Professional Documents
Culture Documents
El turismo es un sector clave para las economas alrededor del mundo por su
efecto favorable en el crecimiento econmico y el empleo, amn del desarrollo
econmico que por su conducto se genera a partir de la entrada de divisas, toda
vez que una buena parte del turismo es de carcter internacional. En 2006, las
actividades tursticas generaron 10.3% del
PIB
PIB
aumentaron 5.9% respecto al cierre de 2006. De esta forma, al igual que los
ltimos aos, el saldo de la balanza turstica fue superavitaria. Es por ello que la
actividad turstica ha sido considerada como prioridad nacional de la presente
administracin, y ha sido propuesta como detonador del desarrollo local
sustentable.
No obstante, a pesar de los buenos resultados de la actividad, la posicin de
Mxico a nivel mundial ha empeorado. Del lugar 49 que ocupaba en el ndice de
Competitividad en Viajes y Turismo del Foro Econmico Mundial 2007, pas al
lugar 55 en 2008, principalmente debido a una baja competitividad de los precios
de la industria, la falta de inversin en infraestructura turstica, y la inseguridad.
Ante la indiscutible importancia del turismo y el reto que representa mejorar
la posicin competitiva del pas, el Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin
Pblica presenta esta carpeta informativa que pone de manifiesto la evolucin
reciente del sector, los desafos que enfrenta, y algunas de las estrategias que se
proponen para solventar la prdida de competitividad.
Dividida en cuatro secciones, esta carpeta incluye dieciocho documentos
elaborados por diversos especialistas en el tema, y algunos otros provenientes de
organismos internacionales como la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo, la
Organizacin Mundial del Comercio y el Foro Econmico Mundial.
En la primera seccin, correspondiente a los resultados de la actividad
turstica en Mxico, se incluyen cuatro documentos. El apartado inicia con la
participacin de la subsecretaria de turismo, Carolina Crdenas Sosa, en la mesa
de discusin y anlisis nmero 15 del
CESOP
contiene puntos clave en materia de turismo, y las lneas estratgicas a seguir por
Mxico para consolidar su competitividad.
Enseguida, se incluyen las memorias del Foro Acciones para el
Fortalecimiento del turismo en Mxico realizado por el
CESOP
y el Comit de
Resumen
II.
Resumen
Vicente M. Monfort,
Competitividad en
turismo, Competitividad y
factores crticos de xito en
los destinos tursticos
mediterrneos: Benidorm y
Pescola, tesis doctoral,
Espaa, 1999.
Adriana
Mara
Otero,
Planificacin y gestin
competitiva de destinos
tursticos,
Boletn
Electrnico Intercambios,
ao 5, nm 32. Facultad de
Turismo. UNC. 2006.
III.
Resumen
IV.
Resumen
CESOP/Comit
de
Competitividad, Acciones
para el fortalecimiento del
turismo
en
Mxico,
Situacin
de
la
competitividad en Mxico,
Cmara de Diputados,
Mxico, 2007, pp. 325-351.
Secretara de Turismo,
Competitividad
y
desarrollo de productos
tursticos
exitosos,
Documentos tcnicos de
competitividad, nm. 1.
Mxico, 2002.
I.
II.
aceta
III.
IV.
CESOP/Comit
Al cierre del 2007, en las distintas zonas geogrficas del planeta, se han reducido los
niveles de actividad turstica; as por ejemplo, tanto Amrica como Europa, tuvieron un
ingreso de turistas menor, esto en comparacin con Medio Oriente, igualmente se
observa que Mxico tuvo un escaso incremento en cuanto a recepcin de turistas, de tan
solo el 0.03%, por su parte Espaa, tuvo un crecimiento del 1.7%, Francia del 3%,
Alemania del 3.4%, Cuba decreci en 7.1%, Canad tambin decreci en 8.6%.
Algo que solicitaramos, es que los legisladores ayuden a hacer esas puertas de entrada
a Mxico ms amables, con mejor sealizacin, con mejor imagen.
Cabe citar que el trabajo que se est haciendo con Relaciones Exteriores y la Secretara
de Economa, en torno a la ampliacin de los cruces y las garitas para que la revisin sea
ms expedita, ha tenido muy buenos resultados, pese a ello, el cruce de turistas
excursionistas contina a la baja, aunque debe mencionarse que estos turistas, pese a
ingresar en menos ocasiones al pas, siguen comprando lo mismo.
Podemos afirmar que las divisas van en incremento y esto se debe a que el gasto medio
ha crecido. Por ejemplo, del 2001 al 2007 dicho gasto ha crecido 40 por ciento. Y la
llegada de personas ha crecido un 27 por ciento. O sea, estn gastando ms. Quizs
porque se quedan ms noches, quizs porque hay mejores productos.
Por otro lado, en lo referente al tema de la competitividad, que es un tema que a todos
nos interesa, debe hacerse nfasis en que en los aos 2006 y 2007, las evaluaciones del
Foro Econmico Mundial no fueron las mismas, as por ejemplo, en el 2006, fueron 124
pases examinados, mientras que en el 2007 fueron evaluados 130, de igual forma en el
2006 pusieron 56 indicadores bsicos y en el 2007 aumentaron a 70.
Es decir, cuando vemos que salimos mal calificados, realmente fue porque cambio el
modelo de medir. Sin embargo, vamos ligeramente mejor. Pero hay algunos retos en los
que ustedes, diputados federales, pueden incidir mucho.
En cuanto a los siguientes tres subndices que mencionare, los cuales son: marco
regulador, ambiente de negocios e infraestructura y el de recursos humanos, las cifras
son las siguientes:
Los rusos tambin tienen problemas con la visa; los rusos estn viajando mucho, gastan
mucho y muchos son los que quieren viajar, sin embargo, es muy difcil aceptarlos en
Mxico; de igual forma queremos que tambin vengan los chinos, sin embargo, el ao
pasado solamente tuvimos 17 mil chinos que llegaron por motivos de turismo a Mxico.
Por otro lado, en el tema de la sustentabilidad del medio ambiente, podemos ver que en
el tema de las especies amenazadas, estamos en el lugar 126 de 130 sitios.
En general existe una gran cantidad de indicadores que inciden en la actividad turstica
de un pas; por ejemplo tenemos el caso de la fiabilidad de los servicios de polica, en
donde se nos califica en el lugar 118, el costo del crimen y la violencia en los negocios
tiene el lugar 119, en accidentes de trfico ocupamos el 112.
En el acceso a servicios de salud ocupamos el lugar 70, en camas de hospital tenemos
el nmero 97, en la autorizacin del gobierno para la industria de viajes y turismo,
estamos en el lugar 38, en eficacia de la comercializacin y la marca, estamos en un muy
buen lugar, Mxico se vende muy bien en el mundo, ya que ocupamos el lugar 32.
Lo anterior nos debe llevar a reconocer que estamos mal calificados en el tema de
infraestructura, pero muy bien calificados en temas como los recursos naturales y los
recursos culturales; tenemos todo para ser un gran destino turstico.
Existen tambin tres grandes categoras, las cuales nos permiten identificar las causas
de la inhibicin del turismo en Mxico; el primero de ellos es la frontera; tal y como les
mencione, el problema del incremento de los controles migratorios con esperas
prolongadas hasta de cuatro horas, la percepcin de inseguridad, la falta de
infraestructura en todo lo que son las ciudades fronterizas y deficiente desarrollo urbano,
limitan el arribo de turistas a Mxico; el reto para todos nosotros, junto con los
legisladores, es que nos ayuden a hacer ms bonitas las entradas a Mxico, no tanto a
ser tursticas las fronteras, sino hacer que el turista se sienta bienvenido y que se atreva a
pasar la puerta.
En general, la mayor dificultad que el sector turstico del pas enfrenta, es la expedicin
de visas y en otro aspecto, el tema de perdida de playas, lo cual es un tema severo,
igualmente mantenemos como propuesta el tema del seguro medico, si logramos que el
seguro medico norteamericano sea aceptado por los hospitales mexicanos, lograremos
tener a ese turismo.
Nuestras metas son llegar al 2012 a casi 29 millones, las divisas a 17 mil millones y las
divisas por gasto de los internacionales, a 20 mil millones.
Por otra parte, la inversin pblica y privada, en ocho estados prioritarios, tiene como
meta llegar a 5 mil 800 millones, De igual forma la Secretara de Turismo tiene como meta
generar por lo menos 125 mil nuevos empleos.
Esto que les he mostrado, es parte de los estamos haciendo; estamos consientes del
tema de la infraestructura, les recuerdo los 270 mil millones de pesos adicionales a
infraestructura que estn en el fondo nacional de infraestructura para dicho tema.
Sabemos de las debilidades que tienen nuestros grandes centros tursticos y por ello,
BANOBRAS con SECTUR y el BID, van a financiar a estos centros tursticos para
mejorarlos, pero eso es un tema de FONATUR, as que no lo tocar, sin embargo le
solicito a los legisladores que lo tengan presente, adems de que pedimos que nos
ayuden con el tema de la frontera, necesitamos tambin una ley general de turismo que
nos permita tener la concurrencia con los estados y municipios, la transversalidad entre
las diferentes instancias federales y el tema del ordenamiento urbano y costero.
