooklet, September 27, Madrid, World Tourism
Organization. Available at www.unwto.org/newsroom/campaign/
tourism_enriches_eng.pdf
Visa Canada. 2003. The Benefits of Electronic Payments in the
Canadian Economy. Available at www.visa.ca/en/about/
resources/pdf/electr_payment_wp.pdf.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006. Climbing to New
Heights: The 2006 Travel and Tourism Economic Research.
London: WTTC.
. 2003. Blueprint for New Tourism. London: WTTC.
Investing in Air Transport

Connectivity to Boost National
Productivity and Economic
Growth
BRIAN PEARCE, Chief Economist, International Air Transport
Economic growth is determined by the resources available to a nation in the form of labor, energy, materials,
and past savings accumulated in its stock of capital, and
in the productivity of those resources. Productivity can
vary according to a number of factors, the most important of which are generally considered to be education,
research and development (R&D), and the capital assets
available to each worker.This paper looks at new evidence that the air transport network is one of those key
capital assets that enhances productivity and, hence,
supply-side economic growth.
1.7: Investing in Air Transport Connectivity
CHAPTER 1.7
Association, Geneva
What is competitiveness?
Competitiveness is a widely used, and sometimes abused,
term. In the context of a nations economic performance
it is often used to mean the ability to succeed in trade
battles on the international market place.Yet the
evidence has been that trade is not a zero sum game,
confirming the predictions of the theory of comparative,
rather than competitive, advantage. Competition among
nations will lead to specialization in those traded goods
and services for which the country is relatively, but not
absolutely, better.The United States still exports goods
to China despite having labor costs many times the level
of its trading partner. Both countries benefit from this
trade. It is not like competition between companies on a
specific market. If a business has higher costs or poorer
quality than its competitor, it will go out of business,
eventually. If a country finds higher costs leading to a
persistent deficit in its trade in goods and services, its
exchange rate will fall, eventually.
So in a world of relatively flexible exchange rates,
the trade competitiveness described above of a nations
businesses does little to drive economic growth and
welfare in the sense of winning battles in the arena of
international trade. If it is highly competitive, its
exchange rate will rise, eliminating its advantage. If
uncompetitive, its exchange rate will fall, pricing its
traded goods and services back into international markets.
However, economic growth and living standards are
driven very powerfully by a nations productivity.
Knowledge, institutions, and assets that enable a nation
to produce more from its own supply of labor, energy,
materials, and past savings will directly raise living standards and economic growth. As the Conference Board
of Canada put it, productivity growth is the key to
maintaining and improving living standardsit gives us
the biggest bang for the buck.1
The World Economic Forums Global
Competitiveness Index provides an important perspective
on a range of institutions and circumstances that drive a
countrys productivity growth, particularly regarding the
friendliness of the business environment.2 The new
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
featured in this Report uses that perspective to measure
how friendly a countrys business, regulatory, and
83
84
natural environment is for the development of its Travel

& Tourism (T&T) industry.
This is a key perspective, since tourism is an important generator of jobs and incomes in many countries.
However, a countrys air transport network, which is
included in the TTCI, is also important to the productivity of its wider business sector. It is an infrastructure
asset connecting a countrys businesses to global markets
and sources of inputs and ideas. Air transport does not
just bring tourists into a country. It also takes business
travelers to meet existing and new customers, expands
markets, and generates economies of scale and scope. It
enables businesses to access the best sources of supply
around the world for high value-added materials, components, skills, and ideas. It is this feature of a countrys
air transport network that offers the potential for boosting
national productivity, economic growth, and living
standards.
Measuring connectivity
We measure the quality of a countrys air transport network by its connectivity from the point of view of its
businesses.This connectivity is defined as the scope of
access between an individual airport or country and the
global air transport network. It is a measure of the
number and economic importance of the destinations
served, the frequency of service to each destination, and
the number of onward connections available from each
destination. Connectivity increases as the range of
destinations and/or frequency of service increases.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
has used data from the SRS Analyser airline schedule
database to construct a time-series indicator of the
connectivity of a countrys key airports to the global air
transport network.The connectivity indicator measures
the number of available seats to a particular destination
in a certain period (the first week of July for each year
from 1995 to 2005). It then weights the number of
available seats by the size of the destination airport (in
terms of number of passengers handled in each year).
This provides a proxy estimate of both the range and
economic importance of the destinations, the frequency
of service, and the number of onward connections
available.
For example, Atlanta airport, as the worlds largest
airport, is given a weighting of 1. Paris CDG airport,
which handles 61 percent of the number of passengers
handled by Atlanta, is given a weighting of 0.61.
Therefore, if an airport has 1,000 seats available to
Atlanta it is given a weighted total of 1,000. But if it also
has 1,000 seats available to Paris CDG, these are only
given a weighted total of 610.The weighted totals are
then summed for all destinations (and divided by a scalar
factor of 1,000) to determine the connectivity indicator.
The connectivity indicator is therefore calculated as:

(number of destinations frequency seats per
flight) weighted by the size of the destination airport
scalar factor of 1,000
A higher figure for the connectivity indicator denotes a

greater degree of access to the global air transport network. Using this indicator,Table 1 shows the importance
of not just serving a large number of destinations, but
serving those destinations that have a large economic
importance and the ability to access a large number of
onward connections for the business passenger. For
example, in 2004 London Heathrow served only 55
percent more destinations than Copenhagen airport and
just under four times as many destinations as Nairobi
airport. But the larger number of major destinations
served by Heathrow, the higher frequencies of the
flights, and the greater connections it provides to the
global network means that its measure of connectivity is
nearly four times that of Copenhagen and twenty times
that of Nairobi.
Of course the impact of this air transport infrastructure on a nations economy will also depend upon the
number and size of the businesses it is serving. Large
economies will naturally have more destinations and
available seats, but quantity is not a measure of quality. A
given level of available seats and connectivity will provide a larger opportunity and stimulus to productivity if
it is supporting a smaller rather than larger number of
businesses.Ten new destinations to economically significant countries are likely to bring more benefit to the
businesses served by Nairobi airport than those already
well served by London Heathrow airport. It is the level
of connectivity relative to the gross domestic product
(GDP) of a country that will matter for productivity
and economic growth.
Table 1: A measure of connectivity to the global air

transport network (2004)
Airport
Number of
destinations
served
Number of
available seats
per week
202
199
122
128
85
75
54
1,056,286
944,024
551,801
284,479
230,890
101,546
78,850
Chicago (ORD)
London Heathrow
Beijing
Copenhagen
Johannesburg
Budapest
Nairobi
Source: IATA; SRS Analyser.
Connectivity
indicator
286.6
244.2
92.5
63.0
34.7
24.6
12.3
Productivity isnt everything, but in the long run it is

almost everything. A countrys ability to improve its
standard of living over time depends almost entirely
on its ability to raise its output per worker. World War
II veterans came home to an economy that doubled
its productivity over the next 25 years; as a result,
they found themselves achieving living standards
their parents had never imagined. Vietnam veterans
came home to an economy that raised its productivity
less than 10 percent in 15 years; as a result, they
found themselves living no betterand in many
cases worsethan their parents.3
Productivity growth is key to economic growth. As

Alan Blinder and William Baumol describe, it is the
means by which countries can be lifted out of poverty
and generate wealth and economic security:
Over long periods of time, small differences in rates
of productivity growth compound, like interest in a
bank account, and can make an enormous difference
to a societys prosperity. Nothing contributes more to
reduction of poverty, to increases in leisure, and to
the countrys ability to finance education, public
health, environment and the arts.4
There are a number of different measures of productivity. Perhaps the most widely cited is labor productivity, which is the ratio of output produced to the
amount of labor input used in producing the output:
labor productivity =
output
labor hours
At the national level, output can be measured by the

GDP of a country.The denominator is sometimes measured by the number of workers if labor hours data are
not available. Labor productivity has its strengths and
weaknesses as a performance measure. At the macroeconomic level, labor productivity is a key driver of growth
in average income per head and is generally seen as the
critical measure of economic performance.
At the level of decisions made by individual firms,
maximizing labor productivity may not always be optimal. For example, by making enormous and expensive
investments in automation, labor productivity can be
increased for the firm; but if the dollar savings in labor is

more than offset by higher annual capital costs, then the
firm may be worse off. Economists have developed an
overall measure of productivity that considers not only
the productivity of labor but also the use of capital,
energy, and materials.This measure is referred to as total
factor productivity (TFP) and is the ratio of output to a
measure of the total inputs used in producing the output:
TFP =
output
aggregate input quantity index
There is, however, a very real practical problem with

TFP: it has much greater data requirements than measuring the productivity of a single factor of production
such as laborincluding the fact that it uses economic
rather than accounting measures and that the measurement of capital services is not an easy task.The result
has been that governments often compute labor and
other single-factor productivity measures, but not measures for TFP. In practice this may not be too much of a
problem for our analysis since, based on countries where
both TFP and labor productivity were available, the two
measures are highly correlated: the correlation coefficient is 0.80, as shown in Figure 1.This suggests that the
difference in productivity over time and between countries, portrayed by the labor productivity measure, is
very similar to that shown by TFP.
Does connectivity drive labor productivity?

The contribution to a nations economy of the air
transport sector is sometimes measured by its direct
contribution to GDP through its profits, its payments of
wages, and its cost of using land and capital inputs.
Sometimes the jobs and output that are supported along
the industrys supply chain and that are supported indirectly from its spending (tourism for example) are also
counted. However, in a developed economy with close
to full employment, it could be argued that this indirect
contribution does not represent added value to the
economy since, in the absence of the air transport
industry, another sector would employ its resources and
consumers would buy other goods and services.This is
not so relevant a criticism in developing economies.
Moreover, what clearly cannot be replicated by other
industries in the absence of air transport is the network
of connections to global markets.
In particular, the air transport network:
Facilitates world trade: Air transport connects
businesses to a wide range of global markets,
providing a significantly larger customer base for
their products than would be accessible otherwise.
This is particularly important for high-tech and
knowledge-based sectors, and for suppliers of
time-sensitive goods.
Measuring productivity
For economists, one of the key measures of economic
performance is productivity. Productivity is a general term
referring to the amount of economic output (that is,
goods and services) generated by a given quantity of
inputs.These inputs, or factors of production, can
include labor, capital, energy, and materials. Productivity
growth refers to the ability to produce the same amount
of output using fewer inputs, or, equally, more output
produced with the same amount of inputs.
It is productivity growth that sustains increasing
standards of living. Paul Krugman writes:
85
130
TFP (index, 100 = United States in 2002)
Figure 1: Labor and total factor productivity measures are highly correlated
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Labor productivity: GDP/hour
Source: InterVISTAS.
86
Boosts productivity across the economy: By

expanding the customer base, air transport allows
companies to exploit economies of scale and reduce
unit costs. By exposing domestic companies to
increased foreign competition, it also helps to drive
efficiency improvements among domestic firms in
order to remain competitive.
Improves the efficiency of the supply chain: Several
industries rely on air transport to operate their
just-in-time production operations, providing
greater flexibility within the supply chain and
reducing costs by minimizing the need to hold
stocks of supplies.
Enables inward and outward investment: Access to
extensive air transport links allows domestic firms
to identify and manage investments in foreign-based
assets and encourages foreign firms to invest in the
domestic country.
Acts as a spur to innovation: Extensive air transport
links facilitate effective networking and collaboration among companies located in different parts of
the globe. Access to a greater number of markets
also encourages greater spending on research and
development by companies, given the increased size
of the potential market for future sales.
These supply-side mechanisms will positively affect

labor productivity. If they are sufficiently significant in
size it should be possible to observe a positive relationship between rising economic connectivity and rising
labor productivity.
Indeed, such a relationship can be seen in Figure 2.
There are a number of important influences on productivity, such as varying levels of investment, education,
and R&D, which are not controlled for in the figure.
Nonetheless, even given these sources of variation there
appears to be a clear pattern from just plotting connectivity against productivity. Developing Asia, Africa, and
emerging or transition economies are at the bottom left
of the figure.They have low connectivity relative to
their GDP and also relatively low productivity. At the
top right of the figure are the developed Asian, North
American, and European economies with high levels of
connectivity and labor productivity.
Above a certain level of productivity (US$20 of
GDP/hour) there is a wide spread of connectivity levels.
This may well be due to a wider variation of other factors determining the level of labor productivity in these
nations. It may also be that there is a threshold effect
above which increasing the connectivity of already well
connected developed economies does little to improve
productivity.
However, up to that point there appears to be a
clear positive relationship between higher levels of
connectivity and higher levels of labor productivity,
hence higher GDP and living standards.
Developed Asia
60
North America and Western Europe

Developing Asia and Africa
Labor productivity: GDP/hour
50
Emerging Europe
Transitioning Asia and South America
40
Figure 2: The link between connectivity and productivity
30
20
10
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Connectivity per US$ billion of GDP
Source: InterVISTAS; IATA.

Note: Cyprus, Hong Kong SAR, Malta, and Singapore have been excluded from the figure because their geographic circumstances have led to them having
exceptional connectivity relative to the size of their populations.
Surveying business opinions in five very different

economies
The obvious way to understand better how the quality
of a countrys air transport network affects business
productivity is to ask the businesses effected.We did
this with the help of a survey of over 600 businesses in
countries in different regions and at different stages of
economic development (China, Chile, the Czech
Republic, France, and the United States) by Oxford
Economics.
The companies surveyed report that, on average,
25 percent of sales depend on good air transport links.
The importance of air transport for sales is especially
high in the high-tech sector, where nearly 40 percent of
sales depend on air services (see Figure 3a).This reflects
the time-sensitive, high-value nature of products in this
sector. Air transport is also more important for sales in
the United States, where it supports 36 percent of sales
(see Figure 3b). However, the proportion of sales
dependent on air services is lowest in China and the
Czech Republic, reflecting the developing nature of the
air transport network in these countries. And less than
20 percent of sales depends on air transport in France,
reflecting the strong competition from road and rail
networks in Western Europe.
Over 80 percent of businesses report that air services
are important for their sales, with nearly 60 percent
describing it as vital or very important.The United
States was once again the highest, with nearly 95 percent
of firms saying that air transport is important for their
sales.The importance of air transport is fairly consistent
across the different types of air services, ranging from 78

percent of firms reporting that air freight services were
important for sales to 85 percent who said that passenger
services were important for sales (see Figure 4a). Freight
services provide a direct link to sales by moving goods
to new markets, but passenger services are even more
important in terms of people-based services and because
they allow management and sales to gain a greater
understanding of the different market conditions across
several countries. Indeed, over two-thirds of firms report
that passenger services are vital or very important for
establishing and maintaining customer relationships.
The air transport network allows firms to improve
their efficiency of production and to reduce costs in
four main ways:
It provides reliable and timely deliveries from
suppliers, allowing firms to operate an efficient
just-in-time production process and reducing the
need to hold expensive inventories.
It allows firms to exploit economies of scale by
serving a bigger potential market.
It allows companies to rationalize their own
production among different sites and to source
raw materials and other inputs from the most cost
effective suppliers.
It facilitates the spread of new production techniques,
making it easier for firms to attract higher-quality
employees from a broader pool of talent.
87
b: By country
40
40
35
35
30
30
Percent of sales
a: By sector
Percent of sales
Figure 3: Proportion of sales dependent on good-quality air transport links
25
20
15
25
20
15
10
10
0
Manu- High tech Financial
and
facturing
business
services
Other
Total
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
Source: IATA.
88
Figure 4: Importance of good-quality air transport services
b: For efficient organization of production
100
100
80
80
60
60
Percent
Percent
a: For sales
40
40
20
20
0
Passenger
Services
Freight
Services
Express
Delivery
Vital
Source: IATA.
Total
Very important
Passenger
Services
Freight
Services
Sometimes important
Express
Delivery
Total
Figure 5: Implications of serving a bigger potential market
a: For exploiting economies of scale
b: For reducing costs through new suppliers
100
80
80
60
Percent
Percent
60
40
40
20
20
0
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
Substantially
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
To some extent
Source: IATA.
89
On average, 80 percent of firms report that air services
are important for the efficiency of their production,
with over 50 percent of firms saying it is vital or very
important (see Figure 4b).The reported importance is
also fairly consistent across the different types of air
services, with passenger services considered to be the
most important. Companies in China and the United
States gain the most efficiency from air services, with
two-thirds of companies in these countries stating that it
is vital or very important for an efficient production
process.
The impact of air services in exploiting economies
of scale and sourcing more cost-effective suppliers is
recognized by firms. Nearly 70 percent of firms report
that, by allowing them to serve a bigger market, air
services allow them to exploit economies of scale
substantially or to some extent (see Figure 5a), while
56 percent state that these services also help to reduce
costs from suppliers (see Figure 5b).The ability to
exploit economies of scale is lowest in China and the
Czech Republic, reflecting the focus of firms on the
domestic market (in Chinas case) or exports to near
neighbors (in the Czech Republics case) at their current
stage of economic development.The Czech Republic
also had the lowest proportion of firms using air services
to source cheaper supplies, reflecting perhaps a prevalence
of nearby low-cost component producers.There are also
significant differences between sectors in the ability to
exploit economies of scale. Around three-quarters of
companies in the high-tech sector report an ability to

exploit these advantages, compared with only a fifth in
the financial and business services sector.This reflects
the greater need for individual service tailored to the
client in the financial and business services (FBS) sector,
making the bigger economies of scale harder to achieve.
The trend toward globalization of production
makes good air transport links essential for the management of subsidiaries. Over 80 percent of firms state that
passenger air services are important for their ability to
manage their organization and subsidiaries effectively.
On average, nearly 30 percent of the employees of the
companies surveyed travel for business purposes by air.
Therefore the companies place a high value on air travel
for the contact it facilitates with clients and with colleagues in overseas locations.
The accessibility to global markets provided by air
transport provides a boost to investment decisions
both outward by domestic firms and inward by foreign
firms. By allowing firms to serve a bigger market, air
transport increases the number of potential customers
for new product investment. By facilitating efficiency
gains, air transport boosts the potential returns from
investment in global production assets.The increased
competition that arises from serving larger markets also
benefits the wider economy through a more efficient
allocation of resources. Competition encourages firms
to specialize in the activities in which they are most
a: Percentage responding yes
b: What happened subsequently
30
Invested anyway,
but costs were
higher
25
No investment
20
Percent
Figure 6: Has the absence of good air transport links ever affected investment decisions?
18%
23%
15
10
59%
0
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
Investment made
elsewhere
Source: IATA.
90
efficient, while allowing other products that may be
produced more efficiently elsewhere to be bought in.
The air transport network is an important factor in
determining where a company makes an investment,
with 63 percent of firms stating it is vital or very
important to their investment decision and a further
24 percent saying it is somewhat important. Even so,
air transport is one of many factors in the investment
decision and is slightly less important than the cost and
availability of labor, taxes and regulations, and, perhaps,
the local road network. However, the absence of good
air transport links can be the major determining factor
in not making an investment. On average, 18 percent of
firms reported that the lack of good air transport links
had affected their past investment decisions, with the
less-developed nature of the Chinese air network
accounting for the higher proportion of almost 30
percent who had altered past investment decisions (see
Figure 6a). Of the investments that were affected, 59
percent were made in other locations with better air
services, 18 percent went ahead anyway but with significantly higher costs, while in 23 percent of cases no
investment was made (see Figure 6b).
Over half of the businesses surveyed believe that
their ability to compete internationally would be very
badly or moderately affected by any constraints on air
transport services, with a further 27 percent saying they

would be slightly affected. Nearly three-quarters of
firms in Chile believe their competitiveness would be
very badly or moderately affected, a reflection of the
large distances between the country and some of its
major export markets.
Over 30 percent of companies state that they would
be very badly or fairly badly affected by constraints on
the availability of air transport services, while a further
40 percent would be inconvenienced. In particular, firms
state they would be affected mostly through an increase
in costs, a loss of customer contact, and a loss of orders.
These are all factors that would restrict the productive
potential of a country and its economic development.
On average, 30 percent of firms report they would be
highly likely to invest less in the region if air services
were constrained, with 24 percent of firms highly likely
to cut back on R&D investment in the region.The
high-tech sector would be the most affected, reflecting
the higher importance of air services to sales in the sector.
This survey evidence suggests strongly that connectivity with the global air transport network is an important potential source of business productivity gains, for
both developing and developed nations.
Table 2: Model coefficients

Term
Constant
Connectivity/GDP (a1 )
% R&D (a2 )
% education (a3 )
GFCF/worker (a4 )
Country dummies (a5 )
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Source: IATA; InterVISTAS.
Coefficient (ai )
Standard error
t -statistic
0.37
0.0068
0.0997
0.0191
0.3733
0.23
0.0029
0.0192
0.0218
0.0216
1.62
2.31
5.19
0.87
17.29
0.01
0.17
0.08
0.13
0.34
0.38
0.03
0.37
1.08
0.07
0.12
0.07
0.92
0.43
0.22
0.13
0.11
0.03
0.24
0.02
1.23
0.02
0.42
0.16
0.40
0.80
0.36
0.23
0.26
0.11
0.41
0.15
0.13
0.25
0.09
0.16
0.59
0.10
0.28
0.05
0.36
0.39
0.00
0.32
0.37
0.44
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.09
4.43
2.45
4.04
5.57
5.61
0.83
6.61
12.66
1.05
2.26
1.75
11.65
7.71
6.71
4.09
3.57
0.59
4.19
0.42
13.33
0.35
9.91
3.67
10.30
23.10
5.09
3.25
6.16
1.67
6.48
4.36
2.78
6.26
1.38
3.25
7.90
1.16
5.75
0.62
8.94
6.26
0.00
8.05
9.85
7.38
0.25
The model (Ln refers to a log e functional form in

which parameters ai can be read as elasticities) estimated
from the data covering the period 19952005 was:
Ln (GDP/labor hours) = constant
+ a1 Ln (connectivity/GDP)
+ a2 % R&D
+ a3 % education
+ a4 Ln (GFCF/worker)
+ a5 country dummy variables
Impact of factors other than connectivity on productivity

The estimates shown in Table 2 of the impact on productivity of factors other than connectivity are consistent with
the findings of other research studies on productivity.
The largest impact on productivity comes from
capital spending per worker (GFCF/worker is gross
fixed capital formation per worker), or what is known as
capital deepening. A 1 percent rise in capital spending per
worker will increase labor productivity by 0.37 percent.
If an additional 1 percent of GDP was spent on
R&D, productivity would rise by 0.1 percent. An
equivalent amount spent on education would raise
productivity by 0.02 percent.
The constant term and the country dummy variables
capture any remaining reasons for productivity differences
between countries.The dummy variables are relative
to the United States so, for example, the insignificant
coefficient on the United Kingdom dummy variable
suggests that all differences in productivity between the
two countries are captured by differences in capital
spending, education, R&D, and connectivity.The highly
significant coefficient of 1.23 on Indias dummy variable
suggests there are some other factors (perhaps institutional
or social) that keep productivity lower than can be
explained by differences in capital spending, education,
R&D, and connectivity.
Impact of connectivity on productivity

The estimated impact of connectivity on productivity is
statistically significant and shows that a 10 percent rise
in connectivity, relative to a countrys GDP, will boost
productivity by 0.07 percent.
This implies that investing in air transport capacity
in developing or transition countries, where connectivity
is currently relatively low, will have a much larger impact
on their productivity and economic success than that
same scale of investment in a relatively developed country.
For example, the recent accession of Poland to the
European Union resulted in a rise in the number of
flights between Poland and the United Kingdom in
both directions during the period June 2003 to June
2006, from 58 a week to 250, raising the number of
seats available each week from 7,000 to 40,000. For
Poland that meant a rise in connectivity of 27 percent;
the increase in the already well served United
Quantifying the relationship between connectivity and

productivity
To be more certain of this relationship, the economic
consultants InterVISTAS undertook an econometric
analysis of the data using the same type of model used
by earlier studies investigating the impact of investments
in the information and communication technology
(ICT) industry on national productivity and economic
growth (see Table 2).
91
92
Kingdoms connectivity was a much smaller 0.5 percent.

The estimated long-term boost to Polands productivity
and GDP was 0.19 percent or US$634 million, compared
with 0.004 percent or US$45 million for the United
Kingdom.
These estimates are consistent with what might be
expected a priori from similar research on the productivity
impact of the ICT sector. For example, a study by
Statistics Canada suggests that between 1981 and 2000
each 10 percent increase in ICT investment led to a
0.51.2 percent increase in productivity. 5
An example from Canadas Vancouver International

Airport
To give a practical example, and to estimate the economic
rate of return from investing in air transport infrastructure, InterVISTAS looked at the recent expansion of
Vancouver International Airport (YVR) in Canada.
Between 1995 and 2000 the airport authority at YVR
made substantial investments in terminals, runways, and
other infrastructure in order to increase the capacity of
the airport. Over this time period the airport experienced
a substantial increase in traffic. For example, air passenger
volumes increased by 34 percent.This is not to say that
the investment in airport capacity was the only reason,
or even the main reason, for this increase of traffic at
Vancouver. One major factor was the liberalization of air
services between Canada and the United States in 1995.
However, the investment in capacity was necessary to
facilitate and support the growth in traffic to and from
Vancouver.
Allowing for a certain amount of replacement
spending, the investment in YVRs airport infrastructure
during 19952000 totaled C$506 million (in 2005
prices).To handle the additional 4 million passengers
there was also investment in additional aircraft. It is
difficult to disentangle investment for other markets from
airline capital spending programs. However, assuming a 5
percent rise in aircraft load factors, the rise in passengers
would have required an extra 8 aircraft with 200 seats
flying an average of 4 flights a day.The estimated cost of
this is C$1,280 million in 2005 dollars. In addition, the
Canadian federal government spent C$19 million on a
new air traffic control tower in 1996.
In total there was an investment of C$1,805 million

associated with a 25 percent rise in the connectivity of
YVR (this was less than the 34 percent rise in passengers
because destinations are weighted according to their
economic importance).
The impact on Canadas connectivity was to
increase it by 5.4 percent over the period 19952000.
On the basis of the model set out above this would have
raised Canadas productivity by 0.04 percent. Since
Canadas GDP in 1995 (in 2005 dollars) was C$969
billion, this implies an additional C$348 million in
national output.
For an investment of C$1,805 million to produce
an annual increase to GDP of C$348 million implies an
annual rate of return of 19.3 percent.This rate of return
does not include the direct benefits to passengers of the
added services or any increase in profits for the airport
or airlines.The total economic rate of return would be
considerably higher. Even so, 19.3 percent is a very good
rate of return.
Some examples from less well developed nations

Using a methodology similar to the one used in the
Vancouver example, the rate of return on capital
investment in air transport was estimated for Kenya,
Cambodia, El Salvador, and Jamaica, all countries at
much earlier stages of economic development than
Canada (see Table 3).
As with the Vancouver example, these estimates are
based on capital investment programs at the major international airport (sourced from the Airports Council
International) of each country between 2000 and 2005.
Estimates have been made of the new aircraft required,
based on the increase in seat capacity at the airport
between 2000 and 2005, using 200-seat aircraft with a
list price of US$150 million.
Between 2000 and 2005, connectivity increased
by between 34 percent and 85 percent in these four
countries.The percentage impact on national GDP
ranged from 0.2 percent to 0.4 percent. On a percentage
basis, the impact in these countries is substantially larger
than that of Vancouvers (0.04 percent), as expected. In
the case of Kenya, with its relatively large economy,
Table 3: Developing-country rates of return from investment in air transport
Country
Kenya
Cambodia
El Salvador
Jamaica
Source: InterVISTAS; ACI; IATA.
Airport
investment
(US$ million)
Aircraft
investment
(US$ million)
Increase in
connectivity
200005 (%)
Increase in
GDP (%)
GDP in 2000
(US$ million)
61
248
256
23
348
538
546
168
85
61
43
34
0.417
0.323
0.245
0.199
50,007
31,085
34,592
13,123
GDP increase
(US$ million)
209
100
85
26
Annual rate
of return (%)
59
19
16
16
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index score
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
Figure 7: The relationship of the overall Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index to a nations connectivity
4.0
3.5
3.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Connectivity per US$ billion of GDP
Source: World Economic Forum; IATA.
the rate of return on investment59 percentis also

considerably higher than it is for Canada.
For the other three much smaller developing
economies the rates of return, at 1619 percent, are
comparable with the rate for Canada.These are still high
rates of return for investment projects. Remember also
that these returns do not include the direct benefits to
passengers or any improvement in the profits of the airport and airlines.The reason why these rates of return
are not higher than Canadas is that many capital costs,
particularly for new aircraft, are as high for developing
as for developed nations, yet the developing countries
level of GDP is lower. Above a certain size of economy
the larger boost to productivity will more than offset
high capital costs and generate very substantial rates of
returns. However, for small economies, high capital costs
may restrict rates of return to developed-country levels.
Conclusions
Bringing about an increase in connectivity is shown to
bring substantial long-term economic benefits, even for
a highly developed economy such as Canada.The benefits are even larger for developing countries, such as those
in Africa. Realizing these benefits will require investment
in infrastructure but may also require the liberalization
of markets and other institutional changes to bring
about the rise in connectivity.
Many of the factors necessary to develop connectivity
and gain the benefits to productivity and economic
growth are set out within the Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Index (TTCI) presented in this Report.

The index provides nations with a measure of how they
rank on each factor and how far away they are from the
nations they may seek to benchmark themselves against.
The TTCI and connectivity relative to GDP are
not perfectly correlated because they are not designed
to measure exactly the same thing, but there is a clear
relationship between the two measures, as Figure 7
shows.The TTCI emphasizes those factors that will
help to develop the tourism industry rather than the
connectivity that boosts the productivity of an economys
business sector and its long-term economic growth.
Clearly, investment in any nations air transport
sector is important for its economic development to the
extent that connectivity is improved to better serve the
nations business sector.That in turn may require institutional changes such as market liberalization.The TTCI
should be instrumental in helping governments to identify where such change is necessary. As ever, indexes
need to be used with care to obtain the lessons sought;
nonetheless, this is an important addition to the toolkit
of policymakers seeking to improve the economic
contribution of the T&T sector worldwide.
Notes
1 See Conference Board of Canada (1997).
2 For more information on the Global Competitiveness Index , see
Chapter 1.1. in The Global Competitiveness Report 20062007
(World Economic Forum 2006).
3 See Krugman (1992, p. 9).
93
4 See Blinder and Baumol (1993, p. 778).

5 See Harchaoui and Tarkhani (2004).
References
Blinder, A. and W. Baumol. 1993. Economics: Principles and Policy. San
Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Conference Board of Canada. 1997. Performance and Potential.
Annual Report, Conference Board of Canada, Ottawa.
Harchaoui, T. M. and F. Tarkhani. 2004. Whatever Happened to U.S.Canada Economic Growth and Productivity Performance in the
Information Age? Statistics Canada Research Paper no.
11F0027MIE-25, November.
Krugman, P. 1992. The Age of Diminished Expectations: US Economic
Policy in the 1980s. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
World Economic Forum. 2006. The Global Competitiveness Report
20062007. Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
94
Long-Haul Hubs and the Future

of Air Transport
MAURICE FLANAGAN, Executive Vice Chairman, Emirates Group
There has been a steady shift in global air traffic flows

over the past two decades, coupled with an expanding
and strong appetite for air travel worldwide.This paper
discusses the shifts in global air traffic flows from the
dawn of modern commercial aviation to the present day,
and considers how the future of air transport might take
shape. It looks at the development of Dubai in the
United Arab Emirates as an example of how new
long-haul hubs will enact their role in that future.
Changing patterns in air travel

In the early days of civil aviation, most international air
routes evolved from the old colonial empires originally
served by flying boats (see Figure 1).This originated
from traditional European centers such as London and
to some extent Amsterdam and Parisestablishing
eastwest routes to colonies in India, the Far East, and
Australia, and northsouth routes through the African
continent with multiple refueling stops in between. In
the early 1930s, Pan Ams clippers also paved the way
for international flights initially with air mail contracts
to South America and later across the Pacific to Hawaii,
the Philippines, and Hong Kong. However, Europe still
dominated the bulk of international air traffic with
eastwest routes.
Trans-Atlantic commercial air travel began in the
late 1930s, but it started to take off only after World War
II when US and European carriers such as Pan Am,
TWA,Trans Canada Airlines, BOAC, and Air France
used larger piston aircraft, which allowed services over
the North Atlantic with intermediate stops. Jet service
began in the late 1950s, and European airports developed into pivotal hubs for global air transport, consolidating and facilitating the bulk of eastwest and
northsouth traffic flows.
The 1970s and 1980s saw the rise of Asian carriers,
led by Singapore Airlines.The gradual loosening of air
industry regulations had made it possible for multiple
airlines to compete in the same markets and on more
routes, fueling the development of the global air travel
market. During this time, traditional eastwest global
traffic flows remained relatively unchanged, but new air
transport hubs in Asia such as Singapore, Hong Kong,
and Tokyo began to grow in prominence as booming
Asian economies spurred global traffic growth and the
development of intra-region traffic within Asia, as well
as trans-Pacific routes. African routes remained relatively
underserved, while the Arabian Gulf countries such as
Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates found a role as
refueling stops for intercontinental jets on eastwest
routes between Europe and the Asia Pacific region.
World travel patterns are now undergoing another
major change, driven by the increasing globalization of
business and communities, growing populations, and
rising incomes. Air travel is today more accessible to
more people than ever before, as technology and efficient
1.8: Long-Haul Hubs and the Future of Air Transport
CHAPTER 1.8
95
Figure 1: Colonial air traffic flows
Source: www.imperial-airways.com.
96
aircraft lower the real cost of airfares and bring air travel
within the reach of mass populationsairfares have never
been cheaper in real terms (see Figure 2). Air travel,
once the domain of the wealthy and privileged, is today
a form of mass transport, with over 4 billion passengers
flying annually.
Surging demand for travel
The instant global sharing of information via the Internet

and satellite broadcasts, coupled with the liberalization
of world economies, has stimulated travel demand by
opening new possibilities for a mobile workforce,
international trade, and the leisure traveler.
Global demand for air transport services has been
growing steadily.This demand has proved resilient
despite several shocks in the past five years to the air
travel industry from terrorism, health scares, and high
fuel prices.The International Air Transport Association
(IATA) forecasts that international air travel will continue
to expand at an average annual rate of 4.8 percent
between 2006 and 2010, while air freight traffic is
expected to continue growing at 5.3 percent annually
on average.1 Demand for air transport will be driven by
global economic growth, as more people share the need
to meet each other, or to buy and sell goods made elsewhereand rising incomes means they can now better
afford to travel. For business or for pleasure, people
today want to travel more often and further, in greater
comfort and a shorter time.
Over the next 20 years, demand for air travel is
likely to see a new surge brought about by the rise of
China and other emerging economies such as Brazil,

India, and Russia. Historical growth rates for the airline
industry indicates that demand for air travel grows at a
multiple of GDP growth and disposable income.2 Many
fast-developing markets such as those of Brazil, China,
India, and Russia are generating some of the highest
GDP per capita growth rates in the world, far outstripping the average global GDP per capita growth of 2.9
percent in 2004.3
Effect of high demand on air transport hubs
For air carriers, these emerging markets could open new

and massive catchment areas for passenger traffic, not to
mention new markets for air freight transport to move
consumer goods and raw material for industries.This
paper posits that air transport hubs in Asia and the Middle
East, in particular, will be well placed to take advantage
of the changing world travel patterns.While US and
European hubs will remain important, the relative influence of traditional European hubs for international air
transport will diminish (Figure 3).
Long-haul hubs in the Middle East

As a region, the Middle East enjoys a geocentric location
that is a key advantage in facilitating and optimizing
global air traffic flows eastwest or northsouth. Operating
from a relatively lower cost base than airports and airlines
in other parts of the world, traffic at airports in this
region is surging.
Figure 2: The number of average weeks earnings required to fly from London to Sydney
140
120
2 years
Weeks
100
80
60
1 year
40
20
0
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Source: Data from Thomas and Forbes Smith 2003, p. 181.
Figure 3: Major international travel patterns today
Diminishing relative influence of the European hub

Rise of Asian and Middle Eastern hubs
Source: Author.
97
98
According to Airports Council International (ACI),

traffic growth at airports worldwide increased by 6.5
percent in 2005 over 2004, with airports handling some
4.4 billion passengers and 82 million metric tons of
cargo.The organization estimates that passenger traffic at
airports in the Middle East have increased 10.9 percent,
outstripping all other regions, and cargo traffic growth
stands at 5.4 percent, second only to growth in the Asia
Pacific region.4
A tourism boom in the Middle East is also contributing to the regions air traffic growth, powering the
rapid expansion of airports and airlines. Figures from the
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) indicate that
the Middle East regions share of the worlds tourism
market has increased from 2.5 percent to 4.8 percent
within the past decade, with international tourism
arrivals reaching 38.4 million in 2005.5 For 2006, the
UNWTO predicts that the region will notch up over
8 percent growth, attributing the strong performance
to a growing interregional middle-class market and
continuing investment in infrastructure development and
marketing, along with improved tourism development.
IATA forecasts that international passenger air traffic
in the Middle East will expand by 7 percent in 2006,
with an average annual growth of 6.9 percent until
2010ahead of all other geographic regions including
the economically robust Asia Pacific, where it is predicted
that passenger air traffic will grow 5.7 percent annually
from 2006 until 2010.
The Middle East region is actively tapping into this
potential, and Arabian Gulf countries in particular are
investing heavily to develop their tourism infrastructure.
This in turn is driving investment in airports and the air
transport industry.
Infrastructure investment in the Middle East
Middle Eastern markets are undergoing a phase of strong

economic growth and massive infrastructural development. In the six-nation Gulf Corporation Council
(GCC) region alone, it is estimated that there are some
1,400 planned infrastructure projects worth US$1 trillion
in April 2006,6 of which airport development and
expansions worth over US$40 billion are currently
taking place.
It is an interdependent relationship. Economic
growth drives demand for air transport, and air transport
can in turn contribute to that growth by generating jobs
and secondary industries, as well as facilitate tourism and
trade through the movement of cargo and people across
global markets. However, to take advantage of the
expanding demand for Travel & Tourism, airlines and
airports must have the infrastructure and facilities.The
Gulf region in particular has been a hot-spot of rapid
development in air transport.
Middle Eastern carriers currently account for just
9 percent of long-haul capacity worldwide, but they are
responsible for nearly a quarter of all global long-haul
aircraft deliveries over the next decade.7 Dubai-based

Emirates Airline, for instance, is the largest buyer, with
approximately 70 percent of all new long-haul aircraft
orders in the Middle East, and it is planning to more
than double its all-wide-body fleet capacity by 2012. Its
current order book of over 100 wide-bodied aircraft is
estimated to be worth some US$30 billion. Other airline
players in the region with sizable wide-bodied aircraft
orders include Qatar Airways with an estimated order
book of some 40 aircraft and Etihad Airways with over
20 aircraft pending delivery.
Challenges to growth
Despite bullish projections for global air travel demand,

it is not an entirely a blue skies outlook for commercial
aviation. In the short to medium term, the key challenges
that the industry faces are high fuel prices, infrastructural
and aero-political constraints, the stability of the global
economy, and environmental issues.
Airports and airlines, including those of the Middle
East, will need to tackle the huge supply-side industry
pressures wrought by the combination of increased
traffic, high demand, and high oil prices. Efficiencies
and innovative ways to reduce costs have never been
more vital.
Industry-wide initiatives to increase efficiency
and lower costs include the introduction of e-ticketing,
the establishment of more efficient flight paths, radio
frequency identification (RFID) tagging, the use of the
Internet for flight bookings and air cargo tracking, and
self-service check-in kiosks among many new technologies. Aircraft manufacturers are also developing jets that
are more cost efficient to fly and maintain, but still
afford greater onboard comforts while flying longer
distances in less time.
All throughout the value chainfrom airlines,
airports, and aircraft manufacturers to reservations systems
providers and IT service developersthe industry has to
continue finding dramatic and creative ways to cut costs
and respond to new customer demand.
The A380 and other new long-haul aircraft
Against the backdrop of growing demand and supplyside pressures, new-generation aircraft that offer expanded
range, enhanced passenger comforts, and vastly improved
operating economics will play an integral role.The
massive Airbus A380 double decker, expected to enter
commercial service for the first time in 2007, will
provide long-haul hub carriers such as Emirates and
Singapore Airlines with much-needed capacity to tap
the booming global demand for air travel, while at the
same time seeking to mitigate the likely ongoing slot
shortages and congestion problems experienced at some
airports.
Wide-bodied aircraft capable of efficient and
economical ultra longrange flights, such as Boeings
777 long-range aircraft and Airbus A340-500, also open
airports in fast-developing markets such as China, India,

and the Middle East are finding it increasingly difficult
and costly to attract such talent from the international
market.
Keeping a watch on costs while developing operations and managing rapid growth will be high on the
agenda for Middle Eastern airlines and airports as they
strive to expand and create new markets.They must also
maintain a competitive edge over other well-established
international airports in Europe and Asia, which are
already enjoying hub efficiencies and economies of scale.
Dubai: The ideal long-haul hub

The air transport industry in the Gulf has attracted
increasing international interest in recent years, ignited
by a series of multibillion dollar aircraft orders from
Gulf-based carriers such as Emirates Airline, Qatar
Airways, and Etihad, and stoked by accompanying massive airport expansion and development projects.There
is also excitement in the aviation industry about the
potential of India, which possesses some growth pillars
in common with the Middle East.These include a geographically central location, a strong economic climate,
and air traffic expansion.
However, unlike the Arabian Gulf nations, India has
a huge domestic source market that has yet to develop
to its full potential, and the country has neither the same
level of political commitment nor the capital investments
to drive the development of air transport infrastructure.
Thus this paper suggests that, in the near to medium
term, it is unlikely that Indian airports will develop into
long-haul hubs of the same caliber as is already being
seen in such cities as Singapore and Dubai.
Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make up the
United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the Arabian Gulf, is
developing into a long-haul air transport hub unlike
anything seen before. Its success and rapid growth is
exerting an increasing influence on global air traffic
flows and shaping the way the industry views long-haul
hubs and long-haul carriers.
In the three decades since the UAE was formed in
1971, the rulers of Dubai have deliberately and aggressively pursued a master plan to develop the city into a
global centerfor commerce, tourism, and global air
transportto wean its economy away from dependency
on the emirates small and declining oil reserves. It
would be difficult to find a better location for a global
air transport hub than Dubai, which is perfectly situated
between the major population centers of east and west
and north and south.
Africa, China, Europe, and India are all within
easy reach of nonstop flights from Dubai using current
commercial aircraft. Dubai is also perfectly positioned
to carry the eastwest, ultra longhaul traffic from the
Americas, the Far East, and Australasia with future newgeneration aircraft.Within 8 hours flying time of Dubai,
new routing possibilities for connecting high-demand

city pairs nonstop, or any two points on the globe with
a single stop in a centrally located long-haul hub such as
Dubai. Possible routes, for instance, could link San
Francisco and Dubai nonstop; Buenos Aires to Moscow
via one stop in Dubai; or Sydney to Houston via Dubai.
Combine this long-range capability with that of the
A380, the worlds biggest passenger aircraft, and longhaul carriers such as Dubai-based Emirates will be able
to target any type of market it chooses.The airline will
also have ultra long-range Boeing 777-200LRs in its
fleet, which would provide further flexibility to put
exactly the right aircraft on a specific route.
Long-haul hub carriers such as Emirates differ from
the legacy carriers operating a traditional hub-and-spoke
model. In the latter case, the airlines network consolidates
short-haul traffic into long-haul operations, but a carrier
such as Emirates mainly has long-haul traffic flows.
New-generation aircraft such as the A380 and
Boeing 777-300ERs and 777-200LRs are fundamental
to the development of long-haul hubs in the Middle
East.They are also vital to the future of airlines such as
Emirates, allowing the carrier to remain competitive
while keeping unit costs low in a scenario where it is
forecast that fuel could hit sustained levels of over
US$60 per barrel.
At present, Middle Eastern carriers generally enjoy
a favorable operating environment where their home
cities are investing heavily in infrastructure to develop
the air transport industry as a means to economic
growth. Access to a non-unionized and relatively cheap
labor force at their home bases and the pro-business tax
regimes within which they are working are also factors
that provide Middle Eastern carriers with a relatively
low unit cost base compared with their European and
US counterparts, and with some Asian airlines.
In addition, many of the regions long-haul carriers
such as Emirates, Qatar, and Etihadare operating
young and efficient aircraft fleets that are more cost
effective to fly and maintain than older fleets, again
contributing to these airlines unit cost advantage as
well as to their ability to win and retain customers by
providing a better flight experience. For example,
Emirates all wide-bodied fleet of over 90 aircraft average
only 61 months in age compared with the industry
average of 187 months.
A Boston Consulting Group report estimates that,
on a like-for-like basis on long-haul routes, Middle
Eastern carriers have a long-term total unit cost
advantage over US and European carriers of between
18 and 32 percent.8
However, rapid economic growth in the Middle
Eastin particular the Gulf nationsmay erode this
unit cost advantage as inflationary pressures build up. In
addition, the strong growth in air transport worldwide
means skilled labor such as pilots, aviation engineers,
and flight controllers are in high demand. Airline and
99
Figure 4: Dubai: The ideal long-haul hub
6.3 billion people within 16 hours of Dubai (2005)

East Asia
Europe
Middle East
653 644
North America
1,527 1,586
667
434
577
433
2,220
2005 2050
2005 2050
1,398
2005 2050
642
Dubai
2005 2050
1,431
799
579
888
2005 2050
443
South Asia
2005 2050
2005 2050
2005 2050
Africa
Asia Pacific
South America
...growing to 8.5 billion in 2050!
Source: Based on data from UN 2004.
100
the citys catchment area encompasses approximately 5.5

billion peoplea figure projected to grow to 7.8 billion
by 2050.9 If that area were expanded to a 16-hour
radius, within reach of new ultra longrange aircraft,
Dubais air hub could potentially serve a population of
6.3 billionor a projected 8.5 billion people by 2050
(see Figure 4).
Dubai International Airport: Potential for growth
The potential is enormous. If only 10 percent of the

population in the expanded catchment area traveled by
air, and only 20 percent of those chose to travel via Gulf
hubs, there will be a potential customer base of some
170 million people in 2050 for Gulf operators.
As a long-haul hub, Dubai also has an added bonus:
it is a destination and attraction in its own right. Driven
by a sustainable long-term vision to transform the
emirate into a global powerhouse for commerce and
tourism, the Dubai government has successfully attracted
multibillion dollar investments and scores of foreign
companies to set up operations in the city. Dubai is
arguably the fastest growing city in the world, with an
annual average GDP growth rate of 10 percent over the
past decade. Planned developments announced in Dubai
are estimated to be worth some US $200 billion.10
Investments in the real estate sector alone are estimated
to come to US$50 billion by 2010; these include infrastructure projects in the free-zones and mega projects
such as the Palm Islands and The World (land reclamation
projects visible from space), Burj Dubai (the worlds
tallest tower), Dubailand (the worlds largest tourism

attraction, planned to be 100 times the size of Monaco
when complete), and the new Dubai Waterfront (the
worlds largest waterfront development, to be larger than
Manhattan)just to name a few.
Without a doubt, Dubais Open Skies policy has
played a major role in the citys success as a commercial
center and air transport hub. As a result of this open
skies model, any airline has the ability to fly to the emirate and compete without restriction.This is the reason
that Dubai International Airport today is served by over
110 scheduled airlines that link the city to some 190
destinations. It allows the emirate to offer the extensive
air services critical to attracting conventions and trade
shows, and critical also to influencing the location of
corporate and regional headquarters, service companies,
research and development facilities, and manufacturing
sites.
Consumers, business travelers in particular, also
benefit when they choose to travel through Dubai hub
airport, because they have a greater choice of flights and
destinations, greater frequency of service, flexibility in
rescheduling, and a general efficiency in their travel,
such as avoiding the time and cost of an overnight stay
because of good flight connections.
As a global destination, Dubai currently attracts
over 6.5 million visitors annually, and it is putting in
place the infrastructure to attract 15 million visitors by
2010. Its flagship carrier Emirates, with its more than
100 new aircraft on order and its ambitions to connect
Dubai airport infrastructure investments 200510
Dubai International Airport, which only recently completed its first major expansion with the opening of its
second terminal (the Sheikh Rashid Terminal) in 1999,
is now investing in further expansion to tap into the
growth in air travel demand globally and in the region.
A new airport terminal, tailor-made to accommodate
the Airbus A380 aircraft, will be ready by the end of
2007, as will a new Cargo Mega Terminal.The airport is
also building two additional concourses and upgrading
its airfield facilities with new aprons, taxiways, tunnels,
and runway extensions.When fully completed, this
US$4.1 billion expansion phase will boost the airports
capacity to 70 million passengers and 3.6 million tonnes
of cargo annually.
But passenger traffic at Dubai airport is projected to
hit 60 million in 2010, so these new facilities would
reach full operational capacity within just two years of
completion.That is why construction has already commenced at the new Dubai World Central in Jebel Ali,
some 60 kilometers from the current airport. Dubai
World Central is a brand new, integrated airport city in
a free-zone environment. It comprises a multitransport
mode logistics hub, an international airport with six
runways and the capacity for 120 million passengers
annually, a residential development for 750,000 people, a
golf resort, and commercial centers.The first phase of
Dubai World Central is due for completion in 2009.
Gazing into the crystal ball

It is still too early to tell if a dual-airport system in
Dubai will take off, or even be necessary. It is clear,
however, that the city is intent on establishing a strong
position to tap into the future growth of global air
transport demand.
Bolstered by strong GDP growth, expanding
populations, and rising affluence, other cities in the
Gulf are also experiencing an increasing demand for air
travel. Having observed Dubais model for success, these
cities too are keen to tap on the regions aviation and
tourism boom to diversify their traditionally oil- and
gas-dependent economies.
Planned projects in the Gulf region will see more
than US$40 billion invested in new airport infrastructure
over the next five years. Announced projects include:
Dubai directly to more than 100 cities around the world

by 2012, is well positioned to support and build on this
growth. In fact, the success of Dubai and its home
carrier Emirates Airline has been such that neighboring
countries and airlinesnotably Qatarhave begun to
emulate this model of symbiotic growth.
As a center for air transport, Dubai is already the
regions busiest airport and transshipment hub.The city
whose aviation industry started off in 1937 as a stop-over
point for Imperial Airways flying boats enroute to
Karachi is today the worlds 12th busiest airport for
international passenger traffic and 11th ranked for cargo
traffic.11 More than 20 million travelers and some 1.2
million tonnes of cargo passed through Dubais airport
in 2005, and both passenger and cargo traffic are on
track for 15 percent growth in 2006.
The citys confidence in its ability to play an even
bigger role in the future of air transport is reflected in
its massive plans to put in place new infrastructure, and
in the inauguration of Dubai Aerospace Enterprises in
early 2006.This joint-venture consortium is intent on
becoming a world player in aircraft leasing, airport
design and management, aviation training, maintenance
repair and overhaul, manufacturing, and consultancy
with particular focus on emerging markets in the
Middle East, Asia, India and China.
a US$6.8 billion Abu Dhabi airport expansion,

a US$5.5 billion new airport in Qatar,
US$2.1 billion for airport expansion in Kuwait,
a US$1.5 billion airport expansion plan in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and
over US$33 billion for the new Dubai World
Central airport and integrated logistics city in
Dubais Jebel Ali.
Some industry watchers have expressed skepticism about
the viability of multiple airports competing for longhaul traffic in the Gulf region, predicting a potential
fall-out or rationalization.This need not be the case.
Southeast Asia can be viewed as an example.This is a
region with a head start of about a decade on the
Middle East in terms of experiencing strong and steady
economic and air transport growth.
Singapore,Thailand, and to a lesser extent Malaysia,
today operate successful long-haul hubs in a region that
is highly competitive but buoyed by a strong economic
environment and expanding travel demand. All three
countries have invested heavily in air transport infrastructure, and have flagship carriers that focus on international long-haul traffic.Thailand has just inaugurated
its new Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok with a
capacity for 45 million passengers annually; Singapores
Changi Airport, having just completed a US$153 million
upgrade of its second terminal, is currently building a
third terminal to boost its annual capacity to 64 million.
Being situated close to competitive long-haul hubs
does not appear to have had a negative impact on these
Southeast Asian airlines or airports, nor has the recent
mushrooming of low-cost point-to-point carriers
operating in that region. In fact, according to analysts
in Asia, the concern is the need to expand existing
infrastructure to cope with air transport demand rather
than competition between hubs.
101
102
According to Peter Harbison, executive chairman of

the Sydney-based independent aviation consultancy
CAPA, Asias major hubs will continue to have to
invest in new airport capacity, to meet expected trade
and tourism growth.The capacity shortages run the risk
of undermining hub competitiveness, not to mention
inconvenience to passengers, while airport congestion
can also lead to financial loss for airlines.12
Having the necessary infrastructure to support air
transport growth appears to be a theme not only in Asia
and in the Gulf, but also worldwide. At the Global Air
Transport Outlook Conference in Montreal in July 2006,
Airports Council International Director Robert Aaronson
said, Time is running out on the building of airport
capacity to meet anticipated demand.The strain on many
airports is already apparent. And the growth continues
unabated this year according to our monthly data.
He added that global airport capacity is not matching
projected global passenger growth, and the implications
of capacity shortfall and its resulting congestion are
bleak in terms of the quality of the travel experience.
10 See the Middle East Economic Digest (MEED) Projects Database,

April 2006.
Conclusion
The global market for air transport is getting bigger.
There will always be room for a carrier such as
Emirates, served by a hub such as Dubai. In the future
of air transport, geo-centrally located long-haul hubs,
particularly in the Middle East, are set to play an
increasingly important role if the resources are invested
to tap into the potential for growth the way that Dubai
and other Gulf nations have done.
European hubs will continue to play an important
role in global air traffic flows, but the rise of new longhaul hubs in the Middle East, combined with the advent
of new ultra long-haul aircraft, will influence these flows
and affect the way travelers experience long-haul travel.
For global businesses and international travelers, the
development and strengthening of long-haul hubs in the
Middle East ultimately delivers more air transport
options and potentially more efficient ways to travel or
to ship products to international markets.
Sutherland, J. and F. Wuebbeler. 2006. Key Findings. In Bridging the

Gulf. Llyods Worldwide Market, June 2006. Available at
www.lloyds.com/NR/rdonlyres/4D748C8D-3D7D-47A3-84FAF4D180648788/0/ReportMiddleEastKeyFindingsSept06.pdf.
Notes
1 See IATA (2006).
2 See Budde et al. (2006b).
3 See World Bank (2006). In 2004, GDP per capita growth for China
was 9.4 percent, India 5.4 percent, Brazil 3.5 percent, and Russia
7.7 percent.
4 See ACI (2006).
5 See UNWTO (2006).
6 See Sutherland and Wuebbeler (2006).
7 See BCG (2006a).
8 See BCG (2006a).
9 See UN (2004).
11 See ACI (2005, p. 14).

12 See Han (2006).
References
ACI (Airports Council International). 2005. World Airport Ranking. Report
published by ACI.
. 2006. World Report July (2).
. Updated monthly data. Available at www.airports.org/cda/aci/
display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1377-1383_9_2
and www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=
aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1380_9_2.
Budde, F., J. Goth, R. Love, D. Schilling, and B. Woffenden. 2006a.
The Rise of Middle Eastern Carriers. Boston Consulting Group
report, September.
. 2006b. Understanding the Demand for Air Travel: How to
Compete More Effectively. Boston Consulting Group report,
June.
Han, B. 2006. Asian Airport Investment Vital for Regional Growth:
Analysts. Agence France-Presse, October 8.
IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2006. Passenger and
Freight Forecast 20062010. IATA report, September. Available
at www.iata.org/economics.
Thomas, G. and C. Forbes Smith. 2003. Flightpaths: Exposing the

Myths about Airlines and Airfares. Aerospace Technical
Publications International Pty Ltd
UN (United Nations). 2004. World Population Prospects: The 2002
Revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2006. World Tourism Barometer
4 (1).
World Bank. 2006. World Development Indicators 2006 Online.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
The Challenge of Open Skies

in the Middle East: How to
Manage Competition in the
High-Growth Air Transport
Sector
SAMER MAJALI, President and CEO, Royal Jordanian Airlines
GEOFFREY WESTON, Vice President Cargo, Royal Jordanian Airlines
The Middle Eastern air transport sector is maturing rapidly. Recent significant capacity increases from relatively
new carriers are equalled in ambition by internal change
within incumbent airlines. A formerly sleepy backwater
in the aviation landscape is generating increasing interest.
From 1999 to 2005, international flying within the
Middle East increased from 3 million to 12 million
passengers: a fourfold increase compared with an international average rise over the six-year period of 30
percent.1 Some of the most substantial aircraft orders in
the world are taking place in the Middle East. Adoption
of cutting-edge reservation and commercial technologies
is commonplace, and a few airlines are joining the global
airline alliances. Investment in both primary and secondary airports is booming, and the auxiliary industries
(such as maintenance, catering, flight training, and airport
handling) are rapidly undergoing consolidation and
privatization.
The diversity of business models is also maturing as
airlines evolve from the traditional flag carrier model to
a more sophisticated set of strategies.These differences
are driven by diverging wealth levels and national
economic policies, and are reflected in different fleet
strategies. A few new airlines are single-type carriers,
mimicking the classic low-cost model. Other airlines
focus on wide-body fleets, leveraging the lower seat
mile costs and substantial airfreight capacity as part of a
hub strategy.The wide-body airlines based in relatively
small home markets will necessarily rely substantially on
transit traffic. Recent orders for regional jets by other
carriers reflect a growing interest in developing thinner
routes and matching capacity to demand.
The drivers of change

Seven forces are both driving these changes and feeding
upon each other. It is more useful to consider them
separately rather than group them as a generic result of
globalization. Indeed, these forces are in some cases
very particular to the Middle East.
The first is the increased demand for air travel stimulated by the rapid growth in Middle Eastern economies.
Two principal causes of this increased demand stand
out: a steep rise in population and rising fossil fuel
prices.These factors have led not only to an increase in
disposable income but also to a substantial increase in
capital available for businesses, which in turn leads to
more employment and increased demand for travel.
These results have shifted the demand curve to the
right, creating opportunity for the supply of air transport
to expand profitably in its wake. Furthermore, recent
geopolitical events have made it more difficult for
Middle Eastern capital to be invested abroad.These
restrictions on flows of capital from the Middle East lead
to even more local investment than would otherwise be
the case.
1.9: The Challenge of Open Skies in the Middle East
CHAPTER 1.9
103
104
The second force is an increasing relaxation of

bilateral agreements between Middle Eastern states,
which opens up international traffic.This is especially
true for secondary destinations. Civil aviation authorities
are implementing the increased political willingness of
their governments to push for more capacity in the
skies. In some cases, this is a positive by-product of
increased cross-border investments.These investments
create an environment in which economic ties are often
reinforced with other examples of openness, such as air
transport liberalization.
Third, several Middle Eastern governments are
granting new operating licenses that directly increase the
number of carriers, thus stimulating competition and
expanding capacity. Even the most economically and
politically conservative governments are doing this.
Other states are setting firm timetables for the end of
the incumbent carriers monopoly, or are using the designation of secondary points as Open Skies to attract
new carriers. Furthermore, other airlines operating as
charter or airfreight carriers are increasingly encouraged
to base themselves in secondary airports.
The fourth force is the increasing reluctance of
some states to subsidize the incumbent airline directly.
There is increasing pressure on many airlines, well
before their privatizations are timetabled, to create
economic value. Sometimes this leads to the spin-off of
profitable auxiliary services.
Fifth, and as a result of the above forces, there has
developed a brisk increase in the flows of labor (both
white and blue collar) from other regions to the Middle
East.The biggest flow is from the Indian subcontinent.
As the growth of the demand for human resources outstrips local talent and capacity, a new market has been
created as millions of foreign workers relocate to the
Middle East.
Sixth, several states in the Middle East are pursuing
an economic policy that requires a strong airline at its
core.This strategy of creating economic hubs combines
industrial and touristic objectives.This is often a combination of a sea/air intermodal freight strategy and
a tourism strategy.These policies require the rapid
establishment of economic entities that will support a
vertiginous increase in the flow of goods and people
through the hub. A strong, multidestination and highcapacity airline sits at the heart of this strategy. It is
imperative to ensure both that the deep seaport has a
reliable air outlet for the mostly East-West flows, and
that the hub has passenger air traffic links with a wide
spectrum of tourist source markets.
It could also be argued that this sixth force is
sometimes combined with the intent to use air travel as
an instrument of foreign policy. A fast-growing and
aggressively marketed airline is a relatively cheap way of
gaining visibility abroad. In many ways, this policy is an
updated version of the traditional flag carrier model
however, it is a policy with considerably more funding
than the traditional one, with higher service levels, and

with substantial corollary infrastructure.
The seventh and final driving force, strongly linked
to the sixth, is the infrastructure developments that
accompany the strategic use of airlines as a wider
economic policy.These investments are most visible
at seaports and airports. Investment in airports will be
distributed not only in physical buildings but also in
handling services.There is, it should be noted, a risk of
market distortion here if as a result the home carrier has
access to handling charges and services that are not in
line with the costs. Leaving these issues to one side, it is
clear that substantial investments in this infrastructure
support the development of airlines as they remove a
series of obstacles to growth.
The good news

The developments described above are generally welcome.
The virtuous circle of increased capacity, falling fares and
stimulated demand for air transport supports regional
markets and strengthens their relevance to the wider
global economy. Middle Eastern airlines are stimulating
investment in aircraft technology, creating employment,
and supporting closer economic integration in a region
previously characterized by isolationist tendencies.Their
growth sends a clear message from many Middle Eastern
states that they are keen to play their part in the world
community and to strengthen trade and transport links
with the rest of the world.
The impressive increase in tourism flows to the
Middle East creates positive political fallout. Stopover
programs are creating the opportunity for business
travelers to take a break in a country that they would
not otherwise visit.The acceleration of non-oil-related
foreign investment is a testament to the diversification
of many Middle Eastern economies. It is cheaper and
easier than ever to do business in the Middle East.
Furthermore, as airlines grow and become more professional, they increasingly focus on both modernizing their
fleets and increasing adherence to international standards
such as the International Air Transport Association
(IATA) Operational Safety Audit.
Problems ahead
It is not clear, however, that these expansionary and
generally positive trends are leading to a genuinely fair
competitive environment that would result in sustainable
growth of the regional air transport sector. Indeed, in
many ways these very high levels of growth in the
Middle Eastern air transport sector mask the absence of
a regional agreement on the boundaries of fair competition.The director general of IATA, Giovanni Bisignani,
recently asked a gathering of Middle Eastern airline
CEOs how do we make sure your emerging success
consider the full context of the air transport sectors

requirements.
Issues with the European Union

It is in the interests of the European Union to engage
constructively with the Middle East on the issue of air
transport. In fact, the European Union is well positioned
to do this and is already targeting increased cooperation
between the two regions with initiatives such as Euromed.
Furthermore, the painful journey of European airline
privatization is almost over (with only one major airline
still not significantly restructured); thus Europes competitive relationship with the airlines of neighboring
regions will soon become a key issue.
Indeed, the major European carriers are some of
the most vocal critics of the fast-growing airlines based
in the Middle East.The complaints primarily concern
issues of competitiveness. However, Middle Eastern
airlines also have reasons to be unhappy with certain
anticompetitive traits of the EU skies. An excellent
example of this is access to major airports.This access is
restricted by an archaic grandfather rights slots system,
which prevents Middle Eastern carriers from expanding
capacity to major European hubs; there are no similar
impediments for EU carriers in the Middle East. Instead
of an efficient market in airport slotswhich would
mirror increasingly mature markets in handling, catering,
and other auxiliary servicesMiddle Eastern airlines are
excluded from competing with incumbents.
Moreover, the EU Horizontal Agreement initiative
vis--vis ASAs is counterproductive. It makes the renegotiation of any ASA with a member state difficult by
forcing the other state to accept a clause that allows
any EU-based carrier to use these rights. For example,
if a Middle Eastern state wishes to increase the flight
frequency in its ASA with France, it would have to
accept that, from that time forward, any EU member
state carrier could use the French flight frequency
from France to that Middle Eastern state. Although this
might address internal EU legal issues, it severely cramps
the possibility of liberalizing ASAs between Middle
Eastern countries and any EU member state.The
desired path would be a gradual relaxation based on
mutual conveniencethe current situation is imbalanced.
The EU should consider providing more leeway when
negotiating with Middle Eastern states that manage their
home carrier with economic policies similar to those of
EU member states.
Two areas of necessary progress

The first step forward needs to be taken within the
Middle East.The evolution of a group of states that is
committed internally to fair competition is crucial.
Competitive fairness is a necessary step for genuinely
unsubsidized airlines in the region to feel comfortable
story has a happy ending? He called for the implementation of real policy measures to support growth. 2
As the skies open, it is increasingly important that
a basic set of competitive criteria be established.
Strengthening intraregional competition regulations
will allow economically viable airlines to flourish in an
environment that rewards genuine commercial success.
Further down the line, a correctly regulated Middle
Eastern aviation sector will allow a structured rationalization of capacity to take place, with productive mergers
and acquisitions creating a number of strong regional
airlines. Scale is important in a consolidating market, and
solid regulation will support this.The current risk is the
inefficient allocation of resources, leading to a very high
increase in capacity that is not able to channel itself in
an economically viable manner through market forces.
Unfortunately, some of the faster-growing Middle
Eastern carriers are currently pushing for a superficial
version of Open Skies that limits itself to expanding
Air Service Agreements (ASAs).These carriers call for
unlimited frequency/capacity between states.This
unfortunate state of events is a by-product of certain
states putting their national short-term interests ahead
of the development of a mature regional air transport
industry.
The sixth and seventh forces outlined above are
usually present in the home markets of the airlines that
are less willing to sign up for fair competition regulation.
The losers in unregulated Open Skies would be the
airlines that are genuinely free-market, with neither
state support (direct or indirect through infrastructure)
nor access to cheap capital.These airlines, ironically, have
to restrain the political pressures to liberalize ASAs.
It took decades for the European Union to develop
and implement a framework for regulating air transport.
The Treaty of Rome in the late 1950s put the structure
in place, but it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that
European countries started to address the direct economic
support of airlines by their governments.There are many
pressures, both from within the Middle East and from
without, for a shallow liberalization of the skies that is
far from the necessary comprehensive approach. Such an
approach would consider, among other elements, key
issues such as taxation, security, access, infrastructure, and
competition law.These issues have been left to one side
in the Middle East because air transport has traditionally
been considered a luxury and policies have not yet
adapted to the enormous growth of the last decade.
Currently some airlines in this region are stuck
between two conflicting realities. On the one hand they
are pressured to be economically viable and financially
independent from their parent governments. At the same
time they are pushed toward a competitive environment
that allows less financially independent airlines unlimited
access to their home market.This is a result of a onedimensional approach to liberalization that fails to
105
106
with the opening of skies.Therefore the countries that

are willing to agree to a fair competition environment
should come together and campaign for comprehensive
liberalization in the region.These airlines should push
both the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) and regional bodies such as the Arab Air Carriers
Organization (AACO) and the Arab Civil Aviation
Commission (ACAC).Within their states these airlines
should lobby their respective ministries of transport to
insist on a stronger emphasis on establishing competition
law that would protect the unsupported airlines.
In parallel to this, the European Union needs to
reconsider its current negotiating stance with regard to
the further liberalization of ASAs. It should depart from
its current policy and deal differently with those states
willing to engage in truly comprehensive negotiations
within a framework of fair competition. A phased
approach to the designation issue would allow Middle
Eastern countries to renegotiate and open their skies
with the European Union at a measured pace. Immediate
acceptance of this designation clause could be replaced
with a commitment to accept in three or four years.
Furthermore, the European Union should strive to
create incentives for countries that are clearly showing
an intention to move toward EU-style air transport
policies: no subsidies, privatizations, encouragement of
startups, and privately financed infrastructure.These
policies are creating partners that the European Union
should be keener to integrate into their skies and with
whom the all-important issue of slots should be
addressed.
Creating a fair and sustainable air transport sector in
the region is something that all Middle Eastern airlines
should aspire to in the medium to long term. Every airline has a stake in a balanced and correctly structured
market. It is also in the interests of nearby countries and
regional blocs, such as the European Union, to support
initiatives that lead to economically rational and stable
outcomes.With such impressive growth and evolving
maturity in the industry, ensuring sustainability and
developing deeper integration into the international air
transport market is highly desirable.
Notes
1 See IATA (2000, 2006).
2 Remarks by Giovanni Bisignani at the AACO Annual General
Meeting, Kuwait City, November 22, 2006.
References
IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2000. World Air Transport
Statistics. 44th edition. Montreal: IATA.
. 2006. World Air Transport Statistics Special 50th Edition
Montreal: IATA.
Driving Tourism Growth

through Consumer-Centric
Marketing
BRAD CORRODI, Managing Partner, Rosetta Marketing Group
Numerous studies have established the powerful economic and social benefits of a strong Travel & Tourism
(T&T) sector, for developing economies as well as
maturing ones. Realizing the significant potential from
sustained growth has often proven more challenging.
There have been relatively few analyses performed on
how T&T sectors develop or what specific actions can
be taken by governments and industry to accelerate the
pace of development while achieving the desired sector
composition. Further, there are both structural and practical barriers that must be addressed in order to build
and sustain momentum for growth. Recently, however,
the massive changes that have occurred in the structure
of travel distribution have opened up new opportunities
for collaboration between the public and private sectors
to achieve tourism development objectives. By taking a
rigorous, market-based consumer-centric approach to
collaborative marketing, travel suppliers, tourist boards,
and commercial intermediaries can radically improve
the productivity of their marketing spending while
accelerating sustainable, profitable growth.
The core of the tourism growth challenge lies in
the circular interdependence of supply and demand (see
Figure 1). Governments and travel suppliers must invest
in a broad range of infrastructure and capacity in order
to create a credible proposition for business investors
and leisure travelers (as highlighted in the Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Index, or TTCI).The proposition must be communicated to these constituents and
delivered as expected in order for the flow of visitors to
continue. Similarly, governments and suppliers need to
see growth in demand in order to see returns on their
initial investments (in the form of tax receipts, GDP
growth, and capacity utilization) before committing to
additional infrastructure and capacity.The result is a
chicken-and-egg feedback loop, which can lead to
either an upward or a downward spiral.
In the case of the positive, upward spiral, demand
markets gain momentum from early visitors and
investors who have had positive experiences and talk
about the merits of a destination to otherseffectively
multiplying the impact of ongoing destination marketing
and development spending.The strong growth in
demand encourages other suppliers to invest in the destination, and reinforces the credibility and funding for
continuing tourism development initiativesincluding
deregulation and structural reforms as well as continued
infrastructure and marketing funding. Singapore (ranked
8th in the TTCI) and Dubai (in aggregate, the UAE
ranked 18th) are perhaps the best-known cases of such
positive feedback. Both governments made a clear, substantial, and public commitment to the development of
the tourism sector, directed according to a clear tourism
strategy developed collaboratively among public and
private stakeholders. As a result, these destinations succeeded in gaining broad public awareness in key source
markets, with consistent messaging and brand positioning.
1.10: Driving Tourism Growth through Consumer-Centric Marketing
CHAPTER 1.10
107
Figure 1: The interdependence of supply and demand
Investment
Operators / suppliers
Capacity
Traveler
Socialization of
destination interest
Prominence of
market positioning
Consumer
experience
Consumer
expectations
Traveler
Infrastructure
Destination stakeholders
Investment
108
Source: Rosetta, 2006.
Most importantly, visitors to these destinations found

the experience consistent with the brand promise, and
private sector suppliers were relatively free to increase
their services to and within these markets.
Unfortunately, there are many more cases where
investments in tourism development have not ignited a
positive feedback growth engine. Each case is unique,
and there are often many factors that contribute to the
failure. Five of the most common are highlighted below:
1. Insufficient critical mass. Building consumer
awareness of a brand or product requires multiple
impressions over time, and it is increasingly difficult
and costly to attract consumers attention amongst a
flood of advertising messages. Most destinations and
suppliers simply are not large enough to justify the
cost of campaigns that are big enough to cut
through the clutter.
2. Lack of resonance. Campaigns that succeed in
generating impressions may not generate consumer
response.Too often marketers try to maximize
response by designing campaigns that will appeal to
as broad an audience as possibleand end up with
a message that is far too generic to motivate any

particular consumer type. Effective campaigns
generate response with a product promise, messaging,
and a call to action that is relevant to the specific
attributes that a target consumer group feels are
important.
3. Inability to convert. Even campaigns that succeed
in generating response are unsuccessful from a
financial perspective when inquiries are not cultivated
effectively.Tourist board promotions that direct
consumers to a telephone service bureau that is
equipped only to take brochure requests will dissipate
the consumers initial enthusiasm and fail to convert
interest into sales.
4. Misalignment with the promise. Campaigns
that promise a destination experience that is at odds
with reality quickly find the results to be counterproductive. Numerous studies have shown that
negative travel experiences are shared many times
more often than positive ones, and have a far
greater impact on others travel-decision process.
All of these sources of failure tend to have a common

root causea failure to establish the basis and structure
for collaboration among the diverse private and public
stakeholders that constitute the T&T ecosystem. Although
the broad objectives of generating growth are clear and
agreed, in very few cases have the various stakeholders
established specifically where their interests are aligned
and where they diverge, nor have they defined the specific rules of engagement that are required to make
ongoing co-opetition work in practice. Initial agreement on a television campaign to promote a destination
often breaks down when the discussion turns to the size
and relative contributions to the media buy. Even simple
collaboration on the conversion of interest to sales such
as destination-based hotel booking service centersface
difficulties in maintaining participation from tourist
board members when they become concerned about
which properties are actually being recommended to
callers and why.
In the cases of both Dubai and Singapore, strong
top-down leadership ensured that all participants understood and accepted the rules of engagement: who would
establish the overall marketing and communications
strategy; how marketing and infrastructure development
would be funded; the standards that each supplier would
be expected to meet; and, specifically, how each participant could expect to benefit from the successful growth
of the destination as a whole. However, asserting such
top-down leadership and control of a destination proposition is simply not feasible in many other situations,
particularly in economies with established tourism sectors
where existing players are unlikely to delegate their
interests to a central authority. Further, centralized plans
may not respond effectively to market demand signals,
just as planned economies have generally underperformed market economies.
Faced with these challenges, governments of some
smaller economies have essentially outsourced responsibility for their positioning as a destination to foreign
tour operators. In these arrangements, the government
and local suppliers effectively subsidize the sourcemarket activities of the operator through deeply
discounted net rates and direct payments for presence
in their brochures. Such arrangements can be mutually
beneficial, as they address the first three hurdles in

destination marketing:
By combining products from several suppliers and
destinations into a single brochure (and other
marketing media), the communications can achieve
a critical mass in crowded source markets.
The tour operators experience in developing
marketing materials for a given source market helps
to ensure that the specific marketing treatments
resonate with the consumers in that market, in terms
of their rational and emotive needs and motivators
for purchase.
The tour operators have well-established business
systems to convert consumer inquiries into a sale,
finding the specific destination and product bundle
that is best suited to the consumers requirements.
However, these arrangements between government
tourism authorities and tour operators also break down
as a consequence of the final two hurdles. It can be
difficult to control how a tour operator positions a
destination to its customers; under economic pressure,
an operator may cut back on the marketing it invests in
some destinations or resort to discounts and promotions
that do not deliver the types of travelers sought by the
destination government and suppliers. Conversely, once
a destination has become popular, local suppliers may
seek to boost rates (and governments to raise fees) to
levels where the operator has a strong incentive to move
passengers to other products.This ongoing tension
between the operator and suppliers, combined with the
export of a significant proportion of tourism spending
(and profits) to the operators, has led many destinations
to view outsourcing marketing to large tour operators as
a less than optimal strategy for driving tourism growth.
Over just the last three years, however, the structure
of the travel distribution value chain has changed radically,
opening new opportunities for collaborative destination
marketing among diverse public and private stakeholders.
A series of three disruptive changes have triggered and
reinforced one another, a domino effect that has
changed the environment to such a degree that T&T
marketers need to reexamine long-held assumptions
about what constitutes best practices in travel marketing.
Briefly, these changes are the following:
Rapid growth in consumers online travel
research activity. More than in any other sector of
the economy, the Internet has radically changed the
way that consumers shop for travel. Leisure travel
in particular has always been a high-involvement
purchase, with consumers seeking a broad range of
information as part of an extended shopping
5. Choking the golden goose. Some of the most

successful destination campaigns have failed to
deliver sustained growth when government stakeholders have failed to understand that a transparent,
open market for tourism investment is a critical
precondition for positive-feedback multiplier effects
to take hold. Early success can be stifled if wellconnected players are allowed to unduly influence
subsequent market access, or if the tourism industry
becomes unduly burdened with tax or cross-subsidy
obligations.
109
110
process. However, few anticipated the magnitude of

latent desire to spend time learning more about a
broader range of alternatives and find the best fit
(or deals). Consumers direct, proactive involvement
in the research process opens a whole new set of
opportunities for travel marketers to reach specific
target groups.
Increased transparency into the travel-buying
process. When consumers conducted the majority
of their research off line, using newspapers, magazines,
brochures, and guide books, it was practically
impossible for travel marketers to discern what
communications played a role in a consumers
purchase process, or to identify which consumers
had reached a point in their research process where
proactive direct marketing would be cost effective.
With most consumers conducting at least a portion
of their research online (research suggests that
8085 percent do) it is now possible for travel
marketers to capture much greater insight into who
is interested in what types of travel and for what
purpose, and where they are in their decisionmaking process.
Innovative new intermediary business models.
Traceability of consumer buying behavior has
effectively broken what had been one of the most
fundamental premises of travel distributionthat
intermediaries could get paid by suppliers only for
owning and processing a booking transaction. In
the past, a travel agent could bear significant cost to
have a storefront in a good location and could
spend valuable time educating a consumer about a
destination and productand still not receive any
compensation were the consumer to book directly
with the supplier.Today, the traceability of consumers research activity has made it commonplace
for suppliers to pay for leads and referrals from a
wide range of online intermediaries, including
Google,Yahoo, meta-search sites, and usercontributed content sites. Most of these intermediary
players do not hold travel product inventory or
even have the capacity to process a transaction
simply directing visitors to a supplier site that has a
high conversion rate is enough to claim a significant
portion of the travel distribution value chain.This
type of transparent referral business model can be
directly applied to a wide range of collaborative
marketing efforts, including destination-centric collaboration among public and private stakeholders.
These recent changes in the structure of travel
distribution have thus made it far more practical for a
group of local suppliers and government tourism ministries to collaborate on consumer marketing campaigns.
Both online and traditional advertising can be designed

to drive inquiries to tailored websites, providing the
measurability that is critical to surmounting the five
most common failures in tourism marketing. Online
media and search keywords can be purchased at smaller
scale than traditional media, focusing on targeted
audiences, largely addressing the issue of critical mass.
Response and click-through behaviors can be rigorously
tracked and measured, allowing campaigns to be tailored
for resonance with target audiences.Well-designed
destination websites can qualify visitors and forward
leads in a form that enables suppliers to convert from
interest to sales effectively. Further, the direct consumer
contact initiated through such an approach can be
developed into an ongoing relationship that can be
queried to ensure that consumers travel experiences
have been positive.
Putting such an approach into action requires a
combination of established best practices and investment
in commercial analytical marketing capabilities:
A public-private partnership on the primary
tourism board. As vividly demonstrated at the
World Economic Forums Travel & Tourism simulation in Jordan in June 2004, tourism boards that
operate solely as a government services or as a trade
group are far less effective than blended partnership
boards that have a clear charter stipulating their
constituents roles, objectives, and criteria for
success.
A clear and realistic tourism strategy. Specific
goals and objectives for tourism development must
be grounded in an understanding of the dynamics
of the travel industry, including how (and when)
suppliers make investment and capacity decisions,
andmost importantlya realistic appraisal of the
choices consumers have among destinations, and
how well a proposed offering is likely to compare.
Actionable consumer segmentation. In order for
destinations to succeed in achieving critical mass
and resonance, they must be able to define, understand, and address a very specific set of target market
segments. Broad socio-demographic definitions do
not have enough resolution to allow media buying
that is sufficiently precise, nor do they provide
enough insight into target consumer groups to
develop product and message and offer treatments
that will resonate. Best-in-class direct marketers
have far outpaced most travel marketers in their
ability to use a combination of primary consumer
research, database analytics, and empirical testing to
design systematic processes for generating target
consumer inquiries cost-effectively.
Rigorous analytical planning, tracking, and

measurement. Experience with world-class direct
marketers has established that effective targeting and
tailoring of direct marketing programs can deliver
an initial 3050 percent improvement in marketing
return on investment (ROI) over typical database
marketing approaches. More surprising is that an
additional improvement of the same order of magnitude is usually possible by continuously fine-tuning
inquiry generation, marketing treatment design, and
conversion tactics. It is only by setting up a highly
robust, analytical foundation for planning, testing,
and measuring specific marketing programs against
each target consumer population that returns are
maximized. Further, such an analytical foundation
provides the basis for ensuring that all stakeholders
understand the performance of the collaborative
efforts and the benefit realized over other alternatives.
In many ways, the stakes in tourism marketing have
never been greater.These new opportunities to drive
tourism growth through consumer-centric marketing
will only increase the market price for sources of consumer inquiries, such as tourism-related search words.
Those destinations that find a way to work together
toward a common set of target consumer objectives
and build the analytical capabilities needed to take an
ROI-based approach to their marketing will likely be
the only groups to ignite and sustain positive-feedback
growth and ensure that their tourism sector delivers its
social and economic development potential.
Consumer-centric website design. In order for

conversion objectives to be met, direct-response
landing pages must pick up from where the
campaign leaves off, enticing consumers to explore
further and engage with destination content as part
of their research. Just as importantly, the site must
be effective in qualifying visitorsin helping refine
an understanding of what they are looking for so
that referrals to partners are both relevant to the
consumer and worthwhile for the supplier to pursue.
111
Part 2
and Data Presentation
2.1
THIERRY GEIGER, Economist, World Economic Forum
This section presents two-page profiles for all the 124

economies included in the Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2007.
Left-hand page
Travel & Tourism indicators
How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles
The second section presents Travel & Tourism (T&T)

indicators that aim to provide a measure of the past,
current, and projected future activity of Travel &
Tourism in each an economy.This section is split into
two parts:
Key indicators
The first section presents several key indicators that give

a sense of the size of the country and its economy.
Population and surface area figures are from the World
Banks World Development Indicators Online Database.
GDP numbers are from the IMFs World Economic
Outlook Online Database.
Argentina
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................38.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,780.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................181.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................14,109
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
T&T Industry, 2006 estimates
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................5,899...................2.9...................3.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................630...................4.0...................1.5
T&T economy, 2006 estimates

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................16,325...................8.0...................3.3
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,488...................9.5...................1.6
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, TSA Research 2006
International tourist arrivals (1,000), 2005 ..........................3,895

International tourism receipts (US$ millions), 2005 ...........2,753
4000
International tourist arrivals
(thousands)
3500
3000
International tourism receipts

(US$ millions)
2500
2000
1500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................64
Score
(17 scale)
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................85
4.2
3.9
Policy rules and regulations..............................................................................78

Environmental regulation ...................................................................................94
Safety and security .............................................................................................91
Health and hygiene .............................................................................................90
Prioritization of T&T strategies .........................................................................64
4.3
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
T&T business environment and infrastructure ...........................................58
3.6
Air transport infrastructure ...............................................................................43

Ground transport infrastructure .......................................................................69
Tourism infrastructure ........................................................................................51
ICT infrastructure ................................................................................................55
Price competitiveness in T&T industry ...........................................................62
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.0
4.6
T&T human, cultural, and natural resources ...............................................45
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................66

Education and training.................................................................................53
Availability of qualified labor ......................................................................95
Workforce wellness .....................................................................................53
National tourism perception..............................................................................52
Natural and cultural resources.........................................................................35
5.1
4.9
3.8
6.5
5.1
4.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The first part presents data from the Tourism

Satellite Accounting Research carried out annually
by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC).
Developed by the United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
and Eurostat, the Tourism Satellite (TSA) framework
is a statistical toolincluding concepts, definitions,
aggregates, classifications, and tablesthat is
compatible with international national accounting
guidelines and allows for valid international
comparisons.The TSA also makes these estimates
comparable with other internationally recognized
macroeconomic aggregates and compilations. Using
the TSA approach,WTTC estimates the current and
projected future economic contribution of Travel
& Tourism in terms of an economys GDP and
employment.WTTC defines the T&T industry as
a narrow perspective of T&T activity that captures
the production-side industry contribution (that is,
direct impact only).The T&T economy is a broader
perspective of Travel & Tourism that takes into
consideration the direct as well as the indirect
contributions by traditional travel service providers
and industry suppliers within the resident economy.
This latter perspective is used when one wants to
understand the total impact of Travel & Tourism on
the resident economy. More information regarding
WTTCs TSA Research, along with details on the
methodology and data, are available at
www.wttc.org/tsa1.htm.
The second part of the T&T indicators presents
data on international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts over the period 1995 to
2005. In some cases data are missing for particular
years.The graph shows all available data during this
period for each economy.The data were provided
by the UNWTO.
The number of international tourist arrivals,
expressed in thousands, is the most common unit of
117
measure used to quantify the volume of international tourism for statistical purposes. It includes
exclusively overnight visitorsthat is, tourists who
stay at least one night in a collective or private
accommodation in the country visited. Same-day
visitors are not included.The number of arrivals
does not necessarily correspond to the number of
persons.The same person who makes several trips
to a given country during a given period will be
counted as a new arrival each time.
International tourism receipts, expressed in
millions of current US$, are the receipts earned by
a destination country from inbound tourism and
cover all tourism receipts resulting from expenditures made by visitors from abroad, on, for instance,
lodging, food and drinks, fuel, transport in the
country, entertainment, shopping, and so on.This
measure includes receipts generated by overnight as
well as by same-day trips. Receipts from same-day
trips can be substantial, as in the case of countries
where a lot of shopping for goods and services
takes place by visitors from neighboring countries.
For those economies ranked from 11th to 50th on

the overall TTCI, any variables with a higher rank
than the economys overall rank are considered to
be advantages. Any variables ranked equal to, or
lower than, the economys overall rank are disadvantages. For example, Slovak Republic ranks 37th
overall.Thus, the quality of railroad infrastructure
on which the country ranks 27th is an advantage,
while the number of World Heritage sites (40th)
and carbon dioxide damage (81st) both constitute
disadvantages.
For the economies with an overall rank on the
TTCI lower than 50, any variables for which the
economy has a rank of 50 or higher are considered
to be advantages. Any variables ranked below 50 are
considered to be disadvantages. For example, ranked
69th overall, Guatemala has the variable nationally
protected areas (16th) listed as an advantage, while
the variable Ticket taxes and airport charges
(112th) is a disadvantage.
118
The third section of the page presents the economys

performance on the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Index (TTCI) and its various components. For further
analysis, the Data Tables at the end of the Report provide
detailed rankings and scores for each of the 58 variables
included in the TTCI.
Argentina
National competitiveness balance sheet
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES

1.04 Visa requirements ................................................................1
Safety and security

3.01 Business costs of terrorism ...............................................12
Property rights..................................................................121
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................111
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................75
Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................63
Health and hygiene

4.02 Physician density................................................................29
Rank/124

1.02
1.03
1.05
1.01
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............110

2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................91
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................87
5.04 T&T fair attendance ............................................................23
Safety and security
Right-hand page

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................12
6.02 Available seat kilometers....................................................28
6.05 Number of operating airlines..............................................42
3.02 Reliability of police services .............................................108

3.03 Business costs of crime and violence..............................105
Health and hygiene

4.01 Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ......114
Travel & Tourism competitiveness balance sheet
The right-hand page of each profile forms an economys

competitiveness balance sheet. It allows the reader to
quickly identify the variables that constitute the relative
strengths (competitive advantages) and the relative
weaknesses (competitive disadvantages) of an economy
in terms of T&T competitiveness.Variables are organized
by pillar, with advantages listed on the left-hand side
and disadvantages listed on the right-hand side.
To identify variables as advantage or disadvantages,
the following rules are applied:
For the top 10 economies in the overall Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), any variables
on which the economy is ranked 10th or higher are
considered to be advantages. Any variables ranked
below 10 are considered to be disadvantages. For
example, the United States, ranked 5th overall, has
the indicator airport density (8th) listed as an
advantage, while the indicator stringency of
environmental regulations (21st) is considered as
a disadvantage.
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35

10.02 Purchasing power parity.....................................................34
10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................46
5.02 T&T government expenditure ............................................77

5.03 Effectiveness of marketing and branding ..........................75
5.01 Government prioritization of the T&T industry...................69

Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.11
11.07
11.04
Primary education enrollment ..............................................1

Secondary education enrollment........................................25
Life expectancy ..................................................................39
Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................40
Local availability of research and training services.............43

12.03 Recommendation to extend business trips .........................8
12.01 Tourism openness ..............................................................35
6.01 Quality of air transport infrastructure .................................84

6.06 International air transport network .....................................55
6.03 Departures per 1,000 population........................................52

7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................66

Road infrastructure.............................................................65
Port infrastructure ..............................................................63
Domestic transport network ..............................................58
13.01 Number of World Heritage sites ........................................24
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever ........................................49
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................56

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................53
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................57
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................55
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................52

10.03 Extent and effect of taxation............................................118
10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges.........................................81
Human resources
11.06
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.10
Hiring and firing practices.................................................118

Quality of the educational system .....................................99
HIV prevalence ...................................................................82
Extent of staff training........................................................72
Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................54

12.02 Attitude toward tourists .....................................................95

13.02 Carbon dioxide damage......................................................79
13.04 Business concern for ecosystems .....................................71
13.03 Nationally protected areas..................................................65
List of Countries/Economies
List of Countries/Economies
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Page
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
Country/Economy
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Page
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
Country/Economy
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Page
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
119
2.1: Country/Economy Profiles
Albania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................28.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................8.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................5,405
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
T&T industry, 2006 estimates
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................346...................3.8...................7.5

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................44...................3.1...................3.9

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,072.................11.9...................7.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................138...................9.6...................3.8
International tourist arrivals (1,000), 2005 ...............................46

International tourism receipts (US$ millions), 2005 ..............861
1,000
120

(thousands)
800
600

(US$ millions)
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................90
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.7

Environmental regulation .................................................................................124
Prioritization of T&T strategies .......................................................................107
4.1
2.5
4.1
4.8
2.9
T&T business environment and infrastructure ..........................................114
2.5
Air transport infrastructure .............................................................................113

Ground transport infrastructure .....................................................................122
ICT infrastructure ..............................................................................................106
2.0
1.9
2.4
1.8
4.3
5.1
Human resources ................................................................................................35

5.4
4.2
5.3
6.6
6.2
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
T&T national competitiveness balance sheet

Rank/124
Rank/124
Health and hygiene

4.04 Access to improved drinking water ...................................42
4.03 Access to improved sanitation ...........................................49
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.05
Property rights..................................................................116
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................113
Albania
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................124

2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................116
Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.07
11.06
11.08
11.10

Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Ease of hiring foreign labor ..................................................8
Hiring and firing practices...................................................18
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Safety and security

3.03 Business costs of crime and violence................................77
3.02 Reliability of police services ...............................................68
Health and hygiene


12.01 Tourism openness ................................................................4

5.03 Effectiveness of marketing and branding ........................120


6.02
6.06
6.01
6.05
6.04
6.03
Available seat kilometers..................................................111

International air transport network ...................................104
Quality of air transport infrastructure ...............................103
Number of operating airlines..............................................91
Airport density ....................................................................90
Departures per 1,000 population........................................71
7.04
7.02
7.01
7.03
Domestic transport network ............................................121

Railroad infrastructure ......................................................115
Road infrastructure...........................................................114
Port infrastructure ............................................................106
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................76
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................119
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................100
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................84

10.04
10.03
10.02
10.01
(Disadvantages contd. from bottom of right column)

Fuel price level ...................................................................98

Extent and effect of taxation..............................................90
Purchasing power parity.....................................................61
Ticket taxes and airport charges.........................................53
Human resources
Rank/124

12.03 Recommendation to extend business trips .......................87

13.04 Business concern for ecosystems ...................................122
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.11
Local availability of research and training services...........118

Extent of staff training......................................................111
Life expectancy ..................................................................53
< < < (Contd. on bottom of left column)
121
Algeria
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,581...................1.5...................7.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................121...................1.4...................5.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................7,095...................6.8...................4.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................496...................5.9...................3.2

1,500
122

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................93
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.8
Policy rules and regulations............................................................................113

3.4
3.7
4.2
4.9
2.9
T&T business environment and infrastructure ............................................93
2.8

Tourism infrastructure ......................................................................................114
Price competitiveness in T&T industry .............................................................9
2.3
3.0
1.7
1.6
5.5
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................86

Availability of qualified labor ....................................................................107
National tourism perception............................................................................114
4.8
4.3
3.7
6.5
4.0
4.3
1

Rank/124
Safety and security
Rank/124
Health and hygiene

4.01 Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........48
1.04
1.05
1.03
1.01
1.02
Visa requirements ............................................................113

Rules governing foreign direct investment ........................91
Property rights....................................................................66
Algeria

10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................3
10.03 Extent and effect of taxation..............................................32

2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............79
Safety and security
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
3.01 Business costs of terrorism .............................................114

Health and hygiene



5.02
5.03
5.01
5.04
T&T government expenditure ..........................................105

Effectiveness of marketing and branding ..........................94
Government prioritization of the T&T industry...................82
T&T fair attendance ............................................................70

6.01
6.06
6.05
6.04
6.02
6.03
Quality of air transport infrastructure .................................91

International air transport network .....................................88
Airport density ....................................................................80
Available seat kilometers....................................................72
7.04
7.01
7.03
7.02

8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................115
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................77
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................96
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................88


Human resources
Rank/124

12.02 Attitude toward tourists ...................................................107
12.01 Tourism openness ............................................................102

13.04
13.02
13.03
13.05
Business concern for ecosystems .....................................89

Carbon dioxide damage......................................................87
Nationally protected areas..................................................78
Risk of malaria and yellow fever ........................................78
11.07
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.02
11.11
11.10
Ease of hiring foreign labor ..............................................117

Life expectancy ..................................................................66
123
Angola
Key indicators
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................32.8
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................20.6
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................241...................3.5...................2.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................96...................2.7...................3.9

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,793.................40.5...................2.2
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,179.................33.3...................3.7
International tourist arrivals (1,000), 2005 .............................210

International tourism receipts (US$ millions), 2004 ................66
250
124

(thousands)
200
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................122
Score
(17 scale)
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................122
2.9
2.9

Health and hygiene ...........................................................................................119
2.9
2.9
3.8
2.6
2.3
T&T business environment and infrastructure .........................................113
2.5

2.3
2.0
1.6
1.6
5.0
T&T human, cultural, and natural resources .............................................124
3.3
Human resources ..............................................................................................118

Education and training...............................................................................122
Workforce wellness ...................................................................................115
Natural and cultural resources.......................................................................119
3.1
2.4
4.2
2.7
3.6
3.0
1

Rank/124
Safety and security
Rank/124

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................30
1.05
1.01
1.04
1.02
1.03
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ................121

Property rights..................................................................108
Angola

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................14
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01
Physician density..............................................................112
Access to improved drinking water .................................108
Access to improved sanitation .........................................104
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........94

5.03
5.01
5.02
5.04
Effectiveness of marketing and branding ........................115

Government prioritization of the T&T industry.................110
T&T fair attendance ..........................................................105

6.06
6.05
6.01
6.03
6.02

Number of operating airlines............................................107
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................101
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................113
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................107


Rank/124

12.03 Recommendation to extend business trips .....................119

13.04
13.01
13.05
13.03
Business concern for ecosystems ...................................114

Number of World Heritage sites ......................................107
Risk of malaria and yellow fever ......................................103
Human resources
11.04
11.11
11.03
11.09
11.05
11.08
11.10
11.06
11.07

Life expectancy ................................................................121
Quality of the educational system ...................................120
Malaria incidence..............................................................114
HIV prevalence .................................................................107
125
Argentina
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................5,899...................2.9...................3.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................630...................4.0...................1.5

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................16,325...................8.0...................3.3
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,488...................9.5...................1.6

4,000
126

(thousands)
3,500
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................64
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
3.9

4.3
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6

3.5
3.4
3.5
3.0
4.6
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................66

5.1
4.9
3.8
6.5
5.1
4.9
1

Rank/124

Safety and security


1.02
1.03
1.05
1.01
Property rights..................................................................121
Health and hygiene

Rank/124
Argentina

Safety and security

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................12

Health and hygiene


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................46


Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.11
11.07
11.04

Life expectancy ..................................................................39



7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................53
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................57
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................52

Human resources
11.06
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................82


127
Armenia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .................................................................n/a ...................n/a ...................n/a

Employment (1,000 jobs)........................................................n/a ...................n/a ...................n/a


350
128

(thousands)
300
250

(US$ millions)
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................74
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.2

3.8
3.3
4.8
5.5
3.7
2.8

2.3
2.6
1.9
2.2
5.1
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................53

5.2
4.4
5.0
6.3
5.1
4.0
1

Rank/124
Safety and security

Health and hygiene


1.04
1.05
1.01
1.02
1.03

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................40

Safety and security

Health and hygiene
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.08
11.02

Property rights....................................................................71

Rank/124
Armenia

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25




6.06
6.02
6.01
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................72
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................66
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................88
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................67

Human resources
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.11
11.10
11.06

Life expectancy ..................................................................79

13.04
13.02
13.01
13.03

Number of World Heritage sites ........................................60
129
Australia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................39,972...................5.3...................3.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................569...................5.6...................0.5

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................91,480.................12.2...................3.1
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,287.................12.8...................0.5

International tourism receipts (US$ millions), 2005 .........16,866
20,000
130
15,000

(thousands)
10,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................13
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.3

4.8
5.6
5.5
5.9
4.6
5.0
Air transport infrastructure .................................................................................5

ICT infrastructure ..................................................................................................8
Price competitiveness in T&T industry .........................................................111
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.6
3.6
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................17

Workforce wellness .......................................................................................2
5.6
5.9
4.1
7.0
4.6
5.6
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................10
Safety and security


1.04
1.05
1.03
1.01
Visa requirements ..............................................................92

Health and hygiene

4.03 Access to improved sanitation .............................................1
4.04 Access to improved drinking water .....................................1
Rank/124
Australia


Safety and security
6.02 Available seat kilometers......................................................7

8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1

8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................8
ICT infrastructure
Health and hygiene

9.02 Internet users .......................................................................5

9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................10
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11
11.10
11.03

Secondary education enrollment..........................................1
Life expectancy ....................................................................3


5.02
5.01
5.04
5.03
T&T government expenditure ............................................44

6.04
6.05
6.06
6.03
6.01
Airport density ....................................................................23

7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................24
ICT infrastructure

10.02
10.01
10.03
10.04
Purchasing power parity...................................................108

Ticket taxes and airport charges.......................................101
Fuel price level ...................................................................75
11.07
11.06
11.08
11.05
11.04

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Human resources


131
Austria
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................19,774...................6.2...................1.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................301...................7.3...................1.2

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................52,768.................16.6...................1.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................786.................19.1...................1.3
International tourist arrivals (1,000), 2005 ........................19,952

20,000
(thousands)
132
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................2
Score
(17 scale)
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................3
5.5
5.8

Environmental regulation .....................................................................................2
Safety and security ...............................................................................................4
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.2
5.2
5.0

Tourism infrastructure ..........................................................................................1
4.1
5.5
6.9
4.8
3.6
T&T human, cultural, and natural resources .................................................1
5.9
Human resources ................................................................................................23

Natural and cultural resources...........................................................................2
5.5
6.0
3.7
6.9
5.5
6.5
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................7
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................3
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................4
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................8
Safety and security

3.03 Business costs of crime and violence..................................6
3.02 Reliability of police services .................................................8
Rank/124

1.05
1.04
1.03
1.01

Austria
Health and hygiene


Health and hygiene


5.04 T&T fair attendance ..............................................................4
5.03 Effectiveness of marketing and branding ............................7

6.04
6.02
6.01
6.03
6.06
6.05
Airport density ....................................................................61


7.01 Road infrastructure...............................................................9
7.04 Domestic transport network ..............................................10

7.03 Port infrastructure ..............................................................38
7.02 Railroad infrastructure ........................................................16
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................3
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................23
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................23
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.05

Extent of staff training..........................................................5
13.05
13.03
13.04
13.02
Risk of malaria and yellow fever ..........................................1

Nationally protected areas....................................................4
Business concern for ecosystems .......................................5

10.04
10.02
10.01
10.03
Fuel price level .................................................................109

11.07
11.06
11.08
11.10
11.11
11.04
11.03

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62
Life expectancy ..................................................................15

Human resources


133
Azerbaijan
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



1,500
134

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................75
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0

3.8
3.2
5.0
4.7
3.4
3.3

2.8
3.9
2.1
2.4
5.3
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................36

Availability of qualified labor ........................................................................9
5.4
4.5
5.4
6.2
4.8
3.2
1

Rank/124

1.05 Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................48
1.01 Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................50
Rank/124

1.04 Visa requirements ............................................................100
1.02 Property rights....................................................................98
1.03 Rules governing foreign direct investment ........................84
Azerbaijan
Safety and security
Health and hygiene
Safety and security



Health and hygiene


10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................5


Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices.....................................................5
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................36
6.02
6.03
6.06
6.04


Airport density ....................................................................66
7.01 Road infrastructure.............................................................63

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................82
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................85
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................74

Human resources
11.01
11.05
11.11
11.03
11.04
11.10
11.02
Primary education enrollment ..........................................100

Life expectancy ..................................................................89


13.02
13.04
13.01
13.03
Carbon dioxide damage....................................................118

135
Bahrain
Key indicators
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.7
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,137...................8.3...................5.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................38.................11.0...................3.8

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,851.................20.9...................4.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................84.................24.4...................3.2

136
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

(thousands)
(US$ millions)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................47
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.2

4.7
3.7
4.5
4.8
3.5
4.2

4.0
4.2
4.2
3.0
5.8
4.9
Human resources ................................................................................................79

4.9
4.8
3.5
6.6
5.4
4.3
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.04
1.01
1.05
1.02

Property rights....................................................................47
Bahrain


6.03 Departures per 1,000 population..........................................9
Safety and security


Health and hygiene


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................18

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................46

10.03 Extent and effect of taxation................................................1
10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges...........................................5
10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................7
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................70


Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.02
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................45
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................47


Human resources
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever ..........................................1

11.07
11.06
11.04
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.08

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48


13.02 Carbon dioxide damage....................................................106
137
Bangladesh
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................141.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................144.0
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................945...................1.5...................5.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................851...................1.2...................3.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,350...................3.7...................5.3
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,181...................3.0...................2.9

300
138

(thousands)
250
200

(US$ millions)
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................120
Score
(17 scale)
3.2
3.1

Safety and security ...........................................................................................119
3.7
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.4
2.6

2.0
2.8
1.3
1.7
5.3
4.0
Human resources ................................................................................................99

4.3
3.7
4.2
5.0
3.9
3.7
1

Rank/124
Rank/124


1.05 Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ................102
1.02 Property rights....................................................................87
Bangladesh
10.02 Purchasing power parity.......................................................9
10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................16
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................25
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ......116

Access to improved drinking water ...................................94
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................86

5.03
5.01
5.04
5.02

139
6.04
6.01
6.03
6.06
6.05
6.02
Airport density ..................................................................124

Departures per 1,000 population......................................113
7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................116
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................121
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................115


Rank/124


13.04
13.03
13.01
13.02

Nationally protected areas................................................102
Human resources
11.04
11.05
11.07
11.10
11.03
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.08

Tuberculosis incidence .....................................................105
Life expectancy ..................................................................96
Malaria incidence................................................................82
HIV prevalence ...................................................................62
Barbados
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................446.................13.1...................5.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................22.................16.5...................3.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,407.................41.4...................4.6
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................62.................46.9...................2.8
International tourist arrivals (1,000), 2005 ............................548

800
140
700

(thousands)
600

(US$ millions)
500
400
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................29
Score
(17 scale)
4.9
5.1

5.2
4.4
5.1
5.4
5.2
4.1

3.2
4.1
3.8
4.6
4.9
5.4
Human resources ................................................................................................42

National tourism perception................................................................................2
5.3
5.3
4.1
6.6
6.6
4.3
1

Rank/124

1.04 Visa requirements ..............................................................15
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................36
Barbados
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene

5.01 Government prioritization of the T&T industry.....................2
5.02 T&T government expenditure ..............................................4


5.04 T&T fair attendance ..........................................................105

8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................6
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................13
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................18
6.05
6.04
6.02
6.06


Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.03
11.10



Airport density ....................................................................85
ICT infrastructure

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................53
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.04
11.06
11.05
11.11

HIV prevalence ...................................................................96
Life expectancy ..................................................................39

13.01 Number of World Heritage sites ......................................107
141
Belgium
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................11,127...................2.8...................2.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................142...................3.3...................0.7

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................37,088...................9.4...................2.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................457.................10.6...................1.3

10,000
(thousands)
142
8,000

(US$ millions)
6,000
4,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................21
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.2

Health and hygiene ...............................................................................................2
5.3
5.4
5.1
6.6
3.4
4.4

Ground transport infrastructure .........................................................................9
4.0
6.0
4.2
4.4
3.5
5.6
Human resources ................................................................................................27

Education and training...................................................................................5
5.5
6.1
3.5
6.8
5.0
6.4
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................19
Rank/124

Belgium

Health and hygiene

4.02 Physician density..................................................................1
Safety and security


Health and hygiene


7.03
7.02
7.01
7.04
Port infrastructure ................................................................5

Railroad infrastructure ..........................................................7
5.01
5.04
5.03
5.02

6.04
6.02
6.06
6.05
Airport density ....................................................................81


Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.03
11.04
11.05

Quality of the educational system .......................................8
Local availability of research and training services...............9
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................41


9.02 Internet users .....................................................................29
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................25

ICT infrastructure

10.03
10.02
10.04
10.01
Extent and effect of taxation............................................123

Fuel price level .................................................................100
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.11
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Life expectancy ..................................................................24
Human resources


143
Benin
Key indicators
Travel & Tourism indicators\
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................144...................3.0...................5.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................42...................2.4...................3.7

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................304...................6.3...................5.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................90...................5.1...................4.0
nternational tourist arrivals (1,000), 2004 ..............................174

200
(thousands)
144
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................116
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.4

3.2
3.8
4.1
3.1
2.8
2.5

1.7
2.5
2.2
1.7
4.3
4.0
Human resources ..............................................................................................104

4.1
3.5
4.8
3.9
4.6
3.2
1

Rank/124
Safety and security
Rank/124
Human resources
1.05
1.03
1.04
1.02
1.01

Property rights....................................................................97
Benin



Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.03
4.04
4.01
5.04
5.01
5.03
5.02


6.06
6.01
6.04
6.02
6.03
6.05

Airport density ..................................................................116
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................109

Rank/124
Human resources
11.09
11.02
11.05
11.11
11.08
11.04
11.03
11.01
11.10
Secondary education enrollment......................................112
Life expectancy ................................................................106
HIV prevalence .................................................................102
Primary education enrollment ............................................89
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................107
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................105

10.03
10.01
10.04
10.02

Fuel price level ...................................................................67


13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever ......................................120
145
Bolivia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................274...................2.8...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................79...................2.3...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................750...................7.6...................4.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................219...................6.2...................2.9

600
146

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................109
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.5

4.1
3.0
3.6
3.7
2.9
2.7

2.9
2.0
2.2
1.9
4.7
4.2
Human resources ................................................................................................91

4.8
4.2
4.7
5.6
4.0
3.8
1

Rank/124

1.03
1.02
1.01
1.05

Property rights..................................................................115

6.04 Airport density ......................................................................3

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................22

Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.06
11.07
Rank/124
Bolivia

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.03
4.02
4.04

Physician density................................................................71

5.01 Government prioritization of the T&T industry.................122
147
6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02
6.03

7.03
7.04
7.01
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................67
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................89
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................89

10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges.......................................107

Human resources
Rank/124

11.03
11.05
11.04
11.10
11.09
11.11
11.02

Life expectancy ..................................................................89


Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................333...................3.6...................6.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................33...................2.9...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,099.................11.8...................6.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................109...................9.5...................1.6

600
148

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................104
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.6

4.2
2.8
4.2
4.8
2.0
2.8

1.9
2.1
3.3
2.7
4.1
4.1
Human resources ................................................................................................90

4.8
3.9
3.9
6.6
4.1
3.5
1

Rank/124
Rank/124
Safety and security

3.01 Business costs of terrorism .................................................6
1.02
1.03
1.01
1.05
Property rights..................................................................120
Health and hygiene


Safety and security


Health and hygiene

Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
11.09 Malaria incidence..................................................................1
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................49



5.03
5.01
5.04
5.02

6.02
6.06
6.01
6.05
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................69
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................83
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................81
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................52

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................92

Human resources
Rank/124


13.02
13.03
13.04
13.01

11.01
11.07
11.02
11.05
11.06
11.04
11.03
11.10

149
Botswana
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................334...................3.3...................4.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................14...................4.6...................2.3

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................809...................8.0...................4.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................29...................9.6...................2.3

2,000
150
1,500

(thousands)
1,000

(US$ millions)
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................70
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.2

4.7
4.1
4.7
4.1
3.4
3.3

3.1
3.5
2.7
1.9
5.3
4.5
Human resources ..............................................................................................113

3.5
4.5
3.6
2.4
5.6
4.3
1

Rank/124


1.05
1.03
1.01
1.02

Property rights....................................................................52
Safety and security

Rank/124
Botswana

Health and hygiene

Safety and security


Health and hygiene


6.04 Airport density ......................................................................7



10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................49
6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01


Human resources


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................71
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................91
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................86

Human resources
11.08
11.11
11.07
11.10
11.09
11.04
11.06
11.02
11.05
11.03
HIV prevalence .................................................................124

Life expectancy ................................................................121


151
Brazil
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................25,278...................2.8...................3.0

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,337...................2.7...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................60,123...................6.7...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................5,495...................6.4...................2.2

6,000
152

(thousands)
5,000
4,000

(US$ millions)
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................59
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.1

4.4
4.4
3.9
4.4
3.6
3.8

3.9
3.0
4.4
3.2
4.3
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................83

4.9
4.6
3.7
6.3
4.5
4.7
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.01
1.04
1.03
1.02

Property rights....................................................................62
Brazil
Safety and security
Safety and security


Health and hygiene

6.02
6.04
6.05
6.03

Airport density ....................................................................24
4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03




ICT infrastructure

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................34
Human resources
11.02 Secondary education enrollment..........................................1
11.04 Local availability of research and training services.............32
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................38




ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................58
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................55

Human resources
11.03
11.06
11.09
11.08
11.11
11.07
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................82
Life expectancy ..................................................................75


153
Bulgaria
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,320...................4.6...................4.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................117...................4.0..................-0.7

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,576.................16.0...................3.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................400.................13.6..................-0.7

5,000
154

(thousands)
4,000
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................54
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.2

4.2
3.2
3.5
5.8
4.1
3.6

2.8
3.3
4.4
3.1
4.6
5.1
Human resources ................................................................................................67

5.1
4.6
4.0
6.6
5.6
4.7
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene



1.03
1.01
1.05
1.02

Property rights....................................................................91
Safety and security

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................17
Rank/124
Bulgaria

Health and hygiene

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................20
ICT infrastructure

9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................35

Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.08
11.09
11.10

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1


6.06
6.01
6.03
6.02
6.05


ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................53

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................81
Human resources
11.05
11.07
11.03
11.04
11.06
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................53


155
Burkina Faso
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................69...................1.2...................4.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................24...................0.9...................2.7

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................194...................3.2...................5.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................67...................2.6...................3.4

250
156

(thousands)
200
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................113
Score
(17 scale)
3.4
3.6

3.7
4.2
4.5
2.6
3.1
2.5

1.8
2.4
1.9
1.7
4.5
4.2
Human resources ..............................................................................................117

3.2
2.2
4.6
2.8
6.2
3.2
1

Rank/124
Rank/124


1.02 Property rights....................................................................68
Burkina Faso

Health and hygiene

Safety and security



Health and hygiene
Human resources
4.02 Physician density..............................................................115

4.03 Access to improved sanitation .........................................110
4.04 Access to improved drinking water .................................107

12.02 Attitude toward tourists .......................................................1



6.06
6.02
6.01
6.05
6.03
6.04

Airport density ..................................................................100
7.03
7.01
7.04
7.02

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................116
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................115

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................86
Human resources

Rank/124


11.01
11.02
11.03
11.09
11.11
11.08
11.05
11.10
11.04
11.06

Life expectancy ................................................................111
HIV prevalence .................................................................109
157
Burundi
Key indicators
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................739
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................22...................2.2...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................28...................1.7...................1.8

GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................43...................4.3...................4.6
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................55...................3.4...................2.0

International tourism receipts (US$ millions), 2005 ..................2
150
158

(thousands)
120
90

(US$ millions)
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................123
Score
(17 scale)
2.9
2.8

2.9
2.8
3.5
3.2
1.8
2.3

1.6
2.1
1.9
1.5
4.5
3.5
Human resources ..............................................................................................119

3.1
2.6
4.6
2.1
4.4
3.0
1

Rank/124
Rank/124
Human resources
1.02
1.04
1.01
1.05
1.03
Property rights..................................................................119
Burundi


Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.01
4.03
4.04

5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02


6.06
6.02
6.01
6.05
6.04
6.03

Airport density ..................................................................114
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01


Rank/124
Human resources
11.04
11.09
11.05
11.01
11.02
11.11
11.10
11.08
11.03
11.07

Life expectancy ................................................................117
HIV prevalence .................................................................113


13.04
13.01
13.05
13.03

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................120
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................119

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................102
159
Cambodia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................492...................8.5...................7.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................453...................6.5...................5.1

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,136.................19.6...................7.2
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,072.................15.4...................4.4

1,500
160

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................96
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.8

Prioritization of T&T strategies ...........................................................................7
3.8
3.8
3.7
2.2
5.3
2.7

2.5
2.9
1.1
1.7
5.3
4.5
Human resources ..............................................................................................105

4.1
3.7
4.3
4.2
5.5
3.7
1

Rank/124

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
Government prioritization of the T&T industry.....................7


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................49
Human resources
Rank/124

1.02
1.04
1.05
1.01
1.03
Property rights....................................................................96
Cambodia
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.04
4.03
4.02
4.01

6.04
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05
Airport density ..................................................................109

7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03


13.02 Carbon dioxide damage........................................................4
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................91
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................123
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................120

Human resources
11.10
11.02
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.07

HIV prevalence .................................................................105
Life expectancy ................................................................104


161
Cameroon
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................274...................1.6...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................56...................1.4...................2.2

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................801...................4.8...................4.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................163...................4.0...................2.7

300
162

(thousands)
250
200

(US$ millions)
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................118
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.2

3.4
2.9
4.0
3.2
2.3
2.4

1.8
2.2
2.3
1.5
4.0
4.2
Human resources ..............................................................................................103

4.2
3.8
4.7
4.0
5.7
2.8
1

Rank/124
Safety and security
Rank/124

1.04
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.01

Property rights..................................................................105
Cameroon
Human resources
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.01
4.03

5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02


6.01
6.06
6.03
6.04
6.02
6.05

Airport density ....................................................................95
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................117
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................108

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................75

Rank/124


13.05
13.04
13.01
13.03

Human resources
11.08
11.05
11.11
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.07
HIV prevalence .................................................................115

Life expectancy ................................................................108
163
Canada
Key indicators
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................1,132.4
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................41,458...................3.5...................2.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................677...................4.1...................0.6

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................131,829.................11.1...................3.3
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,942.................11.9...................1.0

20,000
(thousands)
164
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................7
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.3

5.5
5.4
5.4
5.7
4.6
T&T business environment and infrastructure ..............................................4
5.2

5.7
5.7
5.3
5.8
3.7
5.4
Human resources ................................................................................................12

5.7
5.9
4.2
6.9
4.7
5.9
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.03
1.04
1.01
1.02

Property rights....................................................................20
Canada


6.05 Number of operating airlines................................................8
6.04 Airport density ......................................................................9
Safety and security

Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................7
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................9
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................9
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.11

Tuberculosis incidence .........................................................5
Life expectancy ....................................................................8





7.01
7.03
7.02
7.04
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................16

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Fuel price level ...................................................................63
11.07
11.08
11.06
11.05
11.03
11.04

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62
Human resources


13.02
13.03
13.01
13.04

165
Chad
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................33...................0.6...................8.3

Employment (1,000 jobs)...........................................................8...................0.5...................4.1

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................248...................4.3...................6.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................66...................3.5...................2.3

60
166

(thousands)
50
40

(US$ millions)
30
20
10
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................124
Score
(17 scale)
2.7
2.5

2.8
2.6
3.0
1.8
2.4
1.8

1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3
3.1
3.7
Human resources ..............................................................................................120

3.0
2.3
3.7
3.0
5.3
2.8
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.03
1.02
1.04
1.01
1.05

Property rights..................................................................122
Chad

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.01
4.04
4.03


6.01
6.06
6.05
6.02
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................73
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02

Rank/124

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................112
Human resources
11.05
11.03
11.01
11.02
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.06

Life expectancy ................................................................114
HIV prevalence .................................................................111


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................124
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................117

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................97
167
Chile
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,751...................2.2...................3.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................148...................2.5...................1.0

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................7,685...................6.0...................3.5
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................369...................6.3...................1.3

2,500
168
2,000

(thousands)
1,500

(US$ millions)
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................45
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.8
Policy rules and regulations................................................................................7

5.7
4.6
5.2
5.0
3.6
3.9

3.6
4.6
3.1
3.5
4.5
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................24

5.5
5.1
4.7
6.8
4.4
5.1
1

Rank/124

1.01
1.03
1.05
1.04
1.02
Rank/124
Foreign ownership restrictions.............................................8

Property rights....................................................................30
4.02
4.01
4.03
4.04
Chile
Safety and security
Health and hygiene

Safety and security



6.06
6.04
6.01
6.02
6.03

Airport density ....................................................................21
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................58


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................58
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................41

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................56
Human resources
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.10
11.11
11.04
11.05

Life expectancy ..................................................................29

11.03
11.06
11.08
11.02

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62


169
China
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005.......................................................................1,304.5
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................63,424...................2.9...................8.7

Employment (1,000 jobs)..................................................17,383...................2.3...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................301,154.................13.7...................8.5
Employment (1,000 jobs)..................................................77,600.................10.2...................1.5

50,000
170

(thousands)
40,000
30,000

(US$ millions)
20,000
10,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................71
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.0

3.8
3.5
4.1
4.1
4.5
3.5

3.8
4.0
1.7
2.6
5.4
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................74

5.0
4.6
4.4
6.0
3.8
4.4
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene


1.05
1.04
1.01
1.02

Safety and security


Property rights....................................................................82

Rank/124
China



10.02
10.01
10.04
10.03

Fuel price level ...................................................................27
Health and hygiene



Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.04
11.06

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
6.04
6.01
6.06
6.03
Airport density ..................................................................121


13.01 Number of World Heritage sites ..........................................3

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................87
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................75
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................52
Human resources
11.10
11.03
11.02
11.05
11.07
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................53


13.02
13.05
13.04
13.03

171
Colombia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,793...................2.1...................3.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................374...................2.0...................2.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................8,129...................6.2...................4.3
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,038...................5.5...................3.0

1,500
172

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................72
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.1

5.0
4.1
3.5
4.9
3.1
3.1

3.3
2.8
2.5
2.5
4.5
4.6
Human resources ................................................................................................58

5.2
4.6
4.5
6.4
4.5
4.2
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................58
Colombia
Environmental regulationF

6.04
6.02
6.03
6.05
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................21


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................18

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03

5.02
5.04
5.01
5.03

Human resources
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................49



7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................78
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................67
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................65

Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.04
11.05
11.10
11.06
11.03
HIV prevalence ...................................................................82


173
Costa Rica
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,375...................7.1...................5.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................120...................7.3...................3.5

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,227.................16.7...................4.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................268.................16.4...................3.4

2,000
(thousands)
174
1,500

(US$ millions)
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................41
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.8

5.4
4.6
4.4
5.0
4.5
3.7

3.5
2.6
4.1
3.3
4.8
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................28

5.5
5.1
4.7
6.7
5.3
5.2
1

Rank/124

1.05 Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ....................9
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................59
Costa Rica

Safety and security

Safety and security


Health and hygiene

4.02
4.01
4.03
4.04
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................11


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................32
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................40

6.05
6.01
6.02
6.06

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................40
Human resources
11.01
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.03
11.04

Life expectancy ..................................................................29
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................43



Human resources
11.02
11.09
11.08
11.07
11.06

HIV prevalence ...................................................................78


175
Croatia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,613...................9.2...................8.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................121.................10.6...................4.5

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................7,849.................20.1...................8.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................262.................23.1...................4.7

10,000
176

(thousands)
8,000
6,000

(US$ millions)
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................38
Score
(17 scale)
4.7
4.4

4.6
4.3
4.5
4.6
3.9
4.1

2.7
4.0
5.7
3.8
4.1
5.5
Human resources ................................................................................................54

5.2
4.9
4.2
6.6
6.5
4.9
1

Rank/124

Safety and security


1.03
1.02
1.01
1.05


Property rights....................................................................81
Health and hygiene

Rank/124
Croatia

Safety and security


Health and hygiene
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................9


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................30
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
6.02
6.06
6.05
6.01
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................39


ICT infrastructure

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................38

10.04
10.03
10.02
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................108

11.01
11.07
11.05
11.02
11.10
11.06
11.03
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................39
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.01

Human resources
177
Cyprus
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,844.................10.7...................4.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................57.................15.0...................0.9

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,021.................23.3...................4.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................113.................29.7...................0.8

3,000
(thousands)
178
2,500

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................20
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.1

4.9
4.3
5.2
5.7
5.5
4.5

3.8
3.8
6.1
4.3
4.5
5.6
Human resources ................................................................................................49

5.2
5.1
3.7
6.9
6.5
5.1
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.05
1.01
1.03
1.02

Property rights....................................................................29
Cyprus

Safety and security


8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................1
Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................16

Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
HIV prevalence .....................................................................1

Life expectancy ..................................................................15


6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................26
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................33

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................88
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.03



179
Czech Republic
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,775...................2.2...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................109...................2.3...................0.2

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................17,490.................13.6...................5.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................601.................12.6...................1.0

8,000
180

(thousands)
7,000
6,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................35
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.8

5.2
4.8
4.7
5.3
4.0
4.1

3.4
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.0
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................26

5.5
5.6
4.1
6.8
4.6
5.8
1

Rank/124

1.01 Foreign ownership restrictions.............................................6
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................64
Czech Republic

Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene




6.02
6.03
6.01
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................45
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................28

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................20
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.04
11.08
11.10
11.05
11.03
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................37

10.04
10.03
10.02
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................100

Human resources
13.05
13.01
13.03
13.04

11.06 Hiring and firing practices.................................................102

11.02 Secondary education enrollment........................................39
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................36


181
Denmark
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................8,151...................3.0...................1.5

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................83...................3.0 .................0.9

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................21,476...................8.0...................1.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................223...................8.1 .................1.1

6,000
182

(thousands)
5,000
4,000

(US$ millions)
3,000
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................11
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.5

5.6
6.1
6.0
6.1
3.5
4.8

4.6
6.2
4.6
5.4
2.9
5.6
Human resources ..................................................................................................4

6.1
6.2
5.2
6.8
4.7
6.0
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................3
Rank/124

1.04
1.03
1.05
1.01

Denmark
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene


6.06 International air transport network .......................................8
6.01 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...................................9
5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03

6.02
6.04
6.05
6.03

Airport density ....................................................................33

7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...............................................................5
Domestic transport network ................................................7
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................6
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.05
11.03
11.06

Hiring and firing practices.....................................................8

13.03 Nationally protected areas....................................................3
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................34
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................17

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................119

11.07
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.04

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Life expectancy ..................................................................24
Human resources


183
Dominican Republic
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,090...................6.6...................4.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................208...................5.8...................4.4

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,705.................21.3...................4.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................656.................18.4...................4.1

4,000
184

(thousands)
3,500
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................50
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.5

5.5
3.8
4.1
4.2
5.0
3.3

3.0
3.2
3.9
2.3
3.9
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................57

5.2
4.1
5.5
6.0
5.9
4.6
1

Rank/124

1.05
1.01
1.03
1.04
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ....................4

Safety and security
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................75
Dominican Republic
Safety and security

Health and hygiene


5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04
Health and hygiene
T&T government expenditure ..............................................1


6.03 Departures per 1,000 population......................................114

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................86

6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................37

7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................49
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................81

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................66


Human resources
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................98
Life expectancy ..................................................................83

185
Ecuador
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................632...................1.9...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................85...................1.6...................3.7

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,696...................7.9...................3.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................348...................6.8...................3.0

1,000
186
800

(thousands)
600

(US$ millions)
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................97
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.7

4.3
3.1
3.6
4.1
3.2
2.9

2.7
2.6
2.2
2.1
4.8
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................96

4.5
4.0
3.5
6.0
4.5
4.1
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.03 Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................116

1.01 Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................112
1.02 Property rights..................................................................110
Ecuador
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................38
Safety and security

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................12

Human resources
Health and hygiene

4.01
4.04
4.02
4.03



6.06
6.01
6.05
6.03
6.02

7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................60
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................86
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................76


Human resources
Rank/124


13.05
13.04
13.02
13.01

11.03
11.06
11.07
11.05
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.10
11.08
11.11

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62
Life expectancy ..................................................................53
187
Egypt
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................8,374...................7.9...................5.0

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,313...................6.7...................1.8

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................15,850.................15.0...................5.7
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,472.................12.6...................2.4

10,000
188
8,000

(thousands)
6,000

(US$ millions)
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................58
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.5

4.6
3.8
4.5
4.5
5.2
3.5

3.3
3.7
2.4
2.4
5.7
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................69

5.1
4.5
4.2
6.4
4.6
4.5
1

Rank/124


1.03
1.01
1.05
1.02

Safety and security
Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene

5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03

Property rights....................................................................57
Safety and security

Rank/124
Egypt
T&T fair attendance ..............................................................4


6.04 Airport density ..................................................................111





10.04
10.02
10.01
10.03
Fuel price level .....................................................................2


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................70
Human resources
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................82

9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................69
ICT infrastructure
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.07
11.10

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1


Human resources
11.03
11.06
11.05
11.04
11.11
11.02

Life expectancy ..................................................................79


189
El Salvador
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................634...................3.6...................2.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................89...................3.1...................2.1

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,509...................8.5...................2.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................209...................7.4...................2.3

1,200
190

(thousands)
1,000
800

(US$ millions)
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................77
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0

5.6
4.0
3.1
4.3
3.1
3.3

3.2
3.5
2.6
2.5
4.9
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................41

5.3
4.4
5.2
6.3
4.4
3.4
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................67
El Salvador
6.01
6.06
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................46


Safety and security


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................45
Health and hygiene

4.04
4.03
4.02
4.01

5.04
5.03
5.02
5.01

Human resources
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..................................................9

6.05 Number of operating airlines............................................106

7.02 Railroad infrastructure ......................................................114
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................98
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................71
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................68

Human resources
11.02
11.08
11.04
11.03
11.11
11.05
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................82
Life expectancy ..................................................................66


13.03 Nationally protected areas................................................105
191
Estonia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................479...................3.5...................7.5

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................22...................3.1...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,199.................16.0...................7.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................97.................13.9...................1.0

2,000
192
1,500

(thousands)
1,000

(US$ millions)
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................28
Score
(17 scale)
4.9
5.1

4.9
4.8
5.3
5.7
4.7
4.5

3.2
4.5
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................30

5.4
5.6
4.4
6.4
5.5
4.5
1

Rank/124

1.03 Rules governing foreign direct investment ..........................9
1.02 Property rights....................................................................27
Rank/124

Estonia
Health and hygiene


Safety and security

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................26

Health and hygiene

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................19

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................16


6.02
6.05
6.06
6.01
6.03
Human resources




ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................36

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................86
Human resources
11.08
11.01
11.07
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.03
11.02
HIV prevalence ...................................................................90

Life expectancy ..................................................................53


193
Ethiopia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................525...................5.5...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................788...................4.2...................2.3

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,029.................10.7...................4.8
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,570...................8.3...................2.4

250
194

(thousands)
200
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................117
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.1

3.3
3.0
4.6
1.7
3.1
2.6

2.4
2.1
1.4
1.6
5.4
4.1
Human resources ..............................................................................................112

3.6
2.9
4.0
3.8
4.4
4.3
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................26
1.01
1.04
1.02
1.03
1.05

Property rights....................................................................99
Ethiopia


Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01


6.04
6.03
6.05
6.06
6.02
6.01
Airport density ..................................................................111

7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................115
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................122
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................114

Human resources

Rank/124


11.01
11.05
11.10
11.02
11.04
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.07
11.03
11.06

HIV prevalence .................................................................110
Life expectancy ................................................................108
195
Finland
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,385...................3.2...................2.5

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................78...................3.2...................0.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................18,307...................9.1...................2.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................234...................9.7...................0.9

3,500
196

(thousands)
3,000
2,500

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................16
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.6

5.5
6.0
6.5
6.3
3.8
4.7

4.6
5.9
4.3
5.2
3.4
5.2
Human resources ..................................................................................................8

5.9
6.3
4.4
6.9
4.2
5.5
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................8
Rank/124

Finland
Health and hygiene
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.01 Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ..........2

5.01
5.03
5.02
5.04


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................19


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................23

7.03 Port infrastructure ................................................................7
7.04 Domestic transport network ................................................9
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................26

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................7
10.02
10.04
10.03
10.01

Fuel price level .................................................................111
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.09
11.04
11.05
11.07
11.10
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................15

13.04 Business concern for ecosystems .......................................1
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25


197
France
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................95,794...................4.4...................3.2

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,392...................5.5...................2.4

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................249,997.................11.4...................3.4
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................3,454.................13.8...................2.4

80,000
198
60,000

(thousands)
40,000

(US$ millions)
20,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................12
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.3

5.0
5.5
5.2
6.3
4.7
5.1

5.5
6.4
5.4
4.8
3.3
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................32

5.4
5.8
3.5
6.9
4.4
6.0
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene



1.05
1.01
1.03
1.04
1.02

Property rights....................................................................18

6.05
6.01
6.02
6.06
Rank/124
France
Number of operating airlines................................................3

Quality of air transport infrastructure ...................................5
Available seat kilometers......................................................6
International air transport network .......................................7


Safety and security

7.01
7.02
7.04
7.03
Health and hygiene


Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11

Life expectancy ....................................................................8


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................55

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................26
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................28
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................13

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................115

11.06
11.07
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.04

HIV prevalence ...................................................................69
Human resources


199
Gambia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................34...................6.5...................3.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................34...................5.2...................2.6

GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................75.................14.6...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................77.................11.7...................2.6

150
200

(thousands)
120
90

(US$ millions)
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................84
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.5

4.4
4.4
4.8
3.8
5.0
2.7

2.2
3.0
1.9
1.8
4.5
4.3
Human resources ..............................................................................................107

4.0
3.5
4.8
3.6
5.7
3.2
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................79
Gambia
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.03
4.04
4.01



Human resources
6.02
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.01

Airport density ..................................................................118
7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................102
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................93

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................68
Human resources
11.09
11.01
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.02
11.08
11.05
11.03
Life expectancy ................................................................102
HIV prevalence ...................................................................93


13.05
13.03
13.01
13.02
13.04

201
Georgia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



600
202

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................66
Score
(17 scale)
4.1
4.4

4.3
3.9
4.8
5.4
3.9
2.8

2.2
3.1
1.9
2.1
4.6
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................33

5.4
4.2
5.5
6.5
6.3
3.9
1

Rank/124

Safety and security


1.05
1.02
1.03
1.01



Property rights..................................................................102
Health and hygiene

Rank/124
Georgia
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Human resources
11.07
11.06
11.08
11.11

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Life expectancy ..................................................................45




6.02
6.06
6.01
6.03
6.05
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................64
7.04
7.01
7.03
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................69
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................92
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................70

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................61
Human resources
11.04
11.01
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.10


13.04
13.03
13.02
13.01

203
Germany
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................77,952...................2.7...................1.8

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,176...................3.0...................0.5

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................267,739...................9.3...................2.8
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................3,960.................10.1...................1.5

30,000
204
25,000

(thousands)
20,000

(US$ millions)
15,000
10,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................3
Score
(17 scale)
5.5
5.6

5.7
6.1
6.3
6.2
3.9
5.2

5.4
6.6
5.3
5.3
3.6
5.6
Human resources ................................................................................................25

5.5
6.0
3.6
6.9
4.5
6.8
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................1
Rank/124

Germany
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene




6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................61
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................22

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................26
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................4

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................116

11.06
11.07
11.03
11.08
11.11
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Life expectancy ..................................................................15
Human resources
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.04
11.09
11.05

13.05
13.01
13.04
13.03

Number of World Heritage sites ..........................................4


205
Greece
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................15,288...................6.5...................3.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................295...................6.7...................0.9

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................35,631.................15.1...................3.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................699.................15.9...................1.5

15,000
206

(thousands)
12,000

(US$ millions)
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................24
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.2

4.8
4.4
5.5
6.5
4.9
4.4

3.7
4.4
6.0
3.6
4.0
5.4
Human resources ................................................................................................55

5.2
5.0
3.8
6.8
5.7
5.3
1

Rank/124
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.03
1.01
1.05
1.04
1.02

Property rights....................................................................37
Greece

Safety and security
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................4

Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................11


Human resources
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................15


6.04
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.05
Airport density ....................................................................59

7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................51

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................113
Human resources
11.06
11.03
11.04
11.07
11.05
11.08
11.02
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48

207
Guatemala
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,004...................2.9...................4.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................123...................2.5...................3.8

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,311...................6.6...................4.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................279...................5.7...................4.0

1,500
208

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................69
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.1

5.4
3.7
3.2
4.2
4.2
3.2

3.2
3.1
2.6
2.5
4.4
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................78

4.9
4.1
4.7
6.1
4.7
4.5
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................73
Guatemala
Health and hygiene

5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03


Safety and security

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................10
Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure


Human resources
6.03
6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
209




7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................74
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................83
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................80

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................55
Human resources
11.03
11.02
11.09
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.05
11.07
11.04

HIV prevalence ...................................................................90
Life expectancy ..................................................................79


Guyana
Key indicators
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005..................................................................-3.0
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................18...................2.1...................3.5

Employment (1,000 jobs)...........................................................5...................1.7...................2.7

GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................66...................7.9...................3.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................21...................6.5...................2.3

150
210

(thousands)
120
90

(US$ millions)
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................100
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.7

4.3
3.4
2.4
4.1
4.2
2.9

2.8
2.6
2.5
2.5
4.2
4.1
Human resources ................................................................................................95

4.6
3.9
5.0
5.0
4.7
2.9
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.02
1.05
1.03
1.01
Property rights..................................................................112
Guyana
6.04 Airport density ......................................................................6

ICT infrastructure
Safety and security
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................50

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................49

Health and hygiene

Human resources
4.02
4.01
4.04
4.03



6.05
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.03

7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................85
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................72

Human resources

Rank/124

13.01
13.02
13.05
13.04

11.04
11.09
11.08
11.05
11.11
11.10
11.03

HIV prevalence .................................................................104
Life expectancy ..................................................................93

211
Honduras
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................332...................3.8...................3.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................80...................3.1...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................850...................9.6...................3.5
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................205...................7.9...................3.0

800
212
600

(thousands)
400

(US$ millions)
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................88
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.9

5.1
3.5
3.2
4.1
3.7
3.0

2.8
3.1
2.4
2.0
4.5
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................82

4.9
4.1
4.5
6.0
4.8
3.6
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights..................................................................104

Honduras
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................37
Safety and security



Health and hygiene
Human resources
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04




6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................63
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................95
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................92

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................60
Human resources

Rank/124


13.04
13.05
13.01
13.02
13.03

11.03
11.08
11.05
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.07

HIV prevalence .................................................................101
Life expectancy ..................................................................83
213
Hong Kong SAR

Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,519...................3.3...................5.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................168...................4.8...................2.2

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................33,226.................17.1...................6.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................549.................15.9...................3.4

15,000
214

(thousands)
12,000

(US$ millions)
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................6
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.7

5.8
5.1
6.1
6.6
5.2
4.8

4.8
6.5
2.8
5.0
5.0
5.4
Human resources ..................................................................................................7

5.9
5.7
5.3
6.8
5.6
4.8
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................14
Hong Kong SAR

Safety and security


Safety and security

Health and hygiene




6.04 Airport density ..................................................................118


7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................39
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................18
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................15

Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.11
11.03

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
Life expectancy ....................................................................1

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................96

Human resources
11.10
11.02
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.06



215
Hungary
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,826...................3.5...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................206...................5.2...................0.1

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................10,005...................9.0...................4.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................336...................8.6...................0.3

15,000
216

(thousands)
12,000
9,000

(US$ millions)
6,000
3,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................40
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
5.2

5.3
4.8
5.3
6.2
4.2
3.7

3.0
3.7
4.1
3.6
4.1
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................37

5.3
5.1
4.3
6.6
4.4
5.2
1

Rank/124

1.04
1.01
1.03
1.02

Property rights....................................................................32

Rank/124
Hungary
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Safety and security

Health and hygiene




6.04
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................78

7.03
7.01
7.04
7.02


ICT infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................40
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................34
ICT infrastructure

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................42
Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.04
11.10
11.02
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25



10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................112
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.05
11.11
11.03

Life expectancy ..................................................................49


217
Iceland
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,043...................6.3...................2.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................10...................6.3 .................0.3

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,866.................17.4...................2.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................31.................19.0...................0.0

1,000
218

(thousands)
800
600

(US$ millions)
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................4
Score
(17 scale)
5.4
5.7

5.1
5.6
6.2
6.4
5.1
5.0

4.8
4.6
5.8
6.2
3.8
5.6
Human resources ..................................................................................................3

6.2
6.1
5.5
7.0
5.2
5.4
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................2

1.01
1.03
1.04
1.05

Safety and security
Health and hygiene

4.03
4.04
4.01
4.02
Access to improved sanitation .............................................1

Access to improved drinking water .....................................1
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ..........5

Safety and security

Rank/124
Iceland



6.04 Airport density ......................................................................1
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................5

6.05 Number of operating airlines............................................114

7.02
7.01
7.04
7.03
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................1
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................5



10.02 Purchasing power parity...................................................118

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................78
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.03
11.11
11.06

Life expectancy ....................................................................3
Human resources
11.08
11.07
11.04
11.05
HIV prevalence ...................................................................48



219
India
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005.......................................................................1,094.6
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................16,315...................2.1...................5.1

Employment (1,000 jobs)..................................................10,680...................2.4 .................0.1

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................41,771...................5.3...................6.6
Employment (1,000 jobs)..................................................24,349...................5.4...................1.0

8,000
220
6,000

(thousands)
4,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................65
Score
(17 scale)
4.1
4.2

4.1
4.5
5.0
3.6
4.1
3.6

3.9
4.2
2.2
2.4
5.6
4.6
Human resources ................................................................................................85

4.8
5.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.2
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................25
Rank/124

India
Safety and security
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.03
4.02
4.01
4.04


5.02 T&T government expenditure ..........................................108


6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01


6.04 Airport density ..................................................................121
6.03 Departures per 1,000 population......................................103


ICT infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................113


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................98
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................94
Human resources
11.01
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.07



10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................53
Human resources
11.06
11.10
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.08


Life expectancy ..................................................................96
HIV prevalence ...................................................................88


13.02
13.05
13.03
13.04

221
Indonesia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................9,535...................3.1...................4.9

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,579...................2.5...................3.3

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................27,047...................8.7...................4.6
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................7,332...................7.2...................3.0

8,000
222

(thousands)
7,000
6,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................60
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.4

5.0
3.7
4.8
3.5
5.4
3.3

3.0
2.8
2.4
2.3
6.1
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................62

5.1
5.1
4.7
5.7
5.0
4.4
1

Rank/124

1.03
1.01
1.05
1.04
Rules governing foreign direct investment ..........................8

Safety and security
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................90
Indonesia

Safety and security


5.02
5.03
5.04
5.01

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.01
4.04
4.03
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................95

7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02

ICT infrastructure

10.04
10.01
10.03
10.02
Fuel price level .....................................................................5

11.01
11.07
11.03
11.04
11.08
11.05

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Human resources
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................79
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................95
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................79


Human resources
11.10
11.02
11.09
11.11
11.06

Life expectancy ..................................................................83


223
Ireland
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,972...................2.3...................3.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................48...................2.4...................0.7

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................16,440...................7.7...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................143...................7.2...................1.5

8,000
224
6,000

(thousands)
4,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................27
Score
(17 scale)
4.9
5.3

5.7
5.2
5.2
5.7
4.8
4.4

4.3
3.8
5.6
4.3
4.1
5.0
Human resources ..................................................................................................9

5.8
6.0
4.7
6.8
4.8
4.5
1

Rank/124

1.01
1.03
1.02
1.05
Foreign ownership restrictions.............................................1

Rules governing foreign direct investment ..........................2
Property rights......................................................................9
Rank/124

Ireland
Safety and security
Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene




6.04
6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................49

7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................12
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................19
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................37

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................116

Human resources
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.07
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.04
11.11
11.08

Life expectancy ..................................................................24
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25




225
Israel
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,561...................2.7...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................108...................3.8...................3.3

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................9,950...................7.6...................4.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................254...................9.0...................3.0

5,000
226

(thousands)
4,000
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................32
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.9

5.2
4.9
4.3
6.3
3.9
4.3

3.6
4.9
3.8
4.8
4.3
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................13

5.7
5.8
4.4
6.9
4.6
5.2
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................23
Rank/124

Israel

Health and hygiene

4.03
4.04
4.02
4.01

Physician density..................................................................8

Safety and security


5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04

6.04
6.05
6.02
6.03
Airport density ....................................................................53


7.04
7.01
7.03
7.02

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................25
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................28

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................36

Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.11
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.05
11.08

Life expectancy ....................................................................8
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25

10.02
10.04
10.01
10.03

Fuel price level ...................................................................73
Human resources


227
Italy
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................81,618...................4.6...................1.8

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,115...................4.9...................0.8

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................192,489.................10.8...................1.7
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,703.................11.9...................0.7

50,000
228

(thousands)
40,000
30,000

(US$ millions)
20,000
10,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................33
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.8

4.6
4.3
4.7
6.4
3.9
4.4

4.2
3.8
6.0
4.5
3.4
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................46

5.3
5.1
3.8
6.9
4.8
5.5
1

Rank/124


1.01
1.03
1.02
1.04

Physician density..................................................................5


Safety and security



Property rights....................................................................43
Health and hygiene

4.03
4.04
4.02
4.01
Rank/124
Italy

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................10
ICT infrastructure

6.04
6.01
6.06
6.03
Airport density ..................................................................101

7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................21

9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................27

Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.11
11.10
11.02
11.04

Life expectancy ....................................................................3
ICT infrastructure

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................118

Human resources

11.06
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................74


229
Jamaica
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,098.................10.5...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................113...................9.5...................4.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,472.................33.1...................3.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................350.................29.2...................3.5

2,000
230
1,500

(thousands)
1,000

(US$ millions)
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................48
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.5

5.7
3.9
3.3
4.6
5.2
3.5

3.4
3.7
3.1
3.4
4.1
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................39

5.3
4.7
4.7
6.5
6.1
4.1
1

Rank/124

1.04
1.05
1.01
1.03
Visa requirements ................................................................1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................48
Jamaica


6.06
6.03
6.01
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................44
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.01
4.03
4.04



8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................33

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................30


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................43
Human resources

11.10 Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................17

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................68


Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.03
11.02
11.04
11.05
11.11
11.06

HIV prevalence ...................................................................93
Life expectancy ..................................................................53


231
Japan
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................168,501...................3.5...................2.2

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,684...................4.2...................1.3

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................446,530...................9.4...................2.4
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................6,940.................10.9...................1.5

15,000
232

(thousands)
12,000
9,000

(US$ millions)
6,000
3,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................25
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.1

5.0
5.5
5.4
5.8
3.8
4.7

4.7
6.3
3.8
4.9
3.8
5.1
Human resources ................................................................................................11

5.7
6.2
4.2
6.9
4.0
5.7
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................15
Rank/124

Japan
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene


6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05

6.04 Airport density ..................................................................110


7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03


10.02
10.04
10.01
10.03

Fuel price level ...................................................................88
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................15
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................19
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................22
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.04
11.08
11.09
11.11
11.05
11.03

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
Life expectancy ....................................................................1
13.05
13.02
13.04
13.01

Human resources


233
Jordan
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,250...................9.2...................4.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................147...................8.7...................2.6

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,878.................21.1...................3.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................326.................19.5...................2.4

3,000
234

(thousands)
2,500
2,000

(US$ millions)
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................46
Score
(17 scale)
4.5
5.1

5.2
4.2
5.5
5.4
5.1
3.6

2.9
3.9
3.6
2.4
5.4
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................63

5.1
4.9
3.9
6.6
5.5
3.8
1

Rank/124

1.04
1.01
1.03
1.05

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................46
Jordan
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene





6.04
6.02
6.05
6.03
6.01
Airport density ....................................................................91




8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................56
10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................7

Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.03
HIV prevalence .....................................................................1

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................79
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................63


Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.02

Life expectancy ..................................................................66


13.02
13.03
13.04
13.01

235
Kazakhstan
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



3,500
236

(thousands)
3,000
2,500

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................82
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.0

3.5
3.7
4.1
5.3
3.2
3.0

2.8
3.2
2.1
2.3
4.7
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................60

5.2
4.9
4.7
5.8
5.0
3.2
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................29
1.04
1.05
1.01
1.02
1.03


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................20
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.02
11.08
11.03

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Rank/124

Property rights....................................................................85
Kazakhstan
Safety and security

Health and hygiene



237
6.03
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.05


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................95
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................97
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................66

Human resources
11.07
11.11
11.10
11.05
11.04

Life expectancy ..................................................................99


13.02
13.03
13.04
13.01

Kenya
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,119...................5.2...................3.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................253...................4.2...................2.5

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,431.................11.4...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................556...................9.2...................2.5

1,200
238

(thousands)
1,000
800

(US$ millions)
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................98
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.8

3.3
4.1
3.1
3.3
5.0
2.9

2.8
2.9
2.7
2.0
4.2
4.2
Human resources ..............................................................................................100

4.2
4.5
4.4
3.6
4.7
3.6
1

Rank/124

5.02
5.04
5.03
5.01

Rank/124
1.04
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.01

Property rights....................................................................83
Kenya
Safety and security


Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.03
11.04

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01
6.03
6.04
6.06
6.05
6.02

Airport density ....................................................................63
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................108
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................87

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................69
Human resources
11.10
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.02
11.07
11.05

HIV prevalence .................................................................114
Life expectancy ................................................................107


13.05
13.04
13.01
13.02
13.03

239
Korea, Rep.
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................13,068...................1.5...................4.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................477...................2.1...................0.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................61,035...................6.8...................5.0
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,731...................7.4...................1.2

8,000
240

(thousands)
7,000
6,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................42
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.6

4.8
4.6
5.0
4.8
3.9
4.5

4.1
5.3
2.9
5.8
4.2
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................48

5.2
5.5
3.8
6.5
3.9
4.9
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................34
Rank/124

Korea, Rep.