SituacinActualdelTurismoenMxicoylaimportanciadel
Situacin
Actual del Turismo en Mxico y la importancia del
TrabajoLegislativoenmateriadeTurismo
Turismo:FactordeDesarrolloy
Competitividad en Mxico
CompetitividadenMxico
El Turismo:
T i
Factor de Desarrollo
Europa (+4.2)
frica (+7.9%)
Mxico = +0.3
El Turismo en el Mundo
Grecia
Canad
Autria
Turqua
Australia
A
Alemania
A
Reino Unido
China
Italia
Francia
Espaa
Miles de Millo
ones de Dlare
es
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60 0
Tailandia
PrimerosPasesenIngresodeDivisasporTurismo2006.ExcluyendoaEstadosUnidos
Mxico
0.0
5.0
10.0
10.8
6.4
1992
9.7
6.4
1991
10.8
6.4
1990
19.8 19.7
18.7
8.8
8
10.2
1999
9.6
6
9.8
1998
9.6
6
9.8
1997
20.6
Turismo
T i
Fronterizo
F
t i
10
0.1
10.6
2000
Turismo
T i
de
d Internacin
I t
i
9.8
6.6
1993
15.0
10.0
7.1
1994
17.2
17.2
17.1
16.4
16.1
12.5
5
7.8
1995
19.4 19.4 19
9.7
7
10.2
2001
20.6
9.8
8
9.9
2002
20.0
20.2
8.3
3
10.4
2003
21.9 21.3
21.4
21 4
9.4
12.5
2005
21.4
8.7
12.6
2006
25.0
12..4
9.0
1996
9.1
9
11.6
2004
Millo
ones de Pers
sonas
8.4
13.0
2007
Turistas fronterizos
Miles de Personas
17.6 millones de
excursionistas
i i t
menos al comparar
el 2007 con el 2000.
Visitantes de un solo da en la
frontera : Excursionistas (miles)
(
)
Visitantes fronterizos
Gasto medio (dlares)
3.4
2.0
0.0
0.5
3.9
4.0
3.9
1992
2
3.8
45
4.5
Turismo Fronterizo
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.1
5.9
5.8
0.4
1997
7
0.6
05
0.5
0.6
5 1 0.4
5.1
5.5
1998
8
1991
Turismo de Internacin
4.1
43
4.3
4.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
1993
3
0.6
0.5
4.5
1994
4
4.4 4.5
4.9 4.7
1995
5
6.0
6.4
2000
0
0.6
6.5
2001
1999
9
1996
6
6.7
2002
2
8.0
6.7
0.6
7.3
2003
3
9.1
7.8
0.6
8.5
8.4 00.66
2004
4
10.0
2005
5
12.0
12 0
1990
0
IngresodeDivisasporTuristasInternacionales
(Milesdemillonesdedlares)
10.4
9.0
0.6
9.8
9.6 0.6
2006
6
2007
7
Turismo:
Competitividad
p
ndiceGlobal
2007
Lugar
49 55
ndiceGlobal
2008
2007
T&T Marco regulatorio
T&TMarcoregulatorio
Polticadelasnormasyreglamentos
1.01Restriccionesalapropiedad
extranjera
1.02Derechosdepropiedad
1.03Normasquerigenlainversin
extranjeradirecta
1 04 R
1.04Requerimientosparavisas
i i t
i
1.05Aperturadelosacuerdos
bilateralesdeserviciosareos
32
77
46
76
31
60
38
15
76
62
63
21 = 21
71
49
48
33
2008
T&T Marco regulatorio
T&TMarcoregulatorio
Polticadelasnormasyreglamentos
1.01Prevalenciadelapropiedad
extranjera
1.02Derechosdepropiedad
1.03Impactodelasnormassobre
lainversinextranjeradirecta
1 04 R
1.04Requerimientosparavisas*
i i t
i *
1.05Aperturadelosacuerdos
bilateralesdeserviciosareos*
1.06Transparenciadela
p
administracindepolticaspblicas
1.07Tiemporequeridoparainiciar
unnegocio*
1 08 C t
1.08Costoparainiciarunnegocio*
i i i
i *
Reglamentacinambiental
2.01Rigordelareglamentacin
ambiental
2 02 Cl id d
2.02Claridadyestabilidaddelas
t bilid d d l
reglamentacionesambientales
2.03PrioritizacindelGobiernossobre
laSustentabilidadenT&T
54
64
48
67
126
49
51
43
2.05Concentracindepartculas*
SustentabilidaddelMedioAmbiente
2.01Rigordelareglamentacin
ambiental
2 02 Ob
2.02Observanciadelareglamentacin
i d l
l
t i
ambiental
2.03Desarrollodelasustentabilidaden
laindustriadeT&T
2.04EmisionesdeDixidodeCarbono*
2.06Especiesamenazadas
2.06
Especies amenazadas*
2.07Ambientaldelaratificacindelos
45
tratados*
57
85
47
112
3.04Accidentesdetrfico*
3.03Costodelcrimenyviolenciaenlos
negocios
3.03Costodelcrimenyviolenciaenlos
116
negocios
119
118 3.02Fiabilidaddelosserviciosdepolica
104
3.01Costosdelterrorismoenlos
negocios
i
ProteccinySeguridad
3.02Fiabilidaddelosserviciosde
polica
53
122
51
104
3.01Costosdelterrorismoenlos
negocios
i
ProteccinySeguridad
97
58
70
45
53
4.02DensidaddeMdicos
65
79
59
45
4.01Esfuerzosgubernamentalespara
reducirlosriesgosparalasaluddelas
pandemias
4.03Accesoamejoresserviciosde
4
03 Acceso a mejores servicios de
salud
4.04Accesoafuentesmejoradasde
aguapotable
49
SaludeHigiene
4.04CamasdeHospital*
4.02Accesoamejoresserviciosde
salud*
4 03 Acceso a fuentes mejoradas de
4.03Accesoafuentesmejoradasde
aguapotable*
4.01DensidaddeMdicos*
SaludeHigiene
30
32
5.03Eficaciadelacomercializacinyla
5
03 Eficacia de la comercializacin y la
25
marca
5.04AsistenciaaferiasdeT&T
23
37
33
5.02GastodelgobiernoenT&T
38
39
5.01PriorizacindelGobiernoparala
industria de T&T
industriadeT&T
31
29
PriorizacindeestrategiasdeT&T
5.04AsistenciaaferiasdeT&T*
5.03Eficaciadelacomercializacinyla
5
03 Eficacia de la comercializacin y la
marca
5.02GastodelgobiernoenT&T*
5.01PriorizacindelGobiernoparala
industria de T&T
industriadeT&T
PriorizacindeT&T
75
29
40
34
28
38
57 = 57
6.03Salidasporcada1.000
6
03 Salidas por cada 1 000
habitantes
6.04DensidadAeroportuaria
6.05 Nmero de aerolneas en
6.05Nmerodeaerolneasen
operacin
6.06Reddetransporteareo
internacional
18 = 18
6.04DensidadAeroportuaria*
6.05 Nmero de aerolneas en
6.05Nmerodeaerolneasen
operacin*
6.06Reddetransporteareo
internacional
6.03Salidasporcada1.000
6
03 Salidas por cada 1 000
habitantes*
6.02Disponibleasientokilmetros*
Ambientedenegocioseinfraestructuraen
T&T
42
InfraestructutradeTransporteAreo
6.01Calidaddelainfraestructurade
60
t
transporteareo
t
61
6.02Disponibleasientokilmetros
Ambientedenegocioseinfraestructura
57
enT&T
Infraestructutra deTransporteAreo
32
6.01Calidaddelainfraestructurade
55
t
transporteareo
t
61
73
65
64
48
7.02Infraestructuraferroviaria
7 03 Infraestructura Portuaria
7.03InfraestructuraPortuaria
7.04Reddetransporteinterno
91
72
59
49
7.01Infraestructuracarretera
82
62
Infraestructuradetransporteterrestre
7.05DensidadCarretera*
7.04Calidaddelareddetransporte
interno
7.03Calidaddelainfraestructura
Portuaria
7.02CalidaddelaInfraestructura
ferroviaria
7.01Calidaddelascarreteras
Infraestructuradetransporteterrestre
49
8.03Aceptacindelastarjetasde
cajerosautomticosVisa
50
33
48
47
35
49
47
8.02Presenciadelasprincipales
empresas de alquiler de automviles
empresasdealquilerdeautomviles
8.01CuartosdeHotel
InfraestructuraTurstica
8.03Aceptacindelastarjetasde
cajerosautomticosVisa*
8.02Presenciadelasprincipales
empresas de alquiler de automviles*
empresasdealquilerdeautomviles
8.01CuartosdeHotel*
InfraestructuraTurstica
66
52
64
9.03LneasTelefnicas
76
65
56
9.02UsuariosdeInternet
65
56
64
9.01Usodeinternetenempresas
InfraestructuraTecnologadeInformacin
60
yTelecomunicaciones
9.04Suscriptoresdeinternetdebanda
ancha*
9.03LneasTelefnicas*
9.02UsuariosdeInternet*
9.01ExtentofbusinessInternetuse
InfraestructuraTecnologadeInformacin
yTelecomunicaciones
74
y
10.03Alcanceylosefectosdelos
impuestos
10.04Niveldepreciosdecombustibles 30
86
10.02Paridaddelpoderadquisitivo
Competitividaddelospreciosenla
85
industriadeT&T
10.01Impuestosobreboletosycobro
114
d
deaeropuertos
t
10.03Alcanceylosefectosdelos
y
impuestos
10.02Paridaddelpoderadquisitivo*
Competitividaddelospreciosenla
industriadeT&T
10.01Impuestosobreboletosycobro
d
deaeropuertos*
t *
67
10.05ndicedepreciosdehoteles*
21 10.04Niveldepreciosdecombustibles*
80
88
124
83
Recursoshumanos,culturalesynaturalesen
50
T&T
Recursos Humanos
RecursosHumanos
50
Educacinycapacitacin
61
11.01Matriculadoseneducacin
1
primaria
11 02 M t i l d
11.02Matriculadoseneducacin
d
i
74
secundaria
11.03Calidaddelsistemaeducativo
82
Disponibilidaddemanodeobracalificada 63
11.04Disponibilidadlocaldeservicios
47
deinvestigacinyformacin
11.05Extensindelacapacitacindel
47
personal
11.06Prcticadecontratacinydespido 67
11.07Facilidaddecontratacindemano
54
deobraextranjera
Bienestardeltrabajador
j
42
11.08PrevalenciadelVIH
62
11.09Incidenciadetuberculosis
47
11.10Expectativadevida
45
Recursoshumanos,culturalesynaturalesen
T&T
Recursos Humanos
RecursosHumanos
Educacinycapacitacin
63
57
40
66
75
65
52
92
42
80
11.10Expectativadevida*
11.02Matriculadoseneducacin
11
02 M t i l d
d
i
secundaria*
11.03Calidaddelsistemaeducativo
Disponibilidaddemanodeobracalificada
11.04Disponibilidadlocaldeserviciosde
investigacinyformacin
11.05Extensindelacapacitacindel
personal
11.06Prcticadecontratacinydespido
11.07Facilidaddecontratacindemano
deobraextranjera
11.08PrevalenciadelVIH*
11.09BusinessimpactofHIV/AIDS
23 11.01Matriculadoseneducacinprimaria*
52
64
19
91
91
12.02Actitudhacialosturistas
27
12.03Recomendacindeampliarviajes
70
denegocios
12 01 Apertura al Turismo
12.01AperturaalTurismo
Percepcinnacionalsobreturismo
12 01 Apertura al Turismo*
12.01AperturaalTurismo
Afinidadalturismoyalosviajes
12.02Actituddelapoblacinhacialos
visitantesextranjeros
12 03 Recomendacin de ampliar viajes
12.03Recomendacindeampliarviajes
71
denegocios
40
100
86
15
67
13.01Nmerodesitiospatrimoniodela
7
Humanidad
59
44
13.02Daodeldixidodecarbono
d ld d d
b
13.03reasnacionalesprotegidas
25
26
78
13.04Preocupacinporlosecosistemas 74
122
25
29
RecursosNaturalesyCulturales
l
l
l
14.03Nmerodeferiasyexhibiciones
internacionales*
14.02Estadiosdeportivos*
14.01Nmerodesitiospatrimonio
culturaldelahumanidad*
RecursosCulturales
13.04Totaldeespeciesconocidas*
13.03Calidaddelentornonatural
13.02Areasnacioonalesprotegidas*
l
d *
13.01Nmerodesitiosnaturales
patrimoniodelaHumanidad*
RecursosNaturales
l
Factores Inhibidores
del Turismo
Deficiente desarrollo
urbano.