Safety and security
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene



6.02
6.01
6.05
6.06



6.04 Airport density ....................................................................84
7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................80


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................88
Human resources
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................4
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................14

Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.05
11.04
11.11
11.03

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
Life expectancy ..................................................................29

11.07
11.10
11.06
11.02



241
Kuwait
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................923...................1.3...................5.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................22...................1.9...................7.0

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,999...................7.3...................3.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................87...................7.3...................5.2

250
242
200

(thousands)
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................67
Score
(17 scale)
4.1
4.1

3.7
3.4
5.4
5.7
2.3
3.7

3.1
4.0
3.5
3.0
5.0
4.5
Human resources ................................................................................................16

5.6
4.9
5.3
6.8
3.9
3.8
1

Rank/124

Safety and security

Rank/124

1.01
1.03
1.05
1.02

Property rights....................................................................54
Kuwait
Health and hygiene

Safety and security

Health and hygiene



5.01
5.03
5.02
5.04

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................44
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................91


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................10
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.05

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
Life expectancy ..................................................................29
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................72
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................61



Human resources
11.01
11.03
11.04
11.02



13.01
13.03
13.02
13.04

243
Kyrgyz Republic
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



400
244
300

(thousands)
200

(US$ millions)
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................102
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.4

3.1
3.2
3.1
4.3
3.4
2.7

2.2
2.4
2.2
1.9
4.8
4.5
Human resources ................................................................................................71

5.0
4.3
4.9
6.0
4.7
3.8
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene
Rank/124

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................47
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.01
1.04
Property rights..................................................................118
Kyrgyz Republic

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................27
Human resources

11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25

Safety and security

Health and hygiene



245
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.05
6.03

7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................105
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................85
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................84

Human resources

Rank/124


11.05
11.04
11.01
11.11
11.07
11.10
11.03
11.02

Life expectancy ..................................................................93
Latvia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................235...................1.3...................8.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................12...................1.2...................1.1

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,021...................5.8...................7.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................51...................5.0...................0.6

1,200
246

(thousands)
1,000
800

(US$ millions)
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................53
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.3

4.6
4.3
4.9
4.6
3.2
4.0

3.2
4.3
4.1
3.7
4.7
4.6
Human resources ................................................................................................38

5.3
5.1
4.5
6.4
4.3
4.3
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................51
Latvia
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene

6.04
6.01
6.03
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................26

5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02




8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................55
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................34
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................43

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................82
Human resources
Human resources
11.09
11.03
11.02
11.05
11.04
11.07
11.01
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.06

HIV prevalence ...................................................................78
Life expectancy ..................................................................66


247
Lesotho
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................32...................2.1...................2.9

Employment (1,000 jobs)...........................................................7...................1.7..................-0.5

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................103...................6.7...................2.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................24...................5.5..................-0.6

350
248

(thousands)
300
250

(US$ millions)
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................121
Score
(17 scale)
3.1
3.3

4.0
3.2
3.8
3.2
2.5
2.5

1.8
2.1
2.0
1.7
5.2
3.5
Human resources ..............................................................................................116

3.4
3.7
3.7
2.7
4.3
2.7
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................42
1.05
1.02
1.03
1.01

Property rights..................................................................111
Lesotho


Human resources
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.03
4.01
4.04
5.04
5.03
5.02
5.01

6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
6.03

7.04
7.03
7.02
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................92
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................104
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................99

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................63

Human resources
Rank/124


11.08
11.11
11.04
11.07
11.10
11.02
11.05
11.03
11.06
HIV prevalence .................................................................123

Life expectancy ................................................................119
249
Lithuania
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................424...................1.6...................7.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................21...................1.4...................1.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,282...................8.8...................6.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................112...................7.5...................1.1

2,000
250
1,500

(thousands)
1,000

(US$ millions)
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................51
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.4

4.6
4.3
4.6
5.2
3.2
3.8

3.1
4.5
3.8
3.5
4.3
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................61

5.1
5.1
3.8
6.5
4.4
4.8
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................49
Rank/124

Lithuania
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................18


7.02
7.01
7.04
7.03

6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
6.03

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................64
ICT infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................39
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................54

Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.05
11.03
11.04
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level ...................................................................98

11.01
11.06
11.07
11.10
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................53
Human resources


251
Luxembourg
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,001...................2.9...................5.6

Employment (1,000 jobs)...........................................................7...................3.9...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,315...................9.4...................5.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................24.................13.4...................2.5

4,000
252
3,000

(thousands)
2,000

(US$ millions)
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................9
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.3

5.7
5.6
5.7
6.0
3.4
5.0

3.7
5.1
6.1
5.7
4.7
5.6
Human resources ................................................................................................14

5.7
5.5
4.7
6.9
5.8
5.3
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................12
Luxembourg
Health and hygiene



Safety and security

Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................1


5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04

6.02
6.05
6.04
6.06
6.01

Airport density ....................................................................79
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01


Human resources


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................11
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................11

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................94
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.04
11.08
11.02
11.03
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Life expectancy ..................................................................15


253
Macedonia, FYR
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................87...................1.5...................5.5

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................10...................1.5...................2.6

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................385...................6.8...................5.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................43...................6.3...................2.4

250
254

(thousands)
200
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................83
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.3

4.0
3.0
3.7
3.8
2.2
3.0

2.1
2.9
3.1
2.4
4.6
5.1
Human resources ................................................................................................56

5.2
4.7
4.3
6.6
6.1
3.9
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
1.03
1.05
1.01
1.02
Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.03
HIV prevalence .....................................................................1


Property rights..................................................................107
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................50

Rank/124
Macedonia, FYR
Safety and security

Health and hygiene


5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02

6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................52
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................57
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................73

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................85
Human resources
11.01
11.04
11.07
11.05
11.02
11.06
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................53


13.02
13.04
13.01
13.03

255
Madagascar
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................129...................2.4...................3.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................73...................1.8...................2.3

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................382...................7.0...................3.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................222...................5.6...................2.2

250
256

(thousands)
200
150

(US$ millions)
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................112
Score
(17 scale)
3.4
3.5

3.2
4.0
3.8
2.7
4.0
2.7

2.0
2.4
2.5
1.7
4.8
4.1
Human resources ..............................................................................................108

3.9
4.0
4.4
3.4
4.7
3.7
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.04
1.03
1.02
1.05
1.01

Human resources

Property rights..................................................................100
Madagascar
Safety and security



Health and hygiene

4.04
4.03
4.02
4.01



6.05
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................64
7.04
7.02
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................102
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................120
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................112

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................71

Human resources
Rank/124


13.03
13.05
13.01
13.04

11.09
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.04
11.08
11.03
11.07
Life expectancy ................................................................102
HIV prevalence ...................................................................98
257
Malawi
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................68...................3.0...................3.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................62...................2.3...................0.7

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................136...................6.0...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................126...................4.7...................1.4

500
258

(thousands)
400
300

(US$ millions)
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................114
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.6

4.4
3.6
4.1
3.3
2.5
2.5

1.9
2.3
1.7
1.7
4.7
3.9
Human resources ..............................................................................................121

2.8
3.7
3.7
1.2
5.3
3.6
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.05
1.03
1.02
1.01

Property rights....................................................................74
Malawi
Human resources

Safety and security


Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01
5.04
5.02
5.03
5.01

6.02
6.01
6.05
6.06
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................87
7.03
7.04
7.01
7.02


Rank/124

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................73
Human resources
11.09
11.07
11.11
11.08
11.02
11.10
11.04
11.03
11.05
11.06
Life expectancy ................................................................119
HIV prevalence .................................................................118
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................118
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................111

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................78


259
Malaysia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,739...................4.6...................5.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................492...................4.6...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................21,403.................14.6...................5.9
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,345.................12.6...................3.1

20,000
260
15,000

(thousands)
10,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................31
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
5.1

5.3
5.3
5.3
4.7
5.0
4.4

3.9
5.6
3.1
3.7
5.9
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................34

5.4
5.3
4.6
6.2
5.6
3.5
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................24
Rank/124

Malaysia
Safety and security
Safety and security

Health and hygiene


Health and hygiene


6.01
6.02
6.06
6.05

7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................75

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................42
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................63
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................32
ICT infrastructure

10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................9

Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.10
11.09
11.08
11.06
11.11
11.07
Human resources
11.03 Quality of the educational system .....................................10



HIV prevalence ...................................................................69
Life expectancy ..................................................................53


13.05
13.02
13.01
13.03

261
Mali
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................152...................2.6...................4.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................67...................2.0...................2.7

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................343...................5.8...................4.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................154...................4.7...................2.7

150
262

(thousands)
120
90

(US$ millions)
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................105
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.7

3.5
3.9
4.5
3.1
3.7
2.4

1.9
2.4
1.9
1.8
4.1
4.4
Human resources ..............................................................................................114

3.5
2.5
4.8
3.2
6.2
3.4
1

Rank/124
Rank/124
Safety and security

1.04
1.05
1.02
1.01
1.03

Property rights....................................................................77
Mali
Health and hygiene



Safety and security


Health and hygiene

Human resources




6.01
6.03
6.06
6.02
6.04
6.05

Airport density ....................................................................98
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................107
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................115
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................112

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................82
Human resources

Rank/124

13.05
13.03
13.04
13.01

11.01
11.05
11.10
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.03
11.08
11.04

Life expectancy ................................................................114
HIV prevalence .................................................................102
263
Malta
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................743.................13.2...................4.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................28.................18.4...................1.7

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,474.................26.1...................4.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................48.................31.9...................1.6

1,500
264

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................26
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.2

4.8
4.2
5.6
5.8
5.4
4.4

3.6
3.6
5.6
5.4
3.7
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................43

5.3
5.2
3.9
6.9
6.0
4.7
1

Rank/124
Safety and security

Health and hygiene


1.04
1.05
1.02
1.01
1.03

Safety and security


Property rights....................................................................41

Rank/124
Malta

8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................2
Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................3
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................17

Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................15
6.04
6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01
Airport density ....................................................................98

7.01
7.02
7.04
7.03

ICT infrastructure

10.01
10.04
10.02
10.03

Fuel price level ...................................................................92
11.07
11.04
11.06
11.08
11.05
11.03

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Human resources


265
Mauritania
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



30
266
25

(thousands)
20

(US$ millions)
15
10
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................92
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.7

3.4
3.3
4.7
3.0
3.9
2.8

2.0
2.5
2.7
1.9
4.9
4.7
Human resources ..............................................................................................101

4.2
3.2
5.6
3.8
6.6
3.2
1

Rank/124
Safety and security



1.04
1.01
1.02
1.05
1.03

Property rights....................................................................93

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................46
Rank/124
Mauritania

Human resources
Safety and security


Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01


6.01
6.05
6.02
6.06
6.03
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................56
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................114
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................106

Human resources
11.04
11.02
11.09
11.03
11.10
11.01
11.11
11.08
11.05

Life expectancy ................................................................101
HIV prevalence ...................................................................78
13.02
13.03
13.05
13.01
13.04

267
Mauritius
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................844.................11.8...................4.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................71.................13.7...................1.9

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,888.................26.3...................4.5
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................147.................28.1...................1.9

1,000
(thousands)
268
800

(US$ millions)
600
400
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................39
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
5.0

4.7
4.7
5.0
5.2
5.2
3.8

3.1
3.8
4.0
2.7
5.2
5.1
Human resources ................................................................................................89

4.8
4.8
3.3
6.3
6.1
4.5
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................28

1.05
1.01
1.03
1.04

Safety and security

Rank/124
Mauritius

Health and hygiene

Safety and security


Health and hygiene



6.05
6.04
6.02
6.06
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................31


Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1


Airport density ....................................................................75

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................54
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................42


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................40
Human resources
11.06
11.07
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.02
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................53


269
Mexico
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................41,975...................5.2...................3.4

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,566...................6.0...................2.3

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................118,361.................14.7...................5.0
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................4,988.................19.1...................4.6

25,000
270

(thousands)
20,000
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................49
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.5

5.1
4.3
3.5
5.0
4.7
3.6

3.9
3.6
3.6
2.7
4.2
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................50

5.2
4.8
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.2
1

Rank/124

1.04
1.05
1.01
1.03

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................60
Mexico
Health and hygiene

Safety and security


5.04
5.03
5.02
5.01
Health and hygiene




6.02
6.05
6.04
6.06

Airport density ....................................................................34


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................47

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................30
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................64
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................56
Human resources
11.01
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.10

Life expectancy ..................................................................45



Human resources
11.03
11.02
11.06
11.08
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62


271
Moldova
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



150
272

(thousands)
120
90

(US$ millions)
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................95
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.7

3.2
3.5
4.0
4.9
2.7
2.7

2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
4.6
4.5
Human resources ................................................................................................80

4.9
4.3
4.6
5.9
5.2
3.5
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene
Rank/124

1.01
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.04

Property rights..................................................................103
Moldova
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................48


Safety and security

Health and hygiene


273
6.02
6.05
6.06
6.03
6.01
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................73
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................100
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................64
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................59


Human resources
Rank/124


13.02
13.04
13.03
13.01

11.01
11.05
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.03
11.02
11.07

Life expectancy ..................................................................83
Mongolia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



400
274
300

(thousands)
200

(US$ millions)
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................91
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.7

3.8
2.9
4.1
4.3
3.7
2.6

2.3
2.4
1.5
2.0
4.7
4.9
Human resources ................................................................................................68

5.1
4.6
4.8
5.8
6.2
3.3
1

Rank/124
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.05
1.04
1.02
1.03
1.01

Property rights....................................................................80
Mongolia


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................35

Safety and security


Health and hygiene

Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.06

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1



6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02

7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................91
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................74

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................61
Human resources
11.03
11.10
11.11
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.02

Life expectancy ..................................................................89


275
Morocco
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................5,601.................10.1...................4.6

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,036...................8.8...................3.3

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................9,927.................17.9...................4.7
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,813.................15.5...................3.4

6,000
276

(thousands)
5,000
4,000

(US$ millions)
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................57
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.6

4.9
4.0
4.9
4.1
5.2
3.3

2.7
3.8
3.1
2.0
4.8
4.9
Human resources ................................................................................................72

5.0
4.1
4.7
6.3
5.2
4.5
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................56
Morocco
Safety and security


Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene




6.04
6.03
6.06
6.01


Airport density ..................................................................103


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................65

ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.07
11.06

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25



9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................96
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................59

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................65
Human resources
11.02
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.11
11.04

Life expectancy ..................................................................66

277
Mozambique
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total



600
278

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................119
Score
(17 scale)
3.2
3.3

3.5
3.5
3.6
2.5
3.6
2.6

2.2
2.4
2.2
1.6
4.8
3.7
Human resources ..............................................................................................124

2.5
3.2
3.1
1.3
5.3
3.3
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.04
1.02
1.05
1.03
1.01

Property rights....................................................................86
Mozambique


Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01

279
6.05
6.03
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................53
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02

Rank/124
Human resources
11.09
11.02
11.07
11.10
11.08
11.11
11.03
11.04
11.06
11.01
11.05
HIV prevalence .................................................................117
Life expectancy ................................................................117


13.05
13.04
13.01
13.03

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................108

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................119
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................111

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................71
Namibia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................303...................5.2...................5.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................32...................5.4...................3.5

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................631.................10.7...................5.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................63.................10.7...................3.4

800
280
600

(thousands)
400

(US$ millions)
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................73
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.0

5.0
4.3
4.1
3.2
3.7
3.4

3.4
4.5
2.4
2.1
4.7
4.4
Human resources ..............................................................................................122

2.8
4.0
2.9
1.6
6.2
4.1
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................31
Rank/124

Namibia

Safety and security

Safety and security


Health and hygiene

4.03
4.01
4.02
4.04

6.04 Airport density ......................................................................5



6.05
6.02
6.06
6.03
6.01
Human resources



8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................75

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................90
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................90

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................58
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.11
11.02
11.06
11.05

HIV prevalence .................................................................120
Life expectancy ................................................................104


281
Nepal
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................302...................3.8...................5.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................330...................2.9...................3.3

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................648...................8.2...................5.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................726...................6.4...................3.4

500
282

(thousands)
400
300

(US$ millions)
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................106
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.4

3.8
3.3
2.7
3.0
4.0
2.5

2.0
2.1
1.1
1.8
5.3
4.6
Human resources ..............................................................................................106

4.1
3.6
3.1
5.5
5.9
3.8
1

Rank/124



10.02
10.04
10.01
10.03
Purchasing power parity.......................................................7

Fuel price level ...................................................................34
Human resources
1.01
1.05
1.03
1.02

Property rights....................................................................78
Safety and security

Rank/124
Nepal
Health and hygiene

4.01
4.03
4.02
4.04




6.04
6.06
6.01
6.03
6.05
6.02
Airport density ..................................................................104

7.03
7.02
7.01
7.04

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................96
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................113
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................105
Human resources
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.03
11.11
11.06
11.10
11.09
11.08

Life expectancy ..................................................................99
HIV prevalence ...................................................................74


283
Netherlands
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................20,232...................3.1...................1.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................218...................3.1...................0.2

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................54,663...................8.5...................2.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................571...................8.2...................0.3

12,000
(thousands)
284
10,000

(US$ millions)
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................19
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.2

5.5
5.7
5.3
6.2
3.2
4.8

4.8
6.2
4.2
5.4
3.3
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................21

5.6
6.1
3.7
6.9
4.6
5.7
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................5
Rank/124

Netherlands
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene


6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02

5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03


7.03
7.02
7.04
7.01

ICT infrastructure
6.04 Airport density ..................................................................108

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................43

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................10
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................20
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.05
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.03

Life expectancy ..................................................................15


10.02
10.04
10.01
10.03

Fuel price level .................................................................113
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................48


285
New Zealand
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................8,097...................7.4...................3.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................157...................7.7...................0.5

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................16,793.................15.4...................3.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................326.................15.9...................0.2

5,000
286
4,000

(thousands)
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................14
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.4

5.4
5.8
5.7
5.9
4.4
4.6

4.7
4.8
4.1
4.8
4.4
5.6
Human resources ................................................................................................20

5.6
5.7
4.2
6.9
5.3
5.9
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene

Rank/124
1.04
1.03
1.05
1.02
1.01

Property rights....................................................................17
New Zealand


Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11

Life expectancy ....................................................................8
Safety and security

Health and hygiene




6.05
6.01
6.02
6.06
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................16
7.01
7.02
7.04
7.03
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................46
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................24
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................15

10.02
10.01
10.03
10.04

Fuel price level ...................................................................23
11.06
11.07
11.04
11.05
11.08
11.10
11.03

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Human resources


287
Nicaragua
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................152...................2.9...................4.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................48...................2.3...................5.2

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................388...................7.4...................4.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................124...................5.9...................5.1

288
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

(thousands)
(US$ millions)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................89
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.0

5.0
3.3
4.4
3.8
3.4
2.8

2.8
2.2
2.6
1.8
4.4
4.5
Human resources ................................................................................................59

5.2
4.1
5.1
6.3
4.6
3.9
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights..................................................................109

Nicaragua
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................15


Safety and security
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.06
11.08

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48

4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03

5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03

Health and hygiene


289
6.03
6.05
6.02
6.01
6.06

7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................90
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................101
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................99

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................56

Rank/124


13.04
13.01
13.05
13.02

Human resources
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.09
11.04
11.11
11.10

Life expectancy ..................................................................78
Nigeria
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................708...................0.8...................5.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................232...................0.7...................3.4

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................5,816...................6.6...................4.2
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,855...................5.5...................2.4

1,000
290

(thousands)
800
600

(US$ millions)
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................115
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.3

3.5
3.7
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.7

2.2
2.8
1.9
1.8
4.9
3.9
Human resources ..............................................................................................102

4.2
4.1
5.1
3.4
4.1
3.2
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................30
Human resources
1.04
1.05
1.02
1.01
1.03

Property rights....................................................................88
Nigeria
Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01
5.02
5.01
5.04
5.03

6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.02
Airport density ..................................................................120

7.01
7.03
7.02
7.04

Rank/124
Human resources
11.11
11.08
11.10
11.02
11.09
11.01
11.03
11.05
11.04
Life expectancy ................................................................114

HIV prevalence .................................................................112


13.05
13.03
13.02
13.01
13.04

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................111
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................110
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................104

291
Norway
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,809...................2.4...................2.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................64...................2.8...................0.1

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................22,545...................7.9...................3.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................230.................10.1...................0.5

4,000
292

(thousands)
3,500
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................23
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.5

5.1
5.8
6.0
6.2
4.1
4.6

4.6
5.1
5.3
4.7
3.1
5.1
Human resources ................................................................................................18

5.6
5.9
4.0
6.9
4.3
5.5
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................13
Rank/124

1.05
1.03
1.04
1.01

Norway
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene


5.04
5.01
5.03
5.02



6.04 Airport density ....................................................................25
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................14

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................21
Human resources
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.04
11.03

Life expectancy ....................................................................8
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................31

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................122

11.06
11.01
11.07
11.08

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25


Human resources


293
Pakistan
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,114...................2.6...................4.6

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,177...................2.1...................2.5

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................7,549...................6.3...................4.4
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,904...................5.1...................2.3

800
294
600

(thousands)
400

(US$ millions)
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................103
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.5

3.7
3.6
3.5
4.0
2.7
3.2

2.6
3.8
2.2
2.1
5.2
3.9
Human resources ................................................................................................98

4.5
3.3
4.7
5.4
3.6
3.6
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.04
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.05

Property rights....................................................................95
Pakistan
ICT infrastructure

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................23
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04


5.03
5.01
5.02
5.04

6.04
6.03
6.06
6.01
6.05
Airport density ..................................................................115


8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................110
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................106
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................101


Human resources
Rank/124


13.05
13.04
13.02
13.03

11.01
11.02
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.09
11.04
11.03
11.07

Life expectancy ..................................................................96
295
Panama
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................725...................4.5...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................53...................4.5...................3.4

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,860.................11.5...................4.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................129.................10.9...................2.9

800
296
600

(thousands)
400

(US$ millions)
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................55
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.4

5.2
3.8
4.6
4.6
3.9
3.7

3.7
4.0
3.2
2.6
4.8
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................88

4.8
4.4
3.5
6.6
4.9
4.6
1

Rank/124

1.05
1.01
1.04
1.02

Property rights....................................................................44
Safety and security
Rank/124

Panama
Safety and security


Health and hygiene

6.04
6.06
6.03
6.01
Airport density ....................................................................13

4.01
4.03
4.02
4.04




8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................50

ICT infrastructure


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................33
Human resources
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................36
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................78
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................65



Human resources
11.07
11.03
11.06
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.04
11.05

HIV prevalence ...................................................................88


297
Paraguay
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................131...................1.6...................3.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................32...................1.5...................2.6

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................454...................5.7...................3.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................105...................5.0...................2.9

500
298

(thousands)
400
300

(US$ millions)
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................111
Score
(17 scale)
3.4
3.5

3.8
2.7
3.6
4.1
3.4
2.8

2.9
2.0
2.3
1.8
5.2
4.0
Human resources ................................................................................................92

4.8
3.8
4.2
6.3
4.0
3.2
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.02
1.01
1.03
1.04
Property rights..................................................................117
Paraguay

6.04 Airport density ......................................................................2

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................37
Human resources

Safety and security


Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03


299
6.05
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.03

7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................94
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................98
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................94


Rank/124


13.04
13.03
13.01
13.05
13.02

Human resources
11.03
11.05
11.04
11.06
11.02
11.09
11.08
11.10
11.11

HIV prevalence ...................................................................74
Life expectancy ..................................................................53
Peru
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,464...................3.1...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................309...................3.0...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,127...................7.7...................4.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................740...................7.1...................2.9

1,500
300

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................81
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0

5.1
3.8
3.4
4.0
3.9
2.9

2.6
2.6
3.0
2.5
4.2
4.6
Human resources ................................................................................................77

4.9
4.6
4.4
5.9
4.3
4.5
1

Rank/124

1.05
1.04
1.01
1.03
Rank/124

1.02 Property rights..................................................................106


Safety and security

ICT infrastructure
Health and hygiene
Human resources
4.01
4.04
4.02
4.03




6.01
6.03
6.06
6.05
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................51
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................52
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................87
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................60

10.01
10.03
10.04
10.02

Fuel price level ...................................................................69
Human resources
11.03
11.09
11.06
11.10
11.08
11.05
11.11
11.04

Peru
Rank/124


HIV prevalence ...................................................................74
Life expectancy ..................................................................66

301
Philippines
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,327...................3.9...................5.0

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,250...................4.1...................2.6

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................9,985...................9.1...................5.1
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................3,336.................10.8...................2.4

3,000
302
2,500

(thousands)
2,000

(US$ millions)
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................86
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.0

4.7
3.6
3.7
4.2
3.6
3.1

2.8
2.7
2.2
2.2
5.6
4.3
Human resources ................................................................................................93

4.6
4.9
3.9
5.1
4.6
3.7
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................70
Philippines

10.01
10.02
10.04
10.03

Fuel price level ...................................................................16
Safety and security

Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
Health and hygiene

4.02
4.01
4.04
4.03


5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02

303
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................94

7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................106
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................97
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................83
Human resources
11.10
11.07
11.09
11.06
11.11
11.04
11.02
11.03

Life expectancy ..................................................................79


13.05
13.02
13.04
13.03

Poland
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,242...................2.0...................4.5

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................259...................2.0...................0.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................28,923...................9.1...................4.3
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,108...................8.5...................0.5

20,000
304
15,000

(thousands)
10,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................63
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.2

4.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.2
3.5

2.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
4.2
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................44

5.3
5.2
4.0
6.7
3.6
5.5
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.03 Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................102
1.02 Property rights....................................................................92
Poland
Health and hygiene

Safety and security



Health and hygiene




ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................39
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................45

6.04
6.01
6.06
6.03
Airport density ....................................................................89


Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.05
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Life expectancy ..................................................................39

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................68

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................104
Human resources
13.05
13.01
13.03
13.04

11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..............................................103

11.01 Primary education enrollment ............................................88


305
Portugal
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................11,970...................6.4...................3.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................373...................7.3...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................28,782.................15.5...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................907.................17.7...................1.5

15,000
306

(thousands)
12,000

(US$ millions)
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................22
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.4

5.2
5.1
5.8
6.1
4.8
4.5

3.8
5.0
5.9
3.8
4.0
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................40

5.3
5.1
4.1
6.7
5.1
5.3
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................33
Portugal
Safety and security
Health and hygiene

Safety and security


Health and hygiene





6.04
6.06
6.02
6.03
6.01

Human resources
Airport density ....................................................................68


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................27

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................40

9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................33

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................102

11.06
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.04
11.02
11.11

HIV prevalence ...................................................................69
Life expectancy ..................................................................24
Human resources


307
Qatar
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................524...................1.4...................5.2

Employment (1,000 jobs)...........................................................7...................2.0...................2.8

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,154.................11.4...................3.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................39.................11.6...................1.4

800
308
600

(thousands)
400

(US$ millions)
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................36
Score
(17 scale)
4.7
5.0

4.7
4.9
5.6
5.9
4.2
4.1

3.9
3.9
4.4
3.1
5.1
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................19

5.6
5.3
5.0
6.6
5.3
4.1
1

Rank/124
Safety and security

Rank/124

1.01
1.04
1.03
1.05
1.02

Property rights....................................................................38
Qatar
Health and hygiene
Safety and security


Health and hygiene




6.04
6.05
6.02
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................77


10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................4
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.03
11.07
11.06
11.02

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1

7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................48
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................48
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................46


Human resources
11.10
11.04
11.05
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................36


309
Romania
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,783...................1.9...................7.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................265...................3.1...................1.7

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,455...................4.8...................6.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................485...................5.8...................1.6

1,500
310

(thousands)
1,200
900

(US$ millions)
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................76
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
3.9

4.6
3.3
4.3
3.7
3.4
3.2

2.4
3.0
3.5
2.8
4.2
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................76

5.0
4.9
3.9
6.1
4.4
4.6
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.03
1.01
1.05
1.02

Property rights....................................................................76
Romania

ICT infrastructure
Safety and security
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................49
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.04

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1


Health and hygiene

4.04
4.01
4.03
4.02


311
6.04
6.01
6.06
6.03
6.02
6.05
Airport density ....................................................................97

7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................51
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................59

10.03
10.04
10.01
10.02

Fuel price level ...................................................................84
11.07
11.10
11.06
11.05
11.02
11.11
11.03

Life expectancy ..................................................................53

Human resources
Rank/124


Russian Federation
Key indicators
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) .................................................17,098.2
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................12,397...................1.5...................5.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................863...................1.3...................0.3

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................66,339...................7.8...................6.4
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................4,515...................6.6...................1.5

25,000
312

(thousands)
20,000
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................68
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
3.6

2.7
3.0
3.7
5.7
3.1
3.8

4.2
3.5
3.2
3.0
4.8
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................70

5.0
4.8
4.5
5.8
4.3
4.7
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.01
1.03
1.02
1.05
1.04

Property rights..................................................................114
Russian Federation
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................32

Safety and security


Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................44

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................30

Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.06
11.02




7.01 Road infrastructure...........................................................103
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................81
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................62

Human resources
11.07
11.05
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.04
11.03

HIV prevalence ...................................................................90
Life expectancy ..................................................................89


313

Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................319...................1.3...................4.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................43...................1.2...................0.7

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,216...................5.0...................5.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................160...................4.5...................1.0

1,000
314

(thousands)
800
600

(US$ millions)
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................61
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.0

4.3
2.7
4.5
5.1
3.2
3.1

2.3
2.4
3.3
3.3
4.2
5.5
Human resources ................................................................................................47

5.3
4.7
4.5
6.6
5.9
5.3
1

Rank/124

Safety and security


1.01
1.03
1.02
1.05

Safety and security
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................49

Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................38

Human resources
11.09
11.03
11.07
11.08
11.11
HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Life expectancy ..................................................................49

Property rights....................................................................89
Health and hygiene

Rank/124


6.06
6.01
6.02
6.04
6.05

Airport density ....................................................................81
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02

ICT infrastructure

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................91
Human resources
11.05
11.01
11.06
11.02
11.04
11.10



315
Singapore
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................3,365...................2.7...................4.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................61...................2.7...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................13,126.................10.3...................5.5
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................191...................8.3...................3.4

8,000
316

(thousands)
7,000
6,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................8
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.8

5.8
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.0

4.9
6.5
3.7
4.9
5.1
5.1
Human resources ..................................................................................................2

6.2
5.9
5.9
6.8
5.2
3.9
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................11
Singapore
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene



6.04 Airport density ..................................................................101

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................30

7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................29
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................12


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................38
Human resources
11.09
11.03
11.06
11.07
11.11
Life expectancy ....................................................................8
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.10
11.02
11.04
11.05

HIV prevalence ...................................................................48


13.01
13.03
13.02
13.04

317
Slovak Republic
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,109...................2.2...................4.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................48...................2.1...................0.9

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................7,768.................15.4...................5.0
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................306.................13.6...................1.6

2,000
318
1,500

(thousands)
1,000

(US$ millions)
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................37
Score
(17 scale)
4.7
4.9

5.3
4.6
5.4
6.0
3.1
3.8

2.3
4.0
4.3
3.8
4.7
5.4
Human resources ................................................................................................10

5.8
5.1
5.5
6.7
4.7
5.6
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................45
Slovak Republic

Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene


5.03
5.01
5.02
5.04

6.05
6.03
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................66

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................27



Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.07
11.06
11.10
HIV prevalence .....................................................................1

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................38
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................56

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................109


Human resources
11.01
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.11
11.02

Life expectancy ..................................................................45


319
Slovenia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,207...................3.4...................3.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................38...................4.6...................0.1

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................5,209.................14.6...................4.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................140.................16.9...................0.5

2,000
(thousands)
320
1,500

(US$ millions)
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................44
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.7

4.3
5.0
5.2
5.7
3.5
4.1

2.7
4.3
5.2
4.5
3.9
4.9
Human resources ................................................................................................52

5.2
5.3
3.6
6.8
5.0
4.4
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.05
1.03
1.01
1.02

Property rights....................................................................50
Slovenia
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene





6.02
6.05
6.06
6.01
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................60
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................35

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................22
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................32
10.04
10.03
10.02
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................106

Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.02
11.11
11.10
11.05
11.04

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
Life expectancy ..................................................................29
Human resources




321
South Africa
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................8,020...................3.3...................4.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................485...................3.4...................3.2

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................19,851...................8.2...................4.7
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,083...................7.5...................3.3

8,000
322
6,000

(thousands)
4,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................62
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.4

4.9
5.0
3.8
4.1
4.0
3.8

3.9
4.3
3.6
2.5
4.7
4.4
Human resources ..............................................................................................111

3.6
5.2
2.9
2.9
5.1
4.4
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................22
Rank/124

South Africa
Safety and security
Safety and security


Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04




6.06
6.01
6.02
6.05
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................36
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................84

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................82
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................71

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................73
ICT infrastructure

Human resources
11.01
11.05
11.04
11.02

Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.06
11.10
11.11
11.03
11.09

HIV prevalence .................................................................121
Life expectancy ................................................................111




323
Spain
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................81,639...................6.9...................2.8

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,473...................7.5...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................212,308.................17.8...................4.7
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................3,743.................19.1...................3.2

60,000
324
50,000

(thousands)
40,000

(US$ millions)
30,000
20,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................15
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.2

4.9
4.5
4.8
5.9
5.5
5.0

5.2
5.4
6.8
3.9
3.9
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................45

5.3
5.2
3.9
6.8
5.1
5.6
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene


Rank/124

1.05
1.03
1.04
1.01
1.02

Property rights....................................................................26
Spain

Safety and security
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................8

Health and hygiene
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11

Life expectancy ....................................................................8




6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
Airport density ....................................................................83

7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................35
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................31

10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................105

11.06
11.08
11.03
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................82
Human resources


325
Sri Lanka
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,024...................4.0...................5.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................271...................3.2...................2.8

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,477...................9.6...................5.5
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................662...................7.9...................2.4

600
326

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................79
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.1

4.7
3.8
3.3
4.5
4.3
2.9

2.5
3.1
2.0
2.0
4.7
4.7
Human resources ................................................................................................84

4.8
4.5
3.6
6.4
4.7
4.5
1

Rank/124
Rank/124


1.02 Property rights....................................................................63
Sri Lanka
Health and hygiene


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................23

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1




6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.02
Airport density ..................................................................116

7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................89
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................103
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................93

Human resources

Rank/124

11.07
11.06
11.01
11.09
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.10
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................66

327
Suriname
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................37...................2.8...................3.8

Employment (1,000 jobs)...........................................................4...................2.7...................2.4

GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................95...................7.2...................3.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................11...................6.6...................2.3

200
328
150

(thousands)
100

(US$ millions)
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................108
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.4

3.5
2.7
4.1
4.5
2.4
2.9

2.7
2.5
3.1
2.3
4.1
4.0
Human resources ................................................................................................97

4.5
4.0
3.7
5.7
4.4
3.2
1

Rank/124
Rank/124
Health and hygiene

1.03
1.04
1.01
1.02

Property rights....................................................................94
Suriname

6.04 Airport density ......................................................................4


Safety and security
10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................36
Human resources

Health and hygiene


5.04
5.01
5.03
5.02

329
6.05
6.06
6.01
6.02

7.04
7.02
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................62
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................78
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................62

Human resources

Rank/124


13.04
13.02
13.05
13.01

11.06
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.09
11.08
11.11
11.02
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................98
Life expectancy ..................................................................83
Sweden
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................9,790...................2.7...................3.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................118...................2.8...................1.0

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................28,938...................7.9...................3.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................344...................8.0...................1.0

8,000
330

(thousands)
7,000
6,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................17
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.2

5.3
5.9
5.6
6.2
3.2
4.9

4.9
5.7
4.4
6.3
3.1
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................31

5.4
6.1
3.3
7.0
4.4
6.0
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................16
Rank/124

Sweden

Health and hygiene

Safety and security

Health and hygiene




5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04

6.02
6.06
6.01
6.04
6.05

Airport density ....................................................................20
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................2
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................2
Human resources
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.05
11.11
11.04

Life expectancy ....................................................................3

13.05
13.04
13.02
13.01

Carbon dioxide damage........................................................5

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................21

10.04
10.03
10.02
10.01
Fuel price level .................................................................120

11.06
11.07
11.01
11.08
11.03

HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Human resources


331
Switzerland
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................23,185...................6.2...................2.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................342...................8.1...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................53,850.................14.3...................2.1
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................759.................18.0...................1.5

12,000
(thousands)
332
10,000

(US$ millions)
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................1
Score
(17 scale)
5.7
5.8

5.3
6.0
6.1
6.3
5.3
5.4

5.0
6.4
6.5
5.5
3.5
5.8
Human resources ..................................................................................................1

6.3
6.3
5.5
6.9
4.9
6.3
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................4
Rank/124

1.05
1.04
1.01
1.03

Switzerland
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene



7.02 Railroad infrastructure ..........................................................1
7.04 Domestic transport network ................................................2
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................7

5.01
5.03
5.02
5.04

6.04
6.02
6.06
6.01
Airport density ....................................................................50


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................3

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................24
Human resources
11.01
11.05
11.09
11.11
11.03
11.04
11.06
11.10

Life expectancy ....................................................................3
13.05
13.02
13.04
13.03

Carbon dioxide damage........................................................2

10.02
10.04
10.01
10.03

Fuel price level .................................................................120
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................69


333
Taiwan, China
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................4,681...................1.2...................3.4

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................170...................1.7...................0.6

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................17,718...................4.6...................4.3
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................529...................5.2...................1.3

5,000
334

(thousands)
4,000
3,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................30
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.7

5.7
5.2
5.2
4.1
3.5
4.4

3.2
5.7
2.7
5.3
5.3
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................15

5.7
5.9
4.6
6.6
6.0
4.3
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................39

Taiwan, China
Health and hygiene

Safety and security


Health and hygiene

7.02
7.01
7.04
7.03


5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04

6.04
6.03
6.05
6.06
Airport density ..................................................................104


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................9
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................14

Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.06

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................86

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................38
Human resources
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................35


335
Tajikistan
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total


International tourist arrivals (1,000), 2001 .................................4

International tourism receipts (US$ millions), 2005 ..................2
4
336

(thousands)

(US$ millions)
1
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................110
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.7

3.7
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.0
2.5

2.1
2.6
1.0
1.9
5.1
4.2
Human resources ................................................................................................87

4.8
4.2
4.7
5.5
4.5
3.2
1

Rank/124
Health and hygiene
Rank/124

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................46
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
1.01
1.03
1.04
1.02

Property rights....................................................................72
Tajikistan
Safety and security


Health and hygiene



6.02
6.06
6.01
6.03
6.05
6.04

Airport density ....................................................................58
7.03
7.01
7.04
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................114
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................123
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................100


Human resources
Rank/124


13.02
13.01
13.03
13.05
13.04

11.05
11.03
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.09
11.01
11.02
11.07

Life expectancy ..................................................................93
337
Tanzania
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................427...................3.2...................4.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................222...................2.5...................4.1

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,042...................7.8...................4.5
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................554...................6.2...................3.8

800
338
600

(thousands)
400

(US$ millions)
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................80
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.1

3.7
4.4
4.1
3.6
4.6
2.9

2.3
3.4
2.4
1.8
4.6
4.6
Human resources ..............................................................................................110

3.7
3.6
4.5
2.9
5.3
5.0
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................84
Tanzania
Health and hygiene


5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Human resources


6.03
6.01
6.04
6.02
6.06
6.05

Airport density ....................................................................87
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................93
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................118
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................109

10.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
Fuel price level ...................................................................77

Human resources
11.02
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.10
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.04
11.07

HIV prevalence .................................................................116
Life expectancy ................................................................111


339
Thailand
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................13,558...................6.5...................4.9

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,842...................5.2...................1.1

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................29,587.................14.3...................5.2
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................3,820.................10.7...................1.4

12,000
(thousands)
340
10,000

(US$ millions)
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................43
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.8

4.8
4.6
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.1

4.1
4.7
3.4
2.8
5.7
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................75

5.0
5.0
4.1
5.8
5.4
4.1
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................40
Rank/124

1.01 Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................104
Thailand
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene



6.04 Airport density ..................................................................104

6.05
6.02
6.01
6.06

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................44
ICT infrastructure
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
ICT infrastructure

10.01
10.04
10.03
10.02

Fuel price level ...................................................................19
Human resources


9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................80

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................61
Human resources
11.08
11.01
11.10
11.09
11.07
11.02
11.11
11.04
11.06
HIV prevalence ...................................................................96

Life expectancy ..................................................................75

13.05
13.02
13.01
13.04

341
Trinidad and Tobago

Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................718...................5.1...................4.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................36...................6.0...................2.4

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,065.................14.6...................4.8
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................104.................17.3...................2.6

500
342

(thousands)
400
300

(US$ millions)
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................85
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.8

4.7
3.3
2.9
4.7
3.6
3.3

3.4
2.8
3.0
2.8
4.7
4.2
Human resources ................................................................................................64

5.1
4.9
4.2
6.2
4.3
3.2
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................65
Trinidad and Tobago

Health and hygiene


Safety and security

Health and hygiene

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................10
Human resources
11.01
11.10
11.06
11.03




6.02
6.05
6.04
6.06
6.01

Airport density ....................................................................71
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................54
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................57
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................51

Human resources
11.08
11.07
11.11
11.04
11.02
11.05
HIV prevalence .................................................................106

Life expectancy ..................................................................75


13.02
13.01
13.04
13.03

343
Tunisia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,760...................9.2...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................271...................9.0...................2.2

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................5,449.................18.1...................4.4
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................510.................17.0...................1.9

8,000
344
6,000

(thousands)
4,000

(US$ millions)
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................34
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
5.3

5.0
5.5
5.6
5.0
5.6
3.8

2.7
4.8
3.7
2.5
5.2
5.2
Human resources ................................................................................................22

5.5
5.4
4.7
6.6
5.2
4.7
1

Rank/124

Safety and security

Health and hygiene


5.04
5.01
5.03
5.02
T&T fair attendance ..............................................................4

Rank/124

1.05
1.01
1.04
1.02

Property rights....................................................................35
Tunisia
Health and hygiene


6.04
6.02
6.03
6.05
6.06
6.01
Airport density ....................................................................91


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................17

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................21
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.03
11.06
11.04

HIV prevalence .....................................................................1

ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................77
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................70

Human resources
11.02
11.07
11.11
11.05
11.10

Life expectancy ..................................................................53



345
Turkey
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................23,019...................5.7...................3.6

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................726...................3.3...................0.1

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................54,220.................13.5...................3.8
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,710...................7.8...................0.3

25,000
346

(thousands)
20,000
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................52
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.5

4.8
4.0
4.6
4.9
3.9
3.5

3.3
3.7
3.3
3.0
4.2
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................65

5.1
4.7
4.1
6.5
5.3
4.6
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................53
Turkey
Safety and security
Health and hygiene


Safety and security



Health and hygiene


ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................47


6.04 Airport density ..................................................................104
Human resources
11.08
11.05
11.04
11.10
HIV prevalence .....................................................................1



8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................61
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................55

10.04 Fuel price level .................................................................107
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.09
11.02
11.03
11.07
11.11

Life expectancy ..................................................................66


347
Uganda
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................427...................4.6...................4.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................214...................3.6...................3.0

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................856...................9.2...................4.7
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................434...................7.3...................3.1

600
348

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................101
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.5

3.7
3.9
3.4
3.1
3.5
2.4

2.0
2.5
1.4
1.9
4.5
4.7
Human resources ..............................................................................................109

3.9
3.9
5.3
2.4
5.9
4.3
1

Rank/124
Rank/124


1.02 Property rights..................................................................101
Uganda



Safety and security

Health and hygiene
Human resources
4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01




6.03
6.04
6.02
6.06
6.01
6.05

Airport density ..................................................................111
7.03
7.02
7.04
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................97
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................122
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................110

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................78
Human resources

Rank/124
11.09
11.10
11.02
11.11
11.08
11.05
11.03
11.04
Life expectancy ................................................................110
HIV prevalence .................................................................108


349
Ukraine
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,467...................1.6...................6.3

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................254...................1.2...................1.5

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................7,888...................8.3...................4.5
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,395...................6.8..................-0.2

20,000
350
15,000

(thousands)
10,000

(US$ millions)
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................78
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0

4.0
3.0
4.2
5.5
3.3
3.2

2.6
3.4
2.7
2.6
4.9
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................73

5.0
4.6
4.5
5.9
5.2
3.1
1

Rank/124

Safety and security


1.01
1.03
1.02
1.05

Safety and security


Property rights..................................................................113
Health and hygiene

Rank/124
Ukraine


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................41
Health and hygiene




ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................49

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................29
Human resources
11.09
11.06
11.02
11.03
6.06
6.01
6.03
6.02

7.01 Road infrastructure...........................................................104
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................99


ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................72

Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.05
11.08
11.04
11.11
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................95
Life expectancy ..................................................................83


13.02
13.04
13.03
13.01

351

Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,483...................1.1...................8.7

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................40...................1.6...................5.3

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................15,736.................12.1...................5.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................294.................11.7...................2.5

6,000
352

(thousands)
5,000
4,000

(US$ millions)
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................18
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.3

4.8
5.1
5.8
5.8
4.9
4.7

5.0
4.8
4.5
3.5
5.5
5.3
Human resources ................................................................................................29

5.5
4.5
5.1
6.8
6.5
3.9
1

Rank/124
Safety and security


1.01
1.05
1.04
1.02
1.03

Property rights....................................................................42
Health and hygiene

Rank/124

Safety and security

Health and hygiene


6.06
6.01
6.05
6.03



6.04 Airport density ....................................................................43

7.03 Port infrastructure ................................................................9


10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................13
Human resources
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................29
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................45
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................36



Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.08
11.04
11.05
11.10
11.03
11.11
11.06
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................47
Life expectancy ..................................................................29
13.03
13.01
13.02
13.04

353
United Kingdom
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................79,874...................3.5...................1.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................986...................3.2 .................0.6

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................212,793...................9.4...................2.4
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................2,661...................8.6 .................0.1

35,000
354
30,000

(thousands)
25,000

(US$ millions)
20,000
15,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................10
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.2

5.5
5.5
4.9
5.7
4.4
5.1

5.6
5.5
5.2
5.7
3.3
5.6
Human resources ..................................................................................................6

6.0
6.0
5.1
6.9
4.4
6.3
1

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights......................................................................6
Rank/124

United Kingdom
Health and hygiene


6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01
Safety and security



Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................8
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.04
Human resources
5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................56




7.02
7.03
7.04
7.01

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................25
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................12

10.04
10.02
10.01
10.03
Fuel price level .................................................................123

11.08
11.06
11.03
11.10
11.05
11.11
11.07
HIV prevalence ...................................................................48

Life expectancy ..................................................................15
Human resources


355
United States
Key indicators
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ........................................12,455.8
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................518,336...................3.9...................2.5

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................5,834...................4.1...................0.1

GDP (US$ millions) ......................................................1,390,791.................10.5...................2.9
Employment (1,000 jobs)..................................................15,604.................10.9...................0.5

100,000
356

(thousands)
80,000
60,000

(US$ millions)
40,000
20,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index........................................................................................................5
Score
(17 scale)
5.4
5.1

5.5
5.2
4.8
5.7
4.1
5.7

6.8
5.8
6.5
5.6
4.1
5.5
Human resources ..................................................................................................5

6.0
6.0
5.1
6.8
4.1
6.4
1

Rank/124

Health and hygiene

Rank/124

1.03
1.01
1.04
1.02

Property rights....................................................................21
United States
6.02
6.05
6.04
6.03

Airport density ......................................................................8


Safety and security

Health and hygiene

ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................6
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................8
Human resources
11.09
11.10
11.04
11.05
5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02




8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................13
ICT infrastructure

10.01
10.02
10.04
10.03

Fuel price level ...................................................................43
11.01
11.08
11.07
11.02
11.11
11.03
11.06

HIV prevalence ...................................................................78
Life expectancy ..................................................................24
Human resources


357
Uruguay
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................855...................4.6...................3.8

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................77...................5.5...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,996.................10.7...................3.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................166.................11.8...................1.7

2,500
358

(thousands)
2,000
1,500

(US$ millions)
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................56
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.8

4.8
4.3
4.6
5.9
4.1
3.3

2.5
3.5
2.8
3.3
4.5
4.8
Human resources ................................................................................................51

5.2
4.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.2
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................55
Uruguay
Safety and security

Safety and security

Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene



6.04 Airport density ....................................................................31

6.01
6.05
6.02
6.06
6.03



8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................45
ICT infrastructure

9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................41

9.02 Internet users .....................................................................48
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.07
11.11
11.10

Life expectancy ..................................................................39

10.03
10.01
10.04
10.02

Fuel price level ...................................................................66
11.06
11.05
11.03
11.04
11.08

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62


Human resources


359
Venezuela
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................2,602...................1.9...................4.1

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................205...................2.0...................3.5

GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................12,551...................9.0...................3.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................855...................8.2...................2.7

1,000
360
800

(thousands)
600

(US$ millions)
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................99
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.3

3.8
3.1
2.8
4.2
2.7
3.1

3.1
2.6
2.9
2.4
4.6
4.4
Human resources ................................................................................................94

4.6
4.3
3.1
6.5
3.5
5.1
1

Rank/124
Rank/124

1.02
1.03
1.01
1.05
Property rights..................................................................123
Venezuela

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................40

Safety and security

10.04 Fuel price level .....................................................................1
Human resources


11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................39

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.04
4.03
4.02


361

7.02
7.01
7.04
7.03

8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................59
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................73
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................69

Human resources

Rank/124

11.06
11.03
11.07
11.09
11.04
11.02
11.05
11.08
11.10

HIV prevalence ...................................................................82

Vietnam
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................1,843...................3.2...................6.2

Employment (1,000 jobs).......................................................953...................2.5...................1.6

GDP (US$ millions) .............................................................6,254.................10.9...................7.1
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................3,364...................8.7...................2.5

International tourism receipts (US$ millions).........................N/A
3,500
362

(thousands)
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................87
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.9

3.7
3.6
4.8
4.0
3.6
2.8

2.5
2.9
1.1
2.1
5.5
4.6
Human resources ................................................................................................81

4.9
4.3
4.5
5.9
5.1
3.8
1

Rank/124
Safety and security
Rank/124
Health and hygiene

1.01
1.04
1.05
1.03
1.02

Property rights....................................................................69
Vietnam



Safety and security

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................15
Human resources

Health and hygiene




6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
Airport density ..................................................................123

7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................88
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................76
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................74

Human resources

Rank/124


13.04
13.02
13.03
13.05

11.03
11.01
11.10
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.05
11.08
11.11
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................69
Life expectancy ..................................................................66
363
Zambia
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................103...................1.3...................1.9

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................16...................1.1...................0.5

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................334...................4.1...................2.2
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................51...................3.4...................0.8

600
364

(thousands)
500
400

(US$ millions)
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................94
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.9

4.8
3.4
4.3
2.7
4.2
2.4

2.6
1.9
1.9
1.7
4.1
4.7
Human resources ..............................................................................................115

3.4
3.3
5.8
1.1
6.4
4.2
1

Rank/124

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................61
Zambia
Safety and security

Safety and security


6.04 Airport density ....................................................................48

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03


Human resources



6.02
6.03
6.05
6.01
6.06

7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................103
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................109
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................102

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................94
Human resources
11.04
11.05
11.10
11.11
11.08
11.09
11.02
11.01
11.03

Life expectancy ................................................................121
HIV prevalence .................................................................119

365
Zimbabwe
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ..................................................................95...................2.3...................3.0

Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................21...................2.1...................0.9

GDP (US$ millions) ................................................................218...................5.3...................1.9
Employment (1,000 jobs).........................................................48...................4.7..................-0.1

2,500
366

(thousands)
2,000
1,500

(US$ millions)
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index....................................................................................................107
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.5

3.4
3.5
4.1
3.5
3.0
3.0

2.8
2.9
2.2
1.9
5.0
4.0
Human resources ..............................................................................................123

2.6
4.0
2.7
1.1
5.6
3.8
1

Rank/124
Rank/124
Safety and security

1.02
1.03
1.01
1.05
Property rights..................................................................124
Zimbabwe

6.04 Airport density ....................................................................14


Safety and security

Human resources

Health and hygiene

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04


5.03
5.01
5.02
5.04

367
6.01
6.06
6.02
6.05

7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02

8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................104
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................103
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................77

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................58
Human resources

Rank/124


11.11
11.07
11.08
11.10
11.06
11.09
11.04
11.02
11.01
Life expectancy ................................................................124

HIV prevalence .................................................................122
2.2
Data Tables
How to Read the Data Tables
The following pages present the data for of all the variables included in the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Index 2007 (TTCI) for all 124 economies covered by
the study.
The tables are organized in 13 sections, which
correspond to the 13 pillars of the TTCI.The number
preceding the title of each variable serves to identify the
pillar to which the variable belongs.
Two types of data are used in the TTCI: Survey
data and hard data.
Survey data: average responses in each economy to
questions included in the World Economic Forums
Executive Opinion Survey, conducted in the early
months of 2006.
2.2: Data Tables | Policy rules and regulations
Hard data: indicators obtained from a variety of

sources.
1.01
Survey data
Data yielded from the World Economic Forums
Executive Opinion Survey are presented in blue-colored
bar graphs. Questions from the Survey asked for
responses on a scale of 1 to 7, where an answer of 1
corresponds to the lowest possible score and an answer
of 7 corresponds to the highest possible score. For each
Survey variable, the original question and the two
extreme answers are shown.
We report the average score for each economy
that is, the arithmetic mean of responses from each
economy.Variable 5.01, for example, asks about the
governments prioritization of the T&T industry in
the respondents economy. On this particular variable,
Mauritius with a score of 6.5 ranks first, and therefore
appears at the top, followed by Barbados, second with
a score of 6.3.We report responses rounded to one
decimal point, but use the exact figures to determine
rankings. For example, in the case of variable 1.01 on
foreign ownership restrictions, Belgiums average score
is 5.986 and New Zealands average score is 5.978.
These economies are therefore ranked 13th and 14th
respectively, although they are both listed with the
same rounded score of 6.0.
Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare, limited to minority stakes and often prohibited in key sectors , 7 = prevalent
and encouraged)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Ireland ...........................6.4
Slovak Republic ............6.3
Singapore......................6.3
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
United Kingdom............6.3
Czech Republic .............6.2
Germany .......................6.1
Chile..............................6.1
Sweden ........................6.1
Luxembourg .................6.0
Finland ..........................6.0
Indonesia ......................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
New Zealand.................6.0
Denmark .......................5.9
Zambia ..........................5.8
Uganda .........................5.8
Hungary ........................5.8
Austria ..........................5.8
Jordan ...........................5.8
Jamaica.........................5.8
Australia ........................5.8
Switzerland ...................5.7
Netherlands ..................5.7
Israel .............................5.7
Estonia ..........................5.7
Costa Rica.....................5.7
Canada ..........................5.7
Dominican Republic......5.7
Gambia .........................5.6
Mexico ..........................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Barbados.......................5.5
Malta.............................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Panama .........................5.4
Trinidad and Tobago ......5.4
India ..............................5.4
Tanzania ........................5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Bangladesh ...................5.4
United States................5.3
Peru ..............................5.3
Burkina Faso .................5.3
Portugal ........................5.3
Morocco .......................5.3
Latvia ............................5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Azerbaijan .....................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.3
El Salvador ....................5.2
Lesotho.........................5.2
Namibia.........................5.2
Uruguay ........................5.2
France ...........................5.2
Botswana......................5.2
Cameroon .....................5.2
Malawi ..........................5.2
Kenya ............................5.2
Greece ..........................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2006
SD
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Argentina ......................5.1
Mozambique .................5.1
Nigeria ..........................5.1
Mongolia .......................5.1
Colombia.......................5.1
Bahrain..........................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................5.0
Mali ...............................5.0
Benin ............................5.0
Pakistan ........................4.9
Madagascar ..................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Armenia ........................4.9
Cambodia......................4.9
Japan ............................4.8
Mauritius.......................4.8
Lithuania .......................4.8
Cyprus ..........................4.8
Romania........................4.8
Turkey ...........................4.8
Nicaragua ......................4.7
Algeria...........................4.7
Egypt ............................4.7
Honduras ......................4.7
China.............................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Philippines ....................4.6
Qatar .............................4.6
Guyana..........................4.6
United Arab Emirates ...4.5
Georgia .........................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................4.5
Mauritania .....................4.4
Suriname ......................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina...4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Chad .............................4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.3
Venezuela .....................4.3
Italy ...............................4.3
Thailand ........................4.3
Slovenia ........................4.3
Iceland ..........................4.2
Burundi .........................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ...........4.2
Serbia and Montenegro ...4.2
Bolivia ...........................4.1
Kyrgyz Republic ............4.1
Ecuador.........................4.1
Albania ..........................4.0
Zimbabwe .....................4.0
Ethiopia .........................3.9
Paraguay .......................3.9
Tajikistan .......................3.9
Moldova ........................3.9
Angola...........................3.8
Ukraine .........................3.7
Vietnam.........................3.7
Nepal ............................3.5
Russian Federation .......3.4
Kuwait...........................2.9
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
A dotted line on the graph indicates the mean

score across the sample of 124 economies.
Standard deviations are shown next to the bars
representing each economys mean score.The standard
deviation indicates how closely or widely the individual
responses are spread around the mean economy score. In
other words, this provides information on the extent of
agreement or disagreement on the question within the
given economy.The smaller the standard deviation, the
greater the consensus is among the respondents from a
particular economy. In the case of variable 3.03 on the
impact on business of crime and violence, the standard
deviation of the sample of respondents from Iceland is
0.4, reflecting a high degree of consensus.
371
Visa requirements
Visitor Visa Requirements Index, 2006
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
HARD DATA
Albania...............................100.0
Argentina ...........................100.0
Bolivia ................................100.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina....100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Colombia ...........................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Ecuador .............................100.0
Georgia ..............................100.0
Guyana ..............................100.0
Jamaica .............................100.0
Romania ............................100.0
Serbia and Montenegro.....100.0
Ukraine ..............................100.0
Barbados .............................90.0
Botswana ............................90.0
Chile ....................................90.0
Costa Rica ...........................90.0
Croatia .................................90.0
Egypt ...................................90.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................90.0
Hungary ...............................90.0
Jordan..................................90.0
Korea, Rep...........................90.0
Lithuania ..............................90.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................90.0
Malaysia ..............................90.0
Mexico.................................90.0
Morocco ..............................90.0
Namibia ...............................90.0
Nicaragua.............................90.0
Peru .....................................90.0
Philippines ...........................90.0
Poland..................................90.0
Singapore ............................90.0
Slovak Republic ...................90.0
Slovenia ...............................90.0
Taiwan, China ......................90.0
Thailand ...............................90.0
Turkey..................................90.0
Uruguay ...............................90.0
Venezuela ............................90.0
Austria .................................80.0
Belgium ...............................80.0
Canada.................................80.0
Czech Republic....................80.0
Denmark..............................80.0
Dominican Republic ............80.0
El Salvador...........................80.0
Estonia.................................80.0
Finland .................................80.0
France..................................80.0
Germany..............................80.0
Greece.................................80.0
Guatemala ...........................80.0
Honduras .............................80.0
Iceland .................................80.0
Indonesia .............................80.0
Ireland..................................80.0
Israel....................................80.0
Italy......................................80.0
Japan ...................................80.0
SOURCE: Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
372
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
92
92
94
94
94
94
94
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
HARD DATA
Kuwait .................................80.0
Latvia ...................................80.0
Lesotho ...............................80.0
Luxembourg ........................80.0
Malawi.................................80.0
Mauritius .............................80.0
Nepal ...................................80.0
Netherlands .........................80.0
New Zealand .......................80.0
Norway ................................80.0
Panama................................80.0
Portugal ...............................80.0
South Africa.........................80.0
Spain....................................80.0
Sri Lanka..............................80.0
Sweden ...............................80.0
Switzerland..........................80.0
Tunisia .................................80.0
United Arab Emirates ..........80.0
United Kingdom ..................80.0
United States ......................80.0
Zimbabwe............................80.0
Bahrain ................................70.0
Malta ...................................70.0
Qatar....................................70.0
Trinidad and Tobago.............70.0
Brazil....................................60.0
Paraguay..............................60.0
Zambia.................................60.0
Australia...............................50.0
Gambia ................................50.0
Cambodia ............................30.0
China ...................................30.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................30.0
Moldova...............................30.0
Mongolia..............................30.0
Vietnam ...............................30.0
Armenia ...............................20.0
Azerbaijan ............................20.0
Kazakhstan ..........................20.0
Pakistan ...............................20.0
Suriname .............................20.0
Tajikistan ..............................20.0
Bangladesh..........................10.0
Benin ...................................10.0
Burkina Faso........................10.0
Ethiopia................................10.0
India.....................................10.0
Russian Federation..............10.0
Tanzania...............................10.0
Algeria ...................................0.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Cameroon..............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Kenya.....................................0.0
Madagascar ...........................0.0
Mali........................................0.0
Mauritania..............................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Uganda ..................................0.0
Hard data
1.04
While Survey data provide qualitative information,

hard data provide objective quantitative measures (for
example, surface of protected areas, number of airports,
life expectancy, and so on). Several hard data indicators
were computed or provided by partners to the project
(Booz Allen Hamilton, the United Nations World
Tourism Organization, the World Travel & Tourism
Council, and the International Air Transport Association).
Other hard data indicators entering the TTCI were
obtained from international organizations (for example,
the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the
International Telecommunication Union, United
Nations agencies, the World Trade Organization, and
so on), and, in some cases, from national sources. In the
following pages, hard data variables are presented in
black bar graphs. A detailed description and full source
for each variable can be found in the Technical Notes
and Sources section at the end of this Report.
When data are not available or are out of date,
n/a is used in lieu of the rank and the value.
In the case of hard data, true ties between two
or more countries are possible. In such cases, shared
rankings are indicated accordingly. For example, in
both Singapore and Switzerland T&T government
expenditure represents 7.5 percent of the total budget.
Therefore, these two countries share the 15th rank on
variable 5.02.
List of Data Tables
List of Data Tables
Subindex A T&T regulatory framework

Policy rules and regulations............................................................375
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
Foreign ownership restrictions......................................376

Property rights...............................................................377
Rules governing foreign direct investment ...................378
Visa requirements .........................................................379
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements .............380
Environmental regulation..................................................................381
2.01
2.02
2.03
Stringency of environmental regulation ........................382

Clarity and stability of environmental regulations .........383
Government prioritization of sustainable
Travel & Tourism ...........................................................384
Tourism infrastructure .......................................................................415

8.01
8.02
8.03
Hotel rooms ..................................................................416

Presence of major car rental companies ......................417
ATMs accepting Visa cards ...........................................418
ICT infrastructure ................................................................................419

9.01
9.02
9.03
Extent of business Internet use....................................420

Internet users ................................................................421
Telephone lines .............................................................422
Price competitiveness in the T&T industry..................................423

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
Ticket taxes and airport charges ...................................424

Purchasing power parity................................................425
Extent and effect of taxation.........................................426
Fuel price levels ............................................................427
Safety and security.............................................................................385

3.01
3.02
3.03
Business costs of terrorism ..........................................386

Reliability of police services ..........................................387
Business costs of crime and violence ..........................388
Subindex C T&T human, cultural, and natural resources

Human resources................................................................................429
Health and hygiene ............................................................................389

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
Government efforts to reduce health risks

from pandemics ...............................................................390
Physician density...........................................................391
Access to improved sanitation ......................................392
Access to improved drinking water ..............................393
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism ...................................................395

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
Government prioritization of the T&T industry..............396

T&T government expenditure .......................................397
Effectiveness of marketing and branding to attract
tourists ..........................................................................398
T&T fair attendance.......................................................399
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
Primary education enrollment .......................................430

Secondary education enrollment...................................431
Quality of the educational system ................................432
Local availability of specialized research and
training services ............................................................433
Extent of staff training ..................................................434
Hiring and firing practices .............................................435
Ease of hiring foreign labor ...........................................436
HIV prevalence ..............................................................437
Malaria incidence ..........................................................438
Tuberculosis incidence ..................................................439
Life expectancy .............................................................440
National tourism perception............................................................441
Subindex B T&T business environment and infrastructure

Air transport infrastructure ..............................................................401
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
Quality of air transport infrastructure ............................402

Available seat kilometers...............................................403
Departures per 1,000 population ..................................404
Airport density ...............................................................405
Number of operating airlines.........................................406
International air transport network ................................407
Ground transport infrastructure ......................................................409

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
Road infrastructure........................................................410
Railroad infrastructure ...................................................411
Port infrastructure .........................................................412
Domestic transport network .........................................413
12.01
12.02
12.03
Tourism openness .........................................................442

Attitude toward tourists ................................................443
Recommendation to extend business trips ..................444
Natural and cultural resources .......................................................445

13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.05
Number of World Heritage sites ...................................446

Carbon dioxide damage.................................................447
Nationally protected areas.............................................448
Business concern for ecosystems ................................449
Risk of malaria and yellow fever ...................................450
373
Data Tables
Pillar 1
375
376
1.01
Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare, limited to minority stakes and often prohibited in key sectors , 7 = prevalent
and encouraged)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Ireland ...........................6.4
Singapore......................6.3
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
Germany .......................6.1
Chile..............................6.1
Sweden ........................6.1
Luxembourg .................6.0
Finland ..........................6.0
Indonesia ......................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
New Zealand.................6.0
Denmark .......................5.9
Zambia ..........................5.8
Uganda .........................5.8
Hungary ........................5.8
Austria ..........................5.8
Jordan ...........................5.8
Jamaica.........................5.8
Australia ........................5.8
Switzerland ...................5.7
Netherlands ..................5.7
Israel .............................5.7
Estonia ..........................5.7
Costa Rica.....................5.7
Canada ..........................5.7
Gambia .........................5.6
Mexico ..........................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Barbados.......................5.5
Malta.............................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Panama .........................5.4
India ..............................5.4
Tanzania ........................5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Bangladesh ...................5.4
United States................5.3
Peru ..............................5.3
Burkina Faso .................5.3
Portugal ........................5.3
Morocco .......................5.3
Latvia ............................5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Azerbaijan .....................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.3
El Salvador ....................5.2
Lesotho.........................5.2
Namibia.........................5.2
Uruguay ........................5.2
France ...........................5.2
Botswana......................5.2
Cameroon .....................5.2
Malawi ..........................5.2
Kenya ............................5.2
Greece ..........................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
SD
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Argentina ......................5.1
Mozambique .................5.1
Nigeria ..........................5.1
Mongolia .......................5.1
Colombia.......................5.1
Bahrain..........................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................5.0
Mali ...............................5.0
Benin ............................5.0
Pakistan ........................4.9
Madagascar ..................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Armenia ........................4.9
Cambodia......................4.9
Japan ............................4.8
Mauritius.......................4.8
Lithuania .......................4.8
Cyprus ..........................4.8
Romania........................4.8
Turkey ...........................4.8
Nicaragua ......................4.7
Algeria...........................4.7
Egypt ............................4.7
Honduras ......................4.7
China.............................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Philippines ....................4.6
Qatar .............................4.6
Guyana..........................4.6
Georgia .........................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................4.5
Mauritania .....................4.4
Suriname ......................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Chad .............................4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.3
Venezuela .....................4.3
Italy ...............................4.3
Thailand ........................4.3
Slovenia ........................4.3
Iceland ..........................4.2
Burundi .........................4.2
Bolivia ...........................4.1
Ecuador.........................4.1
Albania ..........................4.0
Zimbabwe .....................4.0
Ethiopia .........................3.9
Paraguay .......................3.9
Tajikistan .......................3.9
Moldova ........................3.9
Angola...........................3.8
Ukraine .........................3.7
Vietnam.........................3.7
Nepal ............................3.5
Kuwait...........................2.9
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
Property rights
Property rights, including over financial assets (1 = are poorly defined and not protected by law, 7 = are clearly defined and well
protected by law)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Germany .......................6.8
Iceland ..........................6.7
Denmark .......................6.6
Switzerland ...................6.6
Netherlands ..................6.5
Austria ..........................6.4
Finland ..........................6.4
Ireland ...........................6.4
Australia ........................6.4
Singapore......................6.3
Luxembourg .................6.3
Norway .........................6.3
Hong Kong SAR............6.2
Japan ............................6.2
Sweden ........................6.2
New Zealand.................6.2
France ...........................6.1
Belgium ........................5.9
Canada ..........................5.9
United States................5.8
South Africa ..................5.8
Israel .............................5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
India ..............................5.7
Spain .............................5.6
Estonia ..........................5.6
Mauritius.......................5.6
Cyprus ..........................5.5
Chile..............................5.5
Namibia.........................5.5
Hungary ........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................5.4
Tunisia...........................5.4
Barbados.......................5.4
Greece ..........................5.3
Qatar .............................5.3
Taiwan, China................5.3
Thailand ........................5.3
Malta.............................5.2
Italy ...............................5.1
Panama .........................5.0
Jordan ...........................5.0
Bahrain..........................5.0
Jamaica.........................5.0
Lithuania .......................4.9
Slovenia ........................4.9
Latvia ............................4.9
Botswana......................4.9
Turkey ...........................4.8
Kuwait...........................4.8
Uruguay ........................4.8
Morocco .......................4.8
Egypt ............................4.7
Colombia.......................4.7
Costa Rica.....................4.7
Mexico ..........................4.6
Zambia ..........................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
SD
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Sri Lanka .......................4.6

Algeria...........................4.5
El Salvador ....................4.5
Burkina Faso .................4.4
Vietnam.........................4.4
Philippines ....................4.4
Armenia ........................4.3
Tajikistan .......................4.2
Guatemala ....................4.2
Malawi ..........................4.2
Romania........................4.1
Mali ...............................4.1
Nepal ............................4.1
Gambia .........................4.0
Mongolia .......................4.0
Croatia ..........................4.0
China.............................4.0
Kenya ............................3.9
Tanzania ........................3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.9
Mozambique .................3.9
Bangladesh ...................3.8
Nigeria ..........................3.8
Indonesia ......................3.8
Bulgaria .........................3.8
Poland ...........................3.7
Mauritania .....................3.7
Suriname ......................3.7
Pakistan ........................3.7
Cambodia......................3.6
Benin ............................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.6
Ethiopia .........................3.6
Madagascar ..................3.6
Uganda .........................3.6
Georgia .........................3.5
Moldova ........................3.5
Honduras ......................3.5
Cameroon .....................3.5
Peru ..............................3.5
Angola...........................3.5
Nicaragua ......................3.4
Ecuador.........................3.4
Lesotho.........................3.4
Guyana..........................3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
Bolivia ...........................3.1
Albania ..........................3.0
Paraguay .......................3.0
Burundi .........................3.0
Argentina ......................2.9
Chad .............................2.6
Venezuela .....................2.4
Zimbabwe .....................1.9
MEAN: 4.6
SD
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.02
377
378
1.03
Rules governing foreign direct investment
In your country, rules governing foreign direct investment are (1 = damaging and discourage foreign direct investment , 7 = beneficial and
encourage foreign direct investment)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Singapore......................6.5
Ireland ...........................6.5
Hong Kong SAR............6.5
Luxembourg .................6.3
Zambia ..........................6.1
Indonesia ......................6.0
Estonia ..........................6.0
Chile..............................5.9
Malaysia........................5.9
Portugal ........................5.9
Finland ..........................5.9
Sweden ........................5.8
Switzerland ...................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.8
Denmark .......................5.8
Germany .......................5.7
Belgium ........................5.7
Austria ..........................5.7
Uganda .........................5.7
Bangladesh ...................5.7
Gambia .........................5.7
Tunisia...........................5.7
Jordan ...........................5.6
El Salvador ....................5.6
Hungary ........................5.6
Israel .............................5.6
Burkina Faso .................5.5
Bahrain..........................5.5
Malta.............................5.5
India ..............................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.5
Tanzania ........................5.5
Mexico ..........................5.5
New Zealand.................5.4
Barbados.......................5.4
China.............................5.4
Jamaica.........................5.4
United States................5.4
Costa Rica.....................5.4
Spain .............................5.4
Sri Lanka .......................5.4
Peru ..............................5.4
Norway .........................5.4
Canada ..........................5.3
Australia ........................5.3
Qatar .............................5.3
Mauritania .....................5.3
Nigeria ..........................5.3
France ...........................5.2
Armenia ........................5.2
Cyprus ..........................5.2
Thailand ........................5.2
Iceland ..........................5.2
Morocco .......................5.2
Panama .........................5.2
Cambodia......................5.2
SD
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Angola...........................5.1
Mali ...............................5.1
Colombia.......................5.1
Pakistan ........................5.1
Turkey ...........................5.1
Botswana......................5.1
Mauritius.......................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
Mongolia .......................5.0
South Africa ..................5.0
Vietnam.........................5.0
Mozambique .................5.0
Latvia ............................4.9
Nicaragua ......................4.9
Uruguay ........................4.9
Philippines ....................4.9
Lesotho.........................4.8
Honduras ......................4.8
Brazil .............................4.8
Japan ............................4.7
Namibia.........................4.7
Azerbaijan .....................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.7
Malawi ..........................4.7
Ethiopia .........................4.7
Romania........................4.7
Greece ..........................4.6
Kenya ............................4.6
Algeria...........................4.6
Cameroon .....................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................4.5
Croatia ..........................4.5
Burundi .........................4.5
Egypt ............................4.4
Lithuania .......................4.4
Guyana..........................4.4
Georgia .........................4.4
Tajikistan .......................4.4
Italy ...............................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Madagascar ..................4.3
Serbia and Montenegro..4.3
Nepal ............................4.2
Benin ............................4.2
Paraguay .......................4.2
Moldova ........................4.2
Slovenia ........................4.1
Albania ..........................4.0
Argentina ......................4.0
Suriname ......................3.9
Bulgaria .........................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.9
Ecuador.........................3.9
Ukraine .........................3.8
Bolivia ...........................3.8
Venezuela .....................3.7
Kuwait...........................3.5
Chad .............................3.3
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.5
Visa requirements
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
HARD DATA
Albania...............................100.0
Argentina ...........................100.0
Bolivia ................................100.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina....100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Colombia ...........................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Ecuador .............................100.0
Georgia ..............................100.0
Guyana ..............................100.0
Jamaica .............................100.0
Romania ............................100.0
Serbia and Montenegro.....100.0
Ukraine ..............................100.0
Barbados .............................90.0
Botswana ............................90.0
Chile ....................................90.0
Costa Rica ...........................90.0
Croatia .................................90.0
Egypt ...................................90.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................90.0
Hungary ...............................90.0
Jordan..................................90.0
Korea, Rep...........................90.0
Lithuania ..............................90.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................90.0
Malaysia ..............................90.0
Mexico.................................90.0
Morocco ..............................90.0
Namibia ...............................90.0
Nicaragua.............................90.0
Peru .....................................90.0
Philippines ...........................90.0
Poland..................................90.0
Singapore ............................90.0
Slovak Republic ...................90.0
Slovenia ...............................90.0
Taiwan, China ......................90.0
Thailand ...............................90.0
Turkey..................................90.0
Uruguay ...............................90.0
Venezuela ............................90.0
Austria .................................80.0
Belgium ...............................80.0
Canada.................................80.0
Czech Republic....................80.0
Denmark..............................80.0
El Salvador...........................80.0
Estonia.................................80.0
Finland .................................80.0
France..................................80.0
Germany..............................80.0
Greece.................................80.0
Guatemala ...........................80.0
Honduras .............................80.0
Iceland .................................80.0
Indonesia .............................80.0
Ireland..................................80.0
Israel....................................80.0
Italy......................................80.0
Japan ...................................80.0
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
92
92
94
94
94
94
94
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
HARD DATA
Kuwait .................................80.0
Latvia ...................................80.0
Lesotho ...............................80.0
Luxembourg ........................80.0
Malawi.................................80.0
Mauritius .............................80.0
Nepal ...................................80.0
Netherlands .........................80.0
New Zealand .......................80.0
Norway ................................80.0
Panama................................80.0
Portugal ...............................80.0
South Africa.........................80.0
Spain....................................80.0
Sri Lanka..............................80.0
Sweden ...............................80.0
Switzerland..........................80.0
Tunisia .................................80.0
United Kingdom ..................80.0
United States ......................80.0
Zimbabwe............................80.0
Bahrain ................................70.0
Malta ...................................70.0
Qatar....................................70.0
Brazil....................................60.0
Paraguay..............................60.0
Zambia.................................60.0
Australia...............................50.0
Gambia ................................50.0
Cambodia ............................30.0
China ...................................30.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................30.0
Moldova...............................30.0
Mongolia..............................30.0
Vietnam ...............................30.0
Armenia ...............................20.0
Azerbaijan ............................20.0
Kazakhstan ..........................20.0
Pakistan ...............................20.0
Suriname .............................20.0
Tajikistan ..............................20.0
Bangladesh..........................10.0
Benin ...................................10.0
Burkina Faso........................10.0
Ethiopia................................10.0
India.....................................10.0
Tanzania...............................10.0
Algeria ...................................0.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Cameroon..............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Kenya.....................................0.0
Madagascar ...........................0.0
Mali........................................0.0
Mauritania..............................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Uganda ..................................0.0
1.04
379
380
1.05
Index of openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
36
38
39
40
41
42
42
44
45
45
45
48
49
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
El Salvador...........................33.7
Honduras .............................32.7
Guatemala ...........................31.9
Nicaragua.............................26.5
Jamaica ...............................24.7
Peru .....................................22.7
United States ......................22.6
Costa Rica ...........................22.0
Canada.................................20.2
Panama................................19.2
Chile ....................................18.9
Poland..................................18.9
Luxembourg ........................16.5
Germany..............................16.4
Iceland .................................15.6
Denmark..............................15.3
Portugal ...............................15.1
Japan ...................................14.8
Netherlands .........................14.8
Mexico.................................14.6
Barbados .............................14.1
Suriname .............................13.6
Hong Kong SAR ..................13.5
New Zealand .......................13.4
Ireland..................................13.3
Philippines ...........................13.1
Italy......................................13.0
Singapore ............................13.0
Indonesia .............................12.9
Czech Republic....................12.8
Belgium ...............................12.6
Ecuador ...............................12.5
Finland .................................12.4
Paraguay..............................12.2
Brazil....................................12.1
Jordan..................................12.1
United Kingdom ..................12.0
Israel....................................11.9
Colombia .............................11.8
Korea, Rep...........................11.7
Turkey..................................11.5
Croatia .................................11.2
Hungary ...............................11.2
Uruguay ...............................11.2
Azerbaijan ............................11.1
Namibia ...............................10.9
Greece.................................10.8
Malaysia ..............................10.7
Qatar....................................10.7
Austria .................................10.6
Morocco ..............................10.5
Ethiopia................................10.4
Bahrain ................................10.2
Tunisia ...................................9.9
Thailand .................................9.9
South Africa...........................9.9
Cameroon..............................9.8
Switzerland............................9.8
Pakistan .................................9.6
SOURCE: World Trade Organization
62
64
64
66
67
68
69
70
70
72
72
72
75
75
75
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
84
84
84
88
89
90
91
91
93
94
95
96
97
98
98
98
101
102
102
104
105
106
106
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
117
119
120
121
122
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Zambia...................................9.6
Bolivia ....................................9.5
Egypt .....................................9.5
Albania...................................9.5
Chad ......................................9.4
Norway ..................................9.4
France....................................9.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina........9.3
Malta .....................................9.3
Australia.................................9.0
Gambia ..................................9.0
Sweden .................................9.0
Argentina ...............................8.8
Mozambique..........................8.8
Slovak Republic .....................8.8
Sri Lanka................................8.6
Romania ................................8.5
Spain......................................8.3
Mauritania..............................8.2
Serbia and Montenegro.........8.2
Cambodia ..............................8.1
Armenia .................................8.0
Lithuania ................................8.0
Venezuela ..............................8.0
Vietnam .................................8.0
India.......................................7.9
Malawi...................................7.8
Madagascar ...........................7.7
Nigeria ...................................7.5
Zimbabwe..............................7.5
Bulgaria..................................7.0
Kazakhstan ............................6.9
Uganda ..................................6.7
Botswana ..............................6.5
Mauritius ...............................6.2
Algeria ...................................6.1
Mali........................................6.1
Ukraine ..................................6.1
Guyana ..................................6.0
Bangladesh............................5.8
Tanzania .................................5.8
Mongolia................................5.7
China .....................................5.5
Burundi ..................................5.4
Latvia .....................................5.4
Kenya.....................................5.2
Macedonia, FYR ....................5.1
Georgia ..................................4.9
Cyprus ...................................4.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.5
Moldova.................................4.4
Russian Federation................4.2
Benin .....................................3.9
Slovenia .................................3.9
Estonia...................................3.0
Nepal .....................................3.0
Kuwait ...................................2.3
Burkina Faso..........................1.9
Angola ...................................1.0
Lesotho .................................0.1
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Tajikistan ................................n/a
Data Tables
Pillar 2
381
2.2: Data Tables | Environmental regulation
382
2.01
Stringency of environmental regulation
How stringent is your countrys environmental regulation? (1 = lax compared to most countries, 7 = among the worlds most stringent)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.0
Germany .......................6.7
Denmark .......................6.6
Austria ..........................6.6
Sweden ........................6.5
Switzerland ...................6.5
Finland ..........................6.4
Norway .........................6.3
Netherlands ..................6.2
New Zealand.................6.2
Luxembourg .................6.2
Belgium ........................6.1
Japan ............................6.0
France ...........................5.8
Canada ..........................5.8
Australia ........................5.8
Iceland ..........................5.7
Singapore......................5.7
Taiwan, China................5.4
United States................5.4
Portugal ........................5.3
Slovenia ........................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.2
Chile..............................5.1
Brazil .............................5.1
Hungary ........................5.1
Costa Rica.....................5.0
Italy ...............................5.0
South Africa ..................4.8
Hong Kong SAR............4.8
Estonia ..........................4.7
Lithuania .......................4.7
Israel .............................4.7
Spain .............................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................4.6
India ..............................4.5
Qatar .............................4.4
Latvia ............................4.4
Thailand ........................4.4
Colombia.......................4.3
Uruguay ........................4.2
Mauritius.......................4.2
Croatia ..........................4.2
Mexico ..........................4.2
Greece ..........................4.1
Poland ...........................4.1
Namibia.........................4.0
El Salvador ....................4.0
Malta.............................4.0
Barbados.......................3.9
Turkey ...........................3.9
Peru ..............................3.8
Jordan ...........................3.7
Cyprus ..........................3.7
Madagascar ..................3.7
Benin ............................3.7
Gambia .........................3.7
SD
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
108
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Kenya ............................3.7
Georgia .........................3.6
Philippines ....................3.6
Panama .........................3.6
Burkina Faso .................3.6
Tanzania ........................3.6
Bahrain..........................3.6
Jamaica.........................3.5
Algeria...........................3.5
Venezuela .....................3.5
Romania........................3.5
Uganda .........................3.4
Botswana......................3.4
Pakistan ........................3.4
Guatemala ....................3.4
Zimbabwe .....................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.4
Kuwait...........................3.4
Morocco .......................3.3
Mali ...............................3.3
Honduras ......................3.3
Kazakhstan....................3.3
Argentina ......................3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Bolivia ...........................3.2
Bulgaria .........................3.1
Moldova ........................3.1
Egypt ............................3.1
Ecuador.........................3.1
Nigeria ..........................3.0
Armenia ........................3.0
Cambodia......................3.0
China.............................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Tajikistan .......................2.9
Paraguay .......................2.9
Indonesia ......................2.9
Mozambique .................2.9
Mauritania .....................2.9
Bangladesh ...................2.9
Ukraine .........................2.9
Nepal ............................2.9
Vietnam.........................2.9
Nicaragua ......................2.8
Azerbaijan .....................2.8
Burundi .........................2.7
Cameroon .....................2.7
Ethiopia .........................2.6
Lesotho.........................2.6
Zambia ..........................2.5
Angola...........................2.4
Chad .............................2.4
Mongolia .......................2.3
Suriname ......................2.2
Albania ..........................2.2
MEAN: 4.0
SD
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
0.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Clarity and stability of environmental regulations
Environmental regulations in your country are (1 = confusing and enforced erratically, 7 = stable and enforced consistently and fairly)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Denmark .......................6.4
Switzerland ...................6.1
Germany .......................6.0
Norway .........................6.0
Finland ..........................6.0
Sweden ........................5.9
Singapore......................5.8
Austria ..........................5.8
Japan ............................5.7
Iceland ..........................5.7
Netherlands ..................5.6
Luxembourg .................5.5
Australia ........................5.4
New Zealand.................5.3
France ...........................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.2
Canada ..........................5.2
United States................5.1
Taiwan, China................5.1
Belgium ........................5.0
Slovenia ........................5.0
Malaysia........................4.9
Ireland ...........................4.9
Hong Kong SAR............4.8
Qatar .............................4.6
Israel .............................4.6
Estonia ..........................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................4.6
South Africa ..................4.5
Portugal ........................4.5
Hungary ........................4.5
Latvia ............................4.3
Chile..............................4.3
Thailand ........................4.2
Spain .............................4.2
Italy ...............................4.2
Costa Rica.....................4.2
Namibia.........................4.2
Tanzania ........................4.2
Gambia .........................4.1
Lithuania .......................4.1
Uruguay ........................4.1
Mauritius.......................4.0
Poland ...........................4.0
India ..............................4.0
Brazil .............................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.8
Croatia ..........................3.8
Malta.............................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Greece ..........................3.7
Barbados.......................3.7
Cyprus ..........................3.7
Jordan ...........................3.7
Colombia.......................3.7
Kazakhstan....................3.7
Burkina Faso .................3.6
Georgia .........................3.6
SD
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.7
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.4
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.6
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
114
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Kenya ............................3.6
Turkey ...........................3.6
Pakistan ........................3.5
Zimbabwe .....................3.5
Peru ..............................3.5
Madagascar ..................3.4
El Salvador ....................3.4
Indonesia ......................3.4
Bahrain..........................3.4
Moldova ........................3.4
Kuwait...........................3.4
Cambodia......................3.3
China.............................3.3
Uganda .........................3.3
Tajikistan .......................3.3
Algeria...........................3.3
Malawi ..........................3.3
Sri Lanka .......................3.3
Benin ............................3.3
Romania........................3.3
Nigeria ..........................3.2
Panama .........................3.2
Jamaica.........................3.2
Guatemala ....................3.1
Mali ...............................3.1
Mauritania .....................3.1
Morocco .......................3.1
Mozambique .................3.1
Egypt ............................3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Philippines ....................3.1
Ukraine .........................3.1
Nepal ............................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Vietnam.........................3.0
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Azerbaijan .....................3.0
Venezuela .....................3.0
Honduras ......................2.9
Bulgaria .........................2.9
Nicaragua ......................2.9
Argentina ......................2.9
Ecuador.........................2.8
Cameroon .....................2.7
Armenia ........................2.7
Angola...........................2.7
Burundi .........................2.7
Bangladesh ...................2.7
Mongolia .......................2.7
Ethiopia .........................2.6
Suriname ......................2.5
Paraguay .......................2.4
Zambia ..........................2.2
Albania ..........................2.2
Chad .............................2.1
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.9
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
2.02
383
384
2.03
Government prioritization of sustainable Travel & Tourism
Is your countrys government taking the necessary steps to ensure that the T&T sector is being developed in a sustainable way?
(1 = no, development of the sector does not take into account issues related to environmental protection and sustainable development,
7 = yes, sustainable development issues are at the core of the governments strategy with regard to the industrys development)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Singapore......................6.2
New Zealand.................6.0
Tunisia...........................6.0
Austria ..........................5.9
Hong Kong SAR............5.8
Mauritius.......................5.8
Malaysia........................5.7
Barbados.......................5.7
Qatar .............................5.6
Finland ..........................5.6
Switzerland ...................5.6
Australia ........................5.6
South Africa ..................5.5
Iceland ..........................5.5
Germany .......................5.5
Zambia ..........................5.4
Morocco .......................5.4
Gambia .........................5.4
Tanzania ........................5.4
Ireland ...........................5.4
Denmark .......................5.4
France ...........................5.4
Greece ..........................5.4
Cyprus ..........................5.3
Canada ..........................5.3
Israel .............................5.3
Portugal ........................5.3
Luxembourg .................5.3
Netherlands ..................5.2
Burkina Faso .................5.2
Belgium ........................5.2
Norway .........................5.2
Jordan ...........................5.2
Sweden ........................5.2
Egypt ............................5.2
Thailand ........................5.1
Botswana......................5.1
Mali ...............................5.1
Cambodia......................5.1
Uganda .........................5.1
Taiwan, China................5.1
Mexico ..........................5.1
Estonia ..........................5.0
Jamaica.........................5.0
Kenya ............................5.0
India ..............................4.9
United States................4.9
Malta.............................4.9
Vietnam.........................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.8
Nigeria ..........................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................4.8
Japan ............................4.8
Madagascar ..................4.8
Slovenia ........................4.8
Namibia.........................4.8
Hungary ........................4.7
Costa Rica.....................4.7
Turkey ...........................4.7
Panama .........................4.7
SD
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.4
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Spain .............................4.7
Korea, Rep. ...................4.6
Indonesia ......................4.6
Uruguay ........................4.6
El Salvador ....................4.5
Guatemala ....................4.5
Georgia .........................4.4
Mozambique .................4.4
Chile..............................4.4
Colombia.......................4.4
Honduras ......................4.3
Tajikistan .......................4.3
Guyana..........................4.3
Benin ............................4.3
Peru ..............................4.3
Philippines ....................4.2
China.............................4.2
Malawi ..........................4.2
Latvia ............................4.2
Nicaragua ......................4.2
Bahrain..........................4.2
Brazil .............................4.2
Nepal ............................4.1
Algeria...........................4.1
Armenia ........................4.1
Argentina ......................4.1
Lithuania .......................4.1
Kazakhstan....................4.0
Mauritania .....................4.0
Moldova ........................3.9
Lesotho.........................3.9
Poland ...........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.8
Azerbaijan .....................3.8
Mongolia .......................3.7
Angola...........................3.7
Zimbabwe .....................3.7
Bulgaria .........................3.7
Ethiopia .........................3.7
Italy ...............................3.6
Chad .............................3.4
Ecuador.........................3.4
Bangladesh ...................3.3
Kuwait...........................3.3
Cameroon .....................3.3
Suriname ......................3.3
Ukraine .........................3.2
Romania........................3.2
Albania ..........................3.2
Burundi .........................3.1
Venezuela .....................2.7
Bolivia ...........................2.7
Paraguay .......................2.7
MEAN: 4.6
SD
1.6
0.9
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.5
2.0
1.6
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.4
Data Tables
Pillar 3
Safety and security
385
2.2: Data Tables | Safety and security
386
3.01
Business costs of terrorism
The threat of terrorism in your country (1 = imposes significant costs on business, 7 = does not impose significant costs on business)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43
45
46
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Finland ..........................6.3
Uruguay ........................6.2
Brazil .............................6.2
Hungary ........................6.2
Zimbabwe .....................6.1
Zambia ..........................6.1
Portugal ........................6.0
Austria ..........................6.0
Argentina ......................5.9
Costa Rica.....................5.9
Mauritius.......................5.9
Tunisia...........................5.9
New Zealand.................5.8
Gambia .........................5.8
Angola...........................5.8
Luxembourg .................5.8
Chile..............................5.8
Indonesia ......................5.8
Botswana......................5.7
Slovenia ........................5.7
Greece ..........................5.7
Hong Kong SAR............5.7
Sweden ........................5.7
Croatia ..........................5.7
Cameroon .....................5.6
Germany .......................5.6
Mongolia .......................5.6
Malta.............................5.6
Estonia ..........................5.6
Lithuania .......................5.6
Iceland ..........................5.6
Benin ............................5.5
Mauritania .....................5.4
Namibia.........................5.4
Armenia ........................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Ukraine .........................5.4
Georgia .........................5.3
Norway .........................5.3
Qatar .............................5.3
Mali ...............................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.3
Latvia ............................5.3
Mexico ..........................5.3
Taiwan, China................5.3
Tanzania ........................5.3
Mozambique .................5.2
Burkina Faso .................5.2
Malawi ..........................5.2
Ethiopia .........................5.2
Ecuador.........................5.2
Lesotho.........................5.2
Romania........................5.2
Vietnam.........................5.2
Bolivia ...........................5.2
SD
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.2
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.3
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2

Paraguay .......................5.1
Malaysia........................5.1
Panama .........................5.1
Madagascar ..................5.1
France ...........................5.1
Barbados.......................5.1
Cyprus ..........................5.1
Kuwait...........................5.1
Nicaragua ......................5.1
Jamaica.........................5.0
Canada ..........................5.0
Denmark .......................5.0
Azerbaijan .....................5.0
Singapore......................5.0
Australia ........................5.0
Moldova ........................4.9
Thailand ........................4.9
Italy ...............................4.9
Suriname ......................4.9
Netherlands ..................4.8
India ..............................4.8
Belgium ........................4.8
Guatemala ....................4.8
Cambodia......................4.7
Morocco .......................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.6
Turkey ...........................4.6
Albania ..........................4.5
Honduras ......................4.5
Poland ...........................4.5
Venezuela .....................4.5
Bulgaria .........................4.5
Jordan ...........................4.4
Japan ............................4.4
Spain .............................4.4
Bahrain..........................4.3
Chad .............................4.3
Peru ..............................4.3
Egypt ............................4.3
China.............................4.2
Tajikistan .......................4.2
El Salvador ....................3.8
United States................3.8
Burundi .........................3.8
Bangladesh ...................3.8
Algeria...........................3.7
Nigeria ..........................3.7
Guyana..........................3.6
Kenya ............................3.6
Philippines ....................3.5
Uganda .........................3.4
Israel .............................3.2
Pakistan ........................3.1
Colombia.......................3.0
Sri Lanka .......................2.6
Nepal ............................1.7
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.6
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.1
1.4
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.7
2.4
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.0
Reliability of police services
Police services (1 = cannot be relied upon to protect businesses from criminals, 7 = can be relied upon to protect businesses from
criminals)
1
2
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.2
Finland ..........................6.6
Germany .......................6.5
Denmark .......................6.5
Singapore......................6.5
Switzerland ...................6.4
Iceland ..........................6.3
Norway .........................6.2
Austria ..........................6.2
Hong Kong SAR............6.2
Jordan ...........................6.0
Australia ........................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.8
Canada ..........................5.8
Luxembourg .................5.7
United States................5.7
Japan ............................5.7
France ...........................5.6
Malaysia........................5.5
Qatar .............................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
New Zealand.................5.5
Tunisia...........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
Kuwait...........................5.4
Sweden ........................5.4
Barbados.......................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.3
Malta.............................5.3
Chile..............................5.2
Belgium ........................5.2
Algeria...........................5.1
Greece ..........................5.0
Morocco .......................5.0
Taiwan, China................5.0
Cyprus ..........................4.9
Estonia ..........................4.9
Korea, Rep. ...................4.9
Italy ...............................4.9
Thailand ........................4.8
Israel .............................4.6
Hungary ........................4.6
Panama .........................4.6
Egypt ............................4.5
Vietnam.........................4.5
Turkey ...........................4.5
India ..............................4.5
Azerbaijan .....................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Georgia .........................4.4
Colombia.......................4.4
Bahrain..........................4.4
Latvia ............................4.3
Mauritius.......................4.3
Mali ...............................4.3
Nicaragua ......................4.3
Tajikistan .......................4.2
Ethiopia .........................4.2
Mauritania .....................4.2
Botswana......................4.1
SD
0.7
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Suriname ......................4.1
China.............................4.0
Costa Rica.....................4.0
Burkina Faso .................4.0
Zambia ..........................4.0
Albania ..........................3.9
Poland ...........................3.9
Uruguay ........................3.9
Gambia .........................3.8
Armenia ........................3.8
Kazakhstan....................3.7
Lithuania .......................3.7
Croatia ..........................3.7
Romania........................3.7
El Salvador ....................3.6
Malawi ..........................3.6
Tanzania ........................3.5
Madagascar ..................3.5
Philippines ....................3.5
Pakistan ........................3.5
Uganda .........................3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
South Africa ..................3.3
Benin ............................3.3
Kenya ............................3.3
Angola...........................3.3
Cameroon .....................3.3
Sri Lanka .......................3.3
Lesotho.........................3.2
Peru ..............................3.2
Burundi .........................3.2
Namibia.........................3.2
Moldova ........................3.2
Indonesia ......................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Nepal ............................3.1
Honduras ......................3.1
Mexico ..........................3.0
Mongolia .......................2.9
Brazil .............................2.9
Argentina ......................2.9
Mozambique .................2.8
Ecuador.........................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.8
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
Jamaica.........................2.8
Guatemala ....................2.8
Nigeria ..........................2.7
Bulgaria .........................2.7
Bangladesh ...................2.4
Chad .............................2.3
Bolivia ...........................2.3
Venezuela .....................2.1
Guyana..........................1.9
MEAN: 4.2
SD
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.6
0.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.0
3.02
387
388
3.03
Business costs of crime and violence
The incidence of common crime and violence (e.g., street muggings, firms being looted) (1 = imposes significant costs on businesses,
7 = does not impose significant costs on businesses)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.3
Iceland ..........................6.8
Finland ..........................6.7
Germany .......................6.6
Singapore......................6.6
Denmark .......................6.5
Austria ..........................6.4
Switzerland ...................6.4
Hong Kong SAR............6.4
Norway .........................6.4
Jordan ...........................6.2
Japan ............................6.1
Qatar .............................6.0
Malta.............................6.0
Portugal ........................6.0
Greece ..........................5.9
New Zealand.................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
Australia ........................5.7
Kuwait...........................5.6
Tunisia...........................5.6
Luxembourg .................5.6
India ..............................5.6
Cyprus ..........................5.5
Azerbaijan .....................5.5
Slovenia ........................5.5
Indonesia ......................5.4
Canada ..........................5.4
Taiwan, China................5.4
Malaysia........................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Hungary ........................5.2
Netherlands ..................5.2
Israel .............................5.2
Armenia ........................5.2
Belgium ........................5.1
Latvia ............................5.1
Thailand ........................5.0
Ireland ...........................5.0
United States................5.0
Barbados.......................5.0
Morocco .......................5.0
France ...........................5.0
Korea, Rep. ...................4.9
Bahrain..........................4.9
Egypt ............................4.8
Gambia .........................4.8
Turkey ...........................4.7
Mauritius.......................4.7
Spain .............................4.7
Georgia .........................4.6
Chile..............................4.6
Vietnam.........................4.6
Mauritania .....................4.5
Lithuania .......................4.5
Italy ...............................4.4
Ethiopia .........................4.4
Poland ...........................4.3
SD
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.1
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Croatia ..........................4.3
Philippines ....................4.2
Burkina Faso .................4.2
Botswana......................4.1
Kazakhstan....................4.1
Panama .........................4.1
Ukraine .........................4.0
China.............................4.0
Moldova ........................3.9
Romania........................3.9
Tajikistan .......................3.9
Sri Lanka .......................3.9
Mongolia .......................3.8
Pakistan ........................3.8
Albania ..........................3.8
Nicaragua ......................3.8
Mali ...............................3.8
Algeria...........................3.8
Uruguay ........................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Uganda .........................3.6
Tanzania ........................3.5
Malawi ..........................3.5
Benin ............................3.4
Nepal ............................3.4
Burundi .........................3.4
Cambodia......................3.3
Zimbabwe .....................3.3
Costa Rica.....................3.2
Suriname ......................3.2
Bolivia ...........................3.2
Bulgaria .........................3.2
Bangladesh ...................3.1
Cameroon .....................3.1
Colombia.......................3.0
Lesotho.........................3.0
Zambia ..........................3.0
Argentina ......................2.9
Nigeria ..........................2.9
Madagascar ..................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.8
Mozambique .................2.7
Ecuador.........................2.7
Brazil .............................2.7
South Africa ..................2.6
Peru ..............................2.6
Kenya ............................2.5
Angola...........................2.4
Mexico ..........................2.4
Chad .............................2.3
Honduras ......................2.1
Jamaica.........................2.1
Guatemala ....................2.0
El Salvador ....................1.9
Venezuela .....................1.8
Guyana..........................1.7
MEAN: 4.3
SD
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.7
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
Data Tables
Pillar 4
Health and hygiene
389
2.2: Data Tables | Health and hygiene
390
4.01
Government efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics
Do you believe that your government is taking the right steps to minimize the health risks and disruptions to business/travel potentially
caused by pandemics? (1 = no, the government is taking no steps, 7 = yes, the government is undertaking all possible measures)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
55
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.4
Singapore......................6.2
Finland ..........................6.1
Tunisia...........................6.0
Hong Kong SAR............5.9
Iceland ..........................5.9
Norway .........................5.8
Hungary ........................5.7
Malaysia........................5.7
Denmark .......................5.7
Kuwait...........................5.7
France ...........................5.6
Qatar .............................5.6
Japan ............................5.5
Vietnam.........................5.5
New Zealand.................5.4
Netherlands ..................5.4
Germany .......................5.4
Sweden ........................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Belgium ........................5.3
Australia ........................5.3
Luxembourg .................5.3
China.............................5.3
Greece ..........................5.3
Malta.............................5.2
Taiwan, China................5.2
Austria ..........................5.2
Israel .............................5.1
Jordan ...........................5.1
Barbados.......................5.1
Italy ...............................5.0
Botswana......................5.0
Thailand ........................5.0
Portugal ........................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Mali ...............................4.9
Korea, Rep. ...................4.9
Bahrain..........................4.9
Canada ..........................4.8
Morocco .......................4.8
Slovenia ........................4.8
Tanzania ........................4.7
Mexico ..........................4.7
Algeria...........................4.7
Burkina Faso .................4.7
Mauritius.......................4.7
Cyprus ..........................4.6
Uganda .........................4.6
Chile..............................4.6
Nigeria ..........................4.5
Sri Lanka .......................4.5
Tajikistan .......................4.5
Gambia .........................4.5
Estonia ..........................4.5
Egypt ............................4.5
United States................4.5
Uruguay ........................4.5
Turkey ...........................4.4
SD
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
92
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
111
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Kazakhstan....................4.3
Spain .............................4.3
Benin ............................4.3
Colombia.......................4.3
Costa Rica.....................4.2
Lithuania .......................4.2
El Salvador ....................4.2
Mauritania .....................4.2
Kenya ............................4.1
India ..............................4.1
Malawi ..........................4.1
Mozambique .................4.1
Latvia ............................4.1
Cambodia......................4.1
Mongolia .......................4.1
Jamaica.........................4.1
Ireland ...........................4.0
Panama .........................4.0
Philippines ....................4.0
Georgia .........................4.0
Guyana..........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.9
Madagascar ..................3.9
Poland ...........................3.9
Cameroon .....................3.7
Azerbaijan .....................3.7
Armenia ........................3.7
Ethiopia .........................3.7
Lesotho.........................3.7
Angola...........................3.7
Brazil .............................3.6
Moldova ........................3.6
Romania........................3.6
Guatemala ....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Indonesia ......................3.5
South Africa ..................3.5
Bulgaria .........................3.5
Ukraine .........................3.5
Albania ..........................3.5
Honduras ......................3.4
Suriname ......................3.4
Burundi .........................3.3
Peru ..............................3.2
Nicaragua ......................3.2
Argentina ......................3.1
Chad .............................3.1
Bangladesh ...................3.0
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
Nepal ............................2.7
Zambia ..........................2.6
Venezuela .....................2.6
Paraguay .......................2.6
Ecuador.........................2.4
MEAN: 4.4
SD
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
Physician density
Physician density per 1,000 population, 2004 or most recent year available
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
24
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
39
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
50
52
53
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Belgium .................................4.5
Estonia...................................4.5
Greece...................................4.4
Italy........................................4.2
Georgia ..................................4.1
Lithuania ................................4.0
Israel......................................3.8
Uruguay .................................3.7
Iceland ...................................3.6
Switzerland............................3.6
Armenia .................................3.6
Bulgaria..................................3.6
Azerbaijan ..............................3.6
Kazakhstan ............................3.5
Czech Republic......................3.5
Portugal .................................3.4
Austria ...................................3.4
France....................................3.4
Germany................................3.4
Hungary .................................3.3
Spain......................................3.3
Sweden .................................3.3
Malta .....................................3.2
Slovak Republic .....................3.2
Finland ...................................3.2
Netherlands ...........................3.2
Norway ..................................3.1
Argentina ...............................3.0
Latvia .....................................3.0
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Denmark................................2.9
Ireland....................................2.8
Luxembourg ..........................2.7
Moldova.................................2.6
Mongolia................................2.6
United States ........................2.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.5
Australia.................................2.5
Poland....................................2.5
Croatia ...................................2.4
New Zealand .........................2.4
Cyprus ...................................2.3
United Kingdom ....................2.3
Slovenia .................................2.3
Qatar......................................2.2
Macedonia, FYR ....................2.2
Canada...................................2.1
Jordan....................................2.0
Tajikistan ................................2.0
United Arab Emirates ............2.0
Japan .....................................2.0
Mexico...................................2.0
Venezuela ..............................1.9
Romania ................................1.9
Dominican Republic ..............1.9
Korea, Rep.............................1.6
Kuwait ...................................1.5
Panama..................................1.5
Taiwan, China ........................1.5
Ecuador .................................1.5
63
64
64
66
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
77
79
79
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
97
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
110
112
112
112
115
116
117
117
119
119
119
122
122
n/a
HARD DATA
Singapore ..............................1.4
Colombia ...............................1.4
Turkey....................................1.4
Tunisia ...................................1.3
Costa Rica .............................1.3
Albania...................................1.3
El Salvador.............................1.2
Bolivia ....................................1.2
Barbados ...............................1.2
Peru .......................................1.2
Brazil......................................1.2
Algeria ...................................1.1
Paraguay................................1.1
Bahrain ..................................1.1
Chile ......................................1.1
China .....................................1.1
Mauritius ...............................1.1
Guatemala .............................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.9
Trinidad and Tobago...............0.8
South Africa...........................0.8
Pakistan .................................0.7
Malaysia ................................0.7
India.......................................0.6
Philippines .............................0.6
Honduras ...............................0.6
Sri Lanka................................0.6
Egypt .....................................0.5
Vietnam .................................0.5
Morocco ................................0.5
Guyana ..................................0.5
Suriname ...............................0.5
Botswana ..............................0.4
Nicaragua...............................0.4
Thailand .................................0.4
Namibia .................................0.3
Madagascar ...........................0.3
Nigeria ...................................0.3
Bangladesh............................0.3
Nepal .....................................0.2
Cameroon..............................0.2
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Zimbabwe..............................0.2
Kenya.....................................0.1
Indonesia ...............................0.1
Zambia...................................0.1
Gambia ..................................0.1
Mauritania..............................0.1
Angola ...................................0.1
Mali........................................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.1
Burkina Faso..........................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Benin .....................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Ethiopia..................................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Malawi...................................0.0
Tanzania .................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR.....................n/a
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2006 and The World Health Report 2006
4.02
391
392
4.03
Access to improved sanitation
Access to adequate sanitation facilities as a percentage of total population
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
36
36
36
36
40
41
42
42
42
45
45
45
48
49
50
50
52
53
54
54
56
56
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Australia.............................100.0
Austria ...............................100.0
Bahrain ..............................100.0
Belgium .............................100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Canada...............................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Denmark............................100.0
Finland ...............................100.0
France................................100.0
Germany............................100.0
Greece...............................100.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Iceland ...............................100.0
Ireland................................100.0
Israel..................................100.0
Italy....................................100.0
Japan .................................100.0
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ......................100.0
Netherlands .......................100.0
New Zealand .....................100.0
Norway ..............................100.0
Portugal .............................100.0
Qatar..................................100.0
Singapore ..........................100.0
Slovak Republic .................100.0
Slovenia .............................100.0
Spain..................................100.0
Sweden .............................100.0
Switzerland........................100.0
Trinidad and Tobago...........100.0
United Arab Emirates ........100.0
United Kingdom ................100.0
United States ....................100.0
Barbados .............................99.0
Mauritius .............................99.0
Thailand ...............................99.0
Ukraine ................................99.0
Hungary ...............................95.0
Uruguay ...............................94.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina......93.0
Jordan..................................93.0
Suriname .............................93.0
Algeria .................................92.0
Chile ....................................92.0
Costa Rica ...........................92.0
Sri Lanka..............................91.0
Albania.................................89.0
Serbia and Montenegro.......87.0
Colombia .............................86.0
Armenia ...............................84.0
Georgia ................................83.0
Turkey..................................83.0
Jamaica ...............................80.0
Tunisia .................................80.0
Paraguay..............................78.0
Mexico.................................77.0
Brazil....................................75.0
Philippines ...........................73.0
Ecuador ...............................72.0
SOURCE: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 (published version)
62
62
65
66
66
66
66
70
71
72
73
74
74
76
77
78
78
80
81
82
82
84
85
86
86
86
89
89
91
91
91
94
95
96
96
96
99
100
101
102
103
104
104
104
107
107
109
110
111
112
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Kazakhstan ..........................72.0
Panama................................72.0
Guyana ................................70.0
Egypt ...................................68.0
Honduras .............................68.0
Moldova...............................68.0
Venezuela ............................68.0
South Africa.........................67.0
Nicaragua.............................66.0
El Salvador...........................63.0
Peru .....................................62.0
Guatemala ...........................61.0
Morocco ..............................61.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................60.0
Mongolia..............................59.0
Zimbabwe............................57.0
Azerbaijan ............................55.0
Pakistan ...............................54.0
Gambia ................................53.0
Tajikistan ..............................53.0
Indonesia .............................52.0
Romania ..............................51.0
Bangladesh..........................48.0
Cameroon............................48.0
Kenya...................................48.0
Malawi.................................46.0
Tanzania...............................46.0
Bolivia ..................................45.0
Mali......................................45.0
Zambia.................................45.0
China ...................................44.0
Mauritania............................42.0
Botswana ............................41.0
Uganda ................................41.0
Vietnam ...............................41.0
Nigeria .................................38.0
Lesotho ...............................37.0
Burundi ................................36.0
Madagascar .........................33.0
Benin ...................................32.0
Angola .................................30.0
India.....................................30.0
Namibia ...............................30.0
Mozambique........................27.0
Nepal ...................................27.0
Cambodia ............................16.0
Burkina Faso........................12.0
Chad ......................................8.0
Ethiopia..................................6.0
Argentina ...............................n/a
Croatia ...................................n/a
Czech Republic......................n/a
Estonia...................................n/a
Korea, Rep.............................n/a
Latvia .....................................n/a
Lithuania ................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Malaysia.................................n/a
Malta......................................n/a
Poland....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Access to improved drinking water
Access to safe drinking water as a percentage of total population
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
37
38
38
38
38
42
42
44
45
45
45
45
49
49
49
49
53
53
53
53
53
58
58
58
58
62
HARD DATA
Australia.............................100.0
Austria ...............................100.0
Barbados ...........................100.0
Belgium .............................100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Canada...............................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Denmark............................100.0
Finland ...............................100.0
France................................100.0
Germany............................100.0
Greece...............................100.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Iceland ...............................100.0
Ireland................................100.0
Israel..................................100.0
Italy....................................100.0
Japan .................................100.0
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ......................100.0
Malta .................................100.0
Mauritius ...........................100.0
Netherlands .......................100.0
New Zealand .....................100.0
Norway ..............................100.0
Portugal .............................100.0
Qatar..................................100.0
Singapore ..........................100.0
Slovak Republic .................100.0
Slovenia .............................100.0
Spain..................................100.0
Sweden .............................100.0
Switzerland........................100.0
United Kingdom ................100.0
United States ....................100.0
Hungary ...............................99.0
Egypt ...................................98.0
Ukraine ................................98.0
Uruguay ...............................98.0
Albania.................................97.0
Costa Rica ...........................97.0
Botswana ............................95.0
Chile ....................................95.0
Guatemala ...........................95.0
Malaysia ..............................95.0
Jamaica ...............................93.0
Turkey..................................93.0
Armenia ...............................92.0
Colombia .............................92.0
Korea, Rep...........................92.0
Moldova...............................92.0
Suriname .............................92.0
Jordan..................................91.0
Mexico.................................91.0
Panama................................91.0
Honduras .............................90.0
SOURCE: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005 (published version)
62
64
65
65
67
67
67
70
70
70
73
74
74
74
74
78
78
78
81
81
83
83
83
86
87
87
89
89
91
91
91
94
95
96
97
98
99
99
101
102
103
104
104
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
112
114
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Pakistan ...............................90.0
Brazil....................................89.0
Algeria .................................87.0
South Africa.........................87.0
Ecuador ...............................86.0
India.....................................86.0
Kazakhstan ..........................86.0
Bolivia ..................................85.0
Philippines ...........................85.0
Thailand ...............................85.0
Nepal ...................................84.0
Guyana ................................83.0
Paraguay..............................83.0
Venezuela ............................83.0
Zimbabwe............................83.0
El Salvador...........................82.0
Gambia ................................82.0
Tunisia .................................82.0
Nicaragua.............................81.0
Peru .....................................81.0
Morocco ..............................80.0
Namibia ...............................80.0
Vietnam ...............................80.0
Burundi ................................79.0
Indonesia .............................78.0
Sri Lanka..............................78.0
Azerbaijan ............................77.0
China ...................................77.0
Georgia ................................76.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................76.0
Lesotho ...............................76.0
Bangladesh..........................75.0
Tanzania...............................73.0
Benin ...................................68.0
Malawi.................................67.0
Cameroon............................63.0
Kenya...................................62.0
Mongolia..............................62.0
Nigeria .................................60.0
Tajikistan ..............................58.0
Romania ..............................57.0
Mauritania............................56.0
Uganda ................................56.0
Zambia.................................55.0
Burkina Faso........................51.0
Angola .................................50.0
Mali......................................48.0
Madagascar .........................45.0
Mozambique........................42.0
Cambodia ............................34.0
Chad ....................................34.0
Ethiopia................................22.0
Argentina ...............................n/a
Bahrain...................................n/a
Croatia ...................................n/a
Czech Republic......................n/a
Estonia...................................n/a
Latvia .....................................n/a
Lithuania ................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Poland....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
4.04
393
Data Tables
Pillar 5
395
2.2: Data Tables | Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
396
5.01
Government prioritization of the T&T industry
Is the T&T industry given due consideration/priority compared with other sectors when your government sets policy on investment
and development? (1 = no, the T&T industry is not a priority for the government, 7 = yes, nurturing and developing T&T industry is a top
priority for the government)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
SCORE
MEAN: 4.5
Mauritius.......................6.5
Barbados.......................6.3
Cyprus ..........................6.1
Hong Kong SAR............6.0
Singapore......................6.0
Cambodia......................5.9
Malaysia........................5.9
Gambia .........................5.9
Tunisia...........................5.9
Zambia ..........................5.8
New Zealand.................5.8
Ireland ...........................5.6
Thailand ........................5.6
Jamaica.........................5.6
Morocco .......................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Greece ..........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
South Africa ..................5.4
Malta.............................5.4
Jordan ...........................5.4
Austria ..........................5.4
Qatar .............................5.3
Botswana......................5.3
Tanzania ........................5.3
Sri Lanka .......................5.3
Australia ........................5.3
Madagascar ..................5.3
Egypt ............................5.2
Switzerland ...................5.2
Mauritania .....................5.1
Indonesia ......................5.1
Kenya ............................5.1
France ...........................5.0
Croatia ..........................5.0
Iceland ..........................5.0
Mexico ..........................5.0
Mozambique .................4.9
Uganda .........................4.9
Mali ...............................4.9
Georgia .........................4.8
Honduras ......................4.8
Uruguay ........................4.8
Namibia.........................4.8
Nepal ............................4.8
Guatemala ....................4.8
China.............................4.8
Hungary ........................4.8
Guyana..........................4.8
Armenia ........................4.8
Costa Rica.....................4.8
Israel .............................4.7
Panama .........................4.7
Estonia ..........................4.7
Nicaragua ......................4.7
Bulgaria .........................4.7
India ..............................4.7
Bahrain..........................4.7
Canada ..........................4.7
Vietnam.........................4.7
SD
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.3
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
0.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Norway .........................4.6
Denmark .......................4.6
Mongolia .......................4.5
Tajikistan .......................4.5
Argentina ......................4.5
El Salvador ....................4.5
Philippines ....................4.5
Burkina Faso .................4.4
Turkey ...........................4.4
Taiwan, China................4.4
Nigeria ..........................4.3
Peru ..............................4.3
Slovenia ........................4.2
Colombia.......................4.1
Netherlands ..................4.1
Sweden ........................4.0
Algeria...........................4.0
Malawi ..........................4.0
United States................4.0
Azerbaijan .....................3.9
Albania ..........................3.9
Belgium ........................3.9
Korea, Rep. ...................3.9
Benin ............................3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.9
Zimbabwe .....................3.8
Italy ...............................3.8
Chile..............................3.8
Brazil .............................3.8
Latvia ............................3.7
Luxembourg .................3.7
Japan ............................3.6
Finland ..........................3.6
Lesotho.........................3.5
Suriname ......................3.5
Poland ...........................3.5
Pakistan ........................3.5
Ethiopia .........................3.4
Romania........................3.4
Lithuania .......................3.4
Moldova ........................3.4
Angola...........................3.4
Germany .......................3.4
Bangladesh ...................3.2
Ecuador.........................3.1
Ukraine .........................3.1
Cameroon .....................3.1
Chad .............................2.8
Kuwait...........................2.7
Paraguay .......................2.6
Bolivia ...........................2.6
Burundi .........................2.5
Venezuela .....................2.4
MEAN: 4.5
SD
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.3
1.4
1.4
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.5
T&T government expenditure
T&T government expenditure as percentage of total budget, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
26
26
28
29
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
37
38
39
39
39
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
49
49
49
49
53
54
54
54
54
58
59
59
59
62
HARD DATA

Jamaica ...............................16.7
Mauritius .............................15.8
Barbados .............................15.6
Iceland .................................13.0
Malta ...................................11.3
Jordan..................................10.3
Singapore ............................10.1
Gambia ..................................9.3
Cyprus ...................................9.2
Cambodia ..............................9.1
Indonesia ...............................8.9
Estonia...................................8.1
Paraguay................................7.9
Hong Kong SAR ....................7.5
Switzerland............................7.5
Tunisia ...................................7.2
Kenya.....................................6.9
Egypt .....................................6.6
Portugal .................................6.5
Spain......................................6.4
Costa Rica .............................6.1
Guyana ..................................5.9
Norway ..................................5.5
Tanzania .................................5.5
Madagascar ...........................5.4
Qatar......................................5.4
Hungary .................................5.2
United States ........................5.1
Nepal .....................................5.0
Ukraine ..................................5.0
Uruguay .................................5.0
Austria ...................................4.8
Mexico...................................4.8
Panama..................................4.8
Guatemala .............................4.6
Sri Lanka................................4.4
Slovenia .................................4.2
Chile ......................................4.1
Japan .....................................4.1
Canada...................................4.0
Honduras ...............................4.0
Albania...................................3.8
Australia.................................3.8
Bahrain ..................................3.8
Chad ......................................3.8
China .....................................3.8
Czech Republic......................3.7
Ecuador .................................3.7
Greece...................................3.7
Namibia .................................3.7
Ireland....................................3.6
Italy........................................3.5
New Zealand .........................3.5
Philippines .............................3.5
Venezuela ..............................3.5
Romania ................................3.4
Belgium .................................3.2
Bulgaria..................................3.2
France....................................3.2
Bolivia ....................................3.1
62
64
64
64
67
68
69
69
69
69
73
73
73
73
77
78
78
78
78
82
82
82
85
85
85
85
85
90
91
91
91
94
94
94
94
94
99
99
101
101
103
103
105
105
105
108
109
110
111
112
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Finland ...................................3.1
Benin .....................................3.0
Latvia .....................................3.0
Lithuania ................................3.0
United Kingdom ....................2.9
Brazil......................................2.8
Peru .......................................2.7
Poland....................................2.7
Thailand .................................2.7
Denmark................................2.5
El Salvador.............................2.5
Korea, Rep.............................2.5
Luxembourg ..........................2.5
Argentina ...............................2.4
Botswana ..............................2.3
Ethiopia..................................2.3
Uganda ..................................2.3
Zimbabwe..............................2.3
Germany................................2.2
Netherlands ...........................2.2
Sweden .................................2.2
Bangladesh............................2.1
Israel......................................2.1
Nicaragua...............................2.1
Slovak Republic .....................2.1
Zambia...................................2.1
Colombia ...............................2.0
Burkina Faso..........................1.9
Pakistan .................................1.9
Cameroon..............................1.7
Malaysia ................................1.7
Mali........................................1.7
Suriname ...............................1.7
Taiwan, China ........................1.7
Croatia ...................................1.4
Vietnam .................................1.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.3
Malawi...................................1.3
Kuwait ...................................1.2
Lesotho .................................1.2
Algeria ...................................1.1
Angola ...................................1.1
India.......................................0.9
Burundi ..................................0.7
Turkey....................................0.6
South Africa...........................0.5
Nigeria ...................................0.3
Armenia .................................n/a
Azerbaijan ..............................n/a
Georgia ..................................n/a
Kazakhstan.............................n/a
Kyrgyz Republic .....................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Moldova.................................n/a
Mongolia................................n/a
Morocco ................................n/a
Mozambique..........................n/a
Serbia and Montenegro.........n/a
Tajikistan ................................n/a
SOURCE: World Travel & Tourism Council, Tourism Satellite Accounting Research 2006
5.02
397
398
5.03
Effectiveness of marketing and branding to attract tourists
Does your country carry out effective marketing and branding to attract inbound tourists? (1 = no, tourism marketing is nonexistent or
completely ineffective, 7 = yes, tourism marketing is excellent and is very effective in attracting tourists)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
60
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.2

New Zealand.................5.9
Singapore......................5.9
Hong Kong SAR............5.9
Barbados.......................5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
Austria ..........................5.7
Iceland ..........................5.6
Ireland ...........................5.5
Jamaica.........................5.5
Thailand ........................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Australia ........................5.5
Tunisia...........................5.4
Indonesia ......................5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Portugal ........................5.4
Cyprus ..........................5.4
Morocco .......................5.3
Mali ...............................5.3
Gambia .........................5.3
Mauritius.......................5.3
Zambia ..........................5.3
Switzerland ...................5.3
Mexico ..........................5.2
Kenya ............................5.2
Namibia.........................5.1
France ...........................5.1
Cambodia......................5.0
Mauritania .....................5.0
Greece ..........................5.0
Tanzania ........................4.9
Madagascar ..................4.9
Israel .............................4.9
Egypt ............................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.8
Costa Rica.....................4.8
Norway .........................4.8
Burkina Faso .................4.8
Denmark .......................4.8
Estonia ..........................4.7
Panama .........................4.7
Uganda .........................4.7
Canada ..........................4.7
Peru ..............................4.6
Jordan ...........................4.6
Botswana......................4.6
Guatemala ....................4.5
Sri Lanka .......................4.5
Netherlands ..................4.5
Nicaragua ......................4.5
United States................4.5
Malta.............................4.5
Vietnam.........................4.5
China.............................4.4
Uruguay ........................4.4
India ..............................4.4
Qatar .............................4.4
Taiwan, China................4.4
Honduras ......................4.3
SD
1.1
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.7
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
0.7
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Nigeria ..........................4.3
Germany .......................4.3
Turkey ...........................4.2
Luxembourg .................4.2
Colombia.......................4.2
Finland ..........................4.1
Belgium ........................4.1
Philippines ....................4.1
Hungary ........................4.1
Nepal ............................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................4.1
Guyana..........................4.0
Argentina ......................4.0
El Salvador ....................4.0
Chile..............................3.9
Sweden ........................3.9
Japan ............................3.8
Benin ............................3.8
Mozambique .................3.8
Bulgaria .........................3.8
Latvia ............................3.7
Brazil .............................3.7
Poland ...........................3.7
Slovenia ........................3.6
Tajikistan .......................3.6
Kazakhstan....................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.5
Armenia ........................3.5
Italy ...............................3.4
Algeria...........................3.4
Lithuania .......................3.4
Georgia .........................3.4
Suriname ......................3.4
Ethiopia .........................3.3
Malawi ..........................3.3
Zimbabwe .....................3.3
Ecuador.........................3.2
Lesotho.........................3.2
Ukraine .........................3.2
Pakistan ........................3.2
Bahrain..........................3.2
Moldova ........................3.1
Mongolia .......................3.1
Romania........................2.9
Cameroon .....................2.7
Angola...........................2.6
Kuwait...........................2.6
Bangladesh ...................2.6
Chad .............................2.5
Albania ..........................2.5
Bolivia ...........................2.4
Paraguay .......................2.4
Burundi .........................2.3
Venezuela .....................2.0
MEAN: 4.2
SD
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.9
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
T&T fair attendance
Index of country presence at 12 major T&T fairs, 200506
1
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
HARD DATA
Poland..................................10.0
Malaysia ................................9.0
Spain......................................9.0
Austria ...................................8.0
Canada...................................8.0
China .....................................8.0
Egypt .....................................8.0
France....................................8.0
Germany................................8.0
Greece...................................8.0
India.......................................8.0
Thailand .................................8.0
Tunisia ...................................8.0
Turkey....................................8.0
Bulgaria..................................7.0
Czech Republic......................7.0
Ireland....................................7.0
Italy........................................7.0
Korea, Rep.............................7.0
Switzerland............................7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
Argentina ...............................6.0
Australia.................................6.0
Brazil......................................6.0
Finland ...................................6.0
Indonesia ...............................6.0
Japan .....................................6.0
Kenya.....................................6.0
Malta .....................................6.0
Mexico...................................6.0
Morocco ................................6.0
Romania ................................6.0
Bolivia ....................................5.0
Cambodia ..............................5.0
Costa Rica .............................5.0
Croatia ...................................5.0
Cyprus ...................................5.0
Guatemala .............................5.0
Hungary .................................5.0
Israel......................................5.0
Peru .......................................5.0
South Africa...........................5.0
Sri Lanka................................5.0
Tanzania .................................5.0
United States ........................5.0
Chile ......................................4.0
Ecuador .................................4.0
Estonia...................................4.0
Ethiopia..................................4.0
Georgia ..................................4.0
Guyana ..................................4.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................4.0
Jordan....................................4.0
Lithuania ................................4.0
Luxembourg ..........................4.0
Mongolia................................4.0
Nepal .....................................4.0
Portugal .................................4.0
Singapore ..............................4.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
HARD DATA
Slovak Republic .....................4.0

Taiwan, China ........................4.0
Uruguay .................................4.0
Venezuela ..............................4.0
Vietnam .................................4.0
Zambia...................................4.0
Algeria ...................................3.0
Armenia .................................3.0
Azerbaijan ..............................3.0
Bahrain ..................................3.0
Belgium .................................3.0
Iceland ...................................3.0
Jamaica .................................3.0
Latvia .....................................3.0
Mali........................................3.0
New Zealand .........................3.0
Nigeria ...................................3.0
Norway ..................................3.0
Paraguay................................3.0
Philippines .............................3.0
Qatar......................................3.0
Slovenia .................................3.0
Sweden .................................3.0
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Zimbabwe..............................3.0
Albania...................................2.0
Colombia ...............................2.0
Denmark................................2.0
Gambia ..................................2.0
Honduras ...............................2.0
Kazakhstan ............................2.0
Kuwait ...................................2.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.0
Mauritius ...............................2.0
Mozambique..........................2.0
Netherlands ...........................2.0
Nicaragua...............................2.0
Pakistan .................................2.0
Panama..................................2.0
Uganda ..................................2.0
Angola ...................................1.0
Bangladesh............................1.0
Barbados ...............................1.0
Botswana ..............................1.0
Cameroon..............................1.0
El Salvador.............................1.0
Lesotho .................................1.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.0
Madagascar ...........................1.0
Mauritania..............................1.0
Moldova.................................1.0
Namibia .................................1.0
Benin .....................................0.0
Burkina Faso..........................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Malawi...................................0.0
Suriname ...............................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
5.04
399
Data Tables
Pillar 6
401
2.2: Data Tables | Air transport infrastructure
402
6.01
Quality of air transport infrastructure
Passenger air transport in your country is (1 = infrequent, limited and inefficient, 7 = as frequent, extensive, and efficient as the worlds
best)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.5
Singapore......................6.9
Germany .......................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.7
Netherlands ..................6.6
France ...........................6.5
Japan ............................6.4
Denmark .......................6.3
Finland ..........................6.3
United States................6.2
Barbados.......................6.0
Iceland ..........................6.0
Switzerland ...................6.0
Australia ........................6.0
Malaysia........................6.0
Canada ..........................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
Norway .........................5.9
Taiwan, China................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
South Africa ..................5.8
Spain .............................5.7
Portugal ........................5.7
El Salvador ....................5.7
Israel .............................5.7
Austria ..........................5.7
New Zealand.................5.7
Chile..............................5.6
Ireland ...........................5.6
Thailand ........................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................5.5
Jamaica.........................5.5
Qatar .............................5.4
Greece ..........................5.4
Bahrain..........................5.4
Luxembourg .................5.3
Mauritius.......................5.3
Malta.............................5.3
Latvia ............................5.2
Panama .........................5.2
Azerbaijan .....................5.1
Estonia ..........................5.1
India ..............................5.1
Kuwait...........................5.0
Jordan ...........................5.0
Tunisia...........................5.0
Kenya ............................5.0
Namibia.........................4.9
Cyprus ..........................4.9
Colombia.......................4.9
Turkey ...........................4.7
Mexico ..........................4.7
Egypt ............................4.7
Brazil .............................4.6
Zambia ..........................4.6
Pakistan ........................4.6
Slovenia ........................4.6
Lithuania .......................4.5
SD
0.3
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Hungary ........................4.5
Ethiopia .........................4.5
Morocco .......................4.5
Guatemala ....................4.4
Italy ...............................4.4
Costa Rica.....................4.3
Croatia ..........................4.2
Ecuador.........................4.2
Kazakhstan....................4.1
Indonesia ......................4.1
Moldova ........................4.1
Sri Lanka .......................4.1
Philippines ....................4.0
Honduras ......................4.0
Gambia .........................3.9
Venezuela .....................3.9
Cambodia......................3.9
Nicaragua ......................3.8
Vietnam.........................3.8
Argentina ......................3.8
Armenia ........................3.8
Poland ...........................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Tanzania ........................3.7
China.............................3.7
Romania........................3.6
Algeria...........................3.5
Bulgaria .........................3.5
Mozambique .................3.5
Nigeria ..........................3.5
Georgia .........................3.4
Uganda .........................3.3
Peru ..............................3.3
Nepal ............................3.3
Angola...........................3.3
Madagascar ..................3.2
Uruguay ........................3.2
Albania ..........................3.1
Guyana..........................3.0
Ukraine .........................3.0
Paraguay .......................3.0
Bolivia ...........................2.9
Tajikistan .......................2.9
Burkina Faso .................2.9
Mongolia .......................2.8
Malawi ..........................2.8
Mali ...............................2.7
Zimbabwe .....................2.6
Benin ............................2.6
Mauritania .....................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Bangladesh ...................2.5
Burundi .........................2.4
Cameroon .....................2.2
Lesotho.........................2.2
Chad .............................2.1
MEAN: 4.5
SD
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.6
0.8
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.9
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
Available seat kilometers
Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions), August 2005 and February 2006 average
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
United States ...............32,095.3