Inadecuada
infraestructura
(sealizacin, imagen,
etc.)
Percepcin de
inseguridad
Esperas prolongadas
en el cruce fronterizo
f
( 2.5 hrs a 4 hrs)
Incremento en los
controles
t l migratorios
i
t i
por EE.UU.
FRONTERA NORTE
Incremento a los
combustibles
areos
No aceptacin del
S G O MEDICO
SEGURO
CO all
turismo de retirados.
Prdida de playas
Dificultad en los
trmites para la
expedicin de
visas.
TURISMO
Inseguridad
generalizada
Incierto marco
regulatorio:
Ley general de
vida
id silvestre.
il
t
Planes de
ordenamiento
territorial.
Incierto clima
econmico en
Estados Unidos
INVERSIN
Millones de pesos
Millones de dlares
Turistas nacionales
Millones
Miles
Millones de dlares
Inversin Privada
$ 13 mil 641
Millones de dlares
165.8
125
$5 mil 802
$6 mil
$20 mil
$17 Mil
28.9
Metas 2012
Millones de dlares
Millones
Unidad
Turistas internacionales
Indicador
d l Fondo
del
d
Nacionall de
d
Infraestructura canalizados a:
La construccin de carreteras, caminos y puentes.
Obras para dotar de agua, riego, drenaje y saneamiento.
Operacin de ferrocarriles, puertos, aeropuertos,
transporte urbano e interurbano.
Manejo de residuos slidos, gestin de recursos
naturales
t
l y generacin
i de
d energa
renovable.
bl
Acciones
P
Provisin
i i de
d servicios
i i
d agua potable,
de
t bl alcantarillado,
l
t ill d
tratamiento de aguas residuales, drenaje pluvial y
manejo de basura.
Ordenamiento territorial.
Gestin y proteccin ambiental.
Desarrollo urbano.
Comparativo 2007-2008
ORDENAMIENTOTERRITORIAL
TRANSVERSALIDAD
CONCURRENCIACONESTADOSYMUNICIPIO
HacerdeMxicoundestino
competitivo
estareadetodos
t
d t d
Turismo
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera
Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica, Turismo, Reporte CESOP, nm. 16, vol. 2, Glosa del Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Cmara de Diputados,
Mxico, 2008, pp. 45-54.
El turismo en
de Desarrollo
el P
rograma Nacional
Programa
2007-2012
Presidencia de la Repblica, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007, pp. 118-119.
45
45
46
2
3
Cuadro 1
Metas establecidas en el P
rograma Sectorial de T
urismo 2007-2012
Programa
Turismo
Metas
2006
2012
12,833.00
20,000.00
2,220,000.00
125,000.00
447.70
472.00
5.43%
710.00
822.00
15.77%
140.60
165.80
17.92%
21.35
28.90
35.36%
12.61
15.45
22.55%
8.98
13.45
49.85%
% crecimiento
55.85%
Cuadro 2
Metas establecidas en el P
rograma Sectorial de T
urismo 2007-2012
Programa
Turismo
Metas
Eficiencia publicitaria internacional
(pesos por turista internacional)
2006
2012
% crecimiento
42.84
39.20
8.50%
2.60
2.38
8.46%
12,176.00
17,000.00
39.62%
9,559.00
13,641.00
42.70%
8,954.00
12,700.00
41.84%
605.00
941.00
55.54%
697,010.00
918,000.00
31.71%
2.20%
5%
127.27%
47
48
Presupuesto
Para el 2008 al sector turismo le fueron asignados 3 382.4 millones de pesos,
monto significativamente mayor al otorgado en 2007 que fue de 1 822.7 millones
de pesos. Lo autorizado para el presente ao representa 2.5 veces el presupuesto
aprobado para el primer ao de ejercicio de la administracin del presidente Vicente Fox, que fue de 1 338 millones de pesos. En la Grfica 1 se aprecia que se
trata de la cantidad ms alta otorgada al turismo, misma que ha venido
incrementndose durante la presente administracin.
De acuerdo con el PEF 2008, la Secretara de Turismo ejercer 1 811.9 millones de pesos, el Centro de Estudios Superiores del Turismo 24 millones y los
restantes 1 546.5 millones sern ejercidos por las entidades paraestatales del sector, principalmente el Consejo de Promocin Turstica y Fonatur. En el Cuadro 3
se observa que el sector central tuvo un incremento de 40% respecto del 2007 y el
gasto que ejercer Fonatur se increment en ms de 500 por ciento.
El presupuesto para el sector turismo resulta de inters si se observa el anlisis funcional programtico. De esta forma se tiene que del total para ejercer
durante el 2008, 64% se destinar al gasto corriente (servicios personales, materiales y suministros, servicios generales) y 32.5% ser para inversin fsica.
Grfica 1
Presupuesto otorgado para el sector turismo, 1999-2008
(millones de pesos)
3,382.4
1,822.7
1,597.3
1,338.0
1,458.9
1,227.3
1,230.2
1,147.5
1,065.3
637.0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Fuente: Secretara de Hacienda y Crdito Pblico, Gasto programable por tipo de gasto y
sector institucional 1991-2000, Mxico, 2000; Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federacin para
los aos 2001-2008.
Cuadro 3
Presupuesto por unidad responsable del gasto 2006-2008
(millones de pesos)
PEF
SectorCentral
Cestur
FonaturBMO
CPTM
Fonatur
Total
2006
707.8
10.4
60.7
273.9
174.5
1,227.3
2007
1,293.9
14.9
60.7
278.7
174.5
1,822.7
2008
1,811.9
24.0
89.8
293.9
1,162.8
3,382.4
49
50
Cuadro 4
Presupuesto del sector turismo 2008.
Anlisis funcional programtico
(millones de pesos)
AdministracinPblica
20.3
Serviciosdeapoyoadministrativo
Incrementodelaofertatursticaorientadaa
proyectosviablessustentables
Turismoconsellopropiodecalidad,
hospitalidadyseguridad
110.7
1,162.8
1,817.6
Atencinytratoalosturistas
Desarrollodedestinostursticosdiversificados,
sustentablesycompetitivos
Total
233.0
38.0
3,382.4
Cuadro 5
Visitantes internacionales a Mxico, 2004-2008
(cifras en miles)
Visitantes
Turistasinternacionales
Deinternacin
Fronterizos
Excursionistas
Fronterizos
Encruceros
2004
2005
2006
2007
99,250
20,618
11,553
9,065
78,632
72,139
6,493
103,146
21,915
12,534
9,381
81,231
74,524
6,707
97,701
21,353
12,608
8,745
76,348
69,832
6,516
92,233
21,424
13,010
8,414
70,810
63,995
6,815
2007
Enejun
46,819
10,964
6,803
4,161
35,855
31,951
3,904
2008
EneJun
46,870
11,472
7,153
4,319
35,397
31,864
3,533
Fuente: Elaborado con datos de Sectur, Resultados de la actividad turstica 2007 y junio 2008.
Los ingresos por visitas internacionales alcanzaron la cifra de 12 901 millones de dlares al cierre del 2007, un 5.9% por arriba de las divisas registradas
durante el 2006. Durante los seis primeros meses del 2008, segn las cifras reportadas por el Banco de Mxico, se alcanzaron 7 338 millones de dlares, 477
mil dlares ms que la reportada durante el mismo periodo del ao anterior. Por
lo que hace al gasto promedio de los turistas de internacin, en 2007 promedi
los 750.7 dlares por persona; para el periodo enero-junio del ao en curso la
51
cifra creci a 800.6 dlares, superior a los 766 dlares del mismo periodo del
2007 (Grfica 2).
De esta forma, al igual que los ltimos aos, el saldo de la balanza turstica es
superavitaria. Para 2007, la cifra se ubic en 4 523 millones de dlares, superior
en 454 millones de dlares de la registrada en 2006. En los primeros seis meses
del 2008 el saldo de la balanza turstica se ubic en 3 256 millones de dlares, lo
que representa un crecimiento de 11.3% respecto de la cifra obtenida el ao anterior para el mismo periodo (Grfica 3).