China ..............................5,923.3
United Kingdom .............5,688.7
Japan ..............................5,246.2
Germany.........................3,990.6
France.............................3,119.7
Australia..........................2,772.4
Spain...............................2,728.1
Canada............................2,539.6
Singapore .......................1,793.3
Hong Kong SAR .............1,762.4
Italy.................................1,748.9
Brazil...............................1,723.4
Thailand ..........................1,699.4
India................................1,660.2
Russian Federation.........1,604.4
Netherlands ....................1,453.6
Mexico............................1,433.6
Korea, Rep......................1,384.5
United Arab Emirates .....1,277.6
Malaysia .........................1,011.2
South Africa.......................955.7
Taiwan, China ....................890.3
Indonesia ...........................768.4
New Zealand .....................658.3
Switzerland........................650.7
Turkey................................574.0
Argentina ...........................555.2
Philippines .........................548.5
Portugal .............................478.6
Greece...............................420.2
Austria ...............................391.4
Denmark............................374.3
Sweden .............................369.4
Egypt .................................351.4
Israel..................................350.2
Ireland................................322.4
Chile ..................................316.7
Norway ..............................313.6
Pakistan .............................310.8
Vietnam .............................305.8
Belgium .............................295.6
Colombia ...........................279.0
Qatar..................................263.3
Finland ...............................255.1
Peru ...................................234.8
Venezuela ..........................226.5
Dominican Republic ..........222.8
Morocco ............................191.0
Poland................................190.3
Kenya.................................182.7
Sri Lanka............................165.8
Czech Republic..................157.7
Kuwait ...............................156.0
Bahrain ..............................150.9
Mauritius ...........................137.1
Nigeria ...............................136.7
Bangladesh........................132.2
Hungary .............................129.4
Ecuador .............................124.6
Ukraine ..............................123.0
Cyprus ...............................122.3
SOURCE: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Jamaica .............................121.7
Jordan................................108.6
Costa Rica .........................105.2
Panama..............................104.8
Kazakhstan ..........................93.8
Romania ..............................88.3
Barbados .............................83.6
Tunisia .................................82.4
Ethiopia................................80.0
Algeria .................................66.2
Iceland .................................63.9
El Salvador...........................58.7
Bolivia ..................................54.1
Bulgaria................................51.3
Guatemala ...........................45.4
Azerbaijan ............................44.9
Malta ...................................41.6
Tanzania...............................39.7
Angola .................................39.6
Nepal ...................................37.8
Latvia ...................................36.0
Armenia ...............................34.8
Madagascar .........................33.9
Croatia .................................33.2
Cambodia ............................32.8
Namibia ...............................32.3
Cameroon............................27.5
Kyrgyz Republic...................25.9
Lithuania ..............................23.0
Mozambique........................22.7
Zimbabwe............................22.3
Uruguay ...............................21.2
Slovak Republic ...................20.6
Mali......................................20.4
Honduras .............................19.5
Uganda ................................18.5
Luxembourg ........................17.5
Nicaragua.............................17.3
Estonia.................................16.6
Suriname .............................16.0
Zambia.................................15.0
Georgia ................................14.8
Mongolia..............................14.3
Slovenia ...............................13.5
Paraguay..............................11.1
Benin ...................................11.1
Albania.................................11.0
Tajikistan ..............................10.0
Mauritania..............................9.5
Guyana ..................................7.9
Burkina Faso..........................7.6
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.4
Moldova.................................7.0
Chad ......................................6.7
Malawi...................................6.3
Botswana ..............................3.8
Burundi ..................................1.7
Gambia ..................................1.6
Lesotho .................................0.2
6.02
403
404
6.03
Departures per 1,000 population
Number of aircraft departures per 1,000 population, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Luxembourg ........................81.5
Norway ................................66.8
New Zealand .......................66.0
Ireland..................................40.9
Iceland .................................39.4
Switzerland..........................38.0
Malta ...................................37.9
Qatar....................................31.3
Bahrain ................................28.9
United States ......................28.9
Sweden ...............................26.0
Finland .................................24.7
Denmark..............................20.3
Australia...............................19.3
Belgium ...............................17.2
Singapore ............................17.2
Cyprus .................................17.0
United Kingdom ..................16.3
Austria .................................16.3
Netherlands .........................13.8
France..................................13.0
Spain....................................12.8
Zimbabwe............................10.7
Mauritius .............................10.4
Greece...................................9.6
Germany................................9.5
Portugal .................................9.1
Jamaica .................................8.9
Canada...................................8.9
Israel......................................8.3
Panama..................................7.9
Malaysia ................................7.3
Kuwait ...................................7.1
Italy........................................6.8
El Salvador.............................6.6
Costa Rica .............................6.6
Slovenia .................................6.6
Mongolia................................6.3
Estonia...................................6.3
Chile ......................................5.2
Japan .....................................5.0
Latvia .....................................4.8
Colombia ...............................4.4
Suriname ...............................4.3
Botswana ..............................4.3
Czech Republic......................4.3
Croatia ...................................4.1
Brazil......................................3.5
Hungary .................................3.2
Argentina ...............................3.1
Lithuania ................................2.9
Uruguay .................................2.8
Jordan....................................2.8
South Africa...........................2.8
Mexico...................................2.7
Namibia .................................2.7
Macedonia, FYR ....................2.3
Bolivia ....................................2.3
Tunisia ...................................1.9
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Poland....................................1.9
Thailand .................................1.6
Turkey....................................1.5
Algeria ...................................1.4
Morocco ................................1.4
Paraguay................................1.3
Ecuador .................................1.2
Madagascar ...........................1.2
Albania...................................1.1
Peru .......................................1.1
Azerbaijan ..............................1.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.0
Armenia .................................0.9
Romania ................................0.9
Bulgaria..................................0.9
Moldova.................................0.9
Ukraine ..................................0.8
Kenya.....................................0.7
Mauritania..............................0.7
Indonesia ...............................0.7
China .....................................0.6
Tajikistan ................................0.6
Sri Lanka................................0.6
Kazakhstan ............................0.6
Guatemala .............................0.5
Philippines .............................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.4
Zambia...................................0.4
Vietnam .................................0.4
Georgia ..................................0.4
Guyana ..................................0.4
Ethiopia..................................0.4
Mozambique..........................0.4
Angola ...................................0.4
Malawi...................................0.4
Taiwan, China ........................0.3
Slovak Republic .....................0.3
Pakistan .................................0.3
Cameroon..............................0.3
India.......................................0.2
Burundi ..................................0.2
Burkina Faso..........................0.1
Tanzania .................................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Benin .....................................0.1
Nicaragua...............................0.1
Chad ......................................0.1
Nigeria ...................................0.1
Mali........................................0.1
Bangladesh............................0.0
Uganda ..................................0.0
Barbados................................n/a
Cambodia...............................n/a
Egypt .....................................n/a
Gambia ..................................n/a
Honduras ...............................n/a
Hong Kong SAR.....................n/a
Korea, Rep.............................n/a
Venezuela ..............................n/a
Airport density
Number of airports per million population, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
26
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
53
55
56
56
58
59
60
61
61
HARD DATA
Iceland ...............................330.3
Paraguay............................138.3
Bolivia ................................120.2
Suriname ...........................105.0
Namibia ...............................67.0
Guyana ................................64.0
Botswana ............................51.8
United States ......................50.2
Canada.................................40.4
Guatemala ...........................37.6
Costa Rica ...........................37.1
Argentina .............................33.7
Panama................................33.4
Zimbabwe............................33.2
Nicaragua.............................32.2
New Zealand .......................28.7
Bulgaria................................28.6
Lithuania ..............................28.4
Finland .................................28.3
Sweden ...............................28.2
Chile ....................................22.8
Colombia .............................22.8
Australia...............................22.3
Brazil....................................22.2
Norway ................................22.0
Cyprus .................................21.8
Estonia.................................21.8
Latvia ...................................21.8
Kazakhstan ..........................20.7
Angola .................................20.5
Uruguay ...............................18.7
Denmark..............................17.9
Mexico.................................17.3
Mongolia..............................16.5
South Africa.........................16.4
Honduras .............................16.0
Ecuador ...............................15.3
Croatia .................................15.1
Venezuela ............................14.5
Ukraine ................................14.0
Lesotho ...............................13.8
Jamaica ...............................12.8
Czech Republic....................11.7
El Salvador...........................10.9
Kyrgyz Republic...................10.1
Zambia...................................9.7
Ireland....................................9.0
Switzerland............................8.7
Peru .......................................8.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................8.3
Israel......................................8.1
Mozambique..........................8.1
France....................................7.9
Mauritania..............................7.8
United Kingdom ....................7.8
Tajikistan ................................7.7
Greece...................................7.5
Slovenia .................................7.0
Austria ...................................6.7
Germany................................6.7
63
64
64
66
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
73
75
75
77
78
79
80
81
81
83
84
85
86
87
87
89
90
91
91
91
94
95
95
97
98
98
100
101
101
103
104
104
104
104
108
109
110
111
111
111
114
115
116
116
118
118
120
121
121
123
124
HARD DATA
Kenya.....................................6.5
Georgia ..................................6.4
Madagascar ...........................6.4
Azerbaijan ..............................6.3
Slovak Republic .....................6.3
Portugal .................................6.2
Bahrain ..................................5.8
Armenia .................................5.4
Chad ......................................5.2
Moldova.................................5.2
Malaysia ................................4.9
Mauritius ...............................4.9
Qatar......................................4.6
Hungary .................................4.4
Luxembourg ..........................4.3
Algeria ...................................4.2
Belgium .................................4.1
Spain......................................3.9
Korea, Rep.............................3.7
Barbados ...............................3.6
Malawi...................................3.3
Tanzania .................................3.3
Poland....................................3.2
Albania...................................3.1
Jordan....................................3.0
Kuwait ...................................3.0
Tunisia ...................................3.0
Philippines .............................2.9
Cameroon..............................2.8
Indonesia ...............................2.8
Romania ................................2.7
Mali........................................2.5
Malta .....................................2.5
Burkina Faso..........................2.4
Italy........................................2.3
Singapore ..............................2.3
Morocco ................................1.9
Nepal .....................................1.7
Taiwan, China ........................1.7
Thailand .................................1.7
Turkey....................................1.7
Netherlands ...........................1.6
Cambodia ..............................1.5
Japan .....................................1.4
Egypt .....................................1.1
Ethiopia..................................1.1
Uganda ..................................1.1
Burundi ..................................1.0
Pakistan .................................0.8
Benin .....................................0.7
Sri Lanka................................0.7
Gambia ..................................0.6
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.6
Nigeria ...................................0.5
China .....................................0.4
India.......................................0.4
Vietnam .................................0.3
Bangladesh............................0.1
6.04
405
406
6.05
Number of operating airlines
Number of airlines with scheduled flights originating in country, August 2005 and February 2006 average
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
40
42
43
44
45
45
47
47
47
50
51
51
53
54
54
54
57
57
59
59
61
61
HARD DATA
United States ....................174.5

United Kingdom ................159.0
France................................157.5
Germany............................149.0
Italy....................................128.5
Russian Federation............108.0
Spain..................................101.0
Canada.................................85.0
Netherlands .........................83.0
Switzerland..........................82.5
Thailand ...............................79.0
China ...................................78.0
India.....................................70.5
Japan ...................................68.0
Turkey..................................67.5
Austria .................................62.0
Sweden ...............................61.5
Denmark..............................60.5
Portugal ...............................60.5
Australia...............................59.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................58.5
Singapore ............................58.5
Greece.................................57.0
Belgium ...............................55.5
Egypt ...................................53.0
Malaysia ..............................48.5
Mexico.................................46.5
South Africa.........................46.5
Czech Republic....................46.0
Ukraine ................................45.0
Ireland..................................43.0
Indonesia .............................42.0
Korea, Rep...........................42.0
Hungary ...............................40.0
Norway ................................39.0
Brazil....................................38.0
Cyprus .................................36.5
Poland..................................35.5
Israel....................................34.5
Philippines ...........................34.5
Argentina .............................33.0
Kuwait .................................32.5
Venezuela ............................30.0
Vietnam ...............................30.0
Armenia ...............................27.5
Azerbaijan ............................27.5
Morocco ..............................27.5
Colombia .............................27.0
Pakistan ...............................26.5
Taiwan, China ......................26.5
Kenya...................................26.0
Bulgaria................................25.5
Finland .................................25.5
Romania ..............................25.5
Qatar....................................24.0
Tunisia .................................24.0
Bahrain ................................22.5
New Zealand .......................22.5
Peru .....................................22.0
Sri Lanka..............................22.0
SOURCE: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser
63
64
64
66
66
68
69
69
71
72
72
74
75
75
77
77
77
80
81
81
81
84
85
86
87
88
88
88
91
91
91
94
94
94
97
97
97
97
97
102
103
104
104
106
107
107
109
110
111
111
111
114
114
116
117
117
117
120
121
122
122
124
HARD DATA
Jordan..................................21.5
Nigeria .................................20.5
Jamaica ...............................20.0
Kazakhstan ..........................20.0
Chile ....................................19.5
Bangladesh..........................19.0
Cambodia ............................19.0
Ecuador ...............................18.5
Croatia .................................18.0
Tajikistan ..............................18.0
Costa Rica ...........................17.5
Mali......................................15.5
Georgia ................................15.0
Guatemala ...........................15.0
Tanzania...............................15.0
Panama................................14.5
Cameroon............................14.0
Latvia ...................................14.0
Lithuania ..............................14.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................13.5
Algeria .................................13.0
Mauritius .............................12.5
Nepal ...................................12.0
Barbados .............................11.5
Estonia.................................11.5
Uganda ................................11.5
Albania.................................11.0
Benin ...................................11.0
Zambia.................................11.0
Ethiopia................................10.5
Macedonia, FYR ..................10.5
Zimbabwe............................10.5
Bolivia ..................................10.0
Luxembourg ........................10.0
Malta ...................................10.0
Uruguay ...............................10.0
Honduras ...............................9.5
Slovenia .................................9.0
Mozambique..........................8.5
Slovak Republic .....................8.5
El Salvador.............................8.0
Angola ...................................7.5
Nicaragua...............................7.5
Burkina Faso..........................7.0
Moldova.................................6.5
Madagascar ...........................6.0
Malawi...................................6.0
Mongolia................................6.0
Iceland ...................................5.5
Namibia .................................5.5
Burundi ..................................5.0
Gambia ..................................4.5
Guyana ..................................4.5
Mauritania..............................4.5
Paraguay................................4.0
Chad ......................................3.5
Botswana ..............................3.0
Suriname ...............................3.0
Lesotho .................................1.0
International air transport network
Does the air transport network in your country offer you good connections to the overseas markets that offer your business greatest
potential? (1 = no, not at all, 7 = yes, to all of my key business markets)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Germany .......................6.9
Singapore......................6.8
Netherlands ..................6.8
Hong Kong SAR............6.7
France ...........................6.6
Denmark .......................6.6
Finland ..........................6.5
Iceland ..........................6.4
Japan ............................6.4
Israel .............................6.3
Canada ..........................6.3
United States................6.3
Switzerland ...................6.3
Chile..............................6.3
South Africa ..................6.2
Australia ........................6.2
New Zealand.................6.2
Spain .............................6.1
Austria ..........................6.1
Norway .........................6.1
Sweden ........................6.1
Malaysia........................6.1
Jamaica.........................6.1
Panama .........................6.0
Ireland ...........................6.0
Bahrain..........................6.0
El Salvador ....................6.0
Belgium ........................5.9
Jordan ...........................5.8
India ..............................5.8
Portugal ........................5.8
Barbados.......................5.8
Korea, Rep. ...................5.8
Mexico ..........................5.7
Luxembourg .................5.7
Greece ..........................5.6
Thailand ........................5.6
Mauritius.......................5.6
Qatar .............................5.6
Taiwan, China................5.6
Hungary ........................5.5
Costa Rica.....................5.5
Latvia ............................5.5
Cyprus ..........................5.5
Turkey ...........................5.4
Colombia.......................5.3
Brazil .............................5.3
Malta.............................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Kuwait...........................5.2
Argentina ......................5.2
Zambia ..........................5.2
Tunisia...........................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
Kenya ............................5.1
Lithuania .......................5.1
Slovenia ........................5.0
Philippines ....................5.0
SD
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Italy ...............................5.0
Indonesia ......................5.0
Peru ..............................5.0
Morocco .......................4.9
Sri Lanka .......................4.9
Egypt ............................4.9
Namibia.........................4.9
Pakistan ........................4.8
Venezuela .....................4.8
Azerbaijan .....................4.7
Ethiopia .........................4.7
Vietnam.........................4.7
Poland ...........................4.6
Nicaragua ......................4.6
Cambodia......................4.5
Tanzania ........................4.5
Romania........................4.5
Kazakhstan....................4.5
Ecuador.........................4.4
Honduras ......................4.4
Croatia ..........................4.3
Mauritania .....................4.3
Algeria...........................4.3
China.............................4.2
Uruguay ........................4.2
Nigeria ..........................4.1
Botswana......................4.0
Mozambique .................4.0
Bangladesh ...................4.0
Moldova ........................3.9
Georgia .........................3.9
Paraguay .......................3.9
Gambia .........................3.9
Bulgaria .........................3.8
Uganda .........................3.8
Nepal ............................3.8
Guyana..........................3.7
Albania ..........................3.6
Mali ...............................3.6
Armenia ........................3.6
Malawi ..........................3.6
Madagascar ..................3.6
Ukraine .........................3.6
Tajikistan .......................3.5
Angola...........................3.5
Zimbabwe .....................3.5
Mongolia .......................3.4
Cameroon .....................3.4
Burkina Faso .................3.3
Bolivia ...........................3.2
Benin ............................3.0
Lesotho.........................2.7
Suriname ......................2.7
Burundi .........................2.7
Chad .............................2.4
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
6.06
407
Data Tables
Pillar 7
409
2.2: Data Tables | Ground transport infrastructure
410
7.01
Road infrastructure
Roads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as extensive and efficient as the worlds best)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
57
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Singapore......................6.7
France ...........................6.6
Switzerland ...................6.6
Germany .......................6.5
Denmark .......................6.4
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
United States................6.1
Japan ............................6.1
Austria ..........................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
Netherlands ..................5.9
Taiwan, China................5.9
Malaysia........................5.7
Canada ..........................5.7
Luxembourg .................5.7
Sweden ........................5.5
Finland ..........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.4
Spain .............................5.4
Cyprus ..........................5.3
Chile..............................5.3
Australia ........................5.2
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Israel .............................5.1
Kuwait...........................5.0
Thailand ........................5.0
Bahrain..........................5.0
Iceland ..........................5.0
El Salvador ....................4.9
Lithuania .......................4.9
Jordan ...........................4.9
South Africa ..................4.8
Namibia.........................4.8
Tunisia...........................4.8
Croatia ..........................4.7
Norway .........................4.5
Barbados.......................4.5
Slovenia ........................4.4
New Zealand.................4.4
Greece ..........................4.3
Mauritius.......................4.2
Italy ...............................4.2
China.............................4.0
Uruguay ........................4.0
Panama .........................4.0
Qatar .............................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.8
Jamaica.........................3.7
Turkey ...........................3.7
Ireland ...........................3.7
Botswana......................3.7
Estonia ..........................3.7
Guatemala ....................3.7
Hungary ........................3.6
Morocco .......................3.5
Pakistan ........................3.5
Latvia ............................3.4
SD
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.8
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.4
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Azerbaijan .....................3.3
Egypt ............................3.3
Argentina ......................3.3
India ..............................3.2
Poland ...........................3.2
Armenia ........................3.2
Zimbabwe .....................3.1
Bangladesh ...................3.1
Tanzania ........................3.1
Honduras ......................3.0
Gambia .........................3.0
Malta.............................3.0
Cambodia......................2.9
Guyana..........................2.8
Algeria...........................2.8
Georgia .........................2.8
Sri Lanka .......................2.7
Ecuador.........................2.7
Peru ..............................2.6
Malawi ..........................2.6
Uganda .........................2.6
Philippines ....................2.6
Colombia.......................2.6
Suriname ......................2.6
Mali ...............................2.5
Benin ............................2.5
Vietnam.........................2.5
Nicaragua ......................2.4
Venezuela .....................2.4
Nigeria ..........................2.4
Madagascar ..................2.4
Brazil .............................2.4
Bulgaria .........................2.3
Kazakhstan....................2.3
Ethiopia .........................2.3
Nepal ............................2.2
Kenya ............................2.2
Lesotho.........................2.2
Ukraine .........................2.2
Burkina Faso .................2.2
Burundi .........................2.2
Zambia ..........................2.1
Costa Rica.....................2.1
Tajikistan .......................2.1
Indonesia ......................2.1
Romania........................2.1
Bolivia ...........................2.0
Albania ..........................1.9
Paraguay .......................1.9
Mozambique .................1.8
Mongolia .......................1.8
Mauritania .....................1.8
Cameroon .....................1.8
Angola...........................1.7
Moldova ........................1.6
Chad .............................1.4
MEAN: 3.7
SD
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
Railroad infrastructure
Railroads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as extensive and efficient as the worlds best)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 2.9
Switzerland ...................6.8
Japan ............................6.6
France ...........................6.5
Germany .......................6.4
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
Netherlands ..................5.9
Belgium ........................5.7
Denmark .......................5.7
Singapore......................5.7
Finland ..........................5.6
Sweden ........................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Canada ..........................5.2
United States................5.1
Austria ..........................5.0
Malaysia........................5.0
Spain .............................5.0
Luxembourg .................4.9
India ..............................4.7
Australia ........................4.6
Norway .........................4.4
Tunisia...........................4.4
Portugal ........................4.2
Lithuania .......................4.0
Latvia ............................4.0
Israel .............................3.8
Ukraine .........................3.8
China.............................3.8
Azerbaijan .....................3.8
Namibia.........................3.7
Estonia ..........................3.7
New Zealand.................3.7
Poland ...........................3.7
Pakistan ........................3.6
Thailand ........................3.6
Slovenia ........................3.6
Hungary ........................3.6
South Africa ..................3.5
Greece ..........................3.4
Bulgaria .........................3.3
Kazakhstan....................3.3
Egypt ............................3.3
Botswana......................3.3
Italy ...............................3.2
Morocco .......................3.1
Croatia ..........................3.0
Georgia .........................3.0
Ireland ...........................2.9
Romania........................2.9
Tajikistan .......................2.8
Tanzania ........................2.8
Zimbabwe .....................2.7
Chile..............................2.7
Moldova ........................2.6
Qatar .............................2.6
Sri Lanka .......................2.5
Panama .........................2.5
SD
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
98
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Mongolia .......................2.5
Indonesia ......................2.4
Mexico ..........................2.4
Argentina ......................2.3
Turkey ...........................2.3
Bangladesh ...................2.3
Vietnam.........................2.2
Malta.............................2.2
Algeria...........................2.0
Jordan ...........................2.0
Armenia ........................2.0
Burkina Faso .................2.0
Kenya ............................1.9
Kuwait...........................1.9
Mauritania .....................1.8
Brazil .............................1.8
Nigeria ..........................1.8
Malawi ..........................1.8
Mozambique .................1.8
Peru ..............................1.7
Philippines ....................1.7
Cameroon .....................1.7
Mauritius.......................1.6
Mali ...............................1.6
Bahrain..........................1.6
Zambia ..........................1.6
Bolivia ...........................1.6
Uruguay ........................1.6
Barbados.......................1.5
Cambodia......................1.5
Angola...........................1.5
Iceland ..........................1.5
Suriname ......................1.5
Uganda .........................1.5
Madagascar ..................1.5
Lesotho.........................1.4
Guyana..........................1.4
Costa Rica.....................1.4
Chad .............................1.4
Colombia.......................1.4
Venezuela .....................1.4
Jamaica.........................1.3
Ethiopia .........................1.3
Benin ............................1.3
Guatemala ....................1.3
Gambia .........................1.3
El Salvador ....................1.3
Albania ..........................1.2
Burundi .........................1.2
Nepal ............................1.2
Ecuador.........................1.1
Honduras ......................1.1
Nicaragua ......................1.1
Paraguay .......................1.0
Cyprus ..........................1.0
MEAN: 2.9
SD
1.2
0.7
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.5
0.9
1.8
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.7
0.8
1.2
0.7
0.8
0.6
1.2
0.8
0.7
1.2
1.3
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.6
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.3
n/a
7.02
411
412
7.03
Port infrastructure
Port facilities and inland waterways in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as developed as the worlds best)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Singapore......................6.9
Netherlands ..................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.6
Germany .......................6.6
Belgium ........................6.4
Denmark .......................6.3
Finland ..........................6.2
Japan ............................6.0
France ...........................6.0
Iceland ..........................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
Panama .........................5.7
United States................5.7
Canada ..........................5.6
Norway .........................5.6
New Zealand.................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Barbados.......................5.4
Spain .............................5.3
Jamaica.........................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Bahrain..........................5.3
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Australia ........................5.1
Namibia.........................5.0
Israel .............................4.9
Chile..............................4.9
Cyprus ..........................4.8
Mauritius.......................4.8
Tunisia...........................4.8
Malta.............................4.7
Portugal ........................4.7
Thailand ........................4.7
Austria ..........................4.6
Latvia ............................4.6
Luxembourg .................4.6
Greece ..........................4.6
Qatar .............................4.5
South Africa ..................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Honduras ......................4.3
Uruguay ........................4.3
Kuwait...........................4.2
Ireland ...........................4.2
Jordan ...........................4.0
Lithuania .......................4.0
Gambia .........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.8
Morocco .......................3.8
China.............................3.7
Sri Lanka .......................3.7
El Salvador ....................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.6
Guatemala ....................3.5
Poland ...........................3.5
Egypt ............................3.5
India ..............................3.5
SD
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Argentina ......................3.4
Mexico ..........................3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
Tanzania ........................3.4
Cambodia......................3.3
Georgia .........................3.3
Bulgaria .........................3.3
Croatia ..........................3.3
Kenya ............................3.2
Romania........................3.1
Turkey ...........................3.1
Italy ...............................3.1
Algeria...........................3.1
Hungary ........................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................3.0
Colombia.......................2.9
Nigeria ..........................2.8
Ecuador.........................2.8
Venezuela .....................2.7
Botswana......................2.7
Philippines ....................2.7
Brazil .............................2.7
Vietnam.........................2.7
Kazakhstan....................2.6
Mozambique .................2.6
Guyana..........................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Paraguay .......................2.5
Benin ............................2.5
Angola...........................2.5
Indonesia ......................2.4
Bangladesh ...................2.4
Mauritania .....................2.4
Nicaragua ......................2.3
Madagascar ..................2.3
Costa Rica.....................2.3
Cameroon .....................2.2
Peru ..............................2.2
Albania ..........................2.0
Burundi .........................1.9
Lesotho.........................1.9
Uganda .........................1.9
Zambia ..........................1.9
Burkina Faso .................1.8
Malawi ..........................1.7
Mongolia .......................1.6
Tajikistan .......................1.6
Moldova ........................1.5
Chad .............................1.4
Ethiopia .........................1.4
Mali ...............................1.4
Nepal ............................1.3
Bolivia ...........................1.3
Armenia ........................1.1
MEAN: 3.7
SD
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.0
0.9
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.5
Domestic transport network
Does your countrys national transport network (domestic flights, buses, trains, taxis, etc.) offer efficient, accessible transportation to a
wide range of travelers to key business centers and tourist attractions within your country? (1 = no, not at all, 7 = yes, it is equal to the
best in the world)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Germany .......................6.8
Switzerland ...................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.7
France ...........................6.6
Singapore......................6.6
Japan ............................6.6
Denmark .......................6.4
Netherlands ..................6.3
Finland ..........................6.3
Austria ..........................6.2
United States................6.2
Sweden ........................6.2
Canada ..........................6.1
Iceland ..........................6.1
Belgium ........................6.1
Spain .............................6.0
Taiwan, China................5.9
Israel .............................5.9
Norway .........................5.9
Australia ........................5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
New Zealand.................5.7
Portugal ........................5.6
Chile..............................5.6
Korea, Rep. ...................5.6
Turkey ...........................5.5
Greece ..........................5.4
Thailand ........................5.4
India ..............................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Luxembourg .................5.2
Barbados.......................5.2
Latvia ............................5.2
Tunisia...........................5.1
Bahrain..........................5.0
Lithuania .......................5.0
Brazil .............................4.9
Kuwait...........................4.9
Jordan ...........................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Egypt ............................4.8
Azerbaijan .....................4.8
Hungary ........................4.8
Slovenia ........................4.8
Mexico ..........................4.8
Qatar .............................4.7
Morocco .......................4.6
Malta.............................4.6
Italy ...............................4.6
Jamaica.........................4.6
Ireland ...........................4.6
South Africa ..................4.6
Argentina ......................4.5
Kazakhstan....................4.5
Mauritius.......................4.5
Costa Rica.....................4.5
Colombia.......................4.5
SD
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.3
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.6
0.7
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE

China.............................4.5
Pakistan ........................4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.4
Namibia.........................4.3
Tanzania ........................4.3
Uruguay ........................4.3
El Salvador ....................4.3
Botswana......................4.3
Kenya ............................4.2
Indonesia ......................4.2
Cyprus ..........................4.2
Ukraine .........................4.2
Vietnam.........................4.2
Nigeria ..........................4.2
Mali ...............................4.1
Algeria...........................4.1
Poland ...........................4.0
Romania........................4.0
Cambodia......................4.0
Guatemala ....................4.0
Armenia ........................3.9
Panama .........................3.9
Uganda .........................3.9
Honduras ......................3.9
Venezuela .....................3.8
Mauritania .....................3.8
Philippines ....................3.8
Peru ..............................3.8
Tajikistan .......................3.8
Moldova ........................3.8
Burkina Faso .................3.8
Nepal ............................3.7
Ecuador.........................3.7
Benin ............................3.6
Gambia .........................3.6
Guyana..........................3.6
Sri Lanka .......................3.5
Mongolia .......................3.5
Bangladesh ...................3.5
Madagascar ..................3.4
Mozambique .................3.3
Suriname ......................3.3
Ethiopia .........................3.3
Georgia .........................3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Cameroon .....................3.1
Nicaragua ......................3.1
Burundi .........................3.1
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................2.9
Lesotho.........................2.9
Paraguay .......................2.7
Albania ..........................2.6
Chad .............................2.3
Angola...........................2.3
Zambia ..........................2.0
MEAN: 4.6
SD
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.6
7.04
413
Data Tables
Pillar 8
415
2.2: Data Tables | Tourism infrastructure
416
8.01
Hotel rooms
Number of hotel rooms per 100 population, 2004 or most recent year available
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Cyprus ...................................5.5
Malta .....................................5.0
Austria ...................................3.6
Greece...................................3.2
Iceland ...................................2.6
Barbados ...............................2.2
Switzerland............................1.9
Spain......................................1.8
Croatia ...................................1.8
Italy........................................1.8
Luxembourg ..........................1.6
Ireland....................................1.5
United States ........................1.5
Norway ..................................1.4
Japan .....................................1.2
Canada...................................1.2
Tunisia ...................................1.1
Bahrain ..................................1.1
Estonia...................................1.1
Bulgaria..................................1.1
Sweden .................................1.1
Germany................................1.1
Finland ...................................1.0
Australia.................................1.0
United Kingdom ....................1.0
France....................................1.0
Portugal .................................1.0
Czech Republic......................1.0
Singapore ..............................0.9
Mauritius ...............................0.9
Costa Rica .............................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.8
Denmark................................0.8
Slovenia .................................0.8
Israel......................................0.7
Slovak Republic .....................0.7
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.6
Hungary .................................0.6
Belgium .................................0.6
Malaysia ................................0.6
Netherlands ...........................0.6
Thailand .................................0.6
Uruguay .................................0.6
New Zealand .........................0.5
Mexico...................................0.5
Qatar......................................0.5
Panama..................................0.5
Romania ................................0.5
Peru .......................................0.5
Argentina ...............................0.5
Latvia .....................................0.4
Jordan....................................0.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................0.3
Chile ......................................0.3
Venezuela ..............................0.3
Ecuador .................................0.3
Turkey....................................0.3
Suriname ...............................0.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
SOURCE: United Nations World Tourism Organization; Economist Intelligence Unit
HARD DATA
Honduras ...............................0.3
Lithuania ................................0.3
Morocco ................................0.3
Armenia .................................0.2
Bolivia ....................................0.2
Poland....................................0.2
Georgia ..................................0.2
Egypt .....................................0.2
Botswana ..............................0.2
Kuwait ...................................0.2
Malawi...................................0.2
Guatemala .............................0.1
Namibia .................................0.1
Albania...................................0.1
Algeria ...................................0.1
Colombia ...............................0.1
Indonesia ...............................0.1
Korea, Rep.............................0.1
Azerbaijan ..............................0.1
South Africa...........................0.1
Guyana ..................................0.1
Taiwan, China ........................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Vietnam .................................0.1
Sri Lanka................................0.1
Nicaragua...............................0.1
Cambodia ..............................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Tanzania .................................0.1
Paraguay................................0.1
Kazakhstan ............................0.1
Nepal .....................................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.1
El Salvador.............................0.1
Ukraine ..................................0.1
Moldova.................................0.1
Angola ...................................0.1
Madagascar ...........................0.1
Zambia...................................0.0
Zimbabwe..............................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Philippines .............................0.0
Mali........................................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Benin .....................................0.0
Pakistan .................................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
India.......................................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
Ethiopia..................................0.0
Bangladesh............................0.0
Brazil ......................................n/a
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Burundi ..................................n/a
Cameroon ..............................n/a
Gambia ..................................n/a
Kenya.....................................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Mongolia................................n/a
Presence of major car rental companies
Index of presence of major car rental companies, 2006
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
HARD DATA
Australia.................................7.0
Austria ...................................7.0
Belgium .................................7.0
Brazil......................................7.0
Canada...................................7.0
Costa Rica .............................7.0
Croatia ...................................7.0
Cyprus ...................................7.0
Czech Republic......................7.0
France....................................7.0
Germany................................7.0
Greece...................................7.0
Hungary .................................7.0
Ireland....................................7.0
Italy........................................7.0
Jordan....................................7.0
Kuwait ...................................7.0
Latvia .....................................7.0
Lithuania ................................7.0
Malta .....................................7.0
Poland....................................7.0
Portugal .................................7.0
Qatar......................................7.0
Slovak Republic .....................7.0
Slovenia .................................7.0
South Africa...........................7.0
Spain......................................7.0
Switzerland............................7.0
Turkey....................................7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
United States ........................7.0
Argentina ...............................6.0
Bahrain ..................................6.0
Bulgaria..................................6.0
Denmark................................6.0
Estonia...................................6.0
Finland ...................................6.0
Iceland ...................................6.0
Israel......................................6.0
Luxembourg ..........................6.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................6.0
Mauritius ...............................6.0
Mexico...................................6.0
Morocco ................................6.0
Netherlands ...........................6.0
New Zealand .........................6.0
Norway ..................................6.0
Romania ................................6.0
Sweden .................................6.0
Chile ......................................5.0
El Salvador.............................5.0
Guatemala .............................5.0
Guyana ..................................5.0
Madagascar ...........................5.0
Nicaragua...............................5.0
Panama..................................5.0
Peru .......................................5.0
SOURCE: Car Fleet, No 29, Jan-Mar 2005; World Economic Forum
55
55
55
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
121
121
121
121
HARD DATA
Thailand .................................5.0
Tunisia ...................................5.0
Venezuela ..............................5.0
Albania...................................4.0
Benin .....................................4.0
Botswana ..............................4.0
Colombia ...............................4.0
Egypt .....................................4.0
Honduras ...............................4.0
India.......................................4.0
Indonesia ...............................4.0
Jamaica .................................4.0
Japan .....................................4.0
Kenya.....................................4.0
Korea, Rep.............................4.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.0
Malaysia ................................4.0
Moldova.................................4.0
Mozambique..........................4.0
Namibia .................................4.0
Pakistan .................................4.0
Paraguay................................4.0
Philippines .............................4.0
Singapore ..............................4.0
Suriname ...............................4.0
Ukraine ..................................4.0
Uruguay .................................4.0
Zimbabwe..............................4.0
Azerbaijan ..............................3.0
Bolivia ....................................3.0
Cameroon..............................3.0
Ecuador .................................3.0
Kazakhstan ............................3.0
Mali........................................3.0
Nigeria ...................................3.0
Sri Lanka................................3.0
Tanzania .................................3.0
Zambia...................................3.0
Algeria ...................................2.0
Angola ...................................2.0
Armenia .................................2.0
Burkina Faso..........................2.0
China .....................................2.0
Gambia ..................................2.0
Georgia ..................................2.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................2.0
Lesotho .................................2.0
Malawi...................................2.0
Mauritania..............................2.0
Bangladesh............................1.0
Barbados ...............................1.0
Burundi ..................................1.0
Chad ......................................1.0
Ethiopia..................................1.0
Mongolia................................1.0
Taiwan, China ........................1.0
Uganda ..................................1.0
Cambodia ..............................0.0
Nepal .....................................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
Vietnam .................................0.0
8.02
417
418
8.03
ATMs accepting Visa cards
Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) accepting Visa credit cards per million population, 2006
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
United States .................1,322.9

Spain...............................1,318.9
Austria ............................1,054.6
Portugal ..........................1,034.1
Luxembourg ......................934.8
Switzerland........................862.7
Slovenia .............................787.5
Australia.............................778.1
France................................762.9
Taiwan, China ....................707.9
Italy....................................686.7
United Kingdom ................667.8
Germany............................661.0
Norway ..............................628.5
Canada...............................622.4
Iceland ...............................606.7
Denmark............................604.4
Cyprus ...............................603.9
Ireland................................573.4
Greece...............................562.1
Estonia...............................557.7
Croatia ...............................522.0
Qatar..................................505.0
New Zealand .....................495.8
Netherlands .......................481.3
Singapore ..........................398.4
Latvia .................................388.3
Slovak Republic .................347.8
Korea, Rep.........................337.3
Bulgaria..............................336.0
Malta .................................330.0
Finland ...............................324.2
Hong Kong SAR ................317.3
Sweden .............................316.6
Belgium .............................296.7
Lithuania ............................294.1
Czech Republic..................283.0
Hungary .............................282.6
Barbados ...........................270.4
South Africa.......................256.7
Thailand .............................253.9
Ukraine ..............................249.1
Mauritius ...........................229.2
Poland................................217.3
Japan .................................216.5
Israel..................................216.3
Malaysia ............................213.4
Mexico...............................204.0
Romania ............................203.5
Chile ..................................196.3
Bahrain ..............................191.8
Botswana ..........................185.6
Argentina ...........................183.4
Kuwait ...............................175.2
Panama..............................158.4
Colombia ...........................148.2
Costa Rica .........................134.0
Brazil..................................133.3
SOURCE: Visa International
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
115
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Kazakhstan ........................115.7
Jordan................................109.6
Azerbaijan ............................94.9
Venezuela ............................83.5
Namibia ...............................82.0
Morocco ..............................74.1
Tunisia .................................73.9
Moldova...............................65.2
Albania.................................60.6
Jamaica ...............................57.0
Uruguay ...............................55.7
Indonesia .............................52.1
Georgia ................................48.2
Bolivia ..................................47.0
Guatemala ...........................39.9
Peru .....................................38.1
Sri Lanka..............................37.1
Nicaragua.............................34.0
Paraguay..............................30.8
El Salvador...........................30.7
China ...................................28.8
Macedonia, FYR ..................27.0
Egypt ...................................25.8
Armenia ...............................24.7
Ecuador ...............................23.3
Honduras .............................17.9
India.....................................16.0
Zimbabwe............................13.4
Vietnam ...............................13.2
Mozambique........................12.8
Kenya...................................11.6
Turkey..................................10.2
Mongolia................................9.6
Philippines .............................8.8
Zambia...................................5.4
Tajikistan ................................5.1
Gambia ..................................3.3
Nepal .....................................3.3
Burkina Faso..........................3.2
Cambodia ..............................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.5
Malawi...................................2.2
Cameroon..............................1.5
Benin .....................................1.3
Uganda ..................................0.9
Pakistan .................................0.8
Bangladesh............................0.5
Madagascar ...........................0.4
Mali........................................0.1
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Algeria ...................................0.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Burundi ..................................n/a
Chad ......................................n/a
Ethiopia..................................n/a
Lesotho..................................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
Tanzania .................................n/a
Data Tables
Pillar 9
ICT infrastructure
419
2.2: Data Tables | ICT infrastructure
420
9.01
Extent of business Internet use
In your country, companies use the Internet extensively for buying/selling goods and services and for interaction with customers
(1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Korea, Rep. ...................6.1

Estonia ..........................6.0
Sweden ........................5.7
Netherlands ..................5.7
Germany .......................5.6
Switzerland ...................5.6
Iceland ..........................5.6
Canada ..........................5.6
Denmark .......................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
United States................5.5
Japan ............................5.4
Israel .............................5.4
Finland ..........................5.4
Australia ........................5.2
Austria ..........................5.2
Taiwan, China................5.1
France ...........................5.1
Singapore......................5.0
New Zealand.................5.0
Brazil .............................5.0
Hong Kong SAR............4.9
Ireland ...........................4.9
Chile..............................4.8
Malaysia........................4.8
Thailand ........................4.7
Lithuania .......................4.6
Slovenia ........................4.6
India ..............................4.6
Belgium ........................4.6
Luxembourg .................4.5
Malta.............................4.4
Latvia ............................4.3
Portugal ........................4.3
Panama .........................4.3
Guatemala ....................4.2
Italy ...............................4.2
Poland ...........................4.2
Hungary ........................4.1
Spain .............................4.1
Peru ..............................4.0
Cyprus ..........................4.0
Indonesia ......................4.0
South Africa ..................4.0
Pakistan ........................4.0
Philippines ....................3.9
Jamaica.........................3.9
El Salvador ....................3.9
Uruguay ........................3.9
Argentina ......................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.9
Azerbaijan .....................3.9
Croatia ..........................3.9
Tunisia...........................3.8
Barbados.......................3.8
Turkey ...........................3.8
SD
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.8
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Costa Rica.....................3.8
Egypt ............................3.7
Qatar .............................3.7
Jordan ...........................3.7
Kuwait...........................3.6
Kenya ............................3.6
Kazakhstan....................3.6
Colombia.......................3.6
Mauritania .....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Uganda .........................3.5
China.............................3.5
Sri Lanka .......................3.5
Honduras ......................3.4
Venezuela .....................3.4
Romania........................3.4
Nigeria ..........................3.4
Bahrain..........................3.3
Tajikistan .......................3.3
Mali ...............................3.3
Nepal ............................3.3
Bulgaria .........................3.3
Tanzania ........................3.2
Greece ..........................3.2
Ukraine .........................3.2
Ecuador.........................3.2
Armenia ........................3.2
Guyana..........................3.2
Burkina Faso .................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Nicaragua ......................3.1
Bangladesh ...................3.1
Mongolia .......................3.1
Georgia .........................3.0
Gambia .........................3.0
Madagascar ..................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................3.0
Mauritius.......................3.0
Malawi ..........................2.9
Benin ............................2.9
Bolivia ...........................2.9
Zambia ..........................2.9
Suriname ......................2.9
Morocco .......................2.8
Botswana......................2.8
Vietnam.........................2.8
Ethiopia .........................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.7
Mozambique .................2.7
Lesotho.........................2.7
Angola...........................2.6
Albania ..........................2.6
Moldova ........................2.5
Cameroon .....................2.4
Burundi .........................2.3
Algeria...........................2.2
Chad .............................1.9
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.5
2.5
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
Internet users
Internet users per 100 population, 2004 or most recent year available
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Iceland .................................77.0
Sweden ...............................75.5
Malta ...................................75.3
Korea, Rep...........................65.7
Australia...............................65.3
United States ......................63.0
Finland .................................63.0
United Kingdom ..................62.9
Canada.................................62.4
Netherlands .........................61.6
Luxembourg ........................59.0
Singapore ............................56.1
Barbados .............................55.4
Taiwan, China ......................53.8
New Zealand .......................52.6
Estonia.................................51.2
Denmark..............................50.4
Hong Kong SAR ..................50.3
Japan ...................................50.2
Czech Republic....................50.0
Italy......................................49.8
Slovenia ...............................48.0
Austria .................................47.5
Switzerland..........................47.2
Israel....................................46.6
Germany..............................42.7
Slovak Republic ...................42.3
France..................................41.4
Belgium ...............................40.2
Jamaica ...............................39.9
Norway ................................39.4
Malaysia ..............................38.6
Cyprus .................................36.9
Latvia ...................................35.4
Spain....................................33.2
Ireland..................................29.6
Croatia .................................29.5
Lithuania ..............................28.1
Portugal ...............................28.0
Chile ....................................27.9
Hungary ...............................26.7
Costa Rica ...........................23.5
Kuwait .................................23.5
Poland..................................23.3
Qatar....................................22.2
Bahrain ................................21.3
Uruguay ...............................21.0
Romania ..............................20.8
Guyana ................................18.9
Greece.................................17.8
Argentina .............................16.1
Bulgaria................................15.9
Mauritius .............................14.6
Turkey..................................14.1
Mexico.................................13.4
Brazil....................................12.2
Morocco ..............................11.7
Peru .....................................11.6
Thailand ...............................11.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
n/a
HARD DATA
Jordan..................................10.7
Moldova.................................9.5
Panama..................................9.5
Colombia ...............................8.9
El Salvador.............................8.9
Venezuela ..............................8.8
Tunisia ...................................8.4
South Africa...........................7.9
Ukraine ..................................7.8
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.7
Mongolia................................7.6
China .....................................7.2
Vietnam .................................7.1
Zimbabwe..............................6.9
Suriname ...............................6.8
Indonesia ...............................6.5
Guatemala .............................6.0
Egypt .....................................5.6
Philippines .............................5.3
Kyrgyz Republic.....................5.2
Azerbaijan ..............................4.9
Ecuador .................................4.7
Kenya.....................................4.6
Armenia .................................3.9
Bolivia ....................................3.9
Namibia .................................3.7
Botswana ..............................3.5
Georgia ..................................3.5
Gambia ..................................3.4
India.......................................3.2
Honduras ...............................3.2
Algeria ...................................2.6
Kazakhstan ............................2.6
Paraguay................................2.5
Lesotho .................................2.4
Albania...................................2.3
Nicaragua...............................2.2
Zambia...................................2.1
Sri Lanka................................1.4
Nigeria ...................................1.4
Benin .....................................1.4
Pakistan .................................1.3
Angola ...................................1.2
Cameroon..............................1.0
Tanzania .................................0.9
Uganda ..................................0.7
Mozambique..........................0.7
Madagascar ...........................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.5
Mauritania..............................0.5
Mali........................................0.5
Burkina Faso..........................0.4
Chad ......................................0.4
Malawi...................................0.4
Burundi ..................................0.4
Cambodia ..............................0.3
Bangladesh............................0.2
Ethiopia..................................0.2
Tajikistan ................................0.1
SOURCE: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2005; national sources
9.02
421
422
9.03
Telephone lines
Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants, 2004
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
59
61
62
HARD DATA
Luxembourg ........................79.8
Sweden ...............................71.5
Switzerland..........................71.0
Germany..............................66.2
Iceland .................................65.0
Denmark..............................64.5
Canada.................................64.3
United States ......................60.6
Taiwan, China ......................59.6
Australia...............................58.6
Greece.................................57.8
United Kingdom ..................56.4
France..................................56.0
Korea, Rep...........................55.3
Hong Kong SAR ..................54.4
Cyprus .................................51.8
Malta ...................................51.6
Barbados .............................50.1
Ireland..................................49.8
Netherlands .........................48.4
Norway ................................47.2
Japan ...................................46.6
Austria .................................46.2
New Zealand .......................46.1
Belgium ...............................46.0
Finland .................................45.4
Italy......................................44.8
Israel....................................43.7
Singapore ............................43.2
Croatia .................................42.7
Spain....................................41.5
Slovenia ...............................40.7
Portugal ...............................40.3
Hungary ...............................35.4
Bulgaria................................35.1
Estonia.................................34.0
Czech Republic....................33.6
Poland..................................31.9
Costa Rica ...........................31.6
Uruguay ...............................30.9
Mauritius .............................28.7
Latvia ...................................28.5
Bahrain ................................26.7
Turkey..................................26.5
Qatar....................................25.7
Ukraine ................................25.2
Macedonia, FYR ..................25.2
China ...................................24.0
Lithuania ..............................23.8
Brazil....................................23.5
Slovak Republic ...................23.2
Argentina .............................22.8
Chile ....................................21.5
Moldova...............................20.3
Romania ..............................20.3
Kuwait .................................19.5
Suriname .............................18.6
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
74
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
118
119
120
120
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Malaysia ..............................17.4
Mexico.................................17.2
Colombia .............................17.1
Kazakhstan ..........................16.2
Armenia ...............................15.3
Jamaica ...............................14.6
Egypt ...................................13.5
Georgia ................................13.5
El Salvador...........................13.4
Guyana ................................13.4
Venezuela ............................12.8
Azerbaijan ............................12.3
Vietnam ...............................12.3
Ecuador ...............................12.2
Tunisia .................................12.1
Panama................................11.9
Jordan..................................11.0
Thailand ...............................11.0
South Africa.........................10.4
Guatemala .............................8.9
Albania...................................8.3
Kyrgyz Republic.....................8.2
Botswana ..............................8.0
Peru .......................................7.4
Algeria ...................................7.1
Bolivia ....................................7.0
Namibia .................................6.4
Mongolia................................5.6
Honduras ...............................5.6
Sri Lanka................................5.1
Paraguay................................4.7
Indonesia ...............................4.5
Morocco ................................4.4
Philippines .............................4.2
India.......................................4.1
Nicaragua...............................3.8
Tajikistan ................................3.8
Pakistan .................................3.0
Gambia ..................................2.9
Zimbabwe..............................2.7
Lesotho .................................2.1
Nepal .....................................1.7
Mauritania..............................1.3
Benin .....................................1.0
Kenya.....................................0.9
Zambia...................................0.8
Nigeria ...................................0.8
Malawi...................................0.8
Mali........................................0.7
Angola ...................................0.7
Ethiopia..................................0.6
Bangladesh............................0.6
Burkina Faso..........................0.6
Cameroon..............................0.6
Tanzania .................................0.4
Mozambique..........................0.4
Burundi ..................................0.3
Madagascar ...........................0.3
Uganda ..................................0.3
Cambodia ..............................0.3
Chad ......................................0.2
SOURCE: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2005; national sources
Data Tables
Pillar 10
Price competitiveness in the
T&T industry
423
2.2: Data Tables | Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
424
10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges

Index of relative cost of access (ticket taxes and airport charges) to international air transport services, 2006
(0=highest cost, 100=lowest cost)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ........................99.9
Qatar....................................98.4
Bahrain ................................98.3
Lesotho ...............................98.3
India.....................................97.7
Malaysia ..............................97.1
Greece.................................96.1
Indonesia .............................95.6
Thailand ...............................95.6
Barbados .............................94.8
Taiwan, China ......................94.2
Philippines ...........................93.6
Ireland..................................93.3
Botswana ............................92.4
Bulgaria................................91.2
Panama................................90.8
Spain....................................90.7
Turkey..................................89.6
China ...................................89.4
Cyprus .................................89.3
Hong Kong SAR ..................89.2
Jordan..................................89.1
Mozambique........................88.4
Zambia.................................88.4
Italy......................................88.3
Korea, Rep...........................88.1
Ethiopia................................87.6
Egypt ...................................87.4
Tajikistan ..............................87.4
Estonia.................................87.3
Sweden ...............................87.2
Singapore ............................87.0
Armenia ...............................86.7
Latvia ...................................86.3
Vietnam ...............................86.0
Mongolia..............................85.9
Hungary ...............................85.4
Croatia .................................85.4
Algeria .................................85.3
Belgium ...............................85.1
Nepal ...................................84.9
Germany..............................84.7
Madagascar .........................84.6
Norway ................................83.7
Finland .................................83.4
Poland..................................82.7
Macedonia, FYR ..................82.2
Malawi.................................82.0
Albania.................................81.8
Portugal ...............................81.6
Slovenia ...............................81.2
Burundi ................................81.2
Zimbabwe............................81.0
Lithuania ..............................80.2
Switzerland..........................80.1
Israel....................................78.8
Japan ...................................78.4
Morocco ..............................78.1
SOURCE: International Air Transport Association
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
n/a
HARD DATA
New Zealand .......................77.9

Cambodia ............................76.9
Angola .................................76.8
Uruguay ...............................76.6
Czech Republic....................76.5
Denmark..............................76.1
Tanzania...............................76.0
Paraguay..............................75.9
Mauritius .............................75.8
Moldova...............................75.3
Romania ..............................74.9
Benin ...................................74.4
Uganda ................................74.4
France..................................74.4
Slovak Republic ...................73.8
Kyrgyz Republic...................73.6
United Kingdom ..................73.4
Burkina Faso........................72.8
Argentina .............................71.8
Ukraine ................................71.6
Pakistan ...............................71.4
Costa Rica ...........................71.0
Brazil....................................70.4
Azerbaijan ............................70.0
Bangladesh..........................69.9
South Africa.........................69.7
Namibia ...............................68.1
Ecuador ...............................67.6
Austria .................................65.6
Netherlands .........................65.4
Georgia ................................65.3
Jamaica ...............................64.8
Nigeria .................................64.3
Suriname .............................63.3
Mauritania............................63.3
Honduras .............................60.9
Kenya...................................60.8
Australia...............................60.0
Chile ....................................60.0
Tunisia .................................59.6
Iceland .................................57.7
Venezuela ............................54.4
Bolivia ..................................54.3
Cameroon............................53.4
United States ......................52.2
Nicaragua.............................51.2
Peru .....................................51.2
Guatemala ...........................51.1
Colombia .............................50.9
Mexico.................................50.8
Sri Lanka..............................50.4
Mali......................................48.0
Canada.................................46.9
Malta ...................................43.4
El Salvador...........................42.4
Gambia ................................39.5
Guyana ................................33.7
Chad ......................................0.0
Kazakhstan.............................n/a
Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to official exchange rate, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
El Salvador.............................0.1
Zimbabwe..............................0.1
Burundi ..................................0.1
Gambia ..................................0.2
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Ethiopia..................................0.2
Nepal .....................................0.2
Uganda ..................................0.2
Bangladesh............................0.2
Vietnam .................................0.2
India.......................................0.2
Guyana ..................................0.2
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.2
Philippines .............................0.2
China .....................................0.2
Nicaragua...............................0.2
Ukraine ..................................0.2
Mozambique..........................0.2
Paraguay................................0.3
Tajikistan ................................0.3
Malawi...................................0.3
Lesotho .................................0.3
Sri Lanka................................0.3
Indonesia ...............................0.3
Pakistan .................................0.3
Madagascar ...........................0.3
Thailand .................................0.3
Egypt .....................................0.3
Azerbaijan ..............................0.3
Mongolia................................0.3
Burkina Faso..........................0.3
Tunisia ...................................0.3
Armenia .................................0.3
Argentina ...............................0.3
Moldova.................................0.3
Macedonia, FYR ....................0.3
Colombia ...............................0.4
Mali........................................0.4
Bulgaria..................................0.4
Bolivia ....................................0.4
Morocco ................................0.4
Mauritius ...............................0.4
Honduras ...............................0.4
Cameroon..............................0.4
Chad ......................................0.4
Kenya.....................................0.4
Namibia .................................0.4
Georgia ..................................0.4
South Africa...........................0.4
Algeria ...................................0.4
Costa Rica .............................0.4
Kazakhstan ............................0.4
Tanzania .................................0.4
Malaysia ................................0.4
Jordan....................................0.5
Peru .......................................0.5
Uruguay .................................0.5
Albania...................................0.5
Brazil......................................0.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Benin .....................................0.5
Romania ................................0.5
Botswana ..............................0.5
Lithuania ................................0.5
Slovak Republic .....................0.5
Guatemala .............................0.5
Latvia .....................................0.5
Taiwan, China ........................0.5
Nigeria ...................................0.6
Ecuador .................................0.6
Chile ......................................0.6
Estonia...................................0.6
Poland....................................0.6
Turkey....................................0.6
Hungary .................................0.6
Panama..................................0.6
Barbados ...............................0.6
Czech Republic......................0.6
Angola ...................................0.7
Zambia...................................0.7
Croatia ...................................0.7
Malta .....................................0.7
Mexico...................................0.7
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.7
Slovenia .................................0.8
Israel......................................0.8
Korea, Rep.............................0.8
Bahrain ..................................0.8
Venezuela ..............................0.8
Greece...................................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.9
Portugal .................................0.9
Singapore ..............................0.9
Cyprus ...................................0.9
United States ........................1.0
Canada...................................1.0
Spain......................................1.0
Italy........................................1.0
New Zealand .........................1.0
Luxembourg ..........................1.1
Germany................................1.1
Austria ...................................1.1
Australia.................................1.1
Belgium .................................1.1
France....................................1.1
Japan .....................................1.1
Finland ...................................1.2
Ireland....................................1.2
United Kingdom ....................1.2
Netherlands ...........................1.2
Sweden .................................1.3
Denmark................................1.4
Iceland ...................................1.5
Qatar......................................1.5
Norway ..................................1.5
Switzerland............................1.5
Kuwait ...................................1.6
Mauritania..............................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
SOURCE: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (April 2006), International Financial Statistics Online; World Bank, World Development
Indicators 2006
10.02 Purchasing power parity
425
426
10.03 Extent and effect of taxation

The level of taxes in your country (1 = significantly limits the incentives to work or invest, 7 = has little impact on the incentives to work or
invest)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.5
Bahrain..........................6.1
Hong Kong SAR............6.0
Kuwait...........................5.9
Qatar .............................5.8
Iceland ..........................5.7
Singapore......................5.6
Luxembourg .................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.2
Indonesia ......................5.1
Malaysia........................5.0
Estonia ..........................5.0
Mauritania .....................5.0
Switzerland ...................5.0
Botswana......................4.7
Mauritius.......................4.7
Tunisia...........................4.6
Cyprus ..........................4.6
Taiwan, China................4.6
India ..............................4.4
Thailand ........................4.4
Nigeria ..........................4.4
El Salvador ....................4.2
South Africa ..................4.2
Cambodia......................4.1
Paraguay .......................3.9
Chile..............................3.9
United States................3.9
Algeria...........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.9
Austria ..........................3.8
Angola...........................3.8
Egypt ............................3.8
Guatemala ....................3.8
Latvia ............................3.7
Netherlands ..................3.7
Philippines ....................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Barbados.......................3.6
Gambia .........................3.6
Nepal ............................3.6
China.............................3.6
Costa Rica.....................3.6
Bangladesh ...................3.6
Japan ............................3.5
Jordan ...........................3.5
Georgia .........................3.5
Norway .........................3.5
Tanzania ........................3.4
Vietnam.........................3.4
Bolivia ...........................3.4
Portugal ........................3.4
Burkina Faso .................3.4
Israel .............................3.3
Ethiopia .........................3.3
Malta.............................3.3
New Zealand.................3.2
Lithuania .......................3.2
SD
1.4
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.7
1.1
0.9
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Morocco .......................3.2
Poland ...........................3.2
Spain .............................3.2
Canada ..........................3.2
Armenia ........................3.2
Honduras ......................3.1
Madagascar ..................3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Venezuela .....................3.1
Korea, Rep. ...................3.1
Sri Lanka .......................3.1
Mexico ..........................3.1
Germany .......................3.1
Greece ..........................3.0
Kazakhstan....................3.0
Tajikistan .......................3.0
Hungary ........................3.0
Australia ........................3.0
Ecuador.........................3.0
Peru ..............................2.9
Turkey ...........................2.9
Mali ...............................2.9
Croatia ..........................2.9
Malawi ..........................2.9
France ...........................2.9
Albania ..........................2.8
Jamaica.........................2.8
Panama .........................2.8
Uruguay ........................2.7
Mozambique .................2.7
Burundi .........................2.6
Bulgaria .........................2.6
Finland ..........................2.5
Ukraine .........................2.5
Slovenia ........................2.5
Zimbabwe .....................2.5
Uganda .........................2.5
Moldova ........................2.5
Kenya ............................2.5
Guyana..........................2.5
Romania........................2.4
Colombia.......................2.4
Nicaragua ......................2.4
Chad .............................2.4
Suriname ......................2.4
Cameroon .....................2.3
Mongolia .......................2.3
Denmark .......................2.2
Sweden ........................2.2
Argentina ......................2.2
Benin ............................2.2
Italy ...............................2.2
Zambia ..........................2.1
Belgium ........................2.1
Brazil .............................1.5
MEAN: 3.5
SD
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
0.9
Retail diesel fuel prices (US cents per liter), 2004
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
7
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
23
26
27
27
29
30
30
30
33
34
34
36
37
38
38
40
40
40
43
43
45
46
46
46
49
49
49
49
53
53
55
56
56
58
58
60
61
61
HARD DATA
Venezuela ..............................2.0
Egypt ...................................10.0
Algeria .................................15.0
Qatar....................................16.0
Azerbaijan ............................18.0
Indonesia .............................18.0
Bahrain ................................19.0
Jordan..................................19.0
Malaysia ..............................22.0
Kuwait .................................24.0
Ecuador ...............................27.0
Angola .................................29.0
Vietnam ...............................32.0
Bangladesh..........................34.0
Philippines ...........................34.0
Colombia .............................36.0
Thailand ...............................37.0
Kazakhstan ..........................38.0
Tunisia .................................39.0
Bolivia ..................................40.0
New Zealand .......................41.0
Pakistan ...............................41.0
Sri Lanka..............................41.0
Ethiopia................................42.0
China ...................................43.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................43.0
Ukraine ................................44.0
Mexico.................................45.0
Nigeria .................................45.0
Panama................................48.0
Brazil....................................49.0
Nepal ...................................49.0
Suriname .............................50.0
Paraguay..............................51.0
Singapore ............................55.0
Taiwan, China ......................55.0
Armenia ...............................56.0
Costa Rica ...........................56.0
Mauritius .............................56.0
Jamaica ...............................57.0
United States ......................57.0
El Salvador...........................58.0
Argentina .............................59.0
Mauritania............................59.0
Tajikistan ..............................59.0
Botswana ............................61.0
Cambodia ............................61.0
Guyana ................................61.0
Barbados .............................62.0
India.....................................62.0
Guatemala ...........................63.0
Chile ....................................64.0
Nicaragua.............................64.0
Namibia ...............................65.0
Zimbabwe............................65.0
Honduras .............................66.0
Georgia ................................67.0
Mongolia..............................67.0
63
63
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
71
73
73
75
75
77
78
78
78
81
82
82
84
85
86
86
88
88
88
91
92
92
94
94
96
97
98
98
100
100
102
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
109
111
112
113
113
115
116
116
118
119
120
120
122
123
n/a
HARD DATA
Canada.................................68.0
Lesotho ...............................68.0
Morocco ..............................70.0
Uruguay ...............................71.0
Benin ...................................72.0
Gambia ................................73.0
Kenya...................................76.0
Peru .....................................76.0
Madagascar .........................79.0
Mozambique........................79.0
Israel....................................80.0
South Africa.........................80.0
Australia...............................83.0
Cameroon............................83.0
Tanzania...............................87.0
Iceland .................................88.0
Malawi.................................88.0
Uganda ................................88.0
Bulgaria................................89.0
Latvia ...................................90.0
Mali......................................90.0
Romania ..............................91.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................92.0
Burkina Faso........................94.0
Estonia.................................94.0
Cyprus .................................95.0
Japan ...................................95.0
Korea, Rep...........................95.0
Malta ...................................97.0
Luxembourg ........................98.0
Zambia.................................98.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Chad ..................................101.0
Albania...............................102.0
Lithuania ............................102.0
Belgium .............................107.0
Czech Republic..................107.0
Burundi ..............................108.0
Portugal .............................108.0
Poland................................109.0
Spain..................................110.0
Slovenia .............................111.0
Turkey................................112.0
Croatia ...............................113.0
Austria ...............................119.0
Slovak Republic .................119.0
Finland ...............................121.0
Hungary .............................122.0
Greece...............................123.0
Netherlands .......................123.0
France................................125.0
Germany............................129.0
Ireland................................129.0
Italy....................................131.0
Denmark............................135.0
Sweden .............................137.0
Switzerland........................137.0
Norway ..............................144.0
United Kingdom ................160.0
Moldova.................................n/a
SOURCE: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, International Fuel Prices 2005
10.04 Fuel price levels
427
Data Tables
Pillar 11
Human resources
429
2.2: Data Tables | Human resources
430
11.01 Primary education enrollment