La oferta de alojamiento en 2007 registr 583 731 cuartos, cifra 3.86% superior a la alcanzada en diciembre de 2006. El informe de gobierno menciona que
este incremento se debe principalmente al aporte de las entidades de Baja California
Sur, Estado de Mxico, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo Len, Quintana Roo y Sonora.
Para junio de 2008 el nmero de cuartos fue de 596 352, de los cuales 82% son
establecimientos de una a cinco estrellas y 18% de modalidad econmica como
cuartos amueblados, villas o cabaas (Cuadro 6).
El ndice de ocupacin hotelera en centros tursticos seleccionados registr
un nivel de 59.6% durante el periodo enero-junio de 2007, poco menos de un
punto por encima de lo observado en 2007. El mayor nivel de ocupacin se dio
Grfica 2
Ingresos por visitantes internacionales y gasto medio de los turistas
1,000
14,000
12,901.0
11,803.4
12,000
12,176.6
900
10,795.6
10,000
800.6
750.6
9,361.7
8,858.0
8,400.6
673.7
700
678.4
645.2
615.6
8,000
800
766.0
710.3
7,338.4
585.3
600
6,861.4
500
6,000
400
4,000
300
2,000
200
100
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2007
2008
Ene-Jun
52
Grfica 3
Saldo de la balanza turstica
14,000
12,901
12,177
11,803
12,000
10,796
10,000
9,362
8,858
8,401
8,294
8,108
8,378
7,600
8,000
7,338
6,959
6,000
5,499
5,702
6,060
6,253
4,000
4,203
3,837
2,795
2,699
2,798
4,069
4,523
4,082
3,256
3,109
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
Ingresos
2004
2005
Egresos
2006
2007 p
2008 p
Saldo
p/ Cifras preliminares
Para 2008 las cifras corresponden al periodo enero-junio.
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico,
2008, p. 211.
en los centros integralmente planeados con 72.3% (Cancn, Loreto, Ixtapa, Los
Cabos y Bahas de Huatulco), cifra inferior a la ocupacin reportada en el mismo
periodo del ao anterior que fue de 77 por ciento.4
Cabe mencionar la importancia que tiene el turismo nacional en estas cifras.
El informe de gobierno reporta que el consumo nacional representa 85% de la
actividad turstica. Las llegadas de turistas nacionales a los distintos destinos
tursticos se increment en 3.2% durante los primeros seis meses del ao en curso
al pasar de 28 766 llegadas en 2007 a 29 662 llegadas en 2008.5 Sin embargo,
cabe sealar que este incremento es un porcentaje inferior al registrado el ao
pasado cuando creci 11% en el mismo periodo respecto de 2006.6
4
Cuadro 6
Oferta hotelera e inversin eextranjera
xtranjera
Oferta hotelera
Total
De una a cinco
2
estrellas
Otros 3
Inversin extranjera
directa (Millones de
4
dlares)
2000
421,850
348,203
73,647
446.1
2001
458,123
378,956
79,167
411.6
2002
469,488
386,829
82,659
402.5
2003
496,292
403,886
92,406
43.8
2004
515,904
409,108
106,796
663.8
2005
535,639
435,727
99,912
703.5
2006
p
2007
2008 p
562,039
454,208
107,831
729.4
583,731
475,991
107,740
634.4
596,352
488,289
108,063
16.4
Nmerodecuartosdisponiblesalmesdediciembredecadaao.Para2007
cifraspreliminaresalmesdejunioyconsideralaactualizacinde15estados
yelDistritoFederal
2
Incluyeestablecimientosconcategoradenominadaclaseespecialygran
turismo
3
Incluyeestablecimientosdeclaseeconmica,sincategora,casasde
huspedesymodalidadesdistintasahotelcomovillasycabaas,posadas,
4
Flujosanualescanalizadosalsubsectorrestaurantesyhoteles
p
Cifraspreliminares
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico, 2008, p. 210.
53
54
Cuadro 7
Inversin canalizada por F
onatur al desar
rollo de infraestr
uctura turstica
Fonatur
desarrollo
infraestructura
(cifras en miles de pesos)
Total
Cancn
Ixtapa
Los Cabos
175,800
128,800
141,200
97,900
186,500
77,100
110,700
30,800
114,400
52,800
209,800
39,300
193,694
62,999
160,207
52,590
464,600
261,300
1
Lascifrascorrespondenalpresupuestooriginalautorizado
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1
2008
442,700.0
415,400.0
567,500.0
290,800.0
481,600.0
802,200.0
1,510,584.0
664,400.0
2,470,700.0
29,400
55,100
73,900
25,500
71,100
42,500
64,795
46,150
34,700
Loreto
19,500
35,400
62,500
29,200
38,000
17,800
23,884
96,230
389,600
Huatulco
89,200
83,300
150,400
66,100
138,000
123,800
126,486
90,354
240,000
Palenque
800
800
200
0
0
3,500
25,000
Costa Maya
32,300
3,500
1,988
46,440
131,200
Nayarit
3,800
53,400
319,787
34,517
261,500
Escalera
Natica
Marina
Cozumel
2,500
16,300
27,700
31,000
307,300
713,302
34,800
295,500
4,800
3,648
99,612
178,700
Kino
179,600
Fuente: Presidencia de la Repblica, Primer Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico, 2007, p. 165; Presidencia de la Repblica,
Segundo Informe de Gobierno, Anexo estadstico, Mxico, 2008, p. 210.
Idem.
Presidencia de la Repblica, Segundo Informe, op. cit., p. 215.
10
Demandan empresarios seguridad jurdica, Peridico Reforma, Seccin Negocios, 17 de abril
de 2008.
9
Impacto de la
actividad
turstica en el
desarrollo
local
Gustavo Miguel Meixueiro Njera
Gustavo Meixueiro Njera, Las cifras del turismo internacional en Mxico, Socioscopio nm. 8,
Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinin Pblica, Mxico, 2006, p. 47.
2
World Tourism Organization (WTO), Tourism Highlights, Edition 2007, disponible en
http://unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm (consulta: 9 de marzo de 2008)
3
Gustavo Meixueiro, Las cifras , op. cit., p. 47
y que los turistas requieren cada vez nuevas formas ms especializadas que
satisfagan sus necesidades, por lo que los pases buscan actualmente adaptar
nuevos mercados.
Dada la cada vez mayor cantidad de voces que sugieren al turismo como
una actividad motora del desarrollo local, este trabajo presenta un breve anlisis
terico de los principales modelos de desarrollo turstico vinculado al desarrollo de
los territorios; posteriormente se describen las metas y los objetivos en materia
turstica planteados por la actual administracin federal para el periodo 2007-2012;
se ubica el papel que juega nuestro pas en el entorno turstico mundial y se
revisan los principales resultados de la actividad turstica destacando los
principales destinos nacionales demandados por el turismo nacional y el turismo
extranjero.
I)
4
5
Word Tourism Organization, Tourism and Poverty Alleviation Recomendations for Action, 2004.
Word Tourism Organization, Tourism, Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation, 2005.
A. Vsquez Barquero, Desarrollo local. Una estrategia de creacin de empleo, Editorial Pirmide,
Madrid, Espaa, 1988, citado por Elin Baldrrago, Turismo y , Op. Cit. p. 67.
9
Elin Baldrrago, Turismo , Op. Cit., p. 67.
10
Centro Internacional de Formacin de la OIT , Turismo y desarrollo, Op. Cit., pp. 7-8
II)
14
15
Secretara de Turismo, Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007, pp. 9-11.
Gobierno de la Repblica, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012, Mxico, 2007.
Cuadro 1
Metas establecidas en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Metas
2006
2012
% crecimiento
42.84
39.20
-8.50%
2.60
2.38
-8.46%
12,176.00
17,000.00
39.62%
9,559.00
13,641.00
42.70%
8,954.00
12,700.00
41.84%
605.00
941.00
55.54%
697,010.00
918,000.00
31.71%
2.20%
5%
127.27%
Cuadro 2
Metas establecidas en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Metas
Inversin total privada acumulada
(millones de dlares)
2006
2012
% crecimiento
55.85%
12,833.00
20,000.00
2,220,000.00
125,000.00
447.70
472.00
5.43%
710.00
822.00
15.77%
140.60
165.80
17.92%
21.35
28.90
35.36%
12.61
15.45
22.55%
8.98
13.45
49.85%
Trabajadores asegurados
Las estrategias que se plantean para lograr estos objetivos son: generar
inversiones, empleos y combatir la pobreza en zonas con atractivos tursticos;
diversificar la oferta turstica; desarrollar programas para promover la calidad de
los servicios tursticos; actualizar el marco jurdico nacional; fortalecer los
mercados existentes y desarrollar nuevos mercados; desarrollar las condiciones
de vida de las poblaciones locales en donde se ubique la actividad turstica.16
III)
Mxico es uno de los principales destinos tursticos del mundo. Para 2006, nuestro
pas se ubic como el octavo lugar en captacin de turistas internacionales, al
recibir 21.4 millones. Esta cifra fue inferior en 2.3% respecto de nmero registrado
en 2005, ao en que ocup el sptimo lugar.
menciona que Mxico se vio superado por Alemania debido a que fue sede de la
Copa Mundial de Futbol, sin embargo habra que agregar que factores como los
huracanes que afectaron las playas mexicanas y los comunicados de algunas
embajadas recomendando a sus connacionales no visitar algunos sitios tursticos
del pas por situaciones de violencia o de disturbios, generaron una cada en la
recepcin de turistas internacionales.
En el Cuadro 3 se aprecia que a pesar que durante el 2006 el turismo a
nivel mundial registr un crecimiento de 5 %, los principales receptores de turismo
tambin crecieron excepto Mxico que registr una cada de 2.3%.