Gross primary education enrollment rate, 2004 or most recent year available
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Cambodia ..........................136.6
Madagascar .......................133.5
Lesotho .............................131.1
Guyana ..............................129.5
Uganda ..............................125.4
Malawi...............................124.9
Slovenia .............................122.8
Suriname ...........................120.0
Argentina ...........................118.0
China .................................117.6
Indonesia ...........................117.0
Ecuador .............................116.9
Cameroon..........................116.8
Portugal .............................116.2
India...................................116.2
El Salvador.........................114.4
Nepal .................................113.9
Peru ...................................113.9
Bolivia ................................113.5
Guatemala .........................113.2
Honduras ...........................113.0
Philippines .........................112.4
Panama..............................112.2
Nicaragua...........................112.2
Costa Rica .........................111.8
Algeria ...............................111.7
Kenya.................................111.3
Colombia ...........................111.3
Israel..................................110.2
Paraguay............................110.0
Tunisia ...............................109.9
Mexico...............................109.2
Kazakhstan ........................109.2
Uruguay .............................109.0
Bangladesh........................108.9
Hong Kong SAR ................108.1
Spain..................................107.7
Netherlands .......................107.4
Barbados ...........................107.0
United Kingdom ................106.5
Romania ............................106.5
Ireland................................106.5
Morocco ............................105.9
Austria ...............................105.9
Korea, Rep.........................105.1
Venezuela ..........................105.1
South Africa.......................105.0
France................................104.8
Bulgaria..............................104.8
Botswana ..........................104.5
Mongolia............................104.4
Albania...............................104.0
Bahrain ..............................104.0
Belgium .............................103.9
Chile ..................................103.7
Mauritius ...........................102.8
Australia.............................102.8
Malta .................................102.4
Switzerland........................102.3
SOURCE: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics
63
64
65
66
67
68
68
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
109
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Czech Republic..................101.9
New Zealand .....................101.7
Qatar..................................101.7
Greece...............................101.6
Italy....................................101.4
Canada...............................101.0
Namibia .............................101.0
Denmark............................101.0
Taiwan, China ....................101.0
Armenia .............................100.9
Iceland ...............................100.9
Tanzania.............................100.9
Egypt .................................100.7
Finland ...............................100.5
Japan .................................100.4
Germany............................100.2
Estonia.................................99.9
Tajikistan ..............................99.9
Luxembourg ........................99.4
Nigeria .................................99.2
Sweden ...............................99.1
Slovak Republic ...................99.1
United States ......................99.0
Norway ................................98.9
Poland..................................98.9
Benin ...................................98.9
Zambia.................................98.8
Thailand ...............................98.5
Jordan..................................98.2
Kyrgyz Republic...................98.0
Vietnam ...............................98.0
Hungary ...............................97.9
Cyprus .................................97.7
Sri Lanka..............................97.7
Macedonia, FYR ..................97.7
Lithuania ..............................97.2
Azerbaijan ............................96.8
Kuwait .................................96.5
Zimbabwe............................96.0
Jamaica ...............................95.3
Georgia ................................95.1
Mozambique........................94.9
Ukraine ................................94.8
Moldova...............................94.4
Mauritania............................94.1
Croatia .................................94.0
Singapore ............................94.0
Turkey..................................93.3
Malaysia ..............................93.0
Latvia ...................................92.9
Pakistan ...............................82.1
Gambia ................................81.4
Burundi ................................79.9
Ethiopia................................77.0
Chad ....................................71.0
Mali......................................63.8
Burkina Faso........................53.0
Angola....................................n/a
Brazil ......................................n/a
Gross secondary education enrollment rate, 2004 or most recent year available
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Australia.............................148.6
Denmark............................124.2
Spain..................................119.1
Netherlands .......................118.8
Norway ..............................115.6
Iceland ...............................114.6
New Zealand .....................114.4
Ireland................................111.6
France................................110.6
Barbados ...........................110.1
Finland ...............................109.4
Belgium .............................108.9
Uruguay .............................106.0
Malta .................................105.3
Canada...............................105.0
United Kingdom ................104.5
Sweden .............................102.6
Bulgaria..............................102.1
Brazil..................................102.0
Japan .................................101.6
Austria ...............................100.9
Germany............................100.0
Slovenia ...............................99.8
Italy......................................99.1
Argentina .............................99.0
Bahrain ................................98.8
Taiwan, China ......................98.2
Lithuania ..............................98.1
Estonia.................................98.1
Kazakhstan ..........................98.1
Singapore ............................98.0
Cyprus .................................97.7
Qatar....................................96.8
Poland..................................96.7
Portugal ...............................96.7
Latvia ...................................96.6
Hungary ...............................96.5
Greece.................................96.3
Czech Republic....................95.7
Luxembourg ........................94.9
United States ......................94.8
Slovak Republic ...................94.2
Switzerland..........................93.4
Ukraine ................................92.9
Israel....................................92.7
Peru .....................................91.6
Armenia ...............................91.4
Korea, Rep...........................90.9
South Africa.........................90.0
Kuwait .................................89.9
Mongolia..............................89.5
Chile ....................................89.1
Bolivia ..................................88.5
Jamaica ...............................88.1
Croatia .................................88.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................88.0
Jordan..................................87.4
Egypt ...................................87.1
Philippines ...........................85.9
Mauritius .............................85.4
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Romania ..............................85.1
Hong Kong SAR ..................84.9
Macedonia, FYR ..................84.1
Azerbaijan ............................83.1
Moldova...............................82.8
Sri Lanka..............................82.5
Georgia ................................82.3
Tajikistan ..............................81.8
Tunisia .................................81.3
Algeria .................................80.7
Mexico.................................79.7
Turkey..................................79.2
Albania.................................78.0
Thailand ...............................77.3
Botswana ............................75.1
Colombia .............................74.5
Costa Rica ...........................73.5
Vietnam ...............................73.5
Suriname .............................73.0
China ...................................72.5
Venezuela ............................72.0
Panama................................70.2
Malaysia ..............................70.0
Honduras .............................65.5
Paraguay..............................65.0
Indonesia .............................64.1
Nicaragua.............................63.7
Ecuador ...............................61.1
El Salvador...........................60.4
Namibia ...............................58.0
India.....................................53.5
Bangladesh..........................51.0
Guatemala ...........................48.6
Kenya...................................48.0
Morocco ..............................47.6
Gambia ................................46.9
Cameroon............................43.8
Nepal ...................................43.0
Lesotho ...............................36.4
Zimbabwe............................36.0
Nigeria .................................34.6
Cambodia ............................29.4
Malawi.................................28.9
Ethiopia................................27.8
Pakistan ...............................27.2
Benin ...................................25.9
Zambia.................................25.8
Mali......................................22.3
Mauritania............................20.2
Uganda ................................18.6
Chad ....................................15.1
Burundi ................................12.1
Burkina Faso........................12.1
Mozambique........................10.8
Tanzania .................................7.5
Angola....................................n/a
Guyana...................................n/a
Madagascar ...........................n/a
SOURCE: UNESCO, Institute for Statics; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; national sources
11.02 Secondary education enrollment
431
432
11.03 Quality of the educational system

The educational system in your country (1 = does not meet the needs of a competitive economy, 7 = meets the needs of a competitive
economy)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Finland ..........................6.0
Singapore......................6.0
Iceland ..........................5.9
Switzerland ...................5.8
Denmark .......................5.6
Ireland ...........................5.5
Hong Kong SAR............5.4
Belgium ........................5.4
Taiwan, China................5.4
Malaysia........................5.2
Tunisia...........................5.1
Australia ........................5.1
Austria ..........................5.1
Canada ..........................5.0
United States................5.0
Barbados.......................5.0
Norway .........................5.0
Netherlands ..................4.9
Japan ............................4.9
Qatar .............................4.9
New Zealand.................4.8
Israel .............................4.8
Indonesia ......................4.7
Sweden ........................4.7
India ..............................4.7
Cyprus ..........................4.7
France ...........................4.6
Malta.............................4.6
Estonia ..........................4.4
Germany .......................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Latvia ............................4.4
Luxembourg .................4.3
Kenya ............................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................4.1
Zimbabwe .....................4.1
Costa Rica.....................4.1
Thailand ........................4.1
Hungary ........................4.0
Jordan ...........................4.0
Lithuania .......................3.9
Ukraine .........................3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.8
Romania........................3.8
Slovenia ........................3.8
Croatia ..........................3.8
Gambia .........................3.7
Colombia.......................3.7
Botswana......................3.7
Portugal ........................3.7
Zambia ..........................3.6
Greece ..........................3.6
Philippines ....................3.6
Kuwait...........................3.5
SD
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE

Uganda .........................3.4
Mauritius.......................3.4
El Salvador ....................3.4
Spain .............................3.4
Jamaica.........................3.4
Moldova ........................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.3
Nigeria ..........................3.3
Italy ...............................3.3
Turkey ...........................3.2
Pakistan ........................3.2
Uruguay ........................3.2
Chile..............................3.2
Guyana..........................3.2
Bahrain..........................3.2
Albania ..........................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Mexico ..........................3.1
Bulgaria .........................3.1
Tanzania ........................3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Azerbaijan .....................3.1
China.............................3.0
Armenia ........................3.0
Cameroon .....................3.0
Madagascar ..................3.0
Morocco .......................2.9
Algeria...........................2.9
Benin ............................2.9
Georgia .........................2.9
Ethiopia .........................2.9
Mongolia .......................2.9
Malawi ..........................2.9
South Africa ..................2.8
Argentina ......................2.8
Vietnam.........................2.7
Nepal ............................2.7
Bangladesh ...................2.7
Nicaragua ......................2.7
Egypt ............................2.7
Burundi .........................2.7
Panama .........................2.7
Tajikistan .......................2.7
Namibia.........................2.6
Mali ...............................2.6
Mauritania .....................2.6
Guatemala ....................2.6
Venezuela .....................2.6
Mozambique .................2.6
Brazil .............................2.5
Burkina Faso .................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Honduras ......................2.3
Ecuador.........................2.3
Angola...........................2.2
Chad .............................2.1
Bolivia ...........................2.1
Peru ..............................2.0
Paraguay .......................1.9
MEAN: 3.7
SD
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.8
1.0
In your country, specialized research and training services are (1 = not available, 7 = available from world-class local institutions)
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Germany .......................6.1
Japan ............................6.1
Switzerland ...................6.0
United States................6.0
Finland ..........................5.9
Netherlands ..................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
Belgium ........................5.8
Israel .............................5.6
Denmark .......................5.6
France ...........................5.6
Canada ..........................5.6
Austria ..........................5.3
Norway .........................5.2
Australia ........................5.2
Singapore......................5.1
Hong Kong SAR............5.1
Iceland ..........................5.1
Taiwan, China................5.0
Malaysia........................4.9
Ireland ...........................4.9
Indonesia ......................4.8
New Zealand.................4.8
Estonia ..........................4.8
Italy ...............................4.8
India ..............................4.7
Korea, Rep. ...................4.7
South Africa ..................4.7
Chile..............................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Tunisia...........................4.6
Croatia ..........................4.5
Spain .............................4.4
Hungary ........................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Portugal ........................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Costa Rica.....................4.3
Turkey ...........................4.3
Argentina ......................4.3
Romania........................4.3
China.............................4.2
Mexico ..........................4.2
Lithuania .......................4.2
Kenya ............................4.2
Latvia ............................4.1
Luxembourg .................4.1
Kuwait...........................4.0
Tanzania ........................4.0
Guatemala ....................3.9
Jamaica.........................3.9
Qatar .............................3.9
Morocco .......................3.9
Greece ..........................3.9
Nigeria ..........................3.9
Uganda .........................3.9
Jordan ...........................3.9
SD
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
0.9
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
108
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Peru ..............................3.9
Uruguay ........................3.8
Cyprus ..........................3.8
Thailand ........................3.8
Kazakhstan....................3.7
Azerbaijan .....................3.7
Colombia.......................3.7
Panama .........................3.6
El Salvador ....................3.5
Philippines ....................3.5
Vietnam.........................3.5
Barbados.......................3.5
Mongolia .......................3.5
Egypt ............................3.5
Bulgaria .........................3.5
Nicaragua ......................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.4
Pakistan ........................3.4
Honduras ......................3.4
Mauritius.......................3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
Malta.............................3.3
Ecuador.........................3.3
Burkina Faso .................3.3
Venezuela .....................3.3
Mali ...............................3.2
Moldova ........................3.2
Cambodia......................3.1
Bahrain..........................3.1
Cameroon .....................3.1
Benin ............................3.1
Madagascar ..................3.1
Algeria...........................3.0
Botswana......................3.0
Bolivia ...........................2.9
Armenia ........................2.9
Malawi ..........................2.9
Tajikistan .......................2.9
Georgia .........................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.8
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
Ethiopia .........................2.6
Mozambique .................2.6
Gambia .........................2.6
Guyana..........................2.5
Nepal ............................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Chad .............................2.5
Lesotho.........................2.5
Albania ..........................2.5
Namibia.........................2.4
Bangladesh ...................2.4
Mauritania .....................2.2
Angola...........................2.2
Burundi .........................2.2
Zambia ..........................2.2
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.2
11.04 Local availability of specialized research and training services
433
434
11.05 Extent of staff training

The general approach of companies in your country to human resources is (1 = to invest little in training and employee development,
7 = to invest heavily to attract, train, and retain employees)
1
2
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.8
Switzerland ...................6.1
Denmark .......................5.9
Japan ............................5.9
Sweden ........................5.9
Austria ..........................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.7
Germany .......................5.7
Finland ..........................5.6
United States................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
Iceland ..........................5.4
Singapore......................5.4
Belgium ........................5.4
Luxembourg .................5.4
Ireland ...........................5.4
Malaysia........................5.3
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Taiwan, China................5.2
Australia ........................5.1
Hong Kong SAR............5.1
France ...........................5.1
Israel .............................5.1
Canada ..........................5.0
New Zealand.................5.0
South Africa ..................4.9
Estonia ..........................4.8
India ..............................4.8
Thailand ........................4.6
Costa Rica.....................4.5
Slovenia ........................4.4
Mauritius.......................4.4
Chile..............................4.4
Philippines ....................4.3
Tunisia...........................4.3
Brazil .............................4.2
Turkey ...........................4.2
Indonesia ......................4.2
Spain .............................4.0
Latvia ............................4.0
Lithuania .......................4.0
Malta.............................4.0
Kuwait...........................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.9
Poland ...........................3.8
Barbados.......................3.8
Zimbabwe .....................3.8
Greece ..........................3.8
Hungary ........................3.8
Jamaica.........................3.8
Portugal ........................3.8
Kenya ............................3.7
Qatar .............................3.7
Panama .........................3.7
Bahrain..........................3.7
Jordan ...........................3.6
Croatia ..........................3.6
Italy ...............................3.6
SD
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.3
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.3
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
El Salvador ....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Nigeria ..........................3.5
Peru ..............................3.5
Colombia.......................3.5
Botswana......................3.5
Cyprus ..........................3.4
Vietnam.........................3.4
Argentina ......................3.4
Guatemala ....................3.4
Uganda .........................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.4
China.............................3.4
Mauritania .....................3.3
Mozambique .................3.3
Kazakhstan....................3.3
Uruguay ........................3.3
Romania........................3.3
Venezuela .....................3.3
Egypt ............................3.3
Mongolia .......................3.2
Morocco .......................3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Tanzania ........................3.1
Gambia .........................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Pakistan ........................3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Honduras ......................3.1
Azerbaijan .....................3.0
Georgia .........................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Algeria...........................3.0
Ukraine .........................2.9
Madagascar ..................2.9
Moldova ........................2.9
Armenia ........................2.8
Ecuador.........................2.8
Nicaragua ......................2.7
Burkina Faso .................2.7
Angola...........................2.7
Benin ............................2.7
Suriname ......................2.7
Tajikistan .......................2.7
Albania ..........................2.7
Cameroon .....................2.7
Bulgaria .........................2.6
Paraguay .......................2.6
Bangladesh ...................2.6
Bolivia ...........................2.5
Mali ...............................2.5
Nepal ............................2.4
Ethiopia .........................2.4
Burundi .........................2.2
Chad .............................1.8
Zambia ..........................1.7
MEAN: 3.8
SD
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
The hiring and firing of workers is (1 = impeded by regulations, 7 = flexibly determined by employers)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Zambia ..........................5.9
Singapore......................5.9
Mauritania .....................5.7
Switzerland ...................5.7
Azerbaijan .....................5.7
Iceland ..........................5.6
Kazakhstan....................5.6
Denmark .......................5.4
United States................5.2
Mongolia .......................5.2
Hong Kong SAR............5.1
Uganda .........................5.1
Georgia .........................5.1
Albania ..........................5.0
Nigeria ..........................5.0
Ukraine .........................4.8
El Salvador ....................4.8
Tajikistan .......................4.8
Guyana..........................4.6
Bangladesh ...................4.6
Pakistan ........................4.6
Taiwan, China................4.6
Guatemala ....................4.5
Gambia .........................4.5
Kenya ............................4.5
Qatar .............................4.5
Tunisia...........................4.5
Burundi .........................4.5
Israel .............................4.4
Moldova ........................4.4
Cameroon .....................4.4
Nicaragua ......................4.4
Benin ............................4.4
Mali ...............................4.3
Kuwait...........................4.3
Costa Rica.....................4.3
Bolivia ...........................4.3
Canada ..........................4.3
Vietnam.........................4.2
Madagascar ..................4.2
Estonia ..........................4.2
Morocco .......................4.2
China.............................4.2
Jamaica.........................4.2
Latvia ............................4.2
Armenia ........................4.1
Croatia ..........................4.1
Honduras ......................4.1
Tanzania ........................4.1
Colombia.......................4.0
Malaysia........................4.0
Barbados.......................4.0
Chile..............................4.0
SD
1.8
1.0
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.7
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Burkina Faso .................3.9

Poland ...........................3.9
Thailand ........................3.8
Korea, Rep. ...................3.8
Mexico ..........................3.8
Cambodia......................3.8
Hungary ........................3.8
Japan ............................3.8
Australia ........................3.8
Luxembourg .................3.8
Ethiopia .........................3.7
Malawi ..........................3.7
Bulgaria .........................3.7
Indonesia ......................3.7
Lesotho.........................3.7
New Zealand.................3.7
Angola...........................3.6
Algeria...........................3.6
Philippines ....................3.6
Chad .............................3.6
Austria ..........................3.6
Romania........................3.5
Botswana......................3.5
Malta.............................3.5
Turkey ...........................3.4
Ireland ...........................3.4
Jordan ...........................3.3
Finland ..........................3.3
Peru ..............................3.2
Namibia.........................3.2
Cyprus ..........................3.2
Nepal ............................3.1
Lithuania .......................3.1
Egypt ............................3.1
Sri Lanka .......................3.0
Panama .........................3.0
India ..............................3.0
Uruguay ........................3.0
Paraguay .......................3.0
Bahrain..........................2.9
Ecuador.........................2.9
Netherlands ..................2.9
Mozambique .................2.8
Greece ..........................2.8
Slovenia ........................2.8
Portugal ........................2.7
Brazil .............................2.7
Norway .........................2.7
Spain .............................2.7
Italy ...............................2.7
Mauritius.......................2.6
Zimbabwe .....................2.6
Belgium ........................2.6
Argentina ......................2.5
Germany .......................2.5
South Africa ..................2.4
Suriname ......................2.4
France ...........................2.4
Sweden ........................2.2
Venezuela .....................2.0
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.7
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.7
0.9
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.3
11.06 Hiring and firing practices
435
436
11.07 Difficulty of hiring foreign labor

Labor regulation in your country (1 = prevents your company from employing foreign labor, 7 = does not prevent your company from
employing foreign labor)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.8
Kuwait...........................6.3
Ireland ...........................6.0
Georgia .........................6.0
Armenia ........................5.9
Singapore......................5.9
Nicaragua ......................5.8
Albania ..........................5.7
El Salvador ....................5.7
Luxembourg .................5.7
Zambia ..........................5.6
Indonesia ......................5.6
Finland ..........................5.5
Paraguay .......................5.5
Uganda .........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
Peru ..............................5.5
Iceland ..........................5.5
Mauritania .....................5.5
Qatar .............................5.4
Hong Kong SAR............5.4
Chile..............................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Egypt ............................5.4
India ..............................5.4
Uruguay ........................5.4
Guyana..........................5.3
Norway .........................5.3
Jamaica.........................5.3
Nigeria ..........................5.3
Burkina Faso .................5.3
Azerbaijan .....................5.2
Benin ............................5.2
Malaysia........................5.2
Mali ...............................5.2
Argentina ......................5.1
Morocco .......................5.1
Spain .............................5.1
United States................5.1
Costa Rica.....................5.1
Gambia .........................5.0
Suriname ......................5.0
Bolivia ...........................5.0
Colombia.......................5.0
Latvia ............................4.9
Tanzania ........................4.9
Denmark .......................4.9
Honduras ......................4.9
Mexico ..........................4.9
Cameroon .....................4.9
Italy ...............................4.8
Greece ..........................4.8
Germany .......................4.8
Moldova ........................4.8
Burundi .........................4.8
Tunisia...........................4.8
Cambodia......................4.8
SD
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
107
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Vietnam.........................4.8
Guatemala ....................4.8
Pakistan ........................4.8
Hungary ........................4.7
Turkey ...........................4.7
New Zealand.................4.7
Tajikistan .......................4.7
France ...........................4.7
Angola...........................4.7
China.............................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Taiwan, China................4.6
Japan ............................4.6
Estonia ..........................4.5
Lithuania .......................4.5
Madagascar ..................4.5
Belgium ........................4.5
Netherlands ..................4.5
Australia ........................4.4
Jordan ...........................4.4
Thailand ........................4.4
Mongolia .......................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Sweden ........................4.4
Kenya ............................4.4
Croatia ..........................4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.3
Malta.............................4.3
Cyprus ..........................4.3
Israel .............................4.3
Romania........................4.3
Ethiopia .........................4.2
Canada ..........................4.2
Barbados.......................4.2
Venezuela .....................4.2
Ukraine .........................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................4.2
Poland ...........................4.2
Philippines ....................4.1
Ecuador.........................4.1
Bahrain..........................4.0
Mauritius.......................4.0
Panama .........................3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.9
Austria ..........................3.9
Chad .............................3.8
Lesotho.........................3.8
Bangladesh ...................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Algeria...........................3.7
Korea, Rep. ...................3.7
Malawi ..........................3.7
Mozambique .................3.4
South Africa ..................3.3
Nepal ............................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................2.9
Namibia.........................2.6
MEAN: 4.8
SD
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.9
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.4
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 1549 years, 2003 or most recent year available
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
47
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
62
HARD DATA
Azerbaijan............................<0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....<0.1
Bulgaria ...............................<0.1
Croatia.................................<0.1
Cyprus.................................<0.1
Egypt...................................<0.1
Hong Kong SAR ..................<0.1
Japan...................................<0.1
Jordan .................................<0.1
Korea, Rep. .........................<0.1
Kuwait .................................<0.1
Macedonia, FYR..................<0.1
Mauritius .............................<0.1
Mongolia .............................<0.1
Philippines...........................<0.1
Qatar ...................................<0.1
Romania ..............................<0.1
Slovak Republic...................<0.1
Slovenia...............................<0.1
Sri Lanka .............................<0.1
Taiwan, China......................<0.1
Tajikistan .............................<0.1
Tunisia .................................<0.1
Turkey .................................<0.1
Albania...................................0.1
Algeria ...................................0.1
Armenia .................................0.1
Australia.................................0.1
Bolivia ....................................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Czech Republic......................0.1
Finland ...................................0.1
Georgia ..................................0.1
Germany................................0.1
Hungary .................................0.1
Indonesia ...............................0.1
Ireland....................................0.1
Israel......................................0.1
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.1
Lithuania ................................0.1
Morocco ................................0.1
New Zealand .........................0.1
Norway ..................................0.1
Pakistan .................................0.1
Poland....................................0.1
Sweden .................................0.1
Bahrain ..................................0.2
Belgium .................................0.2
Denmark................................0.2
Greece...................................0.2
Iceland ...................................0.2
Kazakhstan ............................0.2
Luxembourg ..........................0.2
Malta .....................................0.2
Moldova.................................0.2
Netherlands ...........................0.2
Nicaragua...............................0.2
Singapore ..............................0.2
United Kingdom ....................0.2
Austria ...................................0.3
62
62
62
62
62
62
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
78
78
78
78
82
82
82
82
82
82
88
88
90
90
90
93
93
95
96
96
98
98
98
101
102
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Bangladesh............................0.3
Canada...................................0.3
Chile ......................................0.3
Ecuador .................................0.3
Mexico...................................0.3
Uruguay .................................0.3
France....................................0.4
Malaysia ................................0.4
Portugal .................................0.4
Switzerland............................0.4
Vietnam .................................0.4
Italy........................................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.5
Paraguay................................0.5
Peru .......................................0.5
Costa Rica .............................0.6
Latvia .....................................0.6
Mauritania..............................0.6
United States ........................0.6
Argentina ...............................0.7
Brazil......................................0.7
Colombia ...............................0.7
El Salvador.............................0.7
Spain......................................0.7
Venezuela ..............................0.7
India.......................................0.9
Panama..................................0.9
Estonia...................................1.1
Guatemala .............................1.1
Gambia ..................................1.2
Jamaica .................................1.2
Ukraine ..................................1.4
Barbados ...............................1.5
Thailand .................................1.5
Madagascar ...........................1.7
Suriname ...............................1.7
Honduras ...............................1.8
Benin .....................................1.9
Mali........................................1.9
Guyana ..................................2.5
Cambodia ..............................2.6
Angola ...................................3.9
Uganda ..................................4.1
Burkina Faso..........................4.2
Ethiopia..................................4.4
Chad ......................................4.8
Nigeria ...................................5.4
Burundi ..................................6.0
Kenya.....................................6.7
Cameroon..............................6.9
Tanzania .................................8.8
Mozambique........................12.2
Malawi.................................14.2
Zambia.................................16.5
Namibia ...............................21.3
South Africa.........................21.5
Zimbabwe............................24.6
Lesotho ...............................28.9
Botswana ............................37.3
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2006, World Health Report 2006; national sources
11.08 HIV prevalence
437
438
11.09 Malaria incidence

Malaria cases per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004 or most recent year available
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Albania...................................0.0
Australia.................................0.0
Austria ...................................0.0
Bahrain ..................................0.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Belgium .................................0.0
Bulgaria..................................0.0
Canada...................................0.0
Croatia ...................................0.0
Cyprus ...................................0.0
Czech Republic......................0.0
Denmark................................0.0
Egypt .....................................0.0
Estonia...................................0.0
Finland ...................................0.0
France....................................0.0
Germany................................0.0
Greece...................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0
Hungary .................................0.0
Iceland ...................................0.0
Ireland....................................0.0
Israel......................................0.0
Italy........................................0.0
Japan .....................................0.0
Jordan....................................0.0
Kuwait ...................................0.0
Latvia .....................................0.0
Lesotho .................................0.0
Lithuania ................................0.0
Luxembourg ..........................0.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................0.0
Malta .....................................0.0
Mongolia................................0.0
Netherlands ...........................0.0
New Zealand .........................0.0
Norway ..................................0.0
Poland....................................0.0
Portugal .................................0.0
Qatar......................................0.0
Romania ................................0.0
Singapore ..............................0.0
Slovak Republic .....................0.0
Slovenia .................................0.0
Spain......................................0.0
Sweden .................................0.0
Switzerland............................0.0
Tunisia ...................................0.0
Ukraine ..................................0.0
United Kingdom ....................0.0
United States ........................0.0
Chile ......................................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.1
Kazakhstan ............................0.1
Moldova.................................0.1
Morocco ................................0.2
Argentina ...............................0.3
Armenia .................................0.9
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Algeria ...................................1.0
El Salvador.............................1.3
Uruguay .................................1.6
Mauritius ...............................1.8
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.9
Korea, Rep.............................2.3
China .....................................3.1
Mexico...................................3.2
Jamaica .................................5.2
Azerbaijan ..............................5.7
Georgia ..................................6.2
Paraguay..............................11.6
Turkey..................................12.9
Malaysia ..............................22.4
South Africa.........................29.9
Costa Rica ...........................30.0
Nepal ...................................37.3
Bangladesh..........................38.8
Vietnam ...............................46.0
Philippines ...........................54.6
Sri Lanka..............................55.0
Thailand ...............................59.5
Pakistan ...............................81.5
Tajikistan ..............................87.5
Indonesia .............................98.9
Nicaragua...........................122.5
Honduras ...........................146.7
Panama..............................159.2
Bolivia ................................165.7
India...................................167.2
Venezuela ..........................178.1
Ecuador .............................224.2
Guatemala .........................253.1
Brazil..................................254.2
Colombia ...........................260.3
Peru ...................................292.2
Kenya.................................389.3
Cambodia ..........................505.4
Ethiopia..............................799.5
Botswana .......................1,245.4
Suriname ........................1,906.6
Nigeria ............................2,103.6
Cameroon.......................2,900.0
Tanzania..........................3,000.0
Guyana ...........................3,773.3
Chad ...............................4,767.9
Mauritania.......................5,979.4
Mali.................................6,226.4
Zimbabwe.......................9,562.4
Angola ..........................10,139.1
Burkina Faso.................11,894.5
Madagascar ..................12,151.7
Benin ............................12,172.5
Gambia .........................17,340.0
Zambia..........................18,964.0
Namibia ........................22,204.1
Malawi..........................24,180.7
Mozambique.................26,919.9
Burundi .........................26,993.9
Uganda .........................47,842.7
SOURCE: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, World Malaria Report 2005; WHO Regional Offices; UNFPA, State of World Population 2005;
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; UNDP, Human Development Report 2006; national sources
Tuberculosis cases per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Iceland ...................................2.1
Sweden .................................3.4
United States ........................3.6
Norway ..................................4.1
Canada...................................4.2
Cyprus ...................................4.3
Malta .....................................4.6
Jordan....................................5.0
Italy........................................5.6
Switzerland............................5.7
Australia.................................5.8
Denmark................................6.2
Netherlands ...........................6.3
Germany................................6.3
Finland ...................................7.0
Israel......................................7.0
Jamaica .................................9.2
United Kingdom ....................9.2
Ireland....................................9.3
Luxembourg ..........................9.4
France....................................9.8
Belgium ...............................10.5
Austria .................................10.8
New Zealand .......................10.8
Czech Republic....................11.2
Barbados .............................12.3
Costa Rica ...........................15.3
Chile ....................................15.8
Slovenia ...............................16.8
Greece.................................17.0
Spain....................................19.8
Slovak Republic ...................23.4
Tunisia .................................24.0
Hungary ...............................29.7
Kuwait .................................29.8
Albania.................................30.7
Poland..................................31.9
Uruguay ...............................32.8
Macedonia, FYR ..................33.6
Portugal ...............................34.8
Egypt ...................................34.9
Bulgaria................................36.1
Japan ...................................39.4
Singapore ............................40.8
Mexico.................................43.2
Panama................................44.7
Turkey..................................44.8
Estonia.................................49.2
Bahrain ................................49.8
Venezuela ............................52.3
Argentina .............................53.0
Algeria .................................53.9
Croatia .................................65.0
Lithuania ..............................66.5
Latvia ...................................71.5
Taiwan, China ......................74.1
El Salvador...........................74.5
Colombia .............................74.7
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Qatar....................................76.6
Brazil....................................76.7
Hong Kong SAR ..................77.0
Nicaragua.............................80.2
Georgia ................................89.3
Azerbaijan ............................89.6
Sri Lanka..............................90.9
Honduras .............................97.0
Suriname .............................97.7
Armenia ...............................98.2
Morocco ............................105.2
Paraguay............................106.8
Guatemala .........................107.3
Korea, Rep.........................124.6
Malaysia ............................132.7
Mauritius ...........................135.4
Kyrgyz Republic.................136.6
Benin .................................142.3
Ukraine ..............................150.8
Kazakhstan ........................160.3
Guyana ..............................185.4
Romania ............................187.9
Ecuador .............................196.3
Thailand .............................207.7
Mongolia............................208.9
Moldova.............................213.9
Peru ...................................216.0
China .................................221.1
Cameroon..........................227.4
Vietnam .............................231.8
Nepal .................................256.7
Indonesia ...........................275.2
Tajikistan ............................276.8
Bolivia ................................289.8
Angola ...............................309.9
India...................................312.2
Pakistan .............................328.7
Gambia ..............................328.7
Madagascar .......................351.2
Burkina Faso......................365.1
Bangladesh........................435.4
Philippines .........................463.3
Tanzania.............................478.6
Malawi...............................500.9
Mauritania..........................502.4
Nigeria ...............................531.3
Ethiopia..............................533.2
Lesotho .............................544.0
Botswana ..........................552.8
Burundi ..............................563.7
Chad ..................................565.7
Mali....................................577.9
Namibia .............................585.7
Mozambique......................635.1
Uganda ..............................646.4
South Africa.......................669.9
Zimbabwe..........................672.6
Zambia...............................707.3
Cambodia ..........................708.7
Kenya.................................888.4
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2006, World Health Report 2006, Global Report 2006; national sources
11.10 Tuberculosis incidence
439
440
11.11 Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth (years), 2004
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
24
24
24
24
24
29
29
29
29
29
29
35
36
36
36
39
39
39
39
39
39
45
45
45
45
49
49
49
49
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
HARD DATA
Hong Kong SAR ..................82.0

Japan ...................................82.0
Australia...............................81.0
Iceland .................................81.0
Italy......................................81.0
Sweden ...............................81.0
Switzerland..........................81.0
Canada.................................80.0
France..................................80.0
Israel....................................80.0
New Zealand .......................80.0
Norway ................................80.0
Singapore ............................80.0
Spain....................................80.0
Austria .................................79.0
Cyprus .................................79.0
Finland .................................79.0
Germany..............................79.0
Greece.................................79.0
Luxembourg ........................79.0
Malta ...................................79.0
Netherlands .........................79.0
United Kingdom ..................79.0
Belgium ...............................78.0
Denmark..............................78.0
Ireland..................................78.0
Portugal ...............................78.0
United States ......................78.0
Chile ....................................77.0
Costa Rica ...........................77.0
Korea, Rep...........................77.0
Kuwait .................................77.0
Slovenia ...............................77.0
Taiwan, China ......................76.4
Czech Republic....................76.0
Panama................................76.0
Qatar....................................76.0
Argentina .............................75.0
Barbados .............................75.0
Croatia .................................75.0
Poland..................................75.0
Uruguay ...............................75.0
Venezuela ............................75.0
Bahrain ................................74.0
Georgia ................................74.0
Mexico.................................74.0
Slovak Republic ...................74.0
Colombia .............................73.0
Hungary ...............................73.0
Albania.................................72.0
Bulgaria................................72.0
China ...................................72.0
Ecuador ...............................72.0
Estonia.................................72.0
Jamaica ...............................72.0
Lithuania ..............................72.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................72.0
Malaysia ..............................72.0
Mauritius .............................72.0
53
53
53
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
75
75
75
78
79
79
79
79
83
83
83
83
83
83
89
89
89
89
93
93
93
96
96
96
99
99
101
102
102
104
104
106
107
108
108
110
111
111
111
114
114
114
117
117
119
119
121
121
121
124
HARD DATA
Paraguay..............................72.0
Romania ..............................72.0
Tunisia .................................72.0
Algeria .................................71.0
El Salvador...........................71.0
Jordan..................................71.0
Latvia ...................................71.0
Morocco ..............................71.0
Peru .....................................71.0
Sri Lanka..............................71.0
Turkey..................................71.0
Vietnam ...............................71.0
Brazil....................................70.0
Thailand ...............................70.0
Nicaragua.............................69.0
Armenia ...............................68.0
Egypt ...................................68.0
Guatemala ...........................68.0
Philippines ...........................68.0
Honduras .............................67.0
Indonesia .............................67.0
Moldova...............................67.0
Suriname .............................67.0
Ukraine ................................67.0
Azerbaijan ............................65.0
Bolivia ..................................65.0
Mongolia..............................65.0
Guyana ................................63.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................63.0
Tajikistan ..............................63.0
Bangladesh..........................62.0
India.....................................62.0
Pakistan ...............................62.0
Kazakhstan ..........................61.0
Nepal ...................................61.0
Mauritania............................58.0
Gambia ................................57.0
Madagascar .........................57.0
Cambodia ............................54.0
Namibia ...............................54.0
Benin ...................................53.0
Kenya...................................51.0
Cameroon............................50.0
Ethiopia................................50.0
Uganda ................................49.0
Burkina Faso........................48.0
South Africa.........................48.0
Tanzania...............................48.0
Chad ....................................46.0
Mali......................................46.0
Nigeria .................................46.0
Burundi ................................45.0
Mozambique........................45.0
Lesotho ...............................41.0
Malawi.................................41.0
Angola .................................40.0
Botswana ............................40.0
Zambia.................................40.0
Zimbabwe............................36.0
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Report 2006; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; national sources
Data Tables
Pillar 12
441
2.2: Data Tables | National tourism perception
442
12.01 Tourism openness

Tourism expenditures and receipts as a percentage of GDP, 2004
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Barbados .............................31.5
Cyprus .................................24.5
Croatia .................................23.8
Albania.................................22.9
Mongolia..............................22.0
Luxembourg ........................19.8
Georgia ................................19.3
Mauritius .............................18.6
Jamaica ...............................18.4
Malta ...................................17.2
Bahrain ................................15.6
Bulgaria................................14.2
Mozambique........................13.9
Hong Kong SAR ..................13.9
Ukraine ................................12.5
Cambodia ............................12.4
Greece.................................12.3
Jordan..................................12.0
Malaysia ..............................11.9
Estonia.................................11.8
Malawi.................................11.5
Singapore ............................11.0
Tanzania...............................10.5
Austria .................................10.3
Thailand .................................9.6
Moldova.................................9.5
Morocco ................................8.9
Honduras ...............................8.8
Costa Rica .............................8.7
Denmark................................8.6
Belgium .................................8.6
New Zealand .........................8.3
Tunisia ...................................8.3
Argentina ...............................7.9
Kuwait ...................................7.8
Iceland ...................................7.6
Slovenia .................................7.5
Hungary .................................7.3
Turkey....................................7.2
Panama..................................7.2
Portugal .................................6.9
Spain......................................6.6
Guyana ..................................6.5
Madagascar ...........................6.1
Egypt .....................................5.8
Armenia .................................5.7
Ireland....................................5.5
Kazakhstan ............................5.4
Czech Republic......................5.3
Sweden .................................5.2
Switzerland............................5.1
Netherlands ...........................5.1
Slovak Republic .....................5.0
South Africa...........................4.7
Lesotho .................................4.7
Indonesia ...............................4.7
Guatemala .............................4.3
Suriname ...............................4.3
Ecuador .................................4.3
El Salvador.............................4.2
Uruguay .................................4.2
SOURCE: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Germany................................4.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.0
Norway ..................................3.9
France....................................3.9
United Kingdom ....................3.7
Australia.................................3.6
Nicaragua...............................3.6
Italy........................................3.6
Lithuania ................................3.2
Latvia .....................................3.2
Colombia ...............................3.2
Sri Lanka................................3.1
Kenya.....................................3.1
China .....................................3.0
Israel......................................3.0
Burundi ..................................2.8
Korea, Rep.............................2.8
Bolivia ....................................2.8
Canada...................................2.7
Peru .......................................2.7
Romania ................................2.6
Finland ...................................2.6
Ethiopia..................................2.6
Benin .....................................2.6
Poland....................................2.6
Mexico...................................2.2
Chile ......................................2.1
Philippines .............................2.0
Azerbaijan ..............................1.9
Nigeria ...................................1.8
Brazil......................................1.4
India.......................................1.3
Paraguay................................1.2
United States ........................1.2
Venezuela ..............................1.1
Angola ...................................1.0
Algeria ...................................0.7
Japan .....................................0.7
Bangladesh............................0.6
Pakistan .................................0.4
Tajikistan ................................0.4
Botswana...............................n/a
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Cameroon ..............................n/a
Chad ......................................n/a
Gambia ..................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Mali........................................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Namibia..................................n/a
Nepal .....................................n/a
Qatar......................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Uganda ..................................n/a
United Arab Emirates ............n/a
Vietnam .................................n/a
Zambia ...................................n/a
Zimbabwe..............................n/a
Are foreign travelers and in particular tourists welcome in your country? (1 = no, citizens in my country do not welcome foreign travelers
and tourists, 7 = yes, my countrys citizens are open and welcome foreign travelers and tourists)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 6.3
Burkina Faso .................6.9

New Zealand.................6.8
Zambia ..........................6.8
Uganda .........................6.8
Thailand ........................6.8
Canada ..........................6.8
Iceland ..........................6.8
Malta.............................6.8
Austria ..........................6.8
Singapore......................6.7
Mauritania .....................6.7
Gambia .........................6.7
Norway .........................6.7
Cyprus ..........................6.7
Ireland ...........................6.7
Kenya ............................6.7
Philippines ....................6.7
Australia ........................6.7
Jamaica.........................6.7
Greece ..........................6.7
Mali ...............................6.7
Armenia ........................6.7
Barbados.......................6.7
Mexico ..........................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.6
Croatia ..........................6.6
Mauritius.......................6.6
Cambodia......................6.6
Azerbaijan .....................6.6
Uruguay ........................6.6
Morocco .......................6.6
Malaysia........................6.6
Belgium ........................6.6
South Africa ..................6.6
Spain .............................6.6
Brazil .............................6.6
Ethiopia .........................6.6
India ..............................6.6
Sri Lanka .......................6.6
Costa Rica.....................6.6
Estonia ..........................6.5
Georgia .........................6.5
Guyana..........................6.5
Nicaragua ......................6.5
Nepal ............................6.5
Benin ............................6.5
Malawi ..........................6.5
Denmark .......................6.5
Netherlands ..................6.5
Indonesia ......................6.5
Portugal ........................6.5
Taiwan, China................6.5
Sweden ........................6.5
Turkey ...........................6.5
Switzerland ...................6.5
Germany .......................6.5
SD
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.6
1.1
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.8
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Finland ..........................6.4
Tajikistan .......................6.4
Tanzania ........................6.4
Vietnam.........................6.4
Jordan ...........................6.4
Albania ..........................6.4
Moldova ........................6.4
Italy ...............................6.3
Kazakhstan....................6.3
Colombia.......................6.3
Israel .............................6.3
Chile..............................6.3
Tunisia...........................6.3
Romania........................6.3
Burundi .........................6.3
Paraguay .......................6.3
El Salvador ....................6.3
Namibia.........................6.2
Slovenia ........................6.2
Japan ............................6.2
Bangladesh ...................6.2
Suriname ......................6.2
Nigeria ..........................6.2
Madagascar ..................6.2
Mozambique .................6.1
Bahrain..........................6.1
Peru ..............................6.1
Cameroon .....................6.1
Ecuador.........................6.1
Bulgaria .........................6.1
Qatar .............................6.1
Argentina ......................6.1
Botswana......................6.0
Guatemala ....................6.0
Panama .........................6.0
Hungary ........................6.0
United States................6.0
Honduras ......................6.0
Mongolia .......................6.0
Lithuania .......................6.0
Egypt ............................5.9
Algeria...........................5.9
Latvia ............................5.9
Zimbabwe .....................5.9
Korea, Rep. ...................5.9
China.............................5.8
Lesotho.........................5.8
Ukraine .........................5.8
Luxembourg .................5.7
Chad .............................5.7
Bolivia ...........................5.6
Angola...........................5.6
Pakistan ........................5.3
Kuwait...........................5.3
France ...........................5.2
Venezuela .....................5.1
Poland ...........................4.9
MEAN: 6.3
SD
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.1
1.6
1.4
0.7
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
12.02 Attitude toward tourists
443
444
12.03 Recommendation to extend business trips

When a senior executive visits you in your country for business purposes, how likely are you to recommend extending their trip for
leisure purposes? (1 = I would never recommend it, 7 = I would always recommend it)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.4
Turkey ...........................6.5
South Africa ..................6.4
Mauritania .....................6.4
Azerbaijan .....................6.4
Indonesia ......................6.3
Kazakhstan....................6.3
Argentina ......................6.2
Armenia ........................6.2
Italy ...............................6.1
Greece ..........................6.1
Tajikistan .......................6.1
France ...........................6.1
Austria ..........................6.1
Namibia.........................6.1
Malaysia........................6.1
Costa Rica.....................6.0
Tunisia...........................6.0
Barbados.......................6.0
Georgia .........................6.0
India ..............................6.0
Portugal ........................6.0
Spain .............................6.0
New Zealand.................6.0
Zambia ..........................5.9
Croatia ..........................5.9
Estonia ..........................5.9
Thailand ........................5.9
Jordan ...........................5.9
Guatemala ....................5.9
Switzerland ...................5.9
Panama .........................5.8
Uruguay ........................5.8
Sri Lanka .......................5.8
Israel .............................5.8
Iceland ..........................5.8
Slovenia ........................5.8
Brazil .............................5.8
Bulgaria .........................5.8
Mali ...............................5.7
Morocco .......................5.7
Cyprus ..........................5.7
Moldova ........................5.7
Benin ............................5.7
Malta.............................5.7
Mauritius.......................5.6
Cambodia......................5.6
Jamaica.........................5.6
Tanzania ........................5.6
Philippines ....................5.6
Lithuania .......................5.6
Kenya ............................5.6
Canada ..........................5.5
Chile..............................5.5
Ukraine .........................5.5
Mongolia .......................5.5
SD
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Colombia.......................5.5
Ecuador.........................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.5
Burkina Faso .................5.4
Hong Kong SAR............5.4
Luxembourg .................5.4
Romania........................5.4
Mexico ..........................5.3
Nicaragua ......................5.3
Burundi .........................5.3
Madagascar ..................5.3
Nepal ............................5.3
Zimbabwe .....................5.3
Malawi ..........................5.2
Cameroon .....................5.2
Latvia ............................5.2
Egypt ............................5.2
Australia ........................5.2
Peru ..............................5.2
Germany .......................5.2
Ireland ...........................5.2
Honduras ......................5.2
Botswana......................5.1
Albania ..........................5.1
Belgium ........................5.1
Uganda .........................5.1
United States................5.1
Algeria...........................5.0
Lesotho.........................5.0
Chad .............................5.0
Suriname ......................5.0
Netherlands ..................5.0
Guyana..........................5.0
Mozambique .................4.9
Singapore......................4.9
Ethiopia .........................4.9
Nigeria ..........................4.8
Bolivia ...........................4.8
Bahrain..........................4.8
El Salvador ....................4.7
Japan ............................4.6
Gambia .........................4.6
Qatar .............................4.5
Sweden ........................4.4
Paraguay .......................4.4
Finland ..........................4.4
Bangladesh ...................4.4
Pakistan ........................4.4
Denmark .......................4.4
Poland ...........................4.3
Venezuela .....................4.3
Hungary ........................4.2
Angola...........................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................4.1
Norway .........................4.1
China.............................3.9
Vietnam.........................3.9
Kuwait...........................3.5
MEAN: 5.4
SD
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.9
Data Tables
Pillar 13
445
2.2: Data Tables | Natural and cultural resources
446
13.01 Number of World Heritage sites

Number of World Heritage sites in the country, July 2006
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
15
15
15
19
20
21
21
21
24
24
24
24
24
24
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
55
55
55
55
55
60
60
60
HARD DATA
Italy......................................43.0
Spain....................................39.0
China ...................................33.0
Germany..............................32.0
France..................................30.0
United Kingdom ..................27.0
India.....................................26.0
Mexico.................................26.0
United States ......................20.0
Brazil....................................17.0
Australia...............................16.0
Greece.................................16.0
Sweden ...............................14.0
Canada.................................13.0
Japan ...................................13.0
Poland..................................13.0
Portugal ...............................13.0
Czech Republic....................12.0
Peru .....................................10.0
Belgium .................................9.0
Bulgaria..................................9.0
Turkey....................................9.0
Argentina ...............................8.0
Austria ...................................8.0
Ethiopia..................................8.0
Hungary .................................8.0
Morocco ................................8.0
Tunisia ...................................8.0
Algeria ...................................7.0
Egypt .....................................7.0
Indonesia ...............................7.0
Korea, Rep.............................7.0
Netherlands ...........................7.0
Norway ..................................7.0
Romania ................................7.0
South Africa...........................7.0
Sri Lanka................................7.0
Tanzania .................................7.0
Bolivia ....................................6.0
Colombia ...............................6.0
Croatia ...................................6.0
Finland ...................................6.0
Pakistan .................................6.0
Slovak Republic .....................6.0
Switzerland............................6.0
Chile ......................................5.0
Israel......................................5.0
Panama..................................5.0
Philippines .............................5.0
Thailand .................................5.0
Vietnam .................................5.0
Zimbabwe..............................5.0
Denmark................................4.0
Ecuador .................................4.0
Lithuania ................................4.0
Mali........................................4.0
Nepal .....................................4.0
Armenia .................................3.0
Bangladesh............................3.0
Costa Rica .............................3.0
SOURCE: UNESCO, World Heritage Centre
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
HARD DATA
Cyprus ...................................3.0
Georgia ..................................3.0
Guatemala .............................3.0
Jordan....................................3.0
Kenya.....................................3.0
Malta .....................................3.0
New Zealand .........................3.0
Uganda ..................................3.0
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Venezuela ..............................3.0
Albania...................................2.0
Estonia...................................2.0
Gambia ..................................2.0
Honduras ...............................2.0
Ireland....................................2.0
Kazakhstan ............................2.0
Latvia .....................................2.0
Madagascar ...........................2.0
Malawi...................................2.0
Malaysia ................................2.0
Mauritania..............................2.0
Mongolia................................2.0
Nigeria ...................................2.0
Suriname ...............................2.0
Azerbaijan ..............................1.0
Bahrain ..................................1.0
Benin .....................................1.0
Botswana ..............................1.0
Cambodia ..............................1.0
Cameroon..............................1.0
El Salvador.............................1.0
Iceland ...................................1.0
Luxembourg ..........................1.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.0
Mauritius ...............................1.0
Moldova.................................1.0
Mozambique..........................1.0
Nicaragua...............................1.0
Paraguay................................1.0
Slovenia .................................1.0
Uruguay .................................1.0
Zambia...................................1.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Burkina Faso..........................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0
Jamaica .................................0.0
Kuwait ...................................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Lesotho .................................0.0
Namibia .................................0.0
Qatar......................................0.0
Singapore ..............................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
Carbon dioxide damage as percentage of GNI, 2004
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Chad ......................................0.0
Switzerland............................0.1
Mali........................................0.1
Cambodia ..............................0.1
Sweden .................................0.1
France....................................0.1
Iceland ...................................0.1
Denmark................................0.1
Norway ..................................0.1
Austria ...................................0.1
Burkina Faso..........................0.2
Netherlands ...........................0.2
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.2
Japan .....................................0.2
Italy........................................0.2
United Kingdom ....................0.2
Uganda ..................................0.2
Cameroon..............................0.2
Belgium .................................0.2
Spain......................................0.2
Mozambique..........................0.2
Germany................................0.2
Ireland....................................0.2
Finland ...................................0.2
Luxembourg ..........................0.2
Tanzania .................................0.2
Albania...................................0.2
Costa Rica .............................0.2
Portugal .................................0.2
Namibia .................................0.3
Guatemala .............................0.3
New Zealand .........................0.3
Uruguay .................................0.3
El Salvador.............................0.3
Burundi ..................................0.3
Zambia...................................0.3
Barbados ...............................0.3
Benin .....................................0.3
Peru .......................................0.3
Cyprus ...................................0.3
Malawi...................................0.3
Greece...................................0.3
Slovenia .................................0.3
Angola ...................................0.3
United States ........................0.3
Botswana ..............................0.4
Mauritius ...............................0.4
Canada...................................0.4
Madagascar ...........................0.4
Paraguay................................0.4
Brazil......................................0.4
Nepal .....................................0.4
Sri Lanka................................0.4
Malta .....................................0.4
Panama..................................0.4
Kenya.....................................0.4
Israel......................................0.4
Mexico...................................0.4
Bangladesh............................0.4
Singapore ..............................0.4
Australia.................................0.4
SOURCE: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Hungary .................................0.4
Colombia ...............................0.4
Croatia ...................................0.5
Chile ......................................0.5
Korea, Rep.............................0.5
Lithuania ................................0.5
Gambia ..................................0.5
Turkey....................................0.5
Ethiopia..................................0.5
Honduras ...............................0.6
Tunisia ...................................0.6
Ecuador .................................0.6
Morocco ................................0.6
Philippines .............................0.6
Nigeria ...................................0.6
Nicaragua...............................0.6
Argentina ...............................0.6
Georgia ..................................0.7
Slovak Republic .....................0.7
Kuwait ...................................0.7
Bolivia ....................................0.7
Indonesia ...............................0.7
Czech Republic......................0.8
Algeria ...................................0.8
Pakistan .................................0.8
Jamaica .................................0.9
Venezuela ..............................0.9
Poland....................................0.9
Malaysia ................................0.9
Armenia .................................0.9
Romania ................................0.9
Jordan....................................1.0
Thailand .................................1.0
Vietnam .................................1.1
South Africa...........................1.2
Egypt .....................................1.2
Estonia...................................1.2
India.......................................1.3
Bulgaria..................................1.4
China .....................................1.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.4
Bahrain ..................................1.4
Guyana ..................................1.4
Mauritania..............................1.5
Zimbabwe..............................1.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.6
Suriname ...............................1.7
Moldova.................................1.8
Tajikistan ................................2.0
Kazakhstan ............................3.0
Azerbaijan ..............................3.4
Mongolia................................3.8
Ukraine ..................................4.5
Latvia .....................................n/a
Lesotho..................................n/a
Qatar......................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
13.02 Carbon dioxide damage
447
448
13.03 Nationally protected areas

Nationally protected areas as percentage of total land area, 2004
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
31
31
34
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
44
46
47
48
48
50
51
52
53
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Venezuela ............................63.8
Denmark..............................34.0
Austria .................................33.1
Germany..............................32.6
Zambia.................................31.9
Tanzania...............................29.8
Switzerland..........................29.7
New Zealand .......................29.6
United States ......................25.9
Uganda ................................24.6
Costa Rica ...........................23.0
Panama................................21.7
United Kingdom ..................20.8
Indonesia .............................20.6
Guatemala ...........................20.0
Chile ....................................18.9
Taiwan, China ......................18.9
Botswana ............................18.5
Cambodia ............................18.5
Ecuador ...............................18.3
Nicaragua.............................17.8
Ethiopia................................16.9
Czech Republic....................16.1
Israel....................................15.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................15.0
Netherlands .........................14.2
Thailand ...............................13.9
Namibia ...............................13.6
Sri Lanka..............................13.5
Australia...............................13.4
Bolivia ..................................13.4
Latvia ...................................13.4
France..................................13.3
Poland..................................12.3
Zimbabwe............................12.1
Estonia.................................11.8
Burkina Faso........................11.5
Mongolia..............................11.5
Benin ...................................11.4
Canada.................................11.3
Malawi.................................11.2
Lithuania ..............................10.7
Colombia .............................10.2
Mexico.................................10.2
Egypt .....................................9.7
Finland ...................................9.3
Chad ......................................9.1
Sweden .................................9.1
Nepal .....................................8.9
Spain......................................8.5
Mozambique..........................8.4
Kenya.....................................8.0
Italy........................................7.9
China .....................................7.8
Armenia .................................7.6
Croatia ...................................7.5
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.1
Hungary .................................7.0
Korea, Rep.............................6.9
Japan .....................................6.8
SOURCE: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; national sources
62
64
65
65
65
68
68
70
71
71
73
73
73
76
77
78
79
80
81
81
81
84
85
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
97
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
106
108
109
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Norway ..................................6.8
Brazil......................................6.7
Angola ...................................6.6
Argentina ...............................6.6
Portugal .................................6.6
Azerbaijan ..............................6.4
Honduras ...............................6.4
Peru .......................................6.1
Slovenia .................................6.0
Burundi ..................................5.7
Malaysia ................................5.7
Philippines .............................5.7
South Africa...........................5.5
India.......................................5.2
Algeria ...................................5.0
Pakistan .................................4.9
Romania ................................4.7
Bulgaria..................................4.5
Cameroon..............................4.5
Singapore ..............................4.5
Madagascar ...........................4.3
Tajikistan ................................4.2
Ukraine ..................................3.9
Albania...................................3.8
Mali........................................3.7
Vietnam .................................3.7
Greece...................................3.6
Paraguay................................3.5
Jordan....................................3.4
Nigeria ...................................3.3
Kazakhstan ............................2.7
Gambia ..................................2.3
Georgia ..................................2.3
Ireland....................................1.7
Mauritania..............................1.7
Turkey....................................1.6
Kuwait ...................................1.5
Moldova.................................1.4
Bangladesh............................0.8
Morocco ................................0.7
El Salvador.............................0.4
Tunisia ...................................0.3
Uruguay .................................0.3
Lesotho .................................0.2
Bahrain...................................n/a
Barbados................................n/a
Belgium .................................n/a
Cyprus ...................................n/a
Guyana...................................n/a
Hong Kong SAR.....................n/a
Iceland ...................................n/a
Jamaica..................................n/a
Luxembourg ..........................n/a
Malta......................................n/a
Mauritius................................n/a
Qatar......................................n/a
Slovak Republic .....................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
In your country, companies that harvest or process natural resources such as food, forest, or fishery products (1 = rarely concern
themselves with the degradation of ecosystems, 7 = frequently take steps to preserve the ecosystems they depend on)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Finland ..........................6.3
Iceland ..........................6.3
Sweden ........................6.0
Germany .......................6.0
Austria ..........................5.9
Switzerland ...................5.9
New Zealand.................5.9
Norway .........................5.9
Luxembourg .................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.8
Denmark .......................5.5
Australia ........................5.5
Japan ............................5.4
Canada ..........................5.4
Belgium ........................5.3
United States................5.2
France ...........................5.2
Ireland ...........................5.1
Tunisia...........................5.1
South Africa ..................4.9
Malaysia........................4.9
Chile..............................4.9
Portugal ........................4.8
Singapore......................4.8
Estonia ..........................4.7
Slovenia ........................4.7
Uruguay ........................4.6
Spain .............................4.6
Israel .............................4.6
Namibia.........................4.5
Costa Rica.....................4.5
Mauritius.......................4.5
Taiwan, China................4.3
Hungary ........................4.3
Hong Kong SAR............4.3
Poland ...........................4.3
Qatar .............................4.2
Brazil .............................4.2
Zimbabwe .....................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................4.2
Latvia ............................4.2
Thailand ........................4.1
Cyprus ..........................4.1
Greece ..........................4.1
Italy ...............................4.0
Lithuania .......................4.0
Croatia ..........................3.9
Jamaica.........................3.9
India ..............................3.9
Barbados.......................3.8
Malta.............................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Mali ...............................3.8
Burkina Faso .................3.7
Guatemala ....................3.7
Gambia .........................3.7
Peru ..............................3.7
Madagascar ..................3.7
SD
0.7
0.6
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Mauritania .....................3.7
El Salvador ....................3.6
Nigeria ..........................3.6
Colombia.......................3.6
Kuwait...........................3.6
Turkey ...........................3.6
Tajikistan .......................3.5
Sri Lanka .......................3.5
Argentina ......................3.5
Kenya ............................3.5
Jordan ...........................3.5
Mexico ..........................3.4
Philippines ....................3.4
Kazakhstan....................3.4
Benin ............................3.4
Egypt ............................3.4
Lesotho.........................3.3
Tanzania ........................3.3
Uganda .........................3.3
Bahrain..........................3.3
Venezuela .....................3.3
China.............................3.3
Honduras ......................3.3
Romania........................3.3
Algeria...........................3.2
Panama .........................3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Nepal ............................3.2
Azerbaijan .....................3.1
Pakistan ........................3.1
Ecuador.........................3.1
Morocco .......................3.0
Ukraine .........................3.0
Vietnam.........................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Mozambique .................3.0
Moldova ........................3.0
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Bulgaria .........................3.0
Cambodia......................2.9
Nicaragua ......................2.9
Indonesia ......................2.9
Cameroon .....................2.8
Georgia .........................2.7
Angola...........................2.7
Burundi .........................2.6
Suriname ......................2.5
Armenia ........................2.5
Ethiopia .........................2.5
Bangladesh ...................2.5
Paraguay .......................2.3
Chad .............................2.3
Albania ..........................2.2
Mongolia .......................2.2
Zambia ..........................1.9
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
0.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
13.04 Business concern for ecosystems
449
450
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever

Average of the malaria risk index and yellow fever risk index, 2006
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
49
50
51
52
52
52
52
52
52
58
59
59
59
59
HARD DATA
Austria ...................................7.0
Bahrain ..................................7.0
Belgium .................................7.0
Bulgaria..................................7.0
Canada...................................7.0
Croatia ...................................7.0
Cyprus ...................................7.0
Czech Republic......................7.0
Denmark................................7.0
Estonia...................................7.0
Finland ...................................7.0
France....................................7.0
Germany................................7.0
Greece...................................7.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................7.0
Hungary .................................7.0
Iceland ...................................7.0
Ireland....................................7.0
Israel......................................7.0
Italy........................................7.0
Japan .....................................7.0
Kuwait ...................................7.0
Latvia .....................................7.0
Lithuania ................................7.0
Luxembourg ..........................7.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.0
Moldova.................................7.0
Mongolia................................7.0
Netherlands ...........................7.0
New Zealand .........................7.0
Norway ..................................7.0
Poland....................................7.0
Qatar......................................7.0
Romania ................................7.0
Slovak Republic .....................7.0
Slovenia .................................7.0
Spain......................................7.0
Sweden .................................7.0
Switzerland............................7.0
Taiwan, China ........................7.0
Ukraine ..................................7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
United States ........................7.0
Uruguay .................................7.0
Argentina ...............................6.8
Costa Rica .............................6.4
Venezuela ..............................6.4
Armenia .................................6.3
Azerbaijan ..............................6.3
Georgia ..................................6.3
Korea, Rep.............................6.3
Kyrgyz Republic.....................6.3
Morocco ................................6.3
Mexico...................................6.1
Albania...................................5.5
Australia.................................5.5
Bangladesh............................5.5
Barbados ...............................5.5
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
119
120
120
120
120
120
HARD DATA
Chile ......................................5.5
Egypt .....................................5.5
Jamaica .................................5.5
Jordan....................................5.5
Kazakhstan ............................5.5
Lesotho .................................5.5
Malta .....................................5.5
Mauritius ...............................5.5
Portugal .................................5.5
Singapore ..............................5.5
Tunisia ...................................5.5
Turkey....................................5.5
Tajikistan ................................5.2
Algeria ...................................5.0
Vietnam .................................4.8
Botswana ..............................4.8
Namibia .................................4.6
South Africa...........................4.2
El Salvador.............................4.0
Guatemala .............................4.0
Honduras ...............................4.0
Madagascar ...........................4.0
Nicaragua...............................4.0
Paraguay................................4.0
Zambia...................................4.0
Mauritania..............................3.9
China .....................................3.7
Panama..................................3.6
Sri Lanka................................3.5
Brazil......................................3.4
Nepal .....................................3.3
Suriname ...............................3.1
Colombia ...............................3.0
Ecuador .................................3.0
India.......................................2.9
Peru .......................................2.9
Indonesia ...............................2.7
Thailand .................................2.6
Angola ...................................2.5
Burundi ..................................2.5
Cambodia ..............................2.5
Ethiopia..................................2.5
Gambia ..................................2.5
Guyana ..................................2.5
Kenya.....................................2.5
Malawi...................................2.5
Malaysia ................................2.5
Mozambique..........................2.5
Nigeria ...................................2.5
Pakistan .................................2.5
Philippines .............................2.5
Tanzania .................................2.5
Uganda ..................................2.5
Zimbabwe..............................2.5
Bolivia ....................................1.6
Benin .....................................1.0
Burkina Faso..........................1.0
Cameroon..............................1.0
Chad ......................................1.0
Mali........................................1.0
SOURCE: World Economic Forum calculation based on World Health Organization International Travel and Health 2006
The data used in this Report represent the best available

estimates from various national authorities, international
agencies, and private sources at the time the Report was
prepared. It is possible that some data will have been
revised or updated by national sources after publication.
Throughout the statistical tables in this publication,
n/a denotes that the value is not available, or that
available data are unreasonably outdated or do not come
from a reliable source.
The following notes provide sources for the hard
datathat is, the indicators listed in the Data Tables that
do not come from the Executive Opinion Survey.
4.03
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 (published version)
4.04
Visa requirements
This index was constructed based on visitor visa requirements
of each country for visitors from a set of 10 countries from different continents and with a high degree of tourism travel,
namely Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. A value of 0 (100) on the index means that the country
requires a visa for visitors from all (none) of the countries mentioned above. The data were obtained from each countrys
respective embassy or consulate website.
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
1.05
Source: World Trade Organization
Pillar 4: Health and hygiene

4.02
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 (published version)
Pillar 5: Prioritization of Travel & Tourism

5.02
Physician density
Physician density per 1,000 population, 2004 or most recent
year available
This variable measures the number of physicians per 1,000 people in the country. The World Bank defines physicians as graduates of any faculty of medicine who are working in the country
in any medical field (practice, teaching, research).
Source: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics
2006, World Health Report 2006
T&T government expenditure

T&T government expenditure as a percentage of total
budget, 2005
This measure includes expenditures (transfers or subsidies)
made by government agencies to provide T&T services such as
cultural (e.g., art museums), recreational (e.g., national park),
clearance (e.g., immigration/ customs), and so on to visitors.

Index of openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements, 2005
This index measures the average openness of all bilateral Air
Service Agreements (ASAs) concluded by International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) signatories as registered in ICAOs
Worlds Air Services Agreements (WASA) database (2005
update), weighted by bilateral scheduled passenger traffic taking place under each ASA. Regulatory data come from ICAOs
WASA database (2005), and traffic data were obtained from
IATA.
Access to improved drinking water

Access to safe drinking water as a percentage of total
population
According to the World Bank, this variable refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate
amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or
spring, or rain-water collection. Unimproved sources include
vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs.
Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20
liters per person per day from a source within 1 kilometer of
the dwelling.
Pillar 1: Policy rules and regulations

1.04
Access to improved sanitation

Access to adequate sanitation facilities as a percentage of
total population
According to the World Bank, this variable refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta
disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal,
and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from
simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage
connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained.
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Tourism Satellite

Accounting Research 2006, available at www.wttc.org/tsa1.htm
5.04
T&T fair attendance

Index of country presence at 12 major T&T fairs, 200506
This index was constructed as follows: a country was given a 1
for each time it was represented at one of the 12 T&T fairs (listed below) that took place during the period August 2005July
2006. The score is the sum of all fairs at which the country was
represented. The fairs included were: ITB Berlin, Salon Mondial
du Tourisme (France), World Travel Market (London), Holiday
World Prague, International Trade Fair for Tourism (Russia),
Arabian Travel Market (Dubai), China International Travel Mart,
Japan Association of Travel Agents (JATA) World Travel Fair,
Travel and Tourism Fair (India), American Society of Travel
Agents Trade Show, Travel Mart Latin America, and the
International Tourism Fair of Latin America.
451
Pillar 6: Air transport infrastructure
Pillar 9: ICT infrastructure
6.02
9.02
Available seat kilometers

Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in
country (in millions), August 2005 and February 2006 average
This variable measures an airlines passenger-carrying capacity;
it is composed of the number of seats available on each flight
multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers. The resulting variable is an average of the total for all scheduled flights in a week
during August 2005 (summer schedule) and February 2006
(winter schedule).
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser
6.03
6.04
10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges

Index of relative cost of access (ticket taxes and airport
charges) to international air transport services, 2006
Airport density
Number of airports per million population, 2005
Number of operating airlines
Pillar 8: Tourism infrastructure

Hotel rooms
Number of hotel rooms per 100 population, 2004 or most
recent year available
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization; Economist
Intelligence Unit
Presence of major car rental companies

Index of presence of major car rental companies, 2006
This variable measures the presence of seven major car rental
companies: Avis, Budget, Europcar, Hertz, National Car Rental,
Sixt, and Thrifty. Car Fleet data were supplemented by World
Economic Forum research based on online sources.
Source: Car Fleet, No 29, JanMar 2005; World Economic
Forum
8.03
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World

Telecommunication Indicators 2005; national sources
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser
8.02
Telephone lines
Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants, 2004
Pillar 10: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
Number of airlines with scheduled flights originating in

country, August 2005 and February 2006 average
8.01
9.03
Departures per 1,000 population
452
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World

Telecommunication Indicators 2005; national sources
Number of aircraft departures per 1,000 population, 2005

Aircraft departures are the number of domestic and international take-offs of air carriers registered in the country. Source for
departures and population is the CIA World Factbook.
Runways of airports taken into account must be useable, but

may be unpaved. Not all airports may have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control. Source for underlying
data is the CIA World Factbook.
6.05
Internet users
Internet users per 100 population, 2004 or most recent year
available
ATMs accepting Visa cards

Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) accepting
Visa credit cards, per million population, 2006
This index measures the relative cost of access to international

air transport services based on the level of airport charges, passenger ticket taxes, and value-added taxation. It reflects the
costs associated with a narrow-body and a wide-body passenger plane arrival and departure at the major international airports
in each country. Charges include landing, terminal navigation,
passenger, and security charges as listed in the IATA Airport
and Air Navigation Charges manual. Ticket taxes applicable to
international travel were applied as described in the IATA List of
Ticket and Airport Taxes and Fees manual. Per-passenger
charges were calculated by applying a 75 percent load factor to
a typical seating configuration of each type of aircraft. Valueadded taxes (VATs) were calculated based on an average ticket
price for each country and applied to half of the departing passengers, as the VAT is normally charged only on itineraries originating in the country concerned. A higher score indicates a
lower level of charges and taxes.
Source: International Air Transport Association
10.02 Purchasing power parity

Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to
official exchange rate, 2005
The purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors for 2005
were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)s
World Economic Outlook (April 2006). The official exchange
rates for 2005 were obtained from the IMFs International
Financial Statistics Online and from the World Banks World
Developement Indicators 2006. The World Bank defines the
purchasing power parity conversion factor as the number of
units of a countrys currency required to buy the same amount
of goods and services in the domestic market as a US dollar
would buy in the United States. Official exchange rate refers to
the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the
rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is
calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages
(local currency units relative to the US dollar). The variable
shown is the result obtained by dividing the PPP conversion
factor by the official exchange rate.
Source: International Monetary Fund; World Bank, World
Development Indicators Online Database (August 2006)
Source: Visa International
10.04 Fuel price levels

Retail diesel fuel prices (US cents per liter), 2004
Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ) GmbH, International Fuel Prices 2005
Pillar 12: National tourism perception
11.01 Primary education enrollment

Gross primary education enrollment rate, 2004 or most
According to the World Bank, the gross primary enrollment rate
12.01 Tourism openness

Tourism expenditures and receipts as a percentage of GDP,
2004
is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the primary
education level. Primary education provides children with basic
reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics
11.02 Secondary education enrollment

Gross secondary education enrollment rate, 2004 or most
According to the World Bank, the gross secondary enrollment
rate is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the
population of the age group that officially corresponds to the
secondary education level. Secondary education completes the
provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and
aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human
development, by offering more subject- and skill-oriented
instruction using more specialized teachers.
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statics; World Bank, World
Development Indicators 2006 (published version); national
sources
11.08 HIV prevalence

HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 1549 years,
2003 or most recent year available
2006, World Health Report 2006; national sources
11.09 Malaria incidence

Malaria cases per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004 or most recent
year available
Source: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, World
Malaria Report 2005; WHO Regional Offices; UNFPA, State of
World Population 2005; World Bank, World Development
Indicators 2006 Online Database (August 2006); UNDP, Human
Development Report 2006; national sources
11.10 Tuberculosis incidence
Tuberculosis cases per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004
2006, World Health Report 2006, Global Report 2006; national
sources
11.11 Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth (years), 2004
Source: World Health Organization, World Health Report 2006;
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 Online
Database (August 2006); national sources
The ratio of the sum of international tourism expenditures and

receipts to GDP. International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other countries,
including payments to foreign carriers for international transport. International tourism receipts are expenditures of international inbound visitors in other countries, including payments to
foreign carriers for international transport.
Pillar 11: Human resources
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006

Online Database (August 2006)
Pillar 13: Natural and cultural resources

13.01 Number of World Heritage sites
Number of World Heritage sites in the country, July 2006
Source: UNESCO, World Heritage Centre
13.02 Carbon dioxide damage

Carbon dioxide damage as a percentage of GNI, 2004
Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 US dollars) times the number of
tons of carbon emitted.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006
Online Database (August 2006)
13.03 Nationally protected areas

Nationally protected areas as a percentage of total land
area, 2004
According to the World Bank, nationally protected areas are
totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that
are designated as scientific reserves with limited public access,
national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife
sanctuaries, and protected landscapes. Marine areas, unclassified areas, and litoral (intertidal) areas are not included. The data
also do not include sites protected under local or provincial law.
Total land area is used to calculate the percentage of total area
protected.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 (published version); national sources
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever

Average of the malaria risk index and yellow fever risk
index, 2006
Risk for both diseases is ranked on a 0-to-4 scale by the World
Health Organization, where 0 equals no risk and 4 equals high
risk. Malaria risk is calculated by multiplying the recommended
prevention level by the risk area (as a percentage of total land
area). Yellow fever risk is given as the recommended vaccination level against yellow fever. This variable represents the average risk of malaria and yellow fever in the country.
Source: World Economic Forum calculation based on World
Health Organization, International Travel and Health 2006.
453
About the Authors
About the Authors
Jennifer Blanke
Jennifer Blanke is Associate Principal and Senior
Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at
the World Economic Forum. She has written and lectured
extensively on issues related to national competitiveness.
Previously, from 1998 to 2001, she was Senior
Programme Manager responsible for developing the
Business, Management and Technology section of the
World Economic Forums Annual Meeting in Davos.
Before joining the Forum, Dr Blanke worked for a number
of years as a Management Consultant for Eurogroup,
Mazars Group in Paris, France, where she specialized in
banking and financial market organization. Blanke
obtained a Masters of International Affairs from Columbia
University and an MA and a PhD in International
Economics from the Graduate Institute of International
Studies (Geneva).
Thea Chiesa
Thea Chiesa is Associate Director and Head of Aviation,
Travel and Tourism at the World Economic Forum. She
has a background in business development and strategic
planning in the Aerospace/Telecom industry, having spent
nine years working with Telespazio both as part of
Telecom Italia and Finmeccanica. At the Forum she has
developed an expertise in the Travel & Tourism industry,
having headed the community for four years. Coupled
with her background in advanced communications systems, Ms Chiesa has developed a passion for the Travel
& Tourism industry, and she is currently working with key
government and industry leaders in developing strategies
and implementing innovative projects in the field of T&T
competitiveness and traveler information-sharing as well
as rebranding campaigns. Ms Chiesa has a BSc in
Management from Boston College and a Masters in
International Relations from Boston University. She is currently a World Economic Forum Global Leadership Fellow.
Brad Corrodi
Brad Corrodi is Managing Partner at Rosetta Marketing
Group, where he is responsible for Travel and Leisure
industries. Rosettas work in the travel industry has been
primarily in noncommodity sectors such as Tours,
Cruises and Hospitality, where its quantitatively derived
consumer segmentation and merchandising techniques
have demonstrated the greatest impact on marketing and
sales effectiveness. Mr Corrodi has been helping leading
travel companies anticipate and respond to the turbulent,
dynamic evolution of the industry for nearly 20 years.
Previously, during his 12 years as a strategy consultant
with Booz Allen Hamilton, he worked with leading airlines, GDSs, cruise lines, agencies, hospitality companies,
operators, and retailers on a wide range of commercial
issues. He also consulted to governments in Europe, the

Middle East, and Asia on aviation, airport, and tourism
policy. Mr Corrodis passion for the travel industry was
ignited when working for Trans World Airlines, where he
was part of the team that restructured and revitalized the
TWA Getaway Vacations brand, creating flexible-itinerary
packages with live scheduled flights to Florida and
Hawaii following the sharp decline in trans-Atlantic traffic
in 1986. Mr Corrodi earned his MBA with a concentration
in Marketing from the Wharton School of Business,
where he received a Deans Award of Excellence. He
earned his Bachelors degree in Electrical Engineering
from Yale University.
John Elkins
John Elkins is Executive Vice President of Visa
International, a post he has held since he joined the firm
in 2003. Mr Elkins oversees worldwide strategic brand
planning and research, formulates innovative global
strategic marketing partnerships and alliances, coordinates both internal and external corporate communications worldwide, and is responsible for managing Visas
global corporate reputation. Mr Elkins is an active participant in the global regulatory environment for payment
systems and has played a leading role in various regulatory effortsboth regional and country-specific. He has
coordinated Visa Internationals brand, marketing partnerships, sponsorship, and corporate relations groups to
drive business among Visas merchant community and
deepen cardholder loyalty. At the same time, Mr Elkins
has been instrumental in forming strategic partnerships
vital to Visas ongoing corporate reputation. These relationships include work with the United Nations to develop
microfinance activities in developing markets, as well as
the creation of a multi-year agreement with the
International Finance Corporation (World Bank) to help
educate and develop credit bureaus in more than 30
emerging markets. Prior to joining Visa International, Mr
Elkins was Founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive
Officer of FutureBrand, a leading global brand consulting
firm and a division of the Interpublic Group. He was
responsible for the worldwide management of the firm,
directing client accounts and growing the firm across 19
countries. From 1991 to 1999, Mr Elkins was Chief
Executive Officer of the Naisbitt Group, where he led the
worldwide expansion of the firm, specializing in future
strategy consulting and contributing to its many publications, including Megatrends, which was published in 32
countries and was the Number One bestseller in the
United States, Japan, and Germany. Mr Elkins has a BEd
from the University of Exeter, England, and an MSc from
the University of Oregon.
455
About the Authors
456
Maurice Flanagan
Maurice Flanagan is Executive Vice Chairman, Emirates
Airline & Group. Mr Flanagan Joined BOAC (the predecessor of British Airways) in 1953 as a trainee after commissioned service in the Royal Air Force as a navigator.
He worked in a variety of posts worldwide, and returned
to the United Kingdom in 1965 as a Route Planning
Manager. He became a member of British Airways senior management in 1974. In 1978, Mr Flanagan left British
Airways to become Managing Director of Dnata, of the
government of Dubai, and then of Emirates when the airline was launched in 1985. He was made CBE in the
Queens Birthday Honours List in 2000 in recognition of
his contribution to community relations in the United Arab
Emirates and for services to aviation. Flanagan holds a
Bachelor of Arts, is an Hon. Fellow of the Royal
Aeronautical Society, a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical
Society, and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of
Logistics & Transport.
Stephan Gross
Stephan Gross is a Senior Associate in Booz Allen
Hamiltons Munich office. Since joining the firm in 1999,
he has been particularly active in top management consulting for clients in the aviation and logistics industry
around the globe, especially on strategic assignments,
such as re-organization, operational improvement, and
turnaround projects. Dr Gross has worked particularly
with clients in Europe and the Middle East on regulatory
issues related to strategic transformation and privatization
projects to support the competitiveness of state-owned
incumbents in liberalized markets. Prior to joining Booz
Allen Hamilton, he worked for a New Zealand-based merchant bank as an analyst in the corporate finance division
with a focus on the Australasian infrastructure and utility
sector. There he was responsible for evaluating publicly
traded shares and was involved in due diligence work as
a basis for bids on Australian airport privatizations. Dr
Gross holds a BSc (Honors) from Northeastern University
in Boston, an MBA from the University of Reutlingen in
Germany, and a PhD from the University of Leipzig,
Germany, where he focused on the impact of vertical and
horizontal integration of publicly listed corporations.
Thierry Geiger
Thierry Geiger is an Economist with the Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
His responsibilities include construction and computation
of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various
projects and studies. His main areas of expertise are
econometrics and international trade. Mr Geiger holds a
BA in Economics from the University of Geneva with a
specialization in monetary and financial economics, and
an MA in Economics from the University of British
Columbia, in Vancouver. Prior to joining the Forum, he
completed several internships, notably at the World Trade
Organization, Caterpillar Inc., and leading banks. During
his studies, he was a Member of the Board of Junior
Entreprise Genve. He is also Co-founder of Procab
Studio S.A., an IT company based in Geneva.
John Kester
John Kester is Chief of the Market Intelligence &
Promotion Department at the World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO), where he has worked since 1999. He is
involved in the preparation of the yearly Tourism Market
Trends series of regional reports, and has contributed to
several occasional documents such as the report Tourism

Generating Markets: Overview and Country Profiles and
various reports prepared by UNWTO in the framework of
the Tourism Recovery Committee. He has also been in
charge of the final editing of the various volumes of the
UNWTOs long-term forecast study Tourism 2020 Vision.
Since its inception in 2003, he has been involved in the
development of the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, a
publication aimed at monitoring the short-term evolution
of tourism, issued three times a year. He also regularly
collaborates on the preparation of news releases, as well
as on the Facts & Figures section of the UNWTO website. Previously, Mr Kester worked in the UNWTO at the
Statistics, Economic Analysis and Market Research section. Before joining the UNWTO he worked for seven
years at Statistics Netherlands as a researcher in the field
of socio-cultural statistics. Mr Kester graduated in Social
Science with a specialization in research methodology
and data analysis from the University of Leiden (the
Netherlands).
Geoffrey Lipman
Geoffrey Lipman is Assistant Secretary-General of the
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). He is Chair of
Green Globe 21, the responsible/sustainable tourism
group, and of Green Global Village (GGV), its consultancy
arm. He is President of the International Council of
Tourism Partners (ICTP)a platform connecting socially
responsible tourism organizations and people, a Board
Member of the Armstrong Hospitality Group (Canada) and
Senior Tourism Research Fellow at George Washington
University in the United States. Mr Lipman was the first
President of the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC),
the global business leaders forum. Between 1990 and
1999, he shaped the WTTCs agenda during its growth
from 10 to 100 members and the positioning of Travel &
Tourism as the worlds largest industry, as well as its
Millennium Vision for open markets, elimination of barriers, and sustainable development. Prior to this he spent
20 years with the International Air Transport Association
(IATA) as Executive Director and Head of Government
Affairs. Mr Lipman has written and lectured around the
world on tourism strategy, sustainability, and airline liberalization, has co-authored books on opening up European
aviation and established a Think Tank on Free Trade in the
Air. He has been a member of two European Union High
Level Commissionson Airline Liberalization and on
Tourism Employmentas well as a member of the UK
Roundtable on Sustainable Development.
Samer Majali
Samer Majali has served as President and Chief
Executive Officer of Royal Jordanian Airlines since 2001
and was appointed Vice-Chairman in 2003. Mr Majalis
career at Royal Jordanian, spanning over 25 years, has
seen him heading a broad spectrum of departments
including Corporate and Fleet Planning, Information
Systems, Operations Control, and Airport Services. He
has returned Royal Jordanian to profitability, and the airline was recently the first in the Middle East to be invited
to membership of one of the three global airline alliances.
Mr Majali is a member of the Jordanian National Council
for Tourism and sits on the Board of Trustees of the
Jordan River Foundation and on the Board of the King
Hussein Cancer Foundation. Mr Majali has served as
Richard R. Miller
Richard R. Miller is Executive Vice President at the World
Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). From its inception in
1991, he has played a principal role in shaping and directing the organization, policy agenda, research program,
communications, and membership services for the
WTTC. Mr Miller currently directs the Travel & Tourism
Satellite Accounting Research Program, a research partnership with Oxford Economic Forecasting (OEF) to operationalize and implement the new international standard
for Travel & Tourism economics. This effort is designed to
help countries fulfill the United Nations call for Travel &
Tourism Satellite Accounting and provide both the public
and private sectors with vital economic information for
intelligent policy and business decisions. In his 17 years
with the WTTC, Mr Miller has traveled worldwide speaking on the topic of Travel & Tourism economics. He has
produced more than one hundred research reports
focused on the economics of Travel & Tourism. Prior to
joining the WTTC, Mr Miller served as management consultant with Deloitte & Touche in New York. As a member
of the firms Travel & Leisure Industry practice, Mr Miller
directed a number of Travel & Tourism consulting projects, including the Strategic Plan for Tourism for the State
of Hawaii, the feasibility study for Chicagos new
Cominski Park, a strategic industry assessment for computer-maker Unisys, and a competitive analysis of JFK
Airport. Mr Miller has a Masters degree in Business
Administration from Southern Methodist University in
Dallas and a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics
from the University of Oklahoma.
Marilyn Carlson Nelson
Marilyn Carlson Nelson is Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer of Carlson. Forbes magazine has regularly selected Ms Nelson as one of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful
Women. She is on the World Economic Forums
International Business Council, and in 2004 she cochaired the Forums Annual Meeting in Davos,
Switzerland. She recently completed a presidential
appointment as Chair of the National Womens Business
Council, an advisory council to the President and
Congress of the United States, and is currently Vice Chair
of the U.S. Travel and Tourism Advisory Board. She
recently received the National Business Travel
Associations highest honorthe Icon Awardfor a
career of leadership in the business travel industry. In
October 2006, H.E. Jean-David Levitte, French
Ambassador to the United States, presented Ms Nelson
with a French national honor created by Napoleon
Bonaparte: Chevalier (Knight) in the French Lgion
dHonneur. Ms Nelson was also named one of
Americas Best Leaders by U.S. News and World
Report. She is a past national chair of the Travel Industry
Association of America, has served as a delegate to the
White House Conference on Tourism, and was on the
Board of the U.S. National Tourism Organization. She is
currently on the Singapore Tourism Board. Outside her
industry Ms Nelson serves on the boards of Exxon Mobil
Corporation, the Mayo Clinic Foundation, and the
Committee to Encourage Corporate Philanthropy.
Brian Pearce
Brian Pearce is Chief Economist of International Air
Transport Association (IATA). An economist with over 20
years of international experience in several industries, he
was formerly Head of Global Economic Research at UBS
Warburg and Chief Economist at Ernst & Young. Prior to
joining IATA, Mr Pearce was involved in the UK Air
Transport White Paper and in the discussion and design
of policies to influence aviations impact on the environment. He also advised on the financial sectors role in promoting good corporate governance and responsibility, and
directed the initiative launched by the UK Prime Minister
at the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
Before that he was Head of Global Economic Research at
the investment bank SBC Warburg (now UBS), in Tokyo
and then London. During this time he published extensively on international financial and economic issues and
advised private and public sector clients in over 20 countries. As Chief Economist at Ernst & Youngs economic
forecasting consultancy, the ITEM Club, he worked with
the UK Treasurys and other econometric models to analyze public policy and forecast global economic prospects.
He was frequently called on by television, radio and the
press to comment on government economic policy.
Jrgen Ringbeck
Jrgen Ringbeck is a Senior Partner, Senior Vice
President, and a Member of the Board of Directors of
Booz Allen Hamilton based in Dsseldorf. He heads the
Global Commercial Transportation Practice, the group that
includes all Booz Allen Hamiltons consulting activities in
the transportation industries, such as airlines, tourism
operators, postal and logistics companies, and railways.
Before becoming Partner of Booz Allen Hamilton, Dr
Ringbeck was Partner of McKinsey & Company, where
he was Co-leader of the Transportation Group. In total he
has more than 18 years in top-level management consulting. Dr Ringbeck holds a Diploma in Mathematics from
the University of Mnster and a PhD in Economics from
the University of Osnabrck. Before starting his career as
a Management Consultant, he worked as a University
Assistant and Guest Professor at the University of
Toronto. Dr Ringbeck is author of several business books
(including the US business bestseller Do IT Smart) and
numerous publications in business strategy and IT management. He has also received several awards for his
work from major institutions, including the Marketing
Science Institute (Cambridge USA).
Geoffrey Weston
Geoffrey Weston currently holds the post of Vice
President Cargo at Royal Jordanian Airlines. He joined the
airline in 2004 as Head of Planning and Network
Development. Prior to his work at Royal Jordanian, Mr
Weston spent over 10 years as a strategy consultant and
interim manager. He worked for many years at Bain &
Company in their Latin American practice, based in
Mexico City. Mr Weston holds a degree from Oxford
University.
About the Authors
President of the Arab Air Carriers Organization and is currently a Member of the IATA Board of Governors. He is a
Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and holds an
MSc in Air Transport Management from Cranfield.
457
Acknowledgments
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the following organizations
for their invaluable support of this Report.
Bombardiers mission is to be the worlds leading manufacturer of planes and trains.

Bombardier is committed to providing superior value and service to its customers and sustained profitability to its shareholders by investing in its people and products.
Bombardier leads through innovation and outstanding product safety, efficiency, and performance. Its standards are high. Bombardier defines excellenceand it delivers.
Bombardier Inc. is a global corporation headquartered in Canada. Revenues for the fiscal
year ended January 31, 2006, were US$14.7 billion; shares are traded on the Toronto stock
exchange (BBD).
Booz Allen Hamilton has been at the forefront of management consulting for businesses and
governments for more than 90 years. Providing consulting services in strategy, operations,
organization and change and information technology, Booz Allen is the one firm that helps clients
solve their toughest problems, working by their side to help them achieve their missions.
Booz Allen is committed to delivering results that endure.
With more than 18,000 employees on six continents, the firm generates annual sales of
over US$3.7 billion. Booz Allen has been recognized as a consultant and employer of choice.
In 2005 and in 2006, Fortune magazine named Booz Allen one of The 100 Best Companies to
Work For, and for the past eight years, Working Mother magazine has ranked the firm among
its 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers.
To learn more about the firm, visit Booz Allens web site at www.boozallen.com. To learn
more about the best ideas in business, visit www.strategy-business.com, the web site for
strategy+business, a quarterly journal sponsored by Booz Allen.
Carlson is a global leader in the hotel, restaurant, business and leisure travel, and marketing
industries.
Among the names in the Carlson family of brands and services are: Regent International
Hotels, Radisson Hotels & Resorts, Park Plaza Hotels & Resorts, Country Inn & Suites By
Carlson, Park Inn hotels, Regent Seven Seas Cruises, T.G.I. Fridays and Pick Up Stix
restaurants, Carlson Wagonlit Travel, Cruise Holidays, All Aboard Travel, Cruise Specialists,
Fly4less.com, Cruise Deals.com, Results Travel, Carlson Destination Marketing Services, Carlson
Leisure Travel Services, SeaMaster Cruises, SinglesCruise.com, CW Government Travel,
Carlson Marketing, Peppers & Rogers Group, and Gold Points Reward Network.
Based in Minneapolis, Carlsons brands and services employ about 190,000 people in more
than 150 countries.
Visit our website at www.carlson.com.
Emirates Airline & Group operates 101 wide-bodied aircraft (including 9 freighters) to 87 international destinations. The fleet will expand to over 150 aircraft by 2012, and will include 43
A380sthe largest order for this aircraft placed by any airline. Although owned by the government of Dubai, Emirates receives no subsidy of any kind and no protection against competition
in its home market.
As well as Emirates and Dnata, the Group includes the tour operator Emirates Holidays; the
Dubai destination management company Arabian Adventures; the conservation-based Emirates
Al Maha Desert Resort; and Mercator, an air transport and travel software business. Dnatas original airport handling and travel agency businesses continue to flourish. The Group, which has
26,900 staff, has a 43.6 percent equity stake in Sri Lankan Airlines, with a management contract.
Dnata is the largest and most influential non-airline travel business in the Middle East and
West Asia region, providing all ramp, cargo, and passenger handling at Dubai International
Airport; ground handling operations in Singapore; and joint ventures at airports in Pakistan, Iran,
Sudan, and the Philippines. Dnata also has a travel agency division supplying wholesale and retail
travel products and travel-related computer services.
459
Acknowledgments
The International Air Transport Association (IATA), founded in April 1945, is the prime vehicle for
inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure, and economical air services. Today
IATA represents 250 airlines comprising 94 percent of international scheduled air traffic.
Qatar Airways is one of the worlds fastest-growing airlines, achieving unprecedented growth
averaging 35 percent year on year.
It relaunched in 1997 under the guidance and vision of His Highness Sheikh Hamad Bin
Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar, whose mandate was clearto create a premium quality airline that
would excel in service and set industry standards, which others could only admire with envy.
Qatar Airways excels in leadership and innovationit was the first in the world to pass
the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Operational Safety Audit with a maximum
100 percent compliance in 2003.
Ten years on, under the leadership of Chief Executive Officer Akbar Al Baker, Qatar Airways
has developed into an award-winning business, achieving a Five Star ranking for superior levels
of service both in the air and on the ground.
Today, Qatar Airways operates more than 70 scheduled routes worldwide with a modern
fleet of more than 50 all-Airbus aircraft.
460
Royal Jordanian Airlines was established in 1963 upon the initiative of his late Majesty King
Hussein, and has been flying continuously ever since. With a fleet of 25 aircraft, Royal Jordanian
flies to over 50 destinations, serving the widest network of international airports in the Middle
East and Arab World of any airline. Based in Amman, the airline also serves Europe, Asia, and
the United States. With three destinations in the United States, Royal Jordanian also has the
most extensive coverage of the United States of any Middle Eastern airline. It was the first airline in the Middle East invited to join one of the three global airline alliances, and will become
part of oneworld in early 2007.
Restructured over the past few years, Royal Jordanian operates as a public shareholding
company with no support (direct or indirect) from the Jordanian government. It is on track for
privatization of the core business in 2007, with most of the auxiliary businesses already spun
off successfully. Royal Jordanian has generated a net profit since 2004. Its recent strategy has
created a strong regional network, which supports His Majesty King Abdullahs vision of Amman
positioning itself as a regional hub.
Silversea is a cruise company reflecting generations of maritime and travel experience. In the
early 1990s, the Lefebvre family of Rome, former owners of Sitmar Cruises, conceived and
organized a unique cruise company pledging to build and operate the highest-quality ships in the
ultra-luxury segment.
Silversea launched its first ship, Silver Cloud, in 1994, followed by Silver Wind in 1995, Silver
Shadow in 2000, and the newest ship, Silver Whisper in 2001. The fleet was purpose-built for
the ultra-luxury market, establishing a new class of smaller, intimate vessels that could slip into
more exotic ports off the beaten path. These elite vessels were specifically designed for fewer
guests, more space, and the highest levels of personalized service, delivered by Italian officers
and European staff.
Taking the company into the future is Albert Peter, Silverseas Chief Executive Officer. Since
taking the leadership reins in June 2001, Mr. Peter has steered the company to a steady course
of high customer satisfaction, financial stability, and new product innovation.
Swiss International Air Lines is Switzerlands national airline, serving 69 destinations around the
world from its Zurich hub and from Basel and Geneva international airports. Operating a fleet of
69 aircraft, SWISS is a key player within the Lufthansa Group and the global Star Alliance.
SWISS will remain true to its mission of providing quality air services that link Switzerland with
Europe and the world.
People who fly with SWISS should always feel at home. And, with its core values of
personal care, Swiss hospitality, and quality down to the finest detail, SWISS will
continue to maintain its high market profile as Switzerlands national airline, committed at all
times to providing first-class service on board and on the ground.
Acknowledgments
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations in the
field of tourism and the leading international organization for the sector. The UNWTO serves as a
global forum for tourism policy issues and practical source of tourism know-how.
In the year 2006, UNWTO celebrated a twofold anniversary: 60 years of international work
in favor of tourism, travel, and development, and its 30th anniversary in Spain. The organization
plays a central role within the UN System in promoting the development of responsible,
sustainable, and universally accessible tourism within the framework of the Millennium
Development Goals.
The UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism,
with a view to ensuring that member countries, tourist destinations, and businesses maximize
the positive economic, social, and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while
minimizing its negative social and environmental impacts.
In 2007, the UNWTOs membership is comprised of 150 countries, 7 territories, and more
than 300 Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism
associations, local tourism authorities, and civil society.
Visa is a private, membership association jointly owned by more than 20,000 member financial
institutions around the world. The organization is dedicated to connecting those members, their
cardholders, and their merchant clients through the worlds largest electronic payments network.
Visa products allow buyers and sellers to conduct commerce with ease and confidence in
both the physical and virtual worlds. And, with 1.46 billion cards in circulation that generate more
than US$4.3 trillion in global sales, as well as unsurpassed acceptance in more than 170 countries
and more than 24 million locations worldwide, the reach and popularity of Visa-branded cards is
nearly universal.
Visa is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and has six regions and a corporate
headquarters. For more information, visit www.corporate.visa.com.
461
The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is the global business leaders forum for Travel &
Tourism. Its Members are the Chairmen and Chief Executives of 100 of the worlds foremost
organizations, representing all regions of the world and all sectors of the industry.
Travel & Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries, employing approximately 230
million people and generating over 10 percent of world GDP. As the voice of the global private
sector, WTTC works together with governments to raise awareness of the economic and social
importance of our industry across the world. WTTCs extensive economic researchTourism
Satellite Accountingprovides public and private sector decision makers with estimates and
forecasts for the direct and indirect impacts of Travel & Tourism activity. The research identifies
Travel & Tourisms contribution to capital investment, exports, gross domestic product, and jobs
for more than 174 countries across the world.
Mexico
Key indicators
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................41,975...................5.2...................3.4

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,566...................6.0...................2.3

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................118,361.................14.7...................5.0
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................4,988.................19.1...................4.6

25,000
270

(thousands)
20,000
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Rank
(out of 124)
2007 Index......................................................................................................49
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.5

5.1
4.3
3.5
5.0
4.7
3.6

3.9
3.6
3.6
2.7
4.2
5.0
Human resources ................................................................................................50

5.2
4.8
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.2
1

Rank/124

1.04
1.05
1.01
1.03

Rank/124

1.02 Property rights....................................................................60
Mexico
Health and hygiene

Safety and security


5.04
5.03
5.02
5.01
Health and hygiene




6.02
6.05
6.04
6.06

Airport density ....................................................................34


8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................47

10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................30
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................64
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................56
Human resources
11.01
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.10

Life expectancy ..................................................................45



Human resources
11.03
11.02
11.06
11.08
11.07

HIV prevalence ...................................................................62


271
Mexico
Key indicators
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
T&T Industry, 2007 estimates
GDP (US$ millions) ...........................................................43,919...................4.9...................3.8

Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................1,278...................4.7...................1.9

GDP (US$ millions) .........................................................128,565.................14.3...................4.8
Employment (1,000 jobs)....................................................4,148.................15.1...................2.8
International tourist arrivals (thousands), 2006.................21,353

25,000
252
20,000

(thousands)
15,000

(US$ millions)
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

Rank
(out of 130)
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................55
4.2
4.3

Environmental sustainability .............................................................................85
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism .....................................................................31
4.6
4.2
3.6
4.2
4.9
3.6

Price competitiveness in the T&T industry.....................................................83
3.8
3.3
4.0
2.7
4.4
4.6
Human resources ................................................................................................52

Affinity for Travel & Tourism ..............................................................................86
Natural resources ...............................................................................................25
Cultural resources...............................................................................................25
5.0
4.7
5.4
4.6
4.4
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail

INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
1st pillar: Policy rules and regulations

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................32 ...

Property rights..............................................................77 ...
Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................46 ...
Visa requirements* ......................................................76 ...
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements* ..........21 ...
Transparency of government policymaking..................76 ...
Time required to start a business*...............................62 ...
Cost to start a business* .............................................63 ...
2nd pillar: Environmental sustainability

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
Stringency of environmental regulation .......................54 ...

Enforcement of environmental regulation....................64 ...
Sustainability of T&T industry development.................48 ...
Carbon dioxide emissions* ..........................................67 ...
Particulate matter concentration* ................................57 ...
Threatened species* .................................................126 ...
Environmental treaty ratification*.................................45 ...
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
Business costs of terrorism .........................................53 ...

Reliability of police services .......................................118 ...
Business costs of crime and violence........................119 ...
Road traffic accidents*...............................................112 ...
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
Physician density*........................................................65 ...

Access to improved sanitation* ...................................70 ...
Access to improved drinking water*............................45 ...
Hospital beds*..............................................................97 ...
8th pillar: Tourism infrastructure
9th pillar: ICT infrastructure

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
Extent of business Internet use ...................................65 ...

Internet users* .............................................................65 ...
Telephone lines*...........................................................66 ...
Broadband Internet subscribers* .................................52 ...
Mobile telephone subscribers* ....................................76 ...
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
Ticket taxes and airport charges*...............................124 ...

Purchasing power parity*.............................................88 ...
Extent and effect of taxation........................................80 ...
Fuel price levels* .........................................................21 ...
Hotel price index* ........................................................67 ...
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
Primary education enrollment* ....................................23 ...

2ndary education enrollment*......................................80 ...
Quality of the educational system................................92 ...
Local availability of research and training services.......52 ...
Extent of staff training..................................................65 ...
Hiring and firing practices.............................................75 ...
Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................66 ...
HIV prevalence* ...........................................................63 ...
Business impact of HIV/AIDS.......................................57 ...
Life expectancy* ..........................................................40 ...
10th pillar: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
11th pillar: Human resources
5th pillar: Prioritization of Travel & Tourism

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
RANK/130
8.01 Hotel rooms*................................................................48 ...

8.02 Presence of major car rental companies*....................33 ...
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards* ........................................50 ...
3rd pillar: Safety and security
4th pillar: Health and hygiene
Competitive Advantage Competitive Disadvantage
12th pillar: Affinity for Travel & Tourism
Government prioritization of the T&T industry.............38 ...

T&T government expenditure* ....................................37 ...
Effectiveness of marketing and branding.....................30 ...
T&T fair attendance* ....................................................32 ...
12.01 Tourism openness* ....................................................100 ...

12.02 Attitude of population toward foreign visitors..............40 ...
12.03 Extension of business trips recommended .................71 ...
6th pillar: Air transport infrastructure
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
13th pillar: Natural resources

6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................60 ...

Available seat kilometers*............................................18 ...
Departures per 1,000 population*................................57 ...
Airport density* ............................................................75 ...
Number of operating airlines*......................................29 ...
International air transport network ...............................40 ...
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
Quality of roads ............................................................59 ...

Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................72 ...
Quality of port infrastructure ........................................91 ...
Quality of domestic transport network ........................61 ...
Road density*...............................................................73 ...
7th pillar: Ground transport infrastructure
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
Mexico
Number of World Heritage natural sites* ....................15 ...

Nationally protected areas*..........................................67 ...
Quality of the natural environment.............................122 ...
Total known species*.....................................................8 ...
14th pillar: Cultural resources

14.01 Number of World Heritage cultural sites* .....................6 ...
14.02 Sports stadiums* .........................................................78 ...
14.03 Number of international fairs and exhibitions* ............26 ...
253
Mxico en el mundo a travs de la

Competitividad en el Turismo
Rodolfo Elizondo Torres *
Revista Entorno, Octubre 2003
Disponible en
www.coparmex.org.mx/
La Participacin de Mxico en
la industria turstica mundial y su
comprensin como un fenmeno econmico y social.
El inters por el turismo aumenta da a da en el mundo, como resultado

de su creciente importancia econmica y social.
Desde una perspectiva global, organismos como la ONU, la Organizacin
Mundial del Turismo y la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio, aplican
grandes esfuerzos y acciones, para promover en la cultura de negocios
el concepto de que la industria turstica crea grandes oportunidades
para el desarrollo y, adems, est ligada al sector exportador que en el
caso de los pases en desarrollo significa divisas y empleos y
oportunidades de progreso.
A pesar del crtico contexto internacional, los resultados de la actividad
en Mxico tienen una perspectiva alentadora y se estn reforzando con
estrategias para reactivar el mercado interno, captar ms ahorro
externo y consolidar y crear ms empleos.
A la par del la expansin de la globalizacin de la economa, se ha
disparado la capacidad para movilizar personas sin importar
prcticamente su origen o destino. Las perspectivas de crecimiento del
turismo mundial son alentadoras, pues se estima que en el ao 2010 se
superar la cifra de mil millones de turistas internacionales, y mil
seiscientos millones viajarn en el 2020.
Por ello, el Gobierno de la Repblica trabaja para que el turismo sea
considerado como una actividad prioritaria y estratgica del Estado
mexicano, considerando su vocacin natural para generar empleos
permanentes, atraer inversiones y actuar como una palanca de
desarrollo social y regional.
1
La Organizacin Mundial de Turismo lo define como las actividades de

las personas que viajan y permanecen en lugares fuera de su ambiente
habitual, por un perodo no mayor de un ao para esparcimiento,
negocios y otros propsitos.
As, el turismo se puede mirar como un mercado donde existen una
demanda y una oferta.
La demanda es igual al flujo de visitantes procedentes del extranjero y
de nacionales que viajan a un destino especfico, en donde necesitarn
de una infraestructura funcional y de un sin nmero de servicios.
La oferta es todo el producto turstico del pas: el conjunto de bienes y
servicios que se ofrecen al menudeo, en una amplia gama de
combinaciones, segn las necesidades y deseos del consumidor llamado
turista.
Hay un mercado de alcance global que seguir creciendo de manera
impresionante, y los pases en desarrollo deben ver ah una oportunidad.
En particular, el impulso de las exportaciones es clave para obtener las
divisas necesarias para impulsar el desarrollo social y regional.
El turismo moderno se rige por una demanda creciente de servicios de
mejor calidad, que busca experiencias nicas y autnticas.
Para cubrir estas nuevas necesidades, la oferta se especializa mediante
nuevos segmentos de mercado que agregan un valor a los destinos
tradicionales de sol y playa, como son el turismo cultural, cinegtico,
nutico, ecoturismo y de negocios.
Los beneficios que recibe la sociedad local se miden por la cantidad,
ndole y calidad de los bienes y servicios de consumo a disposicin de
sus habitantes, as como de su atractivo para los visitantes
internacionales. En Mxico, dicho consumo, ligado al turismo interno,
representa casi el 10 por ciento del PIB, cantidad importante.
En cuanto a las divisas, el turismo aporta ms de ocho mil millones de
dlares y gozamos de un supervit por casi tres mil millones. Pero
deseamos aportar an mucho ms, y ayudar al resto de la economa
mexicana a cubrir la brecha entre importaciones y exportaciones.
Aunque el turismo mundial ha crecido aceleradamente, la actividad
turstica no se origina en, ni beneficia a todos los pases por igual.
2
Los diez principales destinos reciben el 51% del flujo de turistas

internacionales, entre los que Mxico ocupa el noveno lugar, y seis de
estos destinos son naciones europeas.
En ingresos, los diez principales receptores captan el 55% del gasto
total mundial. Estados Unidos, Espaa y Francia ocupan los primeros
lugares; Mxico ocupa el catorce.
Este sector contribuye en Mxico con el 8.3% del PIB, genera 1.88
millones de empleos directos, el 6% del personal ocupado en el mbito
nacional, con ingresos superiores en 30% a la media nacional. Segn
estimaciones, el turismo contribuy con casi cinco mil millones de
dlares de ingresos tributarios.
Participan casi 30 mil empresas en la industria turstica en Mxico, con
una inversin total acumulada de 35 mil millones de dlares. Como
pocos pases en el mundo, Mxico tiene ya el Sistema de la Cuenta
Satlite del Turismo que administra el Instituto Nacional de Estadstica
(INEGI), para una mejor comprensin del fenmeno econmico y social
que es el turismo, as como para conformar un mejor sistema de
planeacin estratgica.
Estamos concientes de nuestros xitos, y que la demanda se ha
concentrado en la Ciudad de Mxico, Cancn, Los Cabos, Puerto
Vallarta, Acapulco, Mrida, Mazatln, Cozumel, Ixtapa y Tijuana. Pero
estamos buscando que muchos destinos ms, en los segmentos con
mayor potencial en el futuro, sean ampliamente conocidos.
Sabemos, por ejemplo, que la competitividad integral implica adems de
la calidad de los productos y servicios el incorporar criterios de
sustentabilidad y productividad empresarial.
En este sentido, la enorme biodiversidad del pas, nuestro vasto y
milenario patrimonio cultural, as como la muy conocida hospitalidad de
la poblacin mexicana nos colocan en la oportunidad de proyectar
exitosamente a todo el orbe nuestras exportaciones por la actividad
turstica.
Para consolidar su competitividad, pases como Mxico deben seguir
varias lneas estratgicas:
Mejorar la calidad en los servicios.
3
Promover un desarrollo turstico sustentable, con una visin de largo

plazo en la utilizacin del medio ambiente y, un tema en el que Mxico
es lder en el mundo, la incorporacin de las comunidades locales en los
proyectos y los beneficios que generan.
Lograr una rentabilidad que estimule la inversin en el sector.
Incrementar la capacidad competitiva de la industria al consolidar y
diversificar los productos y destinos.
En un ambiente cada vez ms competido en busca de mercados
especializados, los pases lderes en el desarrollo turstico invierten y
consolidan altos presupuestos promocionales, con la participacin
gubernamental y de la iniciativa privada.
En este sentido, se debe reflexionar sobre cmo integrar en forma ms
eficaz la actividad turstica en la red comercial de exportacin, como un
instrumento ligero en ataduras reglamentarias, con el apoyo de las ms
importantes instituciones financieras que impulsan el crecimiento de
modernas empresas rentables.
Mxico no puede estar a la zaga en la competencia internacional. Por
ello, se ha reestructurado el Consejo de Promocin Turstica de Mxico
para que sea dinmico y eficiente, y que proyecte al pas a una nueva
etapa de mayor xito y crecimiento. Tambin, se est consolidando la
participacin del Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo (Fonatur), como
brazo financiero del sector.
Los pases en desarrollo tienen a la mano al turismo como un
instrumento flexible, adaptable y que puede ser muy generoso para
abatir los ndices de desigualdad econmica y social, y de combate a la
pobreza.
La diversificacin de productos y servicios ha dado enormes beneficios
en la regin latinoamericana y del Caribe, con un incremento
significativo de viajeros en esta zona del mundo.
Ante ello, nuestra Visin a travs del turismo es que para el ao 2025,
el turismo ser reconocido como actividad prioritaria, y Mxico ser un
pas lder en la actividad turstica, ya que habr diversificado sus
destinos. Sus empresas tursticas sern ms competitivas en los mbitos
nacional e internacional. El turismo ser pieza clave en el desarrollo
econmico y regional y su crecimiento se habr dado con respeto a los
4
entornos natural, cultural y social; conduciendo al fortalecimiento de la

identidad nacional.
Asimismo, nuestra Misin es conducir el desarrollo turstico del pas,
mediante las actividades de planeacin, desarrollo de la oferta, apoyo a
la operacin de los servicios tursticos y de promocin, articulando las
acciones concurrentes de diferentes instancias y niveles de gobierno.
En suma, nuestro objetivo general es fortalecer la capacidad competitiva
del sector, en un marco de sustentabilidad, consolidando los esfuerzos
hacia un aprovechamiento integral del potencial turstico del pas. En un
mercado tan competido, la ineficacia repercutir en la sustitucin
inmediata del destino por parte del viajero potencial.
Por eso es que la tarea conjunta de empresarios, legisladores,
servidores pblicos y trabajadores, es insustituible para que el turismo
se fortalezca como palanca de desarrollo de la economa nacional.
*Rodolfo Elizondo Torres

Actual Secretario de Turismo. Anteriormente se haba desempeado
como Coordinador General de Comunicacin Social de la Presidencia de
la Repblica y coordinador de la Oficina Presidencial para la Alianza
Ciudadana. Militante del Partido Accin Nacional (PAN) desde 1983
cuando gan la Presidencia Municipal de Durango; ha sido Diputado
Federal en dos ocasiones y Senador de la Repblica.
Licenciado en Administracin de Empresas, por el Instituto Tecnolgico y
de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey quien en 1992 encabez la primera
coalicin por la gubernatura de un Estado, al ser apoyado por el PAN y
el PRD en la candidatura por el Gobierno de Durango. Dentro de las filas
de Accin Nacional Rodolfo Elizondo ha sido: secretario de Relaciones
Internacionales, miembro del Comit Ejecutivo Nacional durante cuatro
trienios y presidente del Comit Directivo Estatal de Durango. Es
consejero nacional y contendi en 1993 por la presidencia del partido.
5
ACCIONES PARA EL FORTALECIMIENTO DEL TURISMO EN MXICO
Acciones para el fortalecimiento

del turismo en Mxico
Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica/ Comit de Competitividad, Situacin de la competitividad en Mxico,
Cmara de Diputados, Mxico, 2007, pp. 325-351.
Panorama general
El turismo hoy en da es una de las actividades econmicas que posee el mayor crecimiento en el mundo. De igual forma, es la actividad que tiene una
inuencia decisiva en el crecimiento econmico y desarrollo de un pas, pues
impacta el desarrollo urbano y medioambiental de muchas zonas, tanto locales
como nacionales.
Este tipo de caractersticas coloca a las actividades relacionadas con las
distintas prcticas tursticas y los servicios en una situacin de auge econmico, en virtud de que para muchos pases o regiones se convierte en una de las
principales actividades econmicas, por lo que durante la segunda mitad del
siglo pasado hasta la actualidad, este sector se ha convertido en un fenmeno
econmico, social y ambiental destacable.1
Las Naciones Unidas, a travs de su Organizacin Mundial del Turismo
(OMT), conrma las ideas antes mencionadas, pues lo considera un sector de
servicios que impulsa ampliamente una gran parte del sector productivo, y por
otro lado, es un enorme generador de divisas. El turismo representa hoy en
da un elemento de vital importancia para los pases en vas de desarrollo, pues
segn la OMT, el turismo internacional fue capaz de exportar casi 2 mil millones
de dlares cada da.2
1
Secretara de Turismo (Sectur) 2007-2012, Programa Sectorial de Turismo, 2007-2012,

en: http://www.sectur.gob.mx/oic/PST2007-2012.pdf
2
Organizacin Mundial de Turismo, Naciones Unidas, Turismo en Iberoamrica, panorama actual edicin 2006, p. 3.
325
SITUACIN DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN MXICO
La demanda del turismo depende fuertemente de las condiciones econmicas en los grandes mercados generadores. Cuando las economas crecen,
los niveles en el ingreso disponible usualmente tambin aumentan y, de forma
relativa, una parte de este ingreso ser gastado en turismo, en particular para el
caso de las economas emergentes. Por el otro lado, en una situacin de poco
o bajo crecimiento econmico, por lo comn resultar en una reduccin del
gasto en turismo.
De manera general, y como se puede observar en la Grca 1, el crecimiento de llegadas del turismo internacional sobrepasa signicativamente el
resultado del crecimiento econmico como medida del producto interno bruto (PIB). En aquellos aos cuando el crecimiento econmico mundial estuvo
por encima del 4%, el crecimiento en volumen del turismo tendi a ser mayor
y, por otro lado, cuando el PIB cay por debajo del 2 %, el crecimiento del turismo tendi a ser menor. Cuando el PIB registr un crecimiento del 3.5%, el
turismo creci en promedio 1.3 veces ms rpido que el PIB. Para el periodo
comprendido desde 1975-2000, el turismo aument a una tasa promedio del
4.6% anual.
Sin embargo no todo ha sido bonanza para el sector turstico, por lo que
ha tenido que sortear todo tipo de factores externos que lo impactan directa-
Grca 1
326
mente, como el terrorismo, los desastres naturales, el aumento de los precios

del petrleo, las incertidumbres polticas y el desenvolvimiento de la economa
mundial; aun as el sector turstico creci de forma continua en los ltimos
cinco aos.
Dentro del panorama internacional, durante muchas dcadas los mayores
y principales receptores del turismo fueron Francia y Espaa, seguidos por
Estados Unidos y recientemente China. En un segundo bloque de importancia y recepcin de turismo mundial se ubican Italia, Gran Bretaa, Mxico
y Alemania, por lo que nuestro pas se destaca por ser, al igual que China y
Turqua, uno de los pases en desarrollo que se encuentra en la lista de los 10
primeros pases con mayor arribo de turistas del mundo.3 En los ltimos 12
aos Mxico se ha movido, con altas y bajas, en la franja de los 20 millones
de turistas internacionales al ao y se realizan ms de 140 millones de viajes
tursticos domsticos.4
De continuar con la tendencia actual mundial, para el ao 2017 el Consejo
Mundial de Viajes y Turismo (WTTC, por sus siglas en ingls) estima que la
participacin del PIB turstico respecto al PIB global mundial ser de 10.9% y
cubrir 8.3% del empleo global.
Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012: Turismo (extractos)5

El sector turismo tiene varias caractersticas que lo convierten en una prioridad nacional dada su importancia como factor de desarrollo y motor de
crecimiento. Destacan, en primer lugar, su elevada productividad y empleo
bien remunerado y, en segundo, que en muchas ocasiones se desenvuelve en
regiones de menor desarrollo econmico. Cabe notar que la riqueza cultural
y natural de Mxico implica que existen amplias oportunidades de actividades
tursticas que no se han desarrollado cabalmente.
La mayor integracin mundial, aunada a la riqueza cultural y natural de
nuestro pas, implica que Mxico hoy en da se encuentra en una situacin
3
4
Ibidem.
5
Presidencia de la Repblica, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007.
327
de enorme potencial para que el desarrollo exitoso del sector turismo se vuelva uno de los ejes de desarrollo del pas. El desarrollo acelerado a nivel mundial implica que la demanda por servicios tursticos se incrementar de forma
considerable en los aos venideros. Finalmente, el incremento en la poblacin
pensionada en los pases industrializados implica una proporcin cada vez
mayor de individuos de elevados recursos socioeconmicos con inters por
realizar largos viajes a destinos atractivos.
Sin embargo, al igual que en otros mbitos, el mismo fenmeno de globalizacin lleva a que el viajero, tanto nacional como extranjero, tenga mayores
opciones. As como la tecnologa de la informacin facilita adquirir informacin y realizar la planeacin de un viaje en nuestro pas, lo hace tambin para
otros destinos. Los menores costos de transportacin area permiten a nuestros visitantes tradicionales tener acceso a destinos ms alejados. Ello implica
que, al igual que en otros mbitos de la actividad econmica, las oportunidades
y retos que representa la integracin mundial debe resolverse mediante polticas pblicas decididas.
El sector debe ser reconocido como una pieza clave en el desarrollo econmico del pas. Asimismo, se debe garantizar que el crecimiento del sector
respete los entornos naturales, culturales y sociales. Es justamente la riqueza
de Mxico, en trminos de una cultura, enorme diversidad climtica, belleza
orogrca, fauna y ora endmicas, y su sociedad vibrante y abierta lo que
atrae y diferencia a nuestro pas de otras naciones del mundo.
El papel del sector como detonante del crecimiento local implica que el
desarrollo de infraestructura y de servicios debe incluir aquellos orientados a
dotar de capacidades a la poblacin local. Slo de esa forma puede consolidarse una mejora en el bienestar de las poblaciones locales que les permita ser
partcipes plenas del proceso de desarrollo.
Objetivo 12
Hacer de Mxico un pas lder en la actividad turstica a travs de la diversicacin de sus mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la
competitividad de las empresas del sector, de forma que brinden un servicio
de calidad internacional.
328
Para convertir a Mxico en un pas lder en el sector turismo y aumentar,

para 2012, en un 35% el nmero de turistas internacionales, es necesario poner en marcha una serie de estrategias.6
Panorama y acciones a implementar en Mxico

De acuerdo con el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 de la Secretara
de Turismo,7 entre las acciones identicadas que Mxico deber implementar
para fortalecer el turismo se encuentran las siguientes:
Mxico necesita resolver problemticas internas que no han permitido un mayor crecimiento del turismo y sobre todo de los benecios
directos e indirectos que puede implicar para mejorar las condiciones
de vida de su poblacin en las zonas de inters turstico: existe una
oportunidad para replantear el modelo de desarrollo del turismo sobre
la base de lo que ya se ha hecho y experimentado, pero principalmente
para dirigir mejor los esfuerzos de los programas actuales de desarrollo regional.
Uno de los mayores retos es la concurrencia de las polticas pblicas.
La problemtica de concurrencia involucra a cuando menos 14 organismos pblicos entre secretaras y entidades descentralizadas que
estn vinculados bsicamente con aspectos de inversin en infraestructuras y equipamientos, seguridad pblica y de uso y conservacin
del patrimonio natural y cultural. La falta de coordinacin, la duplicidad de esfuerzos, as como los vacos de regulacin jurdica, son temas
que es necesario resolver. En esta problemtica tambin se incluye a
estados y municipios, a la iniciativa privada y al sector social.
Es necesario actualizar el marco regulatorio de la actividad turstica
en temas ambientales, laborales, de inversin, de salud e higiene y de
igualdad de gnero, entre otros, que contribuyan a elevar la competitividad y la sustentabilidad ambiental, econmica y social de los proyectos tursticos.
Vase el PND.
7
329
Mxico requiere incorporarse al concierto mundial del turismo mediante la aplicacin de polticas pblicas que permitan consolidar y
ampliar su capacidad de desarrollo de manera sustentable y compensatoria, y cuyos resultados sean comparables con indicadores mundiales.
De esta forma podr contribuir de manera creciente y sostenida a la
generacin del PIB nacional, podr crear los empleos mejor remunerados que la poblacin requiere y se constituir como un factor real para
el desarrollo del pas.
Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-20128

Este programa se orienta a los temas especcos relacionados con el turismo
nacional e internacional, pero tambin a contribuir al logro de otros objetivos
estratgicos del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de la presidencia, como los de
crecimiento econmico, nivel de ingreso, empleo, competitividad, infraestructura, equidad entre regiones e igualdad de gnero.
As, el programa marca los objetivos, lneas estratgicas, programas especcos y acciones para las actividades vinculadas con el turismo, alineados a los
grandes objetivos y estrategias nacionales, y sin perder de vista que se busca
avanzar en la Visin Mxico 2030 y el Desarrollo Humano Sustentable que
con toda claridad seala el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo.9
Para enfrentar los retos, objetivos y metas que se ha planteado el gobierno
federal en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, en la Secretara de Turismo y sus rganos sectorizados se revis lo que se ha hecho y lo que no; lo que
se necesita hacer y cmo hacerlo, siempre de cerca con los agentes pblicos,
privados y sociales que se vinculan, de diferentes maneras, con el desarrollo
turstico de Mxico, potenciando los avances 2001-2006 e incorporando nuevos enfoques e instrumentos.
En este proceso de planeacin participativa se realizaron 10 foros regionales con 1 218 asistentes: empresarios, acadmicos, gobiernos estatales y municipales, legisladores federales y locales, sindicatos y representantes diversos
de la sociedad civil que presentaron, analizaron y discutieron 285 ponencias.
8

9
Ibidem.
330
En paralelo con los foros, se recibieron mltiples aportaciones de ciudadanos

interesados, a travs del portal de la Secretara de Turismo, y se realizaron talleres temticos con expertos, as como entrevistas a empresarios, servidores
pblicos, residentes de centros tursticos, trabajadores y turistas nacionales e
internacionales.
El programa sectorial contempla entre sus lneas de accin para el impulso
al turismo de Mxico la implementacin de varias estrategias:
Mejora Regulatoria.
Este programa se estructura sobre la base de los diagnsticos y avances existentes en las actividades de la Secretara de Turismo Proyecto
Nacional de Facilitacin Turstica y quedar vinculado a los procesos
de revisin y eventual publicacin de una nueva Ley General de Turismo y los cambios que implica a otras disposiciones legales y normativas aplicables.
Inversin Pblica en Infraestructura y Equipamiento.
Este programa reconoce la responsabilidad del Fondo Nacional de
Fomento al Turismo y se vincula con el Programa Nacional de Infraestructura 2007-2012, pero no se limita a l. El programa implica
la consolidacin del diagnstico de necesidades de infraestructura y
equipamiento, de acuerdo con los objetivos de desarrollo regional e
integracin de oferta competitiva.
Financiamiento y Asistencia Tcnica.
El Programa Instrumental de Financiamiento y Asistencia Tcnica integrar los recursos disponibles para el desarrollo del turismo en las
entidades pblicas nacionales, de cooperacin internacional, organismos privados y otras organizaciones no gubernamentales. El programa establecer las reglas de operacin considerando las orientaciones
del Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 y con apego a los criterios de fomentar la competitividad integral de la oferta turstica, la
maximizacin equilibrada de los benecios econmicos, ambientales
y sociales.
Regionalizacin de Acciones e Instrumentos.
Este programa ser el referente para la reingeniera de las instancias
federales de turismo. De igual manera atender el criterio de impulsar
el carcter horizontal, colaborativo y participativo de las iniciativas de
331
gobierno, partiendo de realidades locales y regionales. El programa

quedar a cargo de la Secretara de Turismo.
Evaluacin: Gestin para resultados.
Este programa se vincula con los criterios establecidos por la Presidencia de la Repblica para el ejercicio del gasto pblico. Las deniciones para avanzar en este propsito son:
I. Impulsar la estrategia de la gestin pblica para resultados.
II. Denir e implantar las base para el presupuesto basado en resultados como un instrumento que permita:
I. Vincular los programas presupuestarios y los objetivos estratgicos de las dependencias y entidades con el Plan Nacional
de Desarrollo 2007-2012 y sus programas.
II. Implantar la matriz de indicadores como una herramienta de
planeacin estratgica para los programas presupuestarios que
genere los indicadores, estratgicos y de gestin, que permitirn evaluar el logro de los resultados.
III. Mejorar la programacin para orientarla a resultados.
IV. Incentivar una nueva dinmica organizacional al interior de
las dependencias y entidades, vinculando las unidades y reas
responsables de la planeacin, programacin, presupuesto y
evaluacin, con las unidades administrativas encargadas de los
programas presupuestarios.
Establecer la estructura bsica del Sistema de Evaluacin del Desempeo (SED) y sus principales componentes:
I. Evaluacin para resultados de las polticas pblicas y programas
presupuestarios.
II. Promover la eciencia y ecacia institucional mediante un programa de mejoramiento de la gestin pblica de mediano plazo,
para modernizar y mejorar la prestacin de los servicios pblicos.
De acuerdo con lo dispuesto por la Presidencia de la Repblica y
las entidades globalizadoras de la administracin pblica federal,
la Secretara de Turismo y sus entidades sectorizadas debern ob-
332
servar la administracin por resultados, para cumplir con oportunidad y eciencia las metas y objetivos previstos en el Programa
Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 y sus respectivos programas presupuestarios anuales.
Para ello, el proceso de programacin-presupuestacin se deber realizar bajo el enfoque de gestin para resultados que:
I. Usa informacin del desempeo para mejorar la toma de decisiones.
II. Incluye herramientas de planeacin estratgica, uso de modelos lgicos, monitoreo y evaluacin de los resultados.
Los principios en que se basa la gestin por resultados se aplican a cualquier nivel: nacional, sectorial, regional, institucional, de
programa, de proyecto y actividades del sector pblico, bajo los
cinco principios siguientes:
a) Centrar las decisiones en los resultados: que el foco de atencin y la toma de decisiones se mantengan siempre en los
resultados en todas las etapas del proceso presupuestario: planeacin, programacin, presupuestacin, ejercicio, control,
seguimiento, evaluacin y rendicin de cuentas.
b) Alinear la planeacin estratgica, la programacin, el monitoreo y la evaluacin con los resultados: estos elementos deben
disearse y alinearse dinmicamente para apoyar el logro de
los resultados.
c) Mantener la medicin e informacin sencillas: los sistemas de
informacin y de indicadores deben estar orientados a resultados, ser factibles de recopilar, susceptibles de comprar, oportunos, de bajos costo y sencillos de utilizar.
d) Gestionar para, no por resultados: signica concentrarse en
los resultados y efectos deseados, y no solamente en los insumos y procesos requeridos para su consecucin. Lo anterior
implica un cambio en la visin de cmo debe realizarse la gestin pblica.
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e) Usar la informacin de resultados para aprendizaje, la toma

de decisiones y la rendicin de cuentas: la informacin y experiencia adquirida deben utilizarse de manera sistemtica en
la toma de decisiones para el mejoramiento continuo de los
programas y la gestin pblica, la asignacin de recursos y
el logro de resultados. La informacin de resultados ser el
elemento fundamental para la rendicin de cuentas y la transparencia.
En este marco, el presupuesto basado en resultados es un instrumento de la gestin para resultados y consiste en un conjunto
de actividades y herramientas que permitir que las decisiones involucradas en el proceso presupuestario incorporen, sistemticamente, consideraciones sobre los resultados obtenidos y esperados de la aplicacin de los recursos pblicos, y que motiven a las
dependencias y entidades a lograrlos, con el objeto de mejorar la
calidad del gasto pblico federal y la rendicin de cuentas.
El presupuesto basado en resultados pretende que las deniciones de los programas presupuestarios se deriven de un proceso
secuencial alineado con la planeacin-programacin, estableciendo objetivos, metas e indicadores en esta lgica, a efecto de hacer
ms eciente la asignacin de recursos, considerando la evaluacin
de los resultados alcanzados y la manera en que las dependencias y
entidades ejercen los recursos pblicos.
Para ello es indispensable que se desarrolle un proceso de reingeniera de las instancias pblicas federales del sector turismo
para que se puedan poner en prctica la gestin para resultados y
su reejo en el presupuesto basado en resultados.
La responsabilidad de este programa de evaluacin es de la Secretara de Turismo, a travs de la Unidad Tcnica de Evaluacin,
con el apoyo de las reas de Innovacin y Calidad, as como de las
instancias sectorizadas. Un instrumento de este programa ser el
Comit Tcnico de Estudios del Sector Turismo, que se constituye
en un proveedor fundamental de insumos para la evaluacin de
los resultados y las actividades que realiza el rea de Informacin
y Anlisis de la Secretara de Turismo.
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Organizacin para la Cooperacin y el Desarrollo Econmico (OCDE)

La OCDE, en su reporte sobre las polticas pblicas para un mejor desempeo
econmico, considera que el desarrollo de las zonas rurales es de suma importancia para Mxico.
La organizacin considera que las formas ms sostenibles y vanguardistas de desarrollo se relacionan con la valoracin de los recursos rurales. Sobre
todo recalca que el conocimiento milenario de la regin y de la cultura diferenciada se vuelve un atractivo, siempre y cuando los campesinos sean los actores
del proceso de reestructuracin e incorporen las actividades tradicionales a
nuevas formas de generar riqueza.10
Iniciativas
1. Iniciativa que reforma el artculo 25 de la Ley Federal de Turismo
Datos generales.
- Presentada por la diputada Irma S. Figueroa Romero del Partido
Revolucionario Institucional.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Artculos que reforma y/o adicionan.

Se reforman las fracciones VI y VII del artculo 25 de la Ley Federal
de Turismo.
Motivos que originan las reformas o adiciones.

Aprovechamiento de todos los recursos con los que cuenta el pas con
la participacin de la poblacin originaria de cada regin turstica.
Propuestas.
- El Consejo de Promocin Turstica de Mxico incorporar a las
pequeas y medianas empresas para que otorguen servicios en los
10
OCDE,
Polticas pblicas para un mejor desempeo econmico, 2006.
335
centros tursticos con la nalidad de vincularla a proyectos que

sean de desarrollo regional.
2. Iniciativa que reforma y adiciona

los artculos 3 y 8 de la Ley Federal de Turismo
336
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el senador Ral Paredes Vega del Partido Accin
Nacional.

Se reforman los artculos 3 y 8 de la Ley Federal de Turismo.

Difusin y promocin de la actividad nutica de recreo.
Propuestas.
- Incluir dentro de la ley los concepto de turismo nutico, turista
nutico, prestador de servicios de turismo nutico, embarcacin
nutica y marina nutica.
- Creacin de un captulo que regule el turismo nutico no solamente de destinos litorales sino de aguas interiores como lagos,
esteros, lagunas y ros.
- La Secretara de Turismo planear, fomentar y difundir los programas para fortalecer el turismo nutico.
- La Federacin, Estados y Municipios se encargarn de la seguridad, trnsito y vigilancia, permisos, licencias, asesora y capacitacin de las personas fsicas o morales de ejerzan el turismo
nutico.
- Enumeracin de las actividades del turismo nutico.
3. Iniciativa que reforma y adiciona diversas

disposiciones de la Ley Federal de Turismo
Datos generales.
- Presentada por la diputada Beatriz Mojica Morga del Partido de la
Revolucin Democrtica.

Se reforman las fracciones I, VI, IX del artculo 2, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17
fracciones I, III y IV, 28 fracciones I, II y III. Se adicionan las fracciones XI, XII y XIII del artculo 2, un prrafo al artculo 3, el artculo 8
bis y 14 bis, la fraccin V del artculo 29 y la fraccin V del artculo 35
de la Ley Federal de Turismo.

Se busca que todos los sectores del turismo sean sustentables con la
nalidad de que haya apertura a la poblacin internacional preocupada
por la conservacin de los recursos naturales.
Propuestas.
- Concepto de turismo sustentable.
- Utilizacin de tecnologa para proteger el medio ambiente, as
como fomentar conductas para la preservacin del mismo y obtener un aprovechamiento de recursos naturales.
- Declaracin de lo que es espacio turstico saturado.
- Los estados y los municipios elaborarn y ejecutarn programas
de desarrollo turstico sustentable.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Inelvo Moreno lvarez del Partido de
la Revolucin Democrtica.
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Se reforma el artculo 17 de la Ley Federal de Turismo.

Regular el trmino de aplicacin del presupuesto asignado a cada entidad federativa en materia de turismo.
Propuestas.
- La Secretara de Turismo promover la celebracin de acuerdos de
coordinacin con las entidades federativas y los municipios a ms
tardar el ltimo da de febrero de cada ao.
338
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Xavier Alvarado Villazn del Partido
Verde Ecologista de Mxico.

Se reforma la fraccin XI del artculo 28 de la Ley Federal de Turismo.

Fortalecimiento de polticas que promuevan las micro, pequeas y medianas empresas en materia de turismo.
Propuestas.
El fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo otorgar crditos en moneda nacional o extranjera a las pequeas y medianas empresas para
la construccin, ampliacin o remodelacin de instalaciones tursticas
que contribuyan al fomento de la actividad turstica.
6. Iniciativa que reforma, adiciona y deroga diversas disposiciones de la Ley

de Informacin, Estadstica y Geografa de la Ley Federal de Turismo
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Ral Pia Horta del Partido Verde
Ecologista de Mxico.

Se reforma el artculo 8, la fraccin VIII del artculo 17, la fraccin
II del artculo 22, la fraccin II del artculo 36 y los artculos 46, 52.
Se adiciona una fraccin IX al artculo 7 y una fraccin VIII Bis al
artculo 17, se deroga el artculo 47, todos de la Ley de Informacin
Estadstica y Geografa.
Se adiciona un prrafo segundo al artculo 5 de la Ley Federal de
Turismo.

Evaluar el turismo para que permita conocer su impacto econmico
y social.
Propuestas.
- El Servicio Nacional de Estadstica comprenda normas y lineamientos para el desarrollo de la informacin estadstica turstica.
- El Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica en
coordinacin con la Secretara de Turismo y el Banco de Mxico
medir el impacto econmico a efecto de llevar la estadstica de la
actividad turstica.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Jorge Legorreta Ondorica del Partido
Verde Ecologista de Mxico.
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Se adiciona un segundo prrafo a la fraccin XI del artculo 28 de la
Ley Federal de Turismo.

Otorgar mayor certeza a las micro, pequeas y medianas empresas en
su actividad turstica.
Propuestas.
- La Secretara de Turismo con opinin de la Secretara de Economa dictar reglas para que las pequeas y medianas empresas
puedan participar para el otorgamiento de crditos, las cuales se
publicarn a ms tardar el 30 de noviembre y empezarn a partir
del 1 de enero del ao siguiente.
8. Iniciativa que adiciona un artculo 46 bis

y un artculo 50 bis a la Ley Federal de Turismo
340
Datos generales.
- Presentada por la diputada Irma Figueroa Romero del Partido de
la Revolucin Democrtica.

Se adiciona un artculo 46 Bis y un artculo 50 Bis a la Ley Federal de
Turismo.

Sealar expresamente la sancin a la que se harn acreedores aquellos
prestadores de servicios tursticos y los turistas tanto nacionales como
extranjeros que contaminen los destinos tursticos.
Propuestas.
- Adicin de un captulo denominado de la Obligacin de no contaminar los destinos tursticos.
Sancin a los prestadores de servicios tursticos y a los turistas

que contaminen los destinos tursticos consistente en multa por el
equivalente a quinientas veces el salario mnimo diario.
9. Iniciativa que reforma la fraccin XIII del artculo 17 y se adiciona

un artculo 30 bis a la Ley de Caminos, Puentes y Autotransportes Federal
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el Congreso del estado de Sonora.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Transportes.

Se reforma la fraccin XIII del artculo 17 y se adiciona un artculo 30
Bis a la Ley de Caminos, Puentes y Autotransporte Federal.

Mejoramiento de las carreteras concesionadas por el Gobierno a particulares.
Propuestas.
- Establecer que tratndose de caminos por cuyo trnsito se cobre
cuota, tarifa o que bajo cualquier concepto implique pago alguno
por parte de los usuarios, con independencia de si se encuentran
concesionados, deber destinarse para su mantenimiento, reparacin y conservacin, cuando menos un monto anual equivalente
al 35 % de los ingresos generados por dicho concepto en el ao
inmediato anterior.
- El incumplimiento a lo antes sealado podr ser motivo de revocar la concesin o permiso para construir, operar, explotar, conservar y mantener los caminos y puentes federales.
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10. Iniciativa que reforma y adiciona diversas

disposiciones de la Ley de Puertos
342
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Alejandro Enrique Delgado Oscoy, del
Partido Accin Nacional.
- Turnada a las comisiones unidas de Transporte y Marina.

Se reforman los artculos 1, 2 fraccin III, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 primer prrafo, 8 10, fraccin II, inciso A, 22, 24, ltimo y penltimo prrafos,
26, fracciones V, IX y X, 27, 28, ltimo y penltimo prrafos, 29, 33,
fraccin I, 36, 38, segundo prrafo, 40, fraccin V, 41 fraccin II, segundo y ltimo prrafos, 45, 46, 50, 51, segundo prrafo, 40, fraccin
V, 41, fraccin II, segundo y ltimo prrafos, 64, primer prrafo, 65,
fracciones I, II, III, IV y VI y 67. Se derogan los restantes y 65 fraccin IX recorrindose un lugar las fracciones restantes. Se adicionan
los artculos 2, con dos fracciones X y XI, con un segundo prrafo,
19 con un segundo prrafo, 20 con una fraccin c, 23, con un ltimo
y penltimo prrafos, 25 con un ltimo y un penltimo prrafos, 40
Bis, 41, con un tercero, cuarto, quinto y sptimo prrafos, quedando el
anterior segundo prrafo como penltimo prrafo, 44, con un ltimo
prrafo, 46 Bis, 51 con un ltimo o tercer prrafo, 53 Bis, 55Bis, 58
con un ltimo prrafo y 58 Bis de la Ley de Puertos.

Atender las necesidades para trasportar, trasladar y operar mercancas
a diversas empresas de Centroamrica, Mxico y el noreste de Estados
Unidos.
Propuestas.
- Incluir los conceptos de instalaciones menores y servicios auxiliares.
- Facultar al capitn de puerto, para vigilar y asegurar los recintos
portuarios, reforzando la coordinacin entre las autoridades del
puerto, as como del Comit Nacional de Coordinacin Portuaria,

con el objeto de contribuir a la eciencia de la actividad portuaria.
Crear comits locales con la nalidad de asegurar los objetivos y
niveles de productividad.
Establecer que para las concesiones y permisos para la explotacin,
uso y aprovechamiento de bienes del dominio pblico en los puertos, terminales y marinas, as como para la construccin de obras,
se requerir de la concesin o permiso de la Secretara de Comunicaciones y Transportes.
Establecer la prohibicin para respetar los derechos de los titulares de contratos adjudicados mediante concurso pblico y que en
la prestacin de servicios auxiliares y portuarios, se admitirn a los
prestadores de servicios que renan los requisitos, eliminando as
la discrecionalidad de dicha Secretara.
Resumen de propuestas
Gerardo Ferrando Bravo
Director General de Singlar, S.A. de C.V.
Actualmente, existe una concentracin del turismo en la zona sur-sureste del
pas, pero el norte tambin tiene un gran potencial de desarrollo. Singlar es una
empresa de Fonatur encargada de administrar las escalas nuticas del Proyecto
Mar de Corts.
La regin del Mar de Corts concentr el 43% de la inversin privada
nacional en turismo en el 2006. El proyecto de Mar de Corts ha estado muy
ligado a la ley ambiental.
Se requiere tomar como base las condiciones de proteccin al medio

ambiente.
Raticar las vocaciones de mercado identicadas en subregiones.
Articular la relacin entre competencia y complementariedad de los
destinos.
Estructurar los sistemas de enlace terrestre, areo y martimo.
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Permitir el establecimiento del desarrollo de 150 mil cuartos adicionales.