Para el 2006, Mxico ocup el lugar nmero 14 a nivel mundial en
captacin de divisas. Aunque el crecimiento en este rubro a nivel mundial fue de
8.4%, nuestro pas lo hizo en 3.4%; todos los pases considerados potencias en
captacin de divisas tursticas, a excepcin de Turqua crecieron en una cifra
superior. En el continente Americano ocupamos el tercer lugar, superados por
Estados Unidos y Canad (vase Cuadro 4).
16
Cuadro 3
Llegadas de turistas internacionales
(Cifras en millones de personas)
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Var %
06/05
Total mundial
680.5
700.4
689.6
763.2
802.0
842.0
5.0%
Francia
Espaa
Estados Unidos
China
Italia
Reino Unido
Alemania
Mxico
Austria
77.2
47.9
51.2
31.2
41.2
25.2
18.9
20.6
17.9
77.0
52.3
43.6
36.8
39.8
24.1
17.9
19.7
18.6
75.0
51.8
41.2
33.0
39.6
24.7
18.4
18.7
19.0
75.1
53.6
46.0
41.7
37.0
27.7
20.1
20.6
19.3
75.9
55.9
49.2
46.8
36.5
28.0
21.5
21.9
20.0
79.1
58.5
51.1
49.6
41.1
30.1
23.6
21.4
20.3
4.2%
4.7%
3.9%
6.0%
12.6%
7.5%
9.8%
-2.3%
1.5%
2006
Var %
06/05
Cuadro 4
Divisas por turismo internacional
(Cifras en miles de millones de dlares)
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
14
2002
2003
2004
2005
Total mundial
479.1
481.5
524.2
632.7
678.0
735.0
8.4%
Estados Unidos
Espaa
Francia
Italia
China
Reino Unido
Alemania
Australia
Turqua
Austria
Mxico
82.4
29.9
30.7
27.5
16.2
21.8
18.7
8.4
7.6
9.9
8.2
66.6
31.7
32.3
26.6
20.4
20.3
19.2
8.5
11.9
11.2
8.8
64.3
39.6
36.6
31.2
17.4
22.6
23.1
10.3
13.2
13.9
9.3
74.5
45.2
40.8
35.7
25.8
28.2
27.7
15.2
15.9
15.6
10.8
81.8
48.0
44.0
35.4
29.3
30.7
29.2
16.9
18.2
16.0
11.8
85.7
51.1
46.3
38.1
33.9
33.5
32.8
17.8
16.9
16.7
12.2
4.8%
6.5%
5.2%
7.6%
15.7%
9.1%
12.3%
5.3%
-7.1%
4.4%
3.4%
Pas
2004
2005
2006
Alemania
72.3
77.4
71.2
Reino Unido
64.2
66.4
69.5
Estados Unidos
61.8
63.5
63.6
Polonia
37.2
40.8
44.7
China
28.9
31
34.5
Rusia
24.5
26.4
29.1
Italia
23.3
24.8
25.7
Canad
19.6
21.1
22.7
Eslovaquia
20.4
22.4
22.7
10
Francia
21.1
22.3
22.5
16
Mxico
12.5
13.3
14
Cuadro 6
Gasto turstico internacional (miles de millones de dlares)
Pas
2004
2005
2006
Alemania
71.6
74.4
74.8
Estados Unidos
65.8
69
72
Reino Unido
56.5
59.6
62.6
Francia
28.8
30.5
31.2
Japn
38.2
27.3
26.9
China
19.1
21.8
24.3
Italia
20.5
22.4
23.1
Canad
15.9
18.4
20.8
Rusia
15.7
17.8
18.8
10
Corea
12.4
15.4
18.2
22
Mxico
7.6
8.1
11
Cuadro 7
Gasto por viaje 2006
(Cifras en dlares)
Francia
1,387
Estados Unidos
1,132
Alemania
1,051
Canad
916
Reino Unido
901
Italia
899
China
704
Rusia
646
Fuente: Cuadros 5 y 6
IV)
para
consolidar
la
actividad
tales
como
emitir
el
reglamento
correspondiente para poder operar la devolucin del IVA a los turistas extranjeros;
incorporar en los llamados fines de semana largos fechas como navidad, ao
12
ENE-DIC
2004
ENE-DIC
2005
ENE-DIC
2006
ENE-DIC
2007
VISITANTES
99,250
103,146
97,701
92,233
-7.1
-10.6
-5.6
-5,467.70
TURISTAS
20,618
21,915
21,353
21,424
3.9
-2.2
0.3
70.9
DE INTERNACION
11,553
12,534
12,608
13,010
12.6
3.8
3.2
401.9
9,065
9,381
8,745
8,414
-7.2
-10.3
-3.8
-331
EXCURSIONISTAS
78,632
81,231
76,348
70,810
-9.9
-12.8
-7.3
-5,538.70
FRONTERIZOS
72,139
74,524
69,832
63,995
-11.3
-14.1
-8.4
-5,837
EN CRUCEROS
6,493
6,707
6,516
6,815
5.0
1.6
4.6
298.3
FRONTERIZOS
DIFERENCIA
07-06
17
Gordon F. Viberg, Discurso de clausura del presidente del Consejo Nacional Empresarial
Turstico en el Tianguis Turstico Acapulco, disponible en www.cnet.org.mx (consulta: mayo de
2008).
13
Pas
1
Estados Unidos
2005
2006
2007
% part 2007
8,524,684
8,765,123
8,834,429
67.9
Canad
675,216
785,457
952,810
7.3
Reino Unido
231,421
260,146
286,411
2.2
Espaa
203,716
261,458
280,089
2.2
Francia
160,195
173,184
191,855
1.5
Italia
15,155
163,289
166,729
1.3
Alemania
129,973
135,251
151,969
1.2
Argentina
78,654
84,583
112,165
0.9
Holanda
61,813
70,202
73,034
0.6
10 Japn
65,788
68,981
71,857
0.6
11 Venezuela
32,243
38,015
62,532
0.5
12 Colombia
33,863
35,955
59,066
0.5
13 Brasil
78,026
31,890
57,834
0.4
14 Chile
35,543
41,230
54,259
0.4
15 Cuba
17,863
27,010
39,427
0.3
14
Pas
2005
2006
2007
% part 2007
Norteamrica
9,199,900
9,550,551
9,787,239
75.2
Europa
Latinoamrica y
Caribe
1,149,104
1,310,318
1,441,842
11.1
431,073
415,905
591,561
4.5
Otros
1,753,840
1,330,831
1,188,903
9.1
Total
12,533,917
12,607,605
13,009,545
100
Cuadro 11
Llegadas de extranjeros a destinos nacionales, 2003 y 2007
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mxico DF
Corredor Riviera Maya
Cancn
Corredor Los Cabos
Puerto Vallarta
Playacar
Playa del Carmen
Nuevo Vallarta
Cabo San Lucas
Ensenada
2003
2007
% crecimiento
2,563,676
669,171
2,077,217
ND
113,141
134,138
141,438
61,882
ND
38,725
2,559,804
2,217,026
2,021,596
854,710
596,392
544,532
522,705
466,358
444,347
342,897
-0.15%
231.31%
-2.68%
427.12%
305.95%
269.56%
653.62%
785.47%
15
Para 2007 los destinos preferidos de los turistas extranjeros fueron, salvo la
Ciudad de Mxico, destinos de sol y playa: la Ciudad de Mxico recibi 2.5
millones de turistas, el Corredor Riviera Maya 2.2 millones, Cancn 2 millones, el
Corredor Los Cabos 854 mil y Puerto Vallarta 596 mil. En el Cuadro 11 destaca
que durante el periodo 2003 a 2007 el destino que tuvo mayor crecimiento de
turistas extranjeros fue Ensenada, seguido por Nuevo Vallarta y Puerto Vallarta.
Cancn y la Ciudad de Mxico tuvieron una ligera disminucin.
De los destinos nacionales que visitaron los turistas extranjeros durante el
2007 sobresale Akumal, en donde tuvieron una estada promedio de 7.76 noches,
seguido de Huatulco con 6.12 noches, del Corredor Riviera Maya con 6.10
noches, de Mazatln con 6.07 noches y Playacar con 6.03 noches. El Cuadro 12
muestra los 10 principales destinos en donde los extranjeros permanecieron ms
tiempo son destinos de Playa.
Cuadro 12
Estada promedio de turistas extranjeros
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Akumal
Huatulco
Corredor Riviera Maya
Mazatln
Playacar
Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo
Cancn
Playa del Carmen
Cabo San Lucas
Puerto Vallarta
2003
2007
% crecimiento
6.97
3.38
6.63
ND
7.16
5.25
5.09
5.80
ND
5.11
7.76
6.12
6.10
6.07
6.03
5.39
5.29
5.27
5.05
4.69
11.33%
81.07%
-7.99%
-15.78%
2.67%
3.93%
-9.14%
-8.22%
16
Grfica 1
Ingresos por visitantes internacionales y gasto medio de turistas
14,000
12,901.0
11,803.4
12,000
12,176.6
900
10,795.6
10,000
8,400.6
8,000
585.3
8,858.0
615.6
800
9,361.7
645.2
1,000
750.6
678.4
673.7
710.3
700
600
500
6,000
400
4,000
300
2,000
200
100
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
17
Grfica 2
Saldo de la balanza turstica
(Cifras en millones de dlares)
14,000
12,901
12,177
11,803
12,000
10,796
10,000
9,362
8,858
8,401
8,294
7,600
8,000
6,000
8,108
8,378
6,959
5,499
5,702
6,253
6,060
4,000
4,203
3,837
2,795
2,699
4,069
4,523
3,109
2,798
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
Ingresos
2004
Egresos
2005
2006
2007
Saldo
Fuente: Gobierno de la Repblica, Anexo estadstico del primer informe de Gobierno, Mxico,
2007, p. 166; Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007,
disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008)
18
Grfica 3
Balanza Turstica y Balanza Comercial
(Cifras en millones de dlares)
6,000
4,000
3,837
2,796
2,699
4,203
4,068
4,523
3,108
2,798
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
-5,779
-8,000
-7,587
-7,633
-8,337
-10,000
-6,133
-8,811
-9,617
-12,000
-11,189
Balanza turstica
Balanza comercial
Fuente: Gobierno de la Repblica, Anexo estadstico del primer informe de Gobierno, Mxico,
2007, p. 166; Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007,
disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008); INEGI, Balanza Comercial de Mxico,
mayo de 2008, disponible en www.inegi.gob.mx (consulta: mayo de 2008).
19
d) Turismo domstico
A pesar de que Mxico es uno de los pases ms visitados en el mundo, la
cifra del gasto en consumo final por turismo domstico llega a superar casi 5
veces la derrama econmica que realizan los extranjeros (vase Grafica 5).
Grfica 5
Gasto en consumo final e ingreso por visitantes extranjeros
(Cifras en millones de pesos)
600,000
499,895
469,132
500,000
404,293
414,601
437,928
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
77,033
92,471
105,203
120,370
125,518
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Fuente: Grfica 1 y clculos propios tomando como base el PIB turstico mediante
la frmula Y=C+I+G+XN donde C es el consumo interno, I es la inversin privada
nacional y extranjera, G es el gasto que realiza el gobierno y XN es el saldo de la
balanza turstica.
20
Grfica 6
Llegadas de turistas nacionales a hoteles 2003-2007
(Cifras en miles)
60,000
58,132
54,113
53,506
55,000
49,806
50,000
47,917
45,000
40,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
Llegada de turistas nacionales a hoteles (miles)
2007
21
Cuadro 13
Llegadas de nacionales 2003 y 2007
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mxico DF
Acapulco
Guadalajara
Veracruz
Monterrey
Puebla
Cancn
Mazatln
Len
Tijuana
2003
2007
% crecimiento
6,961,052
260,369
985,348
ND
571,373
ND
980,110
ND
194,755
ND
7,747,198
4,589,606
2,132,963
1,942,861
1,443,584
984,712
982,243
968,114
954,657
887,456
11.29%
1662.73%
116.47%
152.65%
0.22%
22
Grfica 7
Nmero de noches registradas por turistas nacionales 2003-2007
(Cifras en miles)
100,000
96,775
95,000
90,908
90,000
92,124
87,292
85,154
85,000
80,000
75,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Grfica 8
Estada promedio de turistas nacionales 2003-2007
1.80
1.77
1.75
1.75
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.60
1.55
1.50
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
23
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2003
2007
ND
3.21
2.67
3.70
ND
3.86
ND
2.94
2.93
2.78
4.16
3.90
3.82
3.80
3.52
3.15
3.13
2.90
2.88
2.88
% crecimiento
21.50%
43.07%
2.70%
-18.39%
-1.36%
-1.71%
3.60%
e) Ocupacin hotelera
Durante 2007, los diferentes destinos nacionales tuvieron una ocupacin
promedio de 57.12%, los centros de playa presentaron una cifra de 60.3%,
mientras que las ciudades de 53.54%. En el cuadro 15 se observa que de los
24
ltimos cuatro aos, 2005 present una ocupacin promedio ligeramente superior
al registrar 57.65%. Ese ao los centros de playa estuvieron ocupados en 60.79%
mientras que las ciudades en 54.14%.
En el ltimo ao, los destinos catalogados como integralmente planeados y
las grandes ciudades registraron una ligera disminucin en su ocupacin
promedio, mientras que los centros de playa tradicionales, las ciudades del interior
y las fronterizas aumentaron marginalmente.
Cuadro 15
Porcentaje de ocupacin hotelera 2004-2007
2004
2005
2006
2007
Centros de playa
61.04
60.79
61.39
60.3
Integralmente planeados
69.06
70.55
71.16
68.38
Tradicionales
50.61
50.72
51.22
51.9
Otros
67.16
64.16
64.33
62.43
53.02
54.14
53.34
53.54
Grandes
55.65
58.33
57.88
56.95
Del interior
48.55
48.49
46.91
48.51
Fronterizas
58.49
54.03
54.7
55.3
57.21
57.65
57.61
57.12
Ciudades
Total
25
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Playacar
Akumal
Nuevo Vallarta
Cabo San Lucas
Corredor Riviera Maya
Playa del Carmen
Cancn
Quertaro
Loreto
Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo
2003
2007
% crecimiento
82.74
82.06
76.28
ND
76.72
67.14
69.91
58.40
ND
59.01
78.40
77.86
76.14
75.84
72.49
71.54
71.20
67.05
65.54
65.37
-5.25%
-5.12%
-0.18%
-5.51%
6.55%
1.85%
14.81%
10.78%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Playacar
Akumal
Corredor Riviera Maya
Playa del Carmen
Cabo San Lucas
Los Cabos
Cancn
Corredor Los Cabos
Nuevo Vallarta
Cozumel
2003
2007
% crecimiento
76.08
81.63
72.88
61.59
ND
ND
51.73
ND
55.24
41.79
77.81
77.39
70.45
68.30
62.26
54.97
52.48
52.31
52.14
40.10
2.27%
-5.19%
-3.33%
10.89%
1.45%
-5.61%
-4.04%
Cuadro 18
Porcentaje de ocupacin por turistas nacionales
Destinos nacionales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Coatzacoalcos
Quertaro
Villahermosa
Culiacn
Salamanca
Hermosillo
Ciudada Jurez
Mrida
Veracruz
Chetumal
2003
2007
ND
51.97
57.48
ND
ND
ND
ND
35.82
ND
ND
59.83
58.61
54.88
51.68
51.54
51.09
51.05
48.38
48.12
47.71
% crecimiento
12.78%
-4.52%
35.06%
27
f) PIB Turstico
El sector turstico contribuye de forma importante en las cuentas nacionales y
representa alrededor de 8% del total de la economa nacional. Entre 1998 y 2005
el PIB turstico creci 97.6% al pasar de 291 mil 594 millones de pesos a 576 mil
157 millones de pesos.
El crecimiento ms importante se dio en 1999 cuando el PIB del sector
aument cerca de 22% respecto del ao anterior. Para 2005 tuvo un crecimiento
de 6.7% respecto de 2004, cuando se ubic en 539 mil 955 millones de pesos
(vase Grfica 9).
Grfica 9
PIB Turstico
(Cifras en Millones de pesos)
9
700,000
8.4
600,000
8.4
576,159
8.4
539,955
8.3
493,722
500,000
419,207
400,000
300,000
444,903
461,153
8.0
355,144
8
7.9
291,594
7.8
200,000
7.6
100,000
7
1998
1999
2000
2001
Pib Turstico
2002
2003
2004
2005
Fuente: Sectur, Informe de labores de la Secretara de Turismo 2007, Mxico, 2007 p. 89.
28
29
Grfica 10
Trabajadores en el Sector Turismo
(Miles de trabajadores)
2500
2,357
2,220
2000
1753
1740
1,713
1,726
1,740
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1,799
1500
1000
500
0
2005
2006
2007
Nota: para 2006 y 2007 las cifras corresponden a la estimacin total de trabajadores
permanentes y eventuales asegurados en el IMSS; anteriormente la Sectur tomaba el
dato de las unidades laborales (ocupaciones remuneradas) permanentes estimadas
en la Cuenta Satlite del Turismo en Mxico.
Fuente: Secretara de Turismo, Resultados acumulados de la actividad turstica 2007,
disponible en www.sectur.gob.mx (consulta: mayo 2008)
Grfica 11
Inversin privada en el sector turstico 2001-2006
(Cifras en millones de dlares)
3,500
3,117.2
3,000
2,723.5
2,294.8
2,500
2,000
1,656.3
1,564.4
1,476.8
2001
2002
1,500
1,000
500
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
18
31
Cuadro 19
Entidades federativas con mayor inversin privada
en el sector turstico
Acumulado 2001 a mayo de 2006
(Millones de dlares)
Entidad
Inversin
% del total
Guerrero
2,625.0
22.6
Quintana Roo
2,469.9
21.3
Nayarit
924.7
8.0
Baja California
863.4
7.4
Sonora
784.2
6.8
D.F.
601.5
5.2
573.4
4.9
Jalisco
237.5
2.0
Nuevo Len
230.4
2.0
10 Sinaloa
163.0
Fuente: SECTUR, "La inversin privada en el sector
turstico", disponible en www. Sectur.gob.mx
1.4
19
Idem
32
Grfica 12
Inversin privada en el sector turstico por origen de los recursos
Acumulado 2001 a mayo de 2006 (millones de dlares)
2,500
1,910.5
2,000
1,729.6
1,438.8
1,500
1,243.5
1,307.2
1,083.6
1,000
500
813.0
565.2
480.8
233.3
453.2
349.1
0
2001
2002
2003
Extranjera
2004
2005
2006
Nacional
Cuadro 20
Presupuesto ejercido por campaas publicitarias 2005-2007
(Cifras en millones de pesos)
Mercado
2005
2006
2007
Nacional
274.9
205.0
160.0
Norteamrica
423.1
396.7
333.7
Europa
124.9
144.7
108.0
31.9
33.6
40.0
5.4
26.7
Latinoamrica
Asia
Otros
Total
860.2
16.0
60.0
822.7
701.7
Cuadro 21
Gasto por atraccin de turistas
Mercado
Nacional
2005
2006
2007
$5.14
$3.79
$2.75
$45.99
$41.54
$34.10
$108.69
$110.43
$74.90
Latinoamrica
$74.00
$80.79
$67.62
Promedio
turistas
extranjeros
$46.70
$48.99
$41.64
Norteamrica
Europa
34
Comentarios finales:
El turismo es una importante actividad econmica que ha venido creciendo en los
ltimos aos, generando divisas, inversin extranjera y nacional, y empleo. Como
se observ, el consumo nacional turstico, la derrama por visitas internacionales, el
nmero de visitantes y el gasto medio han venido aumentando.
El efecto multiplicador del turismo ha motivado a gobiernos y a especialistas
a argumentar a favor del desarrollo de esta industria, convirtindolo en un modelo
de desarrollo, sin embargo sus efectos pueden ser diferentes en cada caso
particular en donde se busque instrumentar. Si no se tiene el cuidado debido en su
planeacin, esta actividad puede acabar con la riqueza cultural y natural de una
localidad.
En algunos pases desarrollados, el turismo ha funcionado para volver a dar
vida econmica a grandes ciudades, transformndolas en lugares excitantes para
los visitantes, lo que ha originado que estos pases sean lideres en atraccin de
turistas extranjeros.
Por otro lado, en pases emergentes, el turismo ha cumplido con su tarea
de efecto multiplicador en el mbito econmico, social, cultural y ambiental, pero si
no se tiene una planeacin adecuada puede llegar a profundizar las asimetras
existentes.
20
Para una mayor explicacin de la evaluacin del gasto en promocin turstica vase Gustavo
Meixueiro Njera, Resultados de la actividad turstica: una revisin del presupuesto para los
programas de promocin en CESOP, Socioscopio 11, diciembre de 2006, pp. 122-133.
35
21
36
Octavio Ruiz
I.
INTRODUCCIN
Se entiende por turismo, segn a la definicin de la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo, al conjunto de actividades
realizadas por las personas viajando hacia o quedndose en lugares fuera de su ambiente usual por no ms de un ao
consecutivo de placer, negocios y otros propsitos. La OMT identifica distintas formas de turismo; el turismo receptivo, el
turismo de salida y el turismo domstico. Organizacin Mundial del Turismo, Metodological Notes, Concepts and
Definitions <http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/methodological.htm#2>
2
La Organizacin Mundial del Turismo se crea en el ao de 1975, en sustitucin de la UIOOT (cuya fundacin se
remonta a 1947), la cual surge como la principal organizacin internacional en el campo de los viajes y del turismo. Su
objetivo general es la promocin y desarrollo del turismo como medio para estimular el progreso econmico, fomentar la
paz, la comprensin internacional y la cooperacin entre los pases. La OMT cuenta entre sus miembros a 113 Gobiernos
y ms de 170 afiliados procedentes del sector privado de viajes y turismo; es la nica organizacin intergubernamental
abierta al sector empresarial. INEGI, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico
1999-2004, Mxico 2006.
administracin de todos los recursos de tal manera que se satisfagan las necesidades
econmicas, sociales y estticas, mientras que al mismo tiempo se mantenga la integridad
cultural, los procesos ecolgicos esenciales, la biodiversidad y los sistemas de apoyo de vida.3
Por su parte, la OMT, establece que el turismo sustentable deber de: (i) hacer uso ptimo de
los recursos ambientales que constituyen el elemento clave en el desarrollo turstico.
Manteniendo procesos ecolgicos esenciales y ayudando a conservar la herencia natural y la
biodiversidad. (ii) Respetar la autenticidad socio-cultural de las comunidades, conservando su
herencia cultural de vida y construccin y sus valores tradicionales, para as contribuir al
entendimiento intercultural y la tolerancia. (iii) Asegurar operaciones econmicas viables de
largo plazo, proveyendo de una distribucin justa de los beneficios econmicos-sociales a
todos los involucrados en la actividad, incluyendo un empleo estable, oportunidades de
ingreso, servicios sociales a las comunidades y contribuir a la reduccin de la pobreza.4
El desarrollo del turismo sustentable requiere de participacin informada de todos los
beneficiarios relevantes, as como de un liderazgo poltico para asegurar una amplia
participacin y construccin de consensos. Alcanzar un turismo sustentable, es un proceso
continuo y que requiere de un constante monitoreo de impactos, introduciendo las medidas
preventivas y correctivas cuando sean necesarias.
Un turismo sustentable tambin deber de mantener un alto nivel de satisfaccin turstica y
asegurar una experiencia significativa hacia los turistas, elevando su conocimiento acerca de
temas de sustentabilidad y as promover prcticas de turismo sustentable entre ellos.5
II.
En un estudio de panel de datos realizado recientemente (2006) por la facultad de economa y ciencias administrativas
de la Universidad de Mugla en Turqua, estimaron un modelo economtrico [GGDP= E0+E1(GFCFCDP) + E2 (TOUEX) +
E3 (GLF) + u]; donde GGDP: Tasa de crecimiento del PIB, GFCFCP: Formacin de capital fijo como porcentaje del PIB,
TOUEX: Recepcin de turistas como porcentaje de las exportaciones, GLF: Crecimiento de la fuerza laboral. Dicho
modelo pretenda comprobar la hiptesis si el Turismo contribuye al crecimiento econmico de los pases del
Mediterrneo o no. El estudio concluy de manera positiva que efectivamente el turismo contribuye al crecimiento
econmico de una economa y que llega a estimular de manera directa e indirecta a otros sectores de la economa. Para
mayor informacin sobre el estudio realizado por la Universidad de Mugla, consultar la investigacin Contribution of
Tourism to Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach. Gkavali, Ummuhan; Bahar, Ozan. Mugla University. 2006
7
World Tourism Organization (WTO), United Nations. Turismo en Iberoamrica, panorama actual edicin 2006. Pg.
3
8
Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (OMT). Why Tourism? http://www.unwto.org/aboutwto/why/en/why.php?op=1
Como se puede observar en la grfica 2, los ingresos totales por turismo en el mundo tambin
crecieron. Entre los aos 50s y 70s, el turismo present un movimiento constante, sin embargo
fue hasta principio de los aos 80s cuando los ingresos se multiplicaron casi 7 veces su valor.
Se estima que para el ao 2020 los ingresos mundiales rebasen los 600 mil millones de dlares.
Los datos demuestran que la demanda del sector turstico, depende altamente de las
condiciones del tipo econmico de los mercados. Al presentar crecimiento en las economas, el
ingreso per cpita disponible, usualmente crece. Lo que de manera relativa sucede es que parte
de ese ingreso ser gastado o consumido en turismo, en particular en el caso de las economas
emergentes. Y de manera opuesta, si se presenta un bajo crecimiento econmico, se originar
una reduccin en el gasto en turismo.
QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Lo anterior se traduce a que las polticas hacia el turismo produzcan una mayor captacin de
ingresos en la economa nacional, para de esta forma producir, lo que varios autores denominan,
el efecto multiplicador del turismo9. Tales ingresos generados por el gasto de los turistas, producen
los llamados efectos indirectos (ver cuadro 1). Sin embargo como ya se ha expuesto a lo largo de
este documento, los beneficios econmicos que brinda el turismo, no solo se limitan a las
actividades que se encuentran directamente relacionadas con los turistas propiamente.
Cuadro 1.- Forma como se produce el efecto multiplicador del
Turismo en la economa
El autor Miguel Angel Acerenza en su investigacin detalla que este efecto multiplicador fue estudiado por primera vez
por Harry G. Clement en 1961 y que se define como el coeficiente que mide la cantidad de ingreso generado por cada
unidad de gasto turstico. Y que dicho coeficiente se encuentra dado por la relacin de incrementos: 'y / 'Ei donde: 'y
= ingreso final generado en la economa. 'Ei= inyeccin inicial producida por el gasto realizado por los turistas. Pg.33
Report of the World Tourism Organization to the United Nations Secretary-General in preparation for the
High Level Meeting on the Mid-Term Comprehensive Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least
Developed Coutries for the Dacade 2001-2010. Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (WTO);
http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/WorldTourisminput.pdf
III.
INEGI, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico 1999-2004, Mxico 2006.
INEGI, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo de Mxico 1999-2004, Mxico 2006.
10
viajeros internacionales de la regin. Asimismo, el pas se coloc para esos aos en el primer
lugar de recepcin internacional entre los pases subdesarrollados. Afirma el autor, que los
nmeros son an mas impresionantes cuando se revisan con el tiempo. Las llegadas a Mxico
se triplicaron entre 1970 y 1991, mientras que las ganancias por el tipo de cambio del turismo
se incrementaron de 415 millones a 3.8 billones de dlares, (ver grfica 5). Las cifras
demuestran que las llegadas internacionales crecieron a una tasa anual promedio del 5 por
ciento, mientras que la tasa de llegadas era del 11 por ciento.
A lo largo de los aos 90s se continu con un rpido crecimiento, alcanzando en el ao 1998 la
cifra cercana a los 20 millones de visitantes extranjeros, los cuales gastaban cerca de los 7.5
billones de dlares en los distintos destinos del pas (ver grfica 5). En aos recientes, la
industria del turismo, se ha consistentemente ubicado como la segunda o tercera fuente de
intercambio de divisas en el pas.
acelerado. La grfica 4 nos presenta como a mediados de la dcada de los 70s el sector turstico
en Mxico se consolida y logra despegar hasta alcanzar los 12 millones de turistas
internacionales. Para el ao 2000, el pas sobre pasa los 19 millones de llegadas.
Como se hace mencin en prrafos anteriores, esta grfica 5 muestra el constante y acelerado
crecimiento que ha presentado la industria turstica en nuestro pas. Es importante sealar que
esta grfica proviene de un estudio que realiza la Secretara de Turismo denominado: Estudio
de Gran Visin de Turismo en Mxico: Perspectiva 2020, en el cual se establecen 5 etapas de
la evolucin del turismo en Mxico; (i) etapa de gestacin, (ii) etapa de consolidacin, (iii) etapa
de culminacin, (iv) transicin, y (v) situacin actual.13
13
La presente investigacin no entrar en detalles de las etapas mencionadas. Se recomienda leer la investigacin de
SECTUR, la cual muestra un marco histrico de turismo en Mxico, cuyo objeto es de proporcionar elementos sobre la
evolucin y desarrollo de diversas variables cuantitativas y cualitativas que permiten comprender la dinmica y tendencias
que ha tenido el turismo en los ltimos 50 aos.
12
Al inicio, el estado favoreca a gran escala la planeacin y desarrollo de destinos tursticos, los
cuales eran vislumbrados como polos. Una de las ventajas de esta construccin visionaria del
polo, era su localizacin. Estos eran ubicados en algunas de las ms pobladas y ms pobres
ciudades de Mxico.
Si bien se puede observar en la misma grfica 5, que la etapa de consolidacin del sector se dio
entre los aos de 1958 y 1974, tambin se puede afirmar que el verdadero despegue hacia la
transicin se produce entre los aos 1990 y el 2000. Lo anterior se debe a que en ese perodo el
turismo se ha robustecido como una de las principales fuentes generadoras de divisas en el
pas, al mismo tiempo que destaca su significativa participacin en el Producto Interno Bruto
(PIB) total nacional. Lo que represent para el perodo entre 1993 y 2000 una participacin
promedio del 8.3% al PIB nacional, comparndolo con la aportacin promedio de otros
sectores para el mismo periodo como los son: comercio (1%), alojamiento (1.1%), restaurantes
y bares (2.0%), transporte (2.5%) y las artesanas (0.9%), lo que en su conjunto produjeron un
promedio total del 7.5% del PIB nacional. Por otra parte, en lo que respecta a la participacin
del consumo turstico en el consumo privado nacional, ste alcanz su mximo en 1995 con el
17.6% en relacin al consumo privado nacional. En el periodo comprendido entre los aos
1993 y 2000 el ndice promedio fue de 16.7% del consumo turstico en relacin al consumo
privado nacional.14
La siguiente grfica nos ensea como la productividad presentada en el sector turstico
sobrepasa de manera significativa a la productividad nacional en su conjunto. El dato
promedio calculado por SECTUR del ramo turstico es de 36.3% ms productivo que el
nacional. Lo que significa que el ramo turstico gener un producto promedio anual por
ocupacin remunerada de 58.8 miles de pesos, entre el periodo comprendido de 1993 y 2000,
en comparacin con el 43.16 miles de pesos a nivel nacional. En la grfica tambin se puede
observar como para el ao 2000 la productividad turstica registr un 35.4% ms que la
nacional.
14
13
La lnea en color verde nos muestra como la productividad del sector turstico, presenta
tendencias a registrar mayor crecimiento que el promedio de la economa del pas. Sin
embargo, de igual forma tal productividad turstica presenta una gran sensibilidad en relacin a
la coyuntura econmica nacional y as se demuestra en el ao 1995 cuando la crisis origin un
gran impacto negativo en el sector turstico.
El crecimiento mostrado por Mxico en la industria turstica, ha sido rpido y ha
experimentado cambios estructurales sustanciales a lo largo de los ltimos 20 aos
transcurridos. El sector cuenta ahora con una mayor capacidad total, mayor organizacin
central y diversificacin. A qu se debe que el sector haya experimentado tanto crecimiento?
Primeramente a la poltica implementada por el gobierno en materia de fortalecimiento del
sector. Otros factores que influyeron son: las mejoras en infraestructura, el crecimiento en el
sector de comunicaciones y transportes, el crecimiento en el sector de hospedaje y la
concentracin de otros polos tursticos, lo que ayud a disminuir la presin de los tradicionales
destinos tursticos y generar empleo en otras reas ms pobres del pas. Por ltimo, Mxico se
convirti en un pas ms financiero y emprendedor, especialmente en el rea de alojamiento,
donde se careca de iniciativa privada para el sector turismo.
14
En la actualidad el gobierno federal cuenta con dos polticas o guas para el desarrollo de la
industria nacional y el crecimiento econmico. La primera, es un plan de desarrollo en el
mbito nacional con proyecciones a corto y mediano plazo denominado: Plan Nacional de
Desarrollo 2007-2012, el cual posee acciones especficas para la industria turstica, enfocadas a
generar mayor sustentabilidad, diversificacin y competitividad en dicho sector. La segunda es
una poltica de turismo, que se rige de un gran objetivo nacional general y de objetivos
sectoriales. Esta poltica de turismo se encuentra contenida en el Programa Sectorial de Turismo
2007-2012. Ambas polticas son incluidas de manera ntegra en esta investigacin debido a su
importancia directa en la conduccin del turismo nacional y sus repercusiones regionales y
tambin por su gran impacto en el desarrollo del pas.
El sector turismo tiene varias caractersticas que lo convierten en una prioridad nacional dada
su importancia como factor de desarrollo y motor de crecimiento. Destacan, en primer lugar,
su elevada productividad y empleo bien remunerado; y en segundo, que en muchas ocasiones
se desenvuelve en regiones de menor desarrollo econmico. Cabe notar que la riqueza cultural
y natural de Mxico implica que existen amplias oportunidades de actividades tursticas que no
se han desarrollado cabalmente.
La mayor integracin mundial, aunada a la riqueza cultural y natural de nuestro pas, implica
que Mxico hoy en da se encuentra en una situacin de enorme potencial para que el
desarrollo exitoso del sector turismo se convierta en uno de los ejes de desarrollo del pas. El
desarrollo acelerado a nivel mundial implica que la demanda por servicios tursticos se
incrementar de forma importante en los aos venideros. Finalmente, el incremento en la
poblacin pensionada en los pases industrializados implica una proporcin cada vez mayor de
individuos de elevados recursos socioeconmicos con inters por realizar largos viajes a
destinos atractivos.
15
Sin embargo, al igual que en otros mbitos, el mismo fenmeno de globalizacin lleva a que el
viajero, tanto nacional como extranjero, tenga mayores opciones. As como la tecnologa de la
informacin facilita adquirir informacin y realizar la planeacin de un viaje en nuestro pas, lo
hace tambin para otros destinos. Los menores costos de transportacin area permiten a
nuestros visitantes tradicionales tener acceso a destinos ms alejados. Ello implica que, al igual
que en otros mbitos de la actividad econmica, las oportunidades y retos que representa la
integracin mundial debe resolverse mediante polticas pblicas decididas.
El sector debe ser reconocido como una pieza clave en el desarrollo econmico del pas.
Asimismo, se debe garantizar que el crecimiento del sector respete los entornos naturales,
culturales y sociales. Es justamente la riqueza de Mxico en trminos de cultura, enorme
diversidad climtica, belleza orogrfica, fauna y flora endmicas, y su sociedad vibrante y
abierta, lo que atrae y diferencia a nuestro pas de otras naciones del mundo.
El papel del sector como detonante del desarrollo local implica que el desarrollo de
infraestructura y de servicios debe incluir aquellos orientados a dotar de capacidades a la
poblacin local. Slo de esa forma puede consolidarse una mejora en el bienestar de las
poblaciones locales que les permita ser participes plenos del proceso de desarrollo.
Objetivo 12.Hacer de Mxico un pas lder en la actividad turstica a travs de la diversificacin de sus
mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la competitividad de las empresas del
sector de forma que brinden un servicio de calidad internacional.
Para convertir a Mxico en un pas lder en el sector turismo y aumentar, para 2012, en un
35% el nmero de turistas internacionales es necesario poner en marcha las siguientes
estrategias:
Estrategia 12.1 Hacer del turismo una prioridad nacional para generar inversiones, empleos y
combatir la pobreza, en las zonas con atractivos tursticos competitivos. Crear condiciones de
certeza jurdica para las nuevas inversiones en los destinos tursticos del pas, as como
acciones para consolidar las existentes. La poltica turstica considerar programas de
desarrollo de una amplia gama de servicios tursticos, incluyendo turismo de naturaleza,
16
turismo rural y turismo de aventura, con la participacin de las secretaras y organismos del
gobierno federal que apoyan proyectos de desarrollo turstico en las zonas rurales e indgenas.
En este proceso se deber hacer converger programas como el financiamiento y capacitacin a
MIPyMEs.
Estrategia 12.2
17
que el desarrollo del sector sea incluyente en lo referente a las condiciones de vida de las
poblaciones locales donde se ubique la actividad15.
III.3.- Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012
Caldern Hinojosa, Felipe de Jess. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012. Mxico, 2007. Pgs. 118-120
Secretara de Turismo. Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012. Pg. 31
18
19
17
20
legal para el desarrollo sustentable del sector e impulsar normas que garanticen la prestacin de
servicios tursticos competitivos.
Estrategia 5.- Asegurar un desarrollo turstico integral. El sector turstico requiere de
estrategias que permitan aprovechar todo el potencial de crecimiento. Para ello, es necesario
que el desarrollo del sector sea incluyente en lo referente a las condiciones de vida de las
poblaciones locales donde se ubique la actividad18.
18
21
IV.
Convencin Marco de las Naciones Unidas Sobre cambio climtico. Nueva York. EE.UU. 1992.
22
turstica (especialmente el turismo de playa, de nieve, etctera), por lo que una alteracin en
stos, implica indudablemente una alteracin proporcional al cambio en el potencial de la
actividad turstica
La relacin que se establece entre la actividad turstica y el medio ambiente es recproca, ya que
por un lado, la evasin de polticas que promuevan un turismo sustentable trasciende en la
calidad del ambiente y ste a su vez altera directamente al sector, de surgir modificaciones en l.
Como se ha sealado con anterioridad, la llamada industria sin chimeneas cuenta con un
gran potencial econmico que indica que es una actividad rentable y que genera grandes
retribuciones para los pases, sin embargo, dicha rentabilidad puede ponerse en grave riesgo si
no se atienden los fenmenos relacionados con el medio ambiente. De este modo, el segmento
debe responder con inmediatez a los efectos que con claridad han sido manifestados por el
cambio climtico, alineando sus estrategias para mitigar los resultados que genera la emisin de
gases de efecto invernadero, derivados principalmente de las actividades de transporte21 y
alojamiento, asimismo desvinculando el crecimiento sostenido hasta la actualidad del sector
con un consumo irracional de energa. El turismo contribuye en aproximadamente un 5% a las
emisiones globales de CO2, de acuerdo con cifras de la Organizacin Mundial del Turismo
(2007).
Segn la World Wild Fund, WWF, los viajes areos son los principales contribuyentes al
efecto invernadero. Los jets de pasajeros son el origen con crecimiento ms rpido de
emisiones de gases invernadero. Se espera