Vincular con la estrategia regional de desarrollo econmico, en un
enfoque territorial.
Denir estrategias para captar las inversiones necesarias para la infraestructura.
Se destacan seis iniciativas de las que actualmente se encuentran en el
Congreso de la Unin relacionadas con el turismo, que se consideran
positivas:
-
Iniciativa para la modicacin de la Ley General de Turismo (LGT)

presentada por el PRD. Propone mayor nfasis en la coordinacin
entre los niveles de gobierno.
Iniciativa del senador Manuel Velzquez del PVEM en relacin con
la LGT. Para que conjuntamente la Sedesol y la Semarnat, en coordinacin con otras dependencias, conformen los programas de
ordenamiento ecolgico del territorio.
Iniciativa de la diputada Beatriz Mojica del PRD, para normar al
turismo desde una perspectiva sustentable, reformando la LGT.
Iniciativa del PAN para modicar el artculo 106 de la Ley Aduanera, relacionado con la importacin de los vehculos automotores
por la industria de turismo.
Iniciativa del diputado Pia Orta, para dar mayores facultades al
INEGI para concentrar y formalizar informacin del sector turstico y la modicacin del impacto econmico.
Iniciativa del PAN para adicionar una fraccin al artculo 7 de la Ley
General de Educacin (LGE) para que en los programas educativos
se destaque lo que es la actividad turstica.
Alejandro Chacn Domnguez

Coordinador de asesores del secretario de Comunicaciones y Transportes
En el Plan Nacional de Infraestructura se contemplan acciones importantes
relacionadas con el turismo.
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En materia carretera se encuentra la ampliacin de la carretera en Los Cabos en Baja California y la carretera de Mitla hacia el Istmo de Tehuantepec,
entre otras.
En aeropuertos se desarrollar un sistema de calicacin de los aeropuertos por parte de los usuarios, para brindar un mejor servicio a mejores tarifas.
Existen proyectos de nuevos aeropuertos, como en la Riviera Maya y en Ensenada, mientras que en Puerto Peasco, Sonora, ya est en proceso.
En puertos se inauguraron en Puerto Vallarta dos posiciones de atraque
para cruceros y se crearn otros en Guaymas, Mazatln y ms en Puerto Vallarta.
Respecto a la iniciativa para modicar los artculos 47 y 48 de la Ley de
Caminos y Puentes de Autotransporte Federal presentada por el PRI:
En lo referente al artculo 47 para permitir que automviles modicados puedan prestar tambin servicio federal, debe precisarse que
tambin deben cumplir con las medidas de seguridad para transitar
por las carreteras federales. Debe haber mayor apertura al acceso tanto
en puertos como en aeropuertos de ms participantes de transportes.
Respecto al artculo 48 para incluir una nueva categora de turismo
llamada turismo interior, considera que ya est reejada en el Reglamento de la Ley dentro de la parte de turismo de excursin, por tanto,
no es necesario incluirla.
Es necesario atraer turismo de Estados Unidos que tiene un alto poder adquisitivo.
Se est trabajando con la Secretara de Turismo en la sealizacin turstica.
Los aeropuertos no son los ms caros del mundo, de acuerdo con la
Organizacin Mundial de Turismo (OMT).
Se tiene bastante apertura en los cielos mexicanos, a travs de los
acuerdos bilaterales.
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Silvia Hernndez
Directora General de Estrategia Pblica Consultores
Debe impulsarse un turismo no slo que compita sino que adems sea competitivo. La competitividad tiene dos elementos: un ambiente de competencia
y de sustentabilidad.
En el 2006 Mxico ocupaba el octavo lugar en recepcin de turismo, de
acuerdo con la Organizacin Mundial de Turismo. No obstante, est por abajo
en la recepcin de divisas por turismo, ubicndose entre el lugar 12 y el 14.
Por tanto, es necesario aumentar la calidad del turismo. Mxico est ofreciendo turismo barato, que atrae mucha gente, pero menos dinero.
Adems, Mxico est perdiendo posiciones en el turismo por sus retos
de sustentabilidad. Por ejemplo, el turismo que est dispuesto a pagar ms,
est pendiente de que los desarrollo tursticos no impliquen daos ecolgicos,
entre otras cosas.
En el turismo lo importante es la cadena de valor del destino turstico, no
los sectores aislados como el hotel, la infraestructura, etc. Adems, cada destino turstico debe preguntarse a qu mercado se va a servir.
Para el turismo competitivo es necesaria la participacin tanto del gobierno como del sector privado. Es necesaria la promocin y el marketing.
Debe facilitarse la creacin de empresas en el sector, eliminando los trmites y permisos excesivos.
Primitivo Snchez Caldern

Asesor en turismo de la Confederacin de Cmaras Nacionales
de Comercio, Servicios y Turismo (Concanaco-Servytur)
El turismo genera el 11% del empleo remunerado en el mundo. Genera 2 mil
millones de dlares diarios en el mundo.
Proponen un declogo de acciones para lograr que el turismo en Mxico
sea el ms competitivo.
1. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Turstico. Con visin a 20 aos con perspectiva de sustentabilidad social, econmica y ambiental.
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2. Superestructura turstica. Alineacin de procesos, objetivos, programas, estrategias y lneas de accin. Coordinacin de la Secretara de
Turismo, Fonatur, Consejo de Promocin Turstica. Una Secretara
de Turismo ms fuerte, ejecutora y no slo gestora.
3. Promocin Turstica. Existe inequidad entre la inversin turstica nacional e internacional, ya que se dedica slo el 20% a la promocin
nacional. Existe baja productividad de la inversin turstica ya que por
cada turista en Mxico se invierten 7 dlares, lo cual es muy alto a nivel
mundial. Adems, existe baja productividad de nuestro dlar promocional, ya que cada dlar invertido genera muy pocos recursos con
relacin a otros destinos tursticos en el mundo.
4. Formacin y capacitacin de recursos humanos. Que el sector educativo forme a personas a nivel tcnico, tal como se requiere en el sector
turstico, y no slo a nivel superior.
5. Servicios Tursticos. Programa Integral de Fomento a Pymes y desarrollo de cadenas productivas. Creacin de una Sociedad Financiera
de Objeto Mltiple (Sofom) para el nanciamiento de la modernizacin de instalaciones, equipamiento y sistemas de operacin. Fomentar el sistema de certicacin.
6. Transportacin Area. Tenemos los servicios aeroportuarios ms caros del mundo y muy altas tarifas a ciudades del interior.
7. Turismo carretero de internacin y nacional. Se ha dado prioridad al
turismo de sol y playa y se ha descuidado el turismo carretero. Crear
servicios relacionados con el turismo carretero: sealizacin, paradores, etctera. Mejorar las condiciones de las centrales de autobuses. Se
proponen diez ejes carreteros.
8. Sistema Nacional de Informacin Turstica. Internet, mapas, folletos,
videos, fotografas.
9. Cultura turstica. Campaa nacional, cartilla turstica escolar, premio
nacional a la conciencia turstica, municipios tursticos.
10. Turismo Fronterizo.
Un plan nacional de desarrollo a 6 aos, no es suciente para el turismo.
Debe fortalecerse a la Secretara de Turismo como un rgano rector.
347
Francisco Padrn Gil

Director de Iniciativa Mexicana de Aprendizaje para la Conservacin
Garantizar que el noroeste de Mxico desarrolle su potencial turstico.

Esta regin es nica para ver mamferos marinos. Es necesario hacer
que estos destinos presenten y ofrezcan sus ventajas nicas.
Se considera fundamental la iniciativa que se encuentra en el Congreso
relativa al Ordenamiento Ecolgico Territorial.
Tambin se considera positiva la iniciativa del PRD referente a la coordinacin entre las distintas instancias de gobierno.
Mxico est por arriba del lugar 90 en la apertura al turismo, por lo
cual es necesario tratarlo a nivel educativo, para desarrollar una conciencia turstica y una conciencia de la naturaleza.
No debe apoyarse slo al gran turismo sino tambin al turismo cultural, ecolgico, etctera. Que las caractersticas culturales y naturales de
nuestro pas sean un incentivo al turismo.
El gasto por turista por noche ha decrecido signicativamente de 2001
a 2006. Fomentar un turismo ms selectivo, que gaste mucho ms en
destinos culturales y naturales nicos.
Es necesario atender la violencia, inseguridad y desigualdad en el pas,
ya que desincentiva la actividad turstica.
Martn Mena de la Pea

Subdirector de la Asociacin Mexicana de Agentes Navieros, A.C.
De 1970 a 2006 la industria de cruceros ha crecido 24 veces en el mundo.
Mxico es el principal destino de cruceros.
Acciones necesarias:
348
Desarrollar la infraestructura portuaria.

Desarrollar los productos y servicios exteriores y locales.
Debilidades:
No ha habido aumento del gasto promedio de pasajeros.

Itinerarios sobrecargados.
Retos:
Mejorar los destinos actuales.

Nuevos destinos.
Infraestructura.
Impulsar escalas en el Golfo de Mxico.
El impuesto a cruceros que se aprob en el Congreso, inhibe el desarrollo de la industria.
Necesidad de una normatividad adecuada e infraestructura necesaria
para fomentar el turismo de cruceros en el pas.
Francisco Fernndez Castillo

Director de investigaciones del Instituto
Mexicano para la Competitividad
Lo ms importante es que la competitividad benecie a la poblacin.

El turismo es una de las industrias que tiene la capacidad de hacer
competitivo a Mxico.
El bajo nivel educativo de una parte considerable de la poblacin en
el pas permite el desarrollo de la industria del turismo al drsele la
capacitacin adecuada.
Los ingresos por turismo y a nivel empleo han ido disminuyendo, a
pesar de la inversin en hoteles e infraestructura.
Propuestas:
Las polticas tursticas deben enfocarse a nivel municipal y estatal y

no tanto a nivel federal. Deben hacerse polticas ms enfocadas a la
vocacin de la regin, y no polticas centralizadas.
349
En el Mar de Corts debe fomentarse la pesca deportiva, que tiene

mejores benecios que los que se obtienen con la pesca con nes
alimenticios.
Estado de derecho y seguridad. Legislacin ms dura para eliminar la
inseguridad que afecta negativamente al turismo.
La importancia de la promocin turstica, no slo a travs de los mecanismos tradicionales como los carteles, debe considerarse que en
muchas ocasiones los noticieros promocionan los aspectos negativos
del pas, y esto tiene ms impacto que cualquier promocin turstica.
El tema del medio ambiente es muy importante. Debe penalizarse la
destruccin del medio ambiente.
Fomentar la capacitacin del personal, para pensar en trminos del
tipo de cliente que se busca.
En la industria de los cruceros Mxico es uno de los pases que menos
ingresos tiene por turista, debido, sobre todo, a que la oferta no es
diferenciada para los turistas.
Obligar a los presidentes municipales a denir una oferta competitiva
conjunta en una regin o microrregin. Una instancia que coordine las
acciones tursticas y que est por debajo de los gobernadores pero por
encima de los municipios.
Deben ampliarse las opciones tursticas y no slo promocionar el turismo de sol. Hay otros tipos de turismo, por ejemplo, el turismo de
salud que se ha desarrollado en la ciudad de Cali en Colombia. Otro
sector turstico es el turismo de empresa a travs de las grandes convenciones de empresa.
Rolando Gonzlez Flores

Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo (Fonatur)
El turismo debe contribuir al desarrollo regional y nacional.
350
No enfocarse solamente al turismo de sol y playa. Existen otros tipos

de turismo en el pas.
Desarrollo de un estado de derecho no slo en cuestin de inseguridad, sino tambin de trmites.
Con la iniciativa en el Congreso para el Ordenamiento Ecolgico se

dan elementos a la Secretara de Turismo para que pueda participar
con las autoridades locales y estatales en acciones para el desarrollo
sustentable.
Para el apoyo de las microempresas en la Ley Federal de Turismo,
debe considerarse que la Secretara de Turismo o Fonatur no pueden
otorgar nanciamiento directamente.
351
Contenido
Competitividad y desarrollo de productos tursticos
Introduccin
1. Una mirada a las estadsticas de la Organizacin Mundial del
Turismo.
2. El Enfoque.
3. Qu es la Competitividad Turstica?
4. Cmo puede ser competitivo el sector turstico mexicano?
5. Qu es un negocio turstico?
Conclusiones
Competitividad y Desarrollo
de Productos Tursticos
El propsito esencial de esta serie de ediciones tcnicas es el de difundir en las

organizaciones tursticas mexicanas pblicas y privadas, la filosofa y tcnica de la
competitividad y de la ingeniera de productos tursticos. El desarrollo turstico requiere
de esa nueva dinmica poltica que es capaz de mejorar los negocios tursticos del pas
en el corto, mediano y largo plazo.
El tema de la competitividad de los pases se ha convertido en una de las
preocupaciones prioritarias. Esta ha sido el centro magntico de la investigacin y de la
poltica econmica durante muchos aos en todas partes del mundo y en todo sector
econmico, incluyendo la actividad turstica.
A menudo escuchamos en el ambiente del turismo frases y reflexiones sobre los
problemas de competitividad de los destinos tursticos nacionales y de los problemas
tcnicos en el desarrollo de los productos tursticos. Sin embargo, la conciencia de
crisis no es suficiente para mejorar la capacidad competitiva del sector, ya que se sigue
haciendo notoria la ausencia de tecnologa para la competitividad; ausencia que se
manifiesta en lo escaso de los beneficios que se generan para todos y cada uno de los
mercados tursticos en los que operamos como nacin.
Para mejorar la capacidad competitiva y de rentabilidad del sector en un marco
de sustentabilidad. Y con ello, mantener, mejorar y ampliar el empleo, incrementar la
captacin de divisas y fomentar el desarrollo regional, entre otros beneficios, se
requiere por principio, asumir un nuevo paradigma de actuacin generalizada que
permita ingresar y permanecer rentablemente en el negocio turstico global.
Hemos aceptado, sin cuestionar, que el turismo tiene la capacidad de generar
una buena cantidad de beneficios. Pero la rentabilidad de la actividad es relativa. Y es
que a pesar de que esta actividad ha sido considerada como estratgica, por los
gobiernos y el sector privado, ha faltado enfatizar que la calidad de los beneficios que
genera el turismo est en funcin de lo siguiente:
A mayor efectividad en la gestin competitiva de la actividad

turstica, mayor el alcance de sus beneficios.
Lo anterior no cuestiona la capacidad del turismo para generar beneficios y
progreso para una nacin. Pero s, la intensidad en su logro. Esto es, que los beneficios
pueden tener diferentes grados de alcance, mismos que estn en funcin de un
sistemtico plan de competitividad.
Con esta serie de fascculos, la Secretara de Turismo buscar orientar a las

organizaciones tursticas mexicanas respecto a la adopcin de un nuevo modelo de
desarrollo sectorial que abandone las prcticas que no han sido favorables para sus
negocios. Con ello se pretende que el ingreso a mercados y segmentos tursticos, as
como el desarrollo de productos no sea un ejercicio de ensayo y error, sino lograrlo a
travs de una metodologa que permita evaluar la atractividad de esos mercados y la
posicin competitiva del destino o del producto para tener xito en ellos.
Los lectores podrn encontrar en estas ediciones, informacin bsica para la
reflexin sobre la propia competitividad. Nuestro objetivo es que les sirva de plataforma
para realizar investigacin y aportes para el enriquecimiento del nuevo modelo.
I INTRODUCCIN
1. UNA MIRADA A LAS
ESTADSTICAS DE LA OMT1
Cada vez que analizamos el negocio turstico o requerimos efectuar algn diagnstico
sectorial, recurrimos a cuantificar la totalidad de turistas que nos visitan. Pareciera que
entendemos que nuestro pas es competitivo internacionalmente por poseer un lugar importante
en un nmero de llegadas internacionales; sin embargo, el volumen puede ser un indicador
falaz de crecimiento. El verdadero indicador es el beneficio generado. Perseguir cantidades no
constituye un pecado, pero el volumen no es la clave de las utilidades. No debe entenderse que
los conceptos de cantidad y utilidad son antagnicos, lo que resulta contraproducente es
trastocar el sentido del negocio. La finalidad de los negocios tursticos es tener utilidades, el
volumen es su multiplicador.
Sentado este principio, permtase un pequeo anlisis al respecto, considerando una
perspectiva de turismo mundial. La siguiente tabla muestra las estadsticas de la Organizacin
Mundial de Turismo en cuanto al nmero de llegadas internacionales durante el perodo 19902003 en los 15 pases con mayor afluencia.
RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES1
MILES DE LLEGADAS
PAS
INTERNACIONALES
% DE PARTICIPACIN
%
VARIACIN
LUGAR
19
90 2003
1
1
Francia
1990
52.4
2003*
75.0
2003*/02
-2.6
Espaa
34.0
51.7
-1.0
2
4
3
4
Estados Unidos
Italia
39.3
26.6
41.2
39.6
-5.3
-0.5
12
China
10.4
32.9
-10.4
Reino Unido
18.0
24.7
Austria
19.0
8
9
8
9
Mxico
Alemania
10
10
5
19
TMAC
1990
11.4
2003*
10.9
7.4
7.5
3.11%
8.5
5.8
6.0
5.7
9.26%
2.2
4.8
2.2
2.46%
3.9
3.6
19.1
2.5
3.3
2.8
17.1
17.0
18.7
18.4
-5.1
2.4
0.04%
0.69%
0.61%
3.7
4.1
2.7
2.7
Canad
15.2
17.5
-12.9
1.09%
3.7
2.5
11
12
Hungra
Hong Kong (china)
20.5
6.5
15.7
15.5
-1.0
-6.2
-2.03%
6.91%
1.4
4.4
2.3
2.2
13
13
Grecia
8.8
13.9
-1.5
3.58%
1.9
2.0
27
14
Polonia
3.4
13.7
-1.9
11.32%
0.7
1.9
15
Turqua
13.3
4.3
4.95%
1.6
1.9
2.8%
3.28%
0.36%
* Datos preliminares
MUNDIAL
Con en el documento: Datos Esenciales. Edicin 2004, Organizacin Mundial del Turismo.
En la tabla es posible observar que Mxico ha conservado su octavo lugar en el ranking

mundial, y pasar de 17.1 millones de turistas internacionales en 1990, a poco ms de 18.7
millones en el 2003. Ello le ha representado crecer a una tasa anual promedio de 0.69%, una
de las tasas de crecimiento ms bajas de este grupo de pases. Lo dramtico del caso es que
su participacin en el mercado ha disminuido considerablemente, pues de tener un 3.7% del
mercado mundial en 1990, en el 2003 slo posee 2.7%.
Si tan slo para el 2003 hubiera mantenido su cuota de mercado al 3.75% hubiera
recibido cerca de 26.3 millones de turistas, es decir, ms de seis millones de turistas. Tambin,
se observa un caso que es de destacar, el de China, que en ese perodo pas del lugar 12 al
5. Se dice fcil, pero este movimiento represent ms de 20.7 millones de turistas
internacionales para ese pas. Casi 2.6 millones ms de turistas internacionales cada ao!
Otro caso es el de Polonia, que avanz del lugar 27 en 1990 con una afluencia de 3.4
millones, al lugar 14 en el 2003, con 13.7 millones, es decir, 10 millones de visitantes ms en
slo 10 aos. En comparacin al crecimiento de Mxico, estos dos pases han avanzado
significativamente. China ha rebasado a Mxico por concepto de llegadas.
Los datos anteriores nos obligan a cuestionar la posicin de Mxico y a pensar s somos
realmente competitivos a pesar de estar en la elite de los 15 pases ms importantes en el
ranking mundial.
Una visin extremadamente optimista nos hara pensar que s lo somos, que hemos
crecido y nos hemos ubicado en la tabla de los privilegiados. Si la competitividad turstica se
midiera en forma exclusiva por la cantidad de llegadas internacionales, s podramos pensar en
que somos competitivos. Sin embargo debemos considerar que nuestro pas, a pesar de
avanzar en trminos cuantitativos, ha perdido posicin competitiva. Lo anterior es posible
comprobarlo en el decremento de sus cuotas de mercado. Analicemos la siguiente tabla,
referida tambin al ranking mundial en lo concerniente a captacin de ingresos.
RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES
INGRESOS EN
LUGAR
1990
1
3
2003
1
2
PAS
MILLONES USD
% DE PARTICIPACIN
% CAMBIO
TMAC
MUNDIAL
Estados Unidos
Espaa
1990
43.0
18.6
2003*
64.5
41.8
2003*/02
-3.3
23.6
3.17%
6.43%
1990
16.3
7.0
2003*
12.33
8.0
Francia
20.1
37.0
13.1
4.81%
7.6
7.1
Italia
16.4
31.2
16.2
5.01%
6.24
6.0
Alemania
14.4
23.0
21.2
3.67%
5.42
4.4
Reino Unido
13.7
22.8
10.7
4.00%
5.22
4.3
25
China
2.2
17.4
-14.6
17.24%
0.84
3.3
Austria
13.4
14.1
25.2
0.39%
5.09
2.7
21
Turqua
3.2
13.2
10.9
11.52%
1.22
2.5
24
9
10
11
Grecia
Canad
2.5
6.3
10.7
10.5
10.0
-1.0
11.83%
4.01%
0.98
2.4
2.0
2.0
15
12
Australia
4.0
10.3
20.2
7.55%
1.55
1.96
10
13
Mxico
5.4
9.4
6.8
4.36%
2.07
1.7
14
Suiza
9.3
18.2
1.7
15
Pases Bajos
9.2
20.0
1.7
Veamos algunos casos adicionales; Espaa ha convertido su tercer lugar en 1990 a un

segundo en el 2003, incrementando sus ingresos en 23.2 miles de millones de dlares.
China, que figuraba en 1990 en el lugar 25 dio un salto significativo en la lucha por la
captacin ingresos tursticos mundiales, alcanzando el lugar 7 en el 2003. Slo incremento 18
posiciones! Grecia del lugar nmero 24 en 1990 pas al 10, avanz 14 lugares. Ambos reciben
mayores ingresos que nuestro pas, adicionalmente Turqua que su tasa de crecimiento en este
periodo es ms del doble que Mxico.
Mxico ocupaba el dcimo lugar en 1990 en ingresos de turismo internacional; para el
2002 ocup el lugar nmero 12. Un descenso de 2 lugares en la capacidad de generar
beneficios por cada llegada internacional. Esto significa precisamente eso, una prdida. Esto es
un claro ejemplo de prdida de competitividad. Mientras que el promedio de crecimiento anual
de los 15 grandes fue de 6.2%, Mxico obtuvo un crecimiento del 4.1%. Podra haber cientos de
argumentos para explicarlo. Todos ellos parciales. Pero la realidad es que perdemos
competitividad.
En el futuro Mxico enfrentar una competencia en el mercado internacional y regional,
en especial en aquellos segmentos donde se tiene fortalezas y ventajas como es el caso de los
destinos de sol y playa.
En resumen, durante muchos aos Mxico ha ocupado un buen lugar en la captacin de
turistas que en el de ingresos, gracias al modelo de desarrollo con el que se posicion, ayudado
por la pocas del turismo masivo y desarrollo industrial, pero con el fin de igualar o reducir ese
diferencial entre llegadas e ingresos, se deber reorientar la mirada y privilegiar el incremento
del gasto por turista.
2. EL ENFOQUE
Lo anterior nos obliga a reflexionar sobre las razones de esta prdida de ritmo de
crecimiento en los beneficios derivados del turismo internacional; de esta prdida de
competitividad. Un anlisis de turismo domstico nos conducira a similares conclusiones.
Por qu algunos pases tienen xito y otros fracasan en la competencia internacional
por el turismo? Esta pregunta bien pudiera ser la ms frecuente que se formula actualmente en
el sector. Las respuestas son cruciales para las empresas y los destinos que deben competir en
mercados crecientemente internacionales.
Reconocida la importancia de la competitividad como acelerador del bienestar y
desarrollo de los pueblos, ha despertado una gran cantidad de debates sobre el tema. Se le ha
visto como un fenmeno de orden macroeconmico engendrado por variables tales como la
depreciacin del tipo de cambio, la disminucin del inters bancario y dficits pblicos. Pero
estos supuestos causales no son determinantes, pues pases como Japn, Italia o Corea, han
disfrutado niveles de vida rpidamente crecientes a pesar de sus dficits presupuestarios; lo
mismo sucede con pases como Alemania y Suiza a pesar de la apreciacin de su moneda y de
los altos tipos de inters, como en Italia y Corea. Algunos sostienen que la competitividad est
en funcin de la abundancia de la mano de obra y de su bajo costo. Pero Alemania, Suiza,
Suecia y Japn han prosperado a pesar de sus altsimos niveles salriales y de los largos
periodos de escasez de oferta de mano de obra.
Otros argumentan que la competitividad se debe a la cantidad de recursos naturales

disponibles. Sin embargo, Alemania, Suiza, Italia, Japn y Corea, han sido pases que han
tenido que importar la mayora de materias primas que emplean en su proceso productivo, por
tanto, el argumento no es totalmente valido.
Se discute tambin que es la intervencin gubernamental la que ejerce la mayor
influencia en el logro de la competitividad. As mismo, las teoras contemporneas centran su
explicacin en las prcticas de gestin de las empresas. Ambos argumentos no son tampoco
del todo acertados. Diferentes sectores requieren polticas gubernamentales y estilos de gestin
muy especiales. El enfoque exitoso en un sector pudiera ser desastroso en otro.
Aunque en los sectores pblico y privado todos estos enfoques gozan de una aceptacin
casi unnime, son insuficientes por si solos para explicar la razn por la que en algunos
sectores econmicos de ciertas naciones con condiciones desfavorables, han logrado
desarrollar ventajas superando a sus competidores.
Michael Porter, profesor destacado de la Escuela de Negocios de Harvard, ha
desarrollado aportaciones fundamentales al significado de la competitividad a travs del estudio
de las ventajas competitivas de las naciones.
Una nueva teora debe reconocer como elemento central (de la competitividad) a la
mejora y la innovacin en los mtodos y tecnologa.2
La competitividad de los destinos tursticos depende de la

capacidad de su industria para innovar y mejorar permanentemente
la calidad de sus productos.
La empresa turstica logra ventaja frente a los competidores del mundo, debido a la
presin y al reto que se originan de la rivalidad, la agresividad de los proveedores y de la
sofisticacin de la demanda.
Porter nos dice que la competitividad debe entenderse en trminos de capacidad de
mejora continua e innovacin constante para generar ventajas. Implica realizar un anlisis
estructural de los mercados para elegir las alternativas. Considera que un sector alcanzar
competitividad cuando el llamado Diamante Competitivo logre condiciones favorables.
Sostiene que la competitividad debe entenderse no en trminos de una nacin, sino de
sus industrias y sectores, por tanto:
No existen naciones competitivas, sino naciones con industrias y

sectores competitivos.
De acuerdo con ello no podemos afirmar que Mxico sea tursticamente ms competitivo
que Costa Rica. O que Costa Rica sea ms competitivo que Honduras. Una inversin puede ser
ms rentable en Costa Rica que en nuestro pas para un especfico tipo de negocio turstico,
mientras que para otro tipo de negocio turstico, suceda totalmente lo contrario. De ah que:
Michael Porter. La Ventaja Competitiva de las Naciones. Vergara Editores. Buenos Aires, 1991 p.47
La mejora de la competitividad de un destino debe considerarse

desde un punto de vista local, antes de desarrollar polticas
nacionales.
No hay una nacin que sea competitiva en todos los sectores econmicos, por la sencilla
razn de que el conjunto de recursos humanos y materiales necesariamente es limitado.
Obviamente que lo ideal es que muchos recursos escasos se apliquen a los usos ms
convenientes.
Los pases que han progresado en algunos sectores, lo han hecho debido a que el
entorno nacional es propicio. Las empresas de un pas son las que compiten y no los pases. Y
la base de la competitividad internacional es la capacidad de las empresas para crear y
mantener una ventaja competitiva.
La competitividad turstica de los pases depende de la capacidad de sus industrias para
innovar constantemente y mejorar su calidad frente a los competidores y ante la demanda. En
el turismo no existen pases competitivos. Pero hay pases con determinados productos
tursticos competitivos. Un mismo producto turstico puede ser competitivo en una zona del pas
y no serlo en otras. Esto se debe a que:
Los sectores o industrias competitivas se concentran en espacios

geogrficos relativamente pequeos.
Porter ha descubierto que las empresas con mayor xito suelen concentrarse en
ciudades, provincias o estados especficos, pertenecientes a un pas. Ejemplifica con Dallas,
Tx., como lugar de concentracin de los promotores inmobiliarios lderes en Estados Unidos,
con las empresas de computacin en Boston y equipos petroleros en Houston, entre otros
casos.
Existe algo en esos asentamientos que brinda un entorno frtil para las empresas de
estos sectores en concreto. La poltica gubernamental a nivel estatal, provincial y/o local
desempea un papel de gran importancia para conformar la ventaja nacional.
Con frecuencia escuchamos que Espaa es un gran pas turstico y esto no es cierto.
Slo el 3% de su territorio es turstico. Una parte muy importante de ste no tiene atractivos
tursticos. Otra parte si los tiene pero su oferta no es competitiva. De ah que el 95% de los
negocios tursticos espaoles operen en el citado 3% del territorio, y especficamente en unos
45 clusters ubicados dentro del territorio.3
Eulogio Bords.VII Reunin Nacional de Municipios Tursticos. La contribucin del Municipio en la consolidacin de
la Competitividad Turstica. Guaymas, Sonora, junio 19-21, 1997.
AGRUPAMIENTOS INDUSTRIALES TURSTICOS

(CLUSTERS TURSTICOS)
Mercado Turstico
Producto
Turstico
Empresas lderes
Red de Proveedores
Infraestructura Econmica
Un cluster debe entenderse como un mbito geogrfico local

bien definido, donde se concentran e interrelacionan los atractivos
tursticos, infraestructuras, equipamientos, servicios y organizacin
turstica para ofrecer un producto turstico a un mercado
determinado.
Si sumamos la superficie ocupada por los clusters tursticos de Mxico, probablemente
no representara ms de 1% del territorio mexicano. El 99% es un pas maravilloso, magnifico,
pero no entra en el juego turstico; se produce en menos del 1 por 100.4
Se requiere reconocer que los negocios tursticos se concentran en reas geogrficas o
clusters muy determinados. Esto implica que la competencia no se desarrolla entre pases, sino
entre clusters y entre negocios tursticos. De esta manera, Mxico no compite con Jamaica,
Cuba o Venezuela, pero Cancn si compite con Montego Bay, Varadero o Isla Margarita.
Argentina y Uruguay no compiten entre s, pero Mar de Plata compite con Punta del Este.
Por tanto, los que deben ser competitivos son los clusters tursticos, no los pases.
Cada cluster compite en diversos mercados, diversos segmentos, subsegmentos y
diversos nichos donde hay distintos competidores. Cancn compite con Acapulco o Ro de
Janeiro en playas y sol y con el Distrito Federal, Boston o Dallas en convenciones. Para que un
cluster de sol y playa, por ejemplo, sea competitivo, no es suficiente con tener las mejores
playas. Se requiere realizar una gran variedad de acciones sobre sus componentes para poder
tener una ventaja sostenible a lo largo del tiempo. Por ello:
La mejora continua de un cluster es la fuente de la ventaja

competitiva en los mercados donde se elige competir.
4
Eulogio Bords. Aumentando la Competitividad de los Negocios Tursticos Mexicanos. Ctedra sobre Turismo
Miguel Alemn Valds 1993. Diciembre 1993.
Es decir, para crear o reforzar ventaja competitiva en algn segmento estratgico, se

debe trabajar sobre el cluster, pues es ah donde se encuentran las fuentes de la ventaja
competitiva.
3. QU ES LA COMPETITIVIDAD TURSTICA?
Se debe entender a la Competitividad Turstica como:
tab
ad
li d
ibi
ten
Re
n
Componentes sustantivos en el
concepto de competitividad
So s
il id
ad
La capacidad de la industria turstica de un pas para alcanzar

sus objetivos por encima del promedio de referencia del sector, de
manera sostenida.
Competitividad
Comparabilidad
Esto debe entenderse como la capacidad para

lograr rentabilidad de las inversiones por encima del
promedio del sector de referencia de manera sostenible
y alcanzar beneficios sociales, econmicos y medio
ambientales sostenibles.
Pero Qu es la rentabilidad?
Es la capacidad de la empresa o de la industria para generar

retornos financieros superiores a las inversiones realizadas.
Es decir, para que una empresa sea considerada como competitiva, debe generar un
rendimiento sobre inversin superior al promedio que obtiene el sector de referencia. A su vez,
el sector de referencia:
Es el total de empresas que con productos y procesos de

produccin similares compiten por los mismos clientes. Es decir,
compiten en la misma combinacin producto-mercado y luchan por la
misma ventaja competitiva.
De acuerdo con esta idea, para conocer la competitividad de una empresa o una
industria, se har necesario comparar su rendimiento sobre la inversin slo con las empresas
o industrias del sector de referencia.
El componente de la sostenibilidad implica:
10
La capacidad de la empresa o la industria para asegurar sus

logros a lo largo del tiempo.
Esto significa mantener la rentabilidad financiera, rentabilidad social y medioambiental.
Es decir, la capacidad para operar con bajos costos sociales y ambientales.
La sostenibilidad no slo implica la capacidad de asegurar los logros financieros en el
tiempo, sino lograr el crecimiento de manera tal que no se agote el medio ambiente natural y
construido y preserve la cultura de la comunidad local. Esto quiere decir que debern usarse,
pero no agotarse, los recursos naturales y fsicos locales. Significa tambin que habr que
hacer todo lo posible para preservar y enriquecer su patrimonio cultural y local.5
Tambin significa la capacidad para seguir logrando los objetivos a lo largo del tiempo,
enfrentndose a un entorno agresivo configurado por la evolucin e interaccin de las llamadas
5 fuerzas competitivas:
x
x
x
x
x
La aparicin de competidores
La aparicin de sustitutos
El poder de negociacin frente a la demanda
El poder de negociacin sobre los factores
La rivalidad entre las empresas del sector de referencia
Esto nos conduce a considerar que:
Una empresa o destino es competitivo, cuando es capaz de

manejar las dificultades que las fuerzas competitivas le van
imponiendo.
4. CMO PUEDE SER COMPETITIVO

EL SECTOR TURSTICO MEXICANO?
La intencin de este documento no es la de dar recetas mgicas que de sbito coloquen
a Mxico y a sus destinos en una posicin competitiva. Pero lo que es evidente es la necesidad
de desarrollar algunas acciones inmediatas para crear las condiciones para iniciar el proceso.
Algunas de estas acciones inmediatas son:
1. Pensar en el desarrollo turstico con un enfoque orientado al logro de la
competitividad.
2. Planificar estratgicamente los destinos tursticos nacionales.
3. Analizar la atractividad de los mercados.
Concepto de Desarrollo Sostenible. XVII Congreso Internacional Interamericano de Turismo. OEA, Abril de 1997.
San Jos, Costa Rica, S/p.
11
4. Entender la competitividad de un nuevo paradigma: El Diamante de la

Competitividad.
5. Crear y mantener ventajas competitivas.
6. Otorgar prioridad a la investigacin y aplicacin tecnolgica para el desarrollo
de productos tursticos competitivos.
7. Ejecutar un programa de marketing efectivo e innovador.
La competitividad se obtiene por medio de la productividad, entendida sta como el valor
de la produccin por unidad de factor productivo (mano de obra o capital). La productividad
depende de la calidad y eficiencia con que se produce. Los negocios tursticos mexicanos
pueden contribuir considerablemente a la creacin de riqueza y desarrollo en el pas. La
contribucin de las empresas a la creacin de riqueza esta en funcin de su capacidad de
alcanzar una alta productividad y mantenerla con base esencialmente en la ventaja competitiva.
Consideremos algunos principios fundamentales:

x
La creacin y mantenimiento de la ventaja competitiva demanda constante

innovacin. Esta puede hacerse patente en un nuevo proceso de produccin, un
nuevo producto o servicio, un nuevo estilo de planeacin, un mtodo sobresaliente
para desarrollar personal, etc. Para innovar o mejorar cualquiera de estos elementos
se requiere de abundante y excelente informacin, la cual adquiere un papel
estratgico, sobre todo cuando la competencia no dispone de ella o no le toma
importancia. Las innovaciones crean ventajas competitivas cuando se percibe una
nueva oportunidad de mercado, cuando se sirve a un nicho que otros no han
considerado atractivo o cuando los competidores reaccionan lentamente.
La nica manera de conservar una ventaja competitiva es mejorarla

permanentemente. Las organizaciones incrementan su capacidad de supervivencia
rentable en el largo plazo, mejorando su actuacin frente a las fuerzas competitivas.
Todas las ventajas pueden imitarse. Cuando se ha logrado una ventaja por una
innovacin, se mantiene un liderazgo, pero nicamente se le podr conservar
mediante la mejora continua.
La diferenciacin y la especializacin constituyen las estrategias fundamentales

de la ventaja competitiva.
La diferenciacin estriba en el desarrollo de caractersticas que sean percibidas

como nicas por el consumidor. Esta estrategia permite fortalecer la posicin
competitiva debido a que genera lealtad de la clientela por la marca y abate su
sensibilidad al precio.
La especializacin consiste en satisfacer las necesidades y expectativas de un grupo

especfico de turistas, desarrollando y comercializando productos especializados. Es
una forma de diferenciacin, pues permite satisfacer mejor que otros las
necesidades y expectativas de los segmentos elegidos y por lo tanto reforzar la
posicin competitiva.
12
5. LA OPORTUNIDAD DEL TURISMO

La OMT estima que en el ao 2010 los pases del mundo recibirn unos 1,018 millones
de llegadas de turistas, lo que representa unos 1,550 miles de millones de dlares por ingresos.
Para el ao 2020 se esperan unos 1,602 millones de llegadas y unos 2,000 miles de millones
de dlares de ingresos tursticos mundiales. Una proyeccin del FONATUR6, en un escenario
moderado sealara que para nuestro pas se esperaran 32.64 millones de llegadas para el ao
2010 y ms de 51 millones para el 2020. Significaran 13 mil millones de dlares para el ao
2010 y ms de 22 mil millones de dlares para el 2020.
Ingresos Tursticos Mundiales
Turismo Mundial Proyeccin de Crecimiento

Millones de llegadas de turistas
Miles de Millones $ EUA
2,000
1,550
621
702
1,018 1,602
2000(p)
2010(p) 2020(p)
2000(p)
2010(p)
2020(p)
Fuente: Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (P) Preliminar
Perspectivas para Mxico

Miles de Millones de $ EUA
Millones de llegadas de turistas
22.4
13.46
621
20.8
2000(p)
32.64
51.2
2010(p) 2020(p)
2000(p)
2010(p)
2020(p)
Fuente: Estimaciones en base a la informacin de la Secretara de Turismo y el FONATUR
Este escenario moderado supone un crecimiento de la actividad turstica en general,

pero sin cambiar los actuales esquemas de desarrollo del turismo. Sin embargo pudieran ocurrir
dos escenarios totalmente diferentes. Uno cuyas cifras superen notablemente el escenario
moderado y de por s atractivo. Y otro, ostensiblemente menor debido a la batalla de los
competidores mundiales, aunada a nuestras prcticas de desapego estratgico.
6
Gran Visin del Turismo en Mxico 2020, FONATUR 2000.
13
Por otro lado, debemos considerar que el turismo domstico se encuentra en

crecimiento; actualmente realiza un promedio de 150 millones de viajes al ao y genera el 78%
del consumo turstico7, dando oportunidades de negocio al sector turstico.
Es indudable que el Turismo es un sector con potencial elevado para generar riqueza y
para incrementar beneficios como el combate a la pobreza, desarrollo regional, captacin de
divisas y dinamizacin del empleo. Pero tambin es cierto que es un sector que requiere
aprender a ser competitivo y para ello es indispensable redisear sus prcticas. La oportunidad
y reto que el Turismo representa para generar riqueza de manera sostenida y sostenible as lo
demandan. Mxico es un pas que rene los factores para fortalecer la competitividad de su
sector turstico, pero requiere adoptar un nuevo paradigma que le permita aprovechar los
beneficios del turismo, actividad econmica que se perfila como la ms dinmica en los inicios
de esta centuria.
6. QU ES UN NEGOCIO TURSTICO?
Podramos definirlo como una relacin de intercambio fundamental en el principio del
valor por el dinero, esto es, la satisfaccin de la necesidad a cambio de un precio. Dicho de
otra manera, es una forma de lucrar al satisfacer determinadas necesidades humanas
relacionadas con el ocio y el desplazamiento.
El negocio turstico es una combinacin de un mercado, un

producto y una tecnologa para satisfacer las necesidades de ocio de
aquellos que realizan desplazamientos con el fin de obtener nuevas
experiencias en la utilizacin de su tiempo libre.
Utilizaremos el concepto anterior para sealar un error que ha limitado nuestra visin
para hacer negocio. Y es, precisamente, el razonar en trminos de negocio turstico en lugar
de hacerlo en trminos de negocios tursticos.
Durante muchos aos hemos pensado que el turismo era cuestin de recibir turistas,
hospedarlos, cobrarles y regresarlos a su lugar de origen. Por tanto, todo poda crearse de la
misma o parecida manera. El negocio turstico era un negocio nico. Sin embargo, al identificar
que el negocio del turismo posee tres componentes dinmicos (mercado, productos y
tecnologa) nos podemos percatar que puede existir una gran cantidad de negocios.
As, es necesario considerar que:
El negocio turstico no existe: Lo que s existe es una gran

cantidad de negocios que combinan un mercado, un producto y una
tecnologa.
Encuesta a Hogares 1997, SECTUR, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo en Mxico, SECTUR-INEGI, 1998.
14
Un turista desea experimentar el rafting y otro desea el sol y la playa. Las necesidades
son distintas, por lo tanto, son diferentes negocios. En el turismo hay muchos negocios.
Para Eulogio Bordas existen diez mbitos de negocios tursticos muy diferentes y que
podemos apreciar en el siguiente cuadro:
m b ito d e N e g o c io
T u ris m o
Q u bu sca?
F is io l g ic o
D e s c a n s o , ttrr a n q u ilid a d , r e la x , r e c u p e r a c i n .
S e g u r id a d
P r o te c c i n , e s ta r s e g u r o .
S a lu d
R e c u p e r a c i n d e la s a lu d .
S o c ia liz a c i n
S e n t ir s e m ie m b r o d e g r u p o s , a filia c i n .
D iv e r s i n
G o z a r , d a r r ie n d a s u e lta a lo s s e n t id o s .
E stim a
D e s c u b r im ie n to
D e s c u b r im ie n to , a p r e n d e r , d is c u tir , e x p lo r a r .
A u to r r e a liz a c i n
Logros.
E d u c a c i n
10
S a tis fa c c i n a la s n e c e s id a d e s d e a fe
f e c to .
A p render.
E s ta r e n c o n ta c to c o n la b e lle z a , p la c e r e s t tic o .
E st t ic a
Bords indica adems que cada uno de esos negocios tursticos puede ser, a su vez,
desagregado de acuerdo con las caractersticas de ese mbito de negocio, lo que da origen a
una buena cantidad de mercados. Por ejemplo, considera que el Turismo Fisiolgico puede
desagregarse en funcin de algunas conductas para ejercerlo. Esto puede ser ejemplificado en
el siguiente diagrama de mercados de este tipo de negocio turstico:
A v e n tu rism o
T re k k in g / ra n d o n e s
S a fa ris fo to g r fico s
B ird w aac
c h in g
Buceo
R u tta
a s d e a v e n ttu
u ra
T o u rin g p a isa jstico

S e n su a lism o
E st tic a
A n ti - stre ss
D o lc e fa rn ie n te e n p la y a
C lu b e s d e v a c a c io n e s
A g ro tu rism o
E sta r e n fo rm a
C ru c e ro s d e p la c e r
C o n se rv a d u rism
ris m o
15
A su vez cada mercado es un conglomerado de muchos segmentos. El mercado del

Dolce Farniente en playa puede describirse en el siguiente ejemplo:
M e rc a d o : E l d u lc e h a c e d o r d e n a d a e n la p la y a
O so Y ogi
P a n te ra R o sa
R e la x T o t a l
P a s iv o y d o m in a d o
G ru p a l
P o c o s o f ist ic a d o
P a t o D o n a ld
M u y a c t iv o lig h t
A c tiv o y d o m in a n te
In d iv id u a l (m ic r o -g r u p o )
M u y s o fis tic a d o
x it o
x it o
E n t o r n o a g r a d a b le
A lo ja m ie n t o f u n c io n a l
B u e n p r e c io
E n t o r n o so fis tic a d o
A lo j a m ie n t o s u p e r io r
A c tiv id a d e s d e s ta t u s
De acuerdo con este desagrupamiento convencional, existen tres diferentes grupos de

personas. Cada uno de estos segmentos requiere de satisfactores diferentes. Un destino o una
empresa debera de ser capaz de dar calidad pertinente: a cada tipo de cliente diferente
producto. Este razonamiento prctico se nos olvida y nos hace incurrir en el error de pensar que
todos los turistas tienen las mismas expectativas. Para tener xito en los negocios tursticos es
necesario recordarlo. Es indispensable reconocer que:
Cada segmento de mercado es diferente y requiere de acciones

diferenciadas.
Cada segmento tiene su propio atractivo, diferentes reglas del juego, diferentes claves
de xito, diferentes hbitos de informacin, diferentes hbitos de compra, diferentes hbitos de
uso.
Es as como podemos observar que:
U n n e g o c io
S e d e s g lo s a
e n v a rio s
m b it o s d e
n e g o c io s
C a d a n e g o c io
io
e s d e sg lo sa d o
e n v a rio s
m e rc a d os
U n n e g o c iio
o
1 0 b iitt o s d e n e g o c i o
2 0 0 m e rca d o
3 ,00 0 se g m e n to s
16
Y lu e g o e n
se g m e n to s
Y c a d a se g m e n to
r e q u ie r e
d if e r e n t e s c o s a s
Los costos sociales y econmicos de hacer caso omiso a las consideraciones aqu
mostradas son verdaderamente impactantes. El riego es la supervivencia de los negocios
tursticos mexicanos. Existe una diferencia sustancial entre estar alerta y estar aletargado. El
ser competitivo radica en una actitud estratgica y en profundo sentido de innovacin
tecnolgica para el desarrollo de ventajas comerciales en cualquier mercado.
En el Turismo slo habr tres tipos de empresa y localidad: las

competitivas, las condenadas a morir... y las muertas.
17
CONCLUSIONES
1.
A mayor efectividad en la gestin competitiva del turismo, mayor el alcance de sus

beneficios.
2.
La competitividad de los destinos tursticos depende de la capacidad de su industria para

innovar y mejorar permanentemente la calidad de sus productos.
3.
No existen naciones competitivas, sino naciones con industrias y sectores competitivos.
4.
La mejora de la competitividad de un destino debe considerarse desde un punto de vista

local, antes de desarrollar polticas nacionales.
5.
Los sectores o industrias competitivas se concentran en espacios relativamente

pequeos.
6.
La mejora continua del cluster es la fuente de la ventaja competitiva en los mercados

donde se elige competir.
7.
Una empresa o destino es competitivo cuando es capaz de manejar las dificultades que
las fuerzas competitivas le van imponiendo.
8.
El negocio turstico no existe: Lo que s existe es una gran cantidad de negocios que
combinan un mercado, un producto y una tecnologa.
9.
Cada segmento de mercado es diferente y requiere de acciones diferenciadas.
10.
En este mundo convulsionado por la globalidad y su feroz competencia comercial, solo

habr tres tipos de empresas y localidades tursticas: las competitivas, las condenadas a
morir.... y las muertas.
18
Incrementar la competitividad turstica, reto nacional

Para lograrlo es necesario que el desarrollo de infraestructura turstica se realice
bajo un enfoque de desarrollo urbano
Roberto Calvet Roquero*
Artculo publicado en El Economista, julio de 2007.
Mxico presenta un gran potencial en el sector turismo para tener un desarrollo

exitoso durante los prximos aos, debido a que cuenta con una enorme riqueza
en trminos culturales, diversidad climtica, belleza orogrfica, fauna y flora.
Asimismo, juega un papel importante en la economa del pas, ya que
representa la tercera fuente ms importante de divisas, despus del petrleo y las
remesas, y a su vez genera ms de 1 milln 900,000 fuentes de trabajo relacionadas de manera directa con el sector, lo que representa poco ms de 5% del
personal ocupado en el pas. Adems, por cada empleo directo se crean alrededor
de cuatro empleos indirectos.
De acuerdo con las tendencias mundiales que se prevn para los prximos
aos, la demanda por servicios tursticos se incrementar de forma importante por
la mayor integracin mundial y el incremento en la poblacin pensionada de los
pases industrializados, lo que implica una proporcin cada vez mayor de
personas con elevados recursos socioeconmicos que tienen inters y
Roberto Calvet Roquero es vicepresidente Nacional de Comercio y Turismo

rcalvet@cmic.org
posibilidades de realizar largos viajes a destinos atractivos, entre los cuales se

debe posicionar a Mxico.
Mxico debe ser lder en la materia

Sin embargo, de acuerdo con el reporte 2007 del Foro Econmico Mundial sobre
la Competitividad en Turismo, Mxico no est entre los pases ms atractivos para
el mercado turstico mundial, ya que ocupa la posicin 49 de 124 pases que
considera el estudio. En los primeros tres lugares estn Suiza, Austria y Alemania.
El primer pas de Amrica Latina que aparece en la lista es Barbados (29), varios
lugares ms abajo se encuentran Costa Rica (41), Chile (45), Jamaica (48),
Mxico (49) y la Repblica Dominicana (50).
Una de las principales razones del rezago turstico en nuestro pas es la percepcin sobre la inseguridad, el mal estado de la infraestructura de caminos y la
baja inversin en el sector. Asimismo, se necesita una gama ms vasta de oferta
de productos y no concentrarse nicamente en sol y playas. El ndice de
competitividad turstica constituye una herramienta que permite a las autoridades e
inversionistas identificar las oportunidades y amenazas que se ubican en el
entorno econmico y social de cada pas.
Por lo anterior, se necesita que Mxico se convierta en un pas lder en la
actividad turstica, dada su importancia como pieza fundamental para el desarrollo
econmico de nuestro pas, por lo que esta actividad debe constituirse como una
prioridad nacional para generar inversiones, empleos y combatir la pobreza,
garantizando que el crecimiento del sector respete los entornos naturales, culturales y sociales. Para lograr lo anterior, es necesario atender lo siguiente:
1. Una promocin suficiente y adecuada en el mercado estadounidense, y en
particular en los pases de Europa, Latinoamrica y Asia, donde la penetracin ha sido mnima.
2. Oferta diversificada de atractivos tursticos, como el turismo de aventura,
entre otros, y contar con infraestructura adecuada para estos desarrollos.
3. Paquetes promocionales para la poblacin de alto poder adquisitivo, para
ser competitivos frente al costo que representan otros destinos en el
exterior.
4. Simplificacin administrativa. Para construir y operar un hotel se deben
efectuar mltiples trmites ante autoridades locales y federales.
5. Los destinos tursticos carecen de una infraestructura adecuada para el
reciclaje, disposicin y tratamiento de residuos slidos y aguas residuales.
6. Esquemas de financiamiento a largo plazo y costos competitivos de la
banca comercial a los desarrolladores de proyectos tursticos.
Impulso al ecoturismo
Para resolver la problemtica del sector se debe no slo consolidar la oferta
turstica existente sino que es preciso aumentarla a travs de la diversificacin de
sus mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la competitividad de
las empresas del sector, de forma que brinden un servicio de calidad internacional,
adems de aumentar en 35% el nmero de visitantes internacionales al ao, tal y
como se establece en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND). Ofrecer mejores

servicios que permitan mayores ingresos para el pas, como son los servicios de
transporte y telecomunicaciones, de comercio, de entretenimiento y alimentacin,
que deben ser ms sofisticados para competir cabalmente con los ofrecidos en
otras partes del mundo.
Integrar los grandes centros tursticos con localidades pequeas y medianas
que potencialmente pueden ofrecer servicios tursticos. Sin descuidar el turismo de
sol y playa, es necesario impulsar vigorosamente el ecoturismo, el turismo cultural,
el turismo de negocios, el turismo religioso, el de convenciones. Aumentar el
nmero de cuartos de hotel de acuerdo con la tendencia de llegadas de turistas y
la capacidad aeroportuaria.
Crear condiciones de certeza jurdica para las nuevas inversiones en los
destinos tursticos del pas, as como acciones para consolidar las existentes.
Invertir en aquellas regiones con potencial turstico pero que an no cuentan con
la infraestructura necesaria. Impulsar la inversin en la creacin de infraestructura
en carreteras, caminos y ferrocarriles que articulen los corredores de forma ms
favorable, y en la creacin de terminales de autobuses que cuenten con una
infraestructura de servicios de mayor calidad para permitir un mejor acceso a los
nuevos productos tursticos. Desarrollar la infraestructura portuaria para que los
cruceros, adems de contar con mayores facilidades para su desembarco,
cuenten con espacios comerciales en la ciudad y apoyos viales para la atencin
de los cruceristas.
En conclusin, para mejorar la competitividad turstica de nuestro pas es

necesario que el desarrollo de infraestructura turstica se realice bajo un enfoque
de desarrollo urbano, que permita integrar los nuevos centros de poblacin que se
generen, para que stos cuenten con los servicios de infraestructura, evitando el
fenmeno de asentamientos humanos que se extendieron sin disponer
adecuadamente de agua potable, drenaje o energa, y as emprender proyectos de
construccin en un contexto de desarrollo ordenado, racional y sustentable, realizando tambin acciones de prevencin necesarias para proteger a los centros de
poblacin y a las actividades productivas de los efectos causados por fenmenos
hidrometeorolgicos.
Turismo:Laindispensablecompetitividad
Ken Robinson*
CentrodeComercioInternacional,
ForumdeComercioInternacionalNo.1/2003
Disponibleenwww.forumdecomercio.org
El turismo es un sector clave, cuya promocin permite incrementar los ingresos en
divisas. De ah que los encargados de la estrategia nacional deban actuar a la vez con
optimismoyprudencia.
El turismo est cambiando. Hace apenas una generacin, poca gente viajaba al
extranjero,ycuandolohaca,susdestinoseransitiosfamiliaresyporlogeneraldefcil
acceso; a los lugares ms alejados solan ir en grupo. Hoy, el turista es ms exigente,
planificaporssolosusvacacionesyhacesusreservas;esloquelosexpertosenturismo
llamanunviajerolibreeindependiente.
Casi todos los pases han reconocido el potencial del turismo y tratan de aumentar el
nmero de visitantes extranjeros, para incrementar as sus exportaciones de servicios.
Hasta hace unos cinco aos, las pocas estrategias de turismo se centraban en la venta.
Peroinclusolaadopcindeunmtodobienestructuradoparapromoverelturismono
bastaparaconstituirunaestrategiaadecuada.
Cmogestionarelaceleradocrecimientodelturismo
Seestimaquepara2020elnmerodeviajerosinternacionalessetriplicar.Ydndeir
toda esta gente? La capacidad de los destinos ms populares es limitada, y tampoco
abundan los lugares aptos para un desarrollo turstico intensivo que podra arruinar el
entornoque,precisamente,buscanlosvisitantes.
Consideroqueelturismopuedeaportargrandesbeneficios,perotambinmepreocupa
lafaltadeunagestincoordinada. Enmuchoslugarespodemosverlosestragosqueel
turismopuedecausarcuandosloobedecealademanda.Qusepuedehacerparaque
esonoocurra?
Canalizartodaslasaspiracionesenunaestrategiadeturismonacionalnoessuficiente.El
turismo suele concentrarse en unas pocas regiones e incluso en algunas pequeas
localidades sumamente populares, para las que hacen falta planes especficos. Sin
anlisis,planificacin,promocinygestin,laestrategianacionalporssolaresultaintil.

1
Trespreceptos
Hay tres ideas que los planificadores del turismo deben tener presentes desde un
principio:
Losturistasvendrndetodasmaneras,existaonounaestrategianacional.Ahorabien,
serlaclasedeturistasquesedeseaatraerypodrelpasacogerlosadecuadamente,a
findeaumentarlosbeneficiosyminimizarlosproblemasligadosasupresencia?
Los turistas son muy diversos: el mochilero que recorre el mundo a pie no busca lo
mismoqueelempresario,lapersonaqueparteamenudoenvacaciones,elenfermoque
vaaotropasparaseguiruntratamientoolapersonaquevisitaaamigosyfamiliares.
La estrategia de turismo no debe limitarse a la venta; tambin debe ocuparse de la
gestinydeoptimizarlosbeneficiossociales,econmicosyambientalesqueelturismo
puedegenerar.
Unproductoperecedero
Elturismoestambinunproductoaltamenteperecedero.Unproductoindustrialsiempre
puede venderseen el futuro, perola capacidad turstica no ocupada es una prdida de
ingreso irrecuperable. La demanda turstica suele ser estacional, por lo que ajustar la
ofertaalademandaesesencialparaasegurarsuviabilidad.Adiferenciadelaindustria,el
turismo afecta a todos los habitantes de una localidad, y no slo a quienes participan
directamenteenestesector.
Desgraciadamente, pocos pases, regiones y localidades cuentan con estrategias de
turismo coherentes. A diferencia de los pases desarrollados, donde la infraestructura
normativa,socialycomercialofreceuncontextodegestinparaelturismo,enlospases
endesarrollolosprogresosdelturismosuelenserimpulsadosporloscriteriosfinancieros
a corto plazo de los promotores y las empresas multinacionales. ltimamente, la
sostenibilidad ambiental se ha convertido en un factor de gran inters para la
planificacin del turismo local. Igualmente importante es la sostenibilidad cultural y
comunitaria. La popularizacin de la artesana y las tradiciones puede provocar
distorsionespermanentessilaculturalocalseconvierteenunproductomsparaatraer
alosvisitantesextranjeros.
Unenfoqueintegrado
A menudo, la estrategia nacional de turismo se ocupa exclusivamente de los visitantes
extranjeros, y descuida o subestima el valor del turismo nacional. En los pases
desarrolladosconunapoblacinnumerosa,elturismointernosermsimportanteque
elextranjero,tantoen volumencomoenvalor.EnelReinoUnido,destinacinturstica
muyapreciadainternacionalmente,elturismonacionalrepresentaanel80%deltotal.
De hecho, la clientela local puede ser significativa incluso en los pases en desarrollo,
dondegranpartedelainfraestructuratursticadependerdelmercadonacional.
2
Elturismosueleayudaraquelospasesanfitrionesdispongandemediosfinancierospara
mantenersupatrimoniocultural.Ocurretambinquelacontinuidaddelosserviciosde
utilidad pblica y el comercio de detalle esencial para la viabilidad econmica
dependadelosturistas,inclusocuandosugastorepresentaslounapequeapartedel
ingresototal.
Pero qu pasa si la demanda generada por el turismo aumenta y se transforma? Se
construirnnuevasinstalacionesyhotelesmsgrandesparaacogeraunaclientelams
exigente.Algunosdelosestablecimientosmstradicionales,decategoramedia,talvez
aprovechenestademandaparamodernizarseycrecer.Peroesprobablequemuchasde
lasempresasenlossegmentosmediosysobretodoinferioresnologrenbeneficiarsede
estanuevademanda,decaiganyquiebren.
Soluciones
Las respuestas a estos problemas deben buscarse en el anlisis y la planificacin, en la
capacitacin profesional del personal del turismo y en la adopcin de estrategias de
gestin claras, que sean comprendidas por el sector y los organismos oficiales
interesados. Siempre es posible influir en el tipo de turismo extranjero que se quiere
atraer, las caractersticas de sus visitas y el desarrollo de las instalaciones y servicios
apropiadosasusnecesidades.
Esdeverasmuyimportantemejorarlasinstalacionesparaelturismonacionalyvalorizar
estesector,yaquemientrasmsseanlosviajerosqueprefieranrecorrersupropiopas,
mscuantiosossernlosingresosconservadosporlaeconomanacionalyelrendimiento
delasinversiones.
Evitarlafragmentacin
El turismo no es una industria homognea. En realidad, comprende empresas tan
diversas como las compaas areas, navieras, de buses, hoteles y otros albergues,
entretenciones,alquilerdecoches,festivalesyeventos,visitasguiadas,ventadedetalle,
circuitos de recorrido tursticos, etc. Aunque en casi todos los pases las empresas ms
grandessonmiembrosdelasasociacionessectoriales,laindustriatursticaestformada
mayoritariamenteporpequeasymedianasempresas,menosorganizadasodispuestasa
participar. Cmo llevarlas a la mesa de dilogo? Los mtodos abundan, pero, para ser
convincentes y eficaces, todos deben apuntar a la participacin en el proceso de
concepcinyaplicacindeunaestrategia.Sedeberecordarquealgunasdelaspersonas
msimportantesparaelturismotalveznotrabajenenestesector.
Paraelplanificador,ocuparsedetodaslasactividadesrelacionadasconelturismoplantea
variasdificultades,comolaobtencindeestadsticasprecisas.Eltipodeestadsticasque
lasempresasrecopilanenelmarcodelagestincomercialylacontabilidad,ylospasesa
efectos de los controles de entrada en las fronteras, no se presta para la gestin, el
3
fomento y la comercializacin del turismo. En efecto, se tiende a minimizar las cifras
comerciales para el pago de los impuestos, y a inflarlas para afirmar la posicin en el
sector.Porende,lasfuentessectorialesnosonfiables.
LasTICyloscambios
Las tecnologas de la informacin y las comunicaciones (TIC) estn transformando
rpidamente al sector turstico, sobre todo en los niveles de bsqueda, reservas y
administracin, si bien las reservas en lnea son por ahora posibles slo en los grandes
hoteles,lneasareasyoperadores.
Aunque esta tendencia sigue afirmndose, habr que esperar a que la mayor parte del
sector turstico de un pas est conectada a las redes virtuales para aprovechar
plenamentesusbeneficios.Mientras,lasTICsiguenaumentandolarentabilidadyeficacia
delarecopilacinydifusindedatossobrelosresultadosdelsector.
Normasdecalidad
Tenerlagarantadequerecibirnprestacionesdecalidadesesencialparalosturistasy,
por consiguiente, para el xito de toda estrategia turstica. Pero son muy pocas las
empresas, incluso en los pases desarrollados, que imparten a su personal una buena
formacinenmateriadeservicioalaclientela.Estaresponsabilidadnoincumbesloalos
hoteles y su personal. Por ejemplo, la Oficina de Turismo de Marruecos ha auspiciado
telefilmsenhorariosdemayoraudienciaparasensibilizaratodalapoblacinsobrecmo
darunbuentratoalosturistas.
Con frecuencia, los turistas deben escoger, sin apoyo, los servicios que van a comprar.
Todavanoexisteunsistemamundialquepropongaunadescripcinnormalizadadelos
hoteles y otros servicios para visitantes. En muchos pases no hay sistemas nacionales,
poreltemordequestostenganuncostoexcesivo;enrealidad,podranfuncionarpor
autoevaluacin,coninspeccionesencasodequejas.
Elcontroldelacalidadsuponequehayareglas,oquegruposprofesionales,convencidos
desuvalorcomercial,laspromuevanyadopten.
Lapalabrajusta
Los profesionales del turismo no estn familiarizados con la terminologa de la
planificacin de las exportaciones. No obstante, conceptos como cuestiones externas
(borderout), cuestiones perifricas (border) y cuestiones internas (borderin) se
aplicansinproblemaalascaractersticasfsicasdelturismo.Porejemplo,alconsiderarlas
cuestiones externas, los planificadores del sector turstico deben analizar los medios
usados por los visitantes extranjeros para hacer sus reservas: agencias de viajes,
turoperadores o la internet. Estos medios se convierten en metas de comercializacin.
4
Entrelascuestionesperifricasfiguranlaslicencias,visados,procedimientosdeentradae
impuestosalosturistas.Encuantoalascuestionesinternas,stasdebenserprimordiales
para los planificadores. Desarrollar productos idneos, promover una buena gestin,
formaralpersonal,sensibilizaralpblicoycrearunambienteacogedorparalosturistas,
dondequiera que stos vayan, son aspectos tan importantes como la preparacin para
exportarenlaproduccindebienes.
Principalesatractivos
Elplanificadordebeconocerbienlaofertaturstica,ascomoelperfildelosturistasque
llegan al pas y de los visitantes potenciales: categoras de visitantes, duracin de su
estancia,caractersticasdelavisita.Tambindebeconocerlosprincipalesatractivosdel
pas, es decir, los aspectos de la oferta que hacen que los visitantes lo prefieran y
descartenalospasescompetidores.Estoimplicalevantaruninventariodelosrecursos,
instalacioneseinfraestructuras,evalundolosenfuncindesuscualidades,deficiencias,
oportunidades y riesgos, y analizndolos en funcin de criterios polticos, econmicos,
sociales y tecnolgicos. Esto contribuye a determinar lo que los expertos en turismo
llamanelajusteentreelproductoyelmercado.Amenudo,elproductoexistentenose
ajusta totalmente a los mercados potenciales, lo que lleva a improvisar formas de
adecuardichosmercados,envezdeajustarelproducto.
Viene luego la definicin del plan de desarrollo del producto, que comprende los
recursosideales(queelpasnotiene,peronecesitaparaatraerlosmercadosmeta)ylas
alianzas nacionales que mejorarn la situacin del pas. Se trata de modernizar las
instalaciones y tambin los recursos humanos y las ideas. Los grupos ecologistas y
comunitarios cumplen un importante papel en la proteccin del patrimonio cultural, y
puedenformaralianzasconturoperadoresyorganizadoresdecircuitos.Elturismoesun
negociopersonalizado,ylosturistassonsensiblesalacalidaddelaacogidaporpartedel
personaltursticoydelasdemspersonasqueencuentrandurantesuvisita.
Los turistas prefieren visitar lugares seguros y agradables. Pero la llamada
Disneyficacin de los destinos tursticos no es la forma de asegurar los niveles que el
visitante reclama. El turista extranjero ms exigente desea conocer la vida real, la
atmsferaylaculturadelpasquevisita.Deahquelaautenticidadseamuchasvecesun
factordeterminanteparaatraerturistas.
El turismo internacional es un terreno de fuerte competitividad. Pero incluso si los
productossonadecuados,elxitodependerdelapromocincomercial,elanlisisylas
mejoras continuas. En realidad, sin una estrategia, el turismo puede ser un factor
perturbadorytalvezperjudicial.Losbeneficioseconmicos,ambientalesysocialesque
aportaunabuenaestrategiatursticasondemasiadovaliososcomoparaignorarlos.
5
*KenRobinson(krobinsonlrt@aol.com)dirigeunaempresadeconsultoraconunavasta
experiencia en proyectos de desarrollo y gestin del turismo en todo el mundo. Este
artculosebasaensusintervencionesduranteunasesindeintercambiodeideasdurante
elForoEjecutivo
6

Competitividad y Turismo

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Competitividad y Turismo

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Introduccin

mundial, y contribuyeron a crear

8.2% de los puestos de trabajo en el orbe.

y 4.7% del empleo total en 2007.

En ese mismo ao llegaron al pas 21.4 millones de turistas internacionales, de los

Turismo, factor de desarrollo

nacional y competitividad, en donde, a partir de series de datos, muestra la

A su vez, Jorge Lpez Ramois presenta el concepto de competitividad de

En este mismo sentido, Gustavo Segura e Inman Crist

analizan uno a uno los determinantes de la competitividad sealados por Porter.

Competitividad, en donde se especifica la poltica pblica del gobierno federal en

As, ste artculo que cierra la carpeta,

aade un tema relevante a la discusin sobre la competitividad turstica, pues no

DOCUMENTOS CARPETA INFORMATIVA SOBRE TURISMO

EVOLUCIN DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN MXICO

Carolina Crdenas Sosa,

La subsecretaria de turismo expone en esta colaboracin los retos

Gustavo Meixueiro Njera,

En su colaboracin el autor expone la estrategia de la

Gustavo Meixueiro Njera,

Octavio Ruz, Turismo:

ASPECTOS TERICOS DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD TURSTICA

En este apartado, el autor presenta el concepto de competitividad,

Jorge L. Lpez Ramois,

El autor explica el surgimiento de la competitividad turstica a partir

Gustavo Segura e Inman

La autora presenta una visin crtica al modelo de desarrollo

COMPETITIVIDAD DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN EL MUNDO

World Economic Forum,

El conjunto de artculos que componen esta seccin se encuentran

World Economic Forum,

En su primer captulo, el Reporte sobre Competitividad en Viajes y

John Elkins, muestra la importancia de los pagos electrnicos como

World Economic Forum,

Muestra los resultados del ndice de competitividad para 124 pases

Muestra los resultados para Mxico del ndice de competitividad

ESTRATEGIAS PARA MEJORAR LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN TURISMO

Rodolfo Elizondo Torres,

El actual Secretario de Turismo hace un recorrido por los principales

Este artculo forma parte de una serie de documentos que difunden

Roberto Calvet Roquero,

A partir del anlisis del ndice de competitividad en viajes y turismo

Ken Robinson, Turismo: la

6. Ofrecer esquemas de financiamiento a largo plazo y costos

DOCUMENTOS CARPETA INFORMTIVA SOBRE TURISMO

RESUMEN DE DOCUMENTOS: CARPETA INFORMATIVA SOBRE TURISMO

EVOLUCIN DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN MXICO

Carolina Crdenas Sosa, ituaci n actual del turismo en

Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Turismo, eporte

Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Impacto de la actividad turstica en el desarrollo local,

Octavio Ruz, Turismo: Factor de desarrollo y competitividad en Mxico, Mxico,

ASPECTOS TERICOS DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD TURSTICA

Vicente M. Monfort, Competitividad en turismo, ompetitividad y factores cr ticos

Jorge L. Lpez Ramois, Qu es la competitividad en turismo?,

Gustavo Segura e Inman Crist. Marco terico de competitividad: el cluster de

Adriana Mara Otero, Planificacin y gestin competitiva de destinos tursticos,

COMPETITIVIDAD DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURSTICA EN EL MUNDO

World Economic Forum, Executive Summary, T e Travel and Tourism

World Economic Forum, Selected issues of T&T competitiveness, T e Travel and

World Economic Forum, Country/Economy Profiles and Data Presentation, T e

World Economic Forum, Mxico profile 2007, T e Travel and Tourism

World Economic Forum, Mxico profile 2008, T e Travel and Tourism

ESTRATEGIAS PARA MEJORAR LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN TURISMO

Rodolfo Elizondo Torres, Mxico en el mundo a travs de la competitividad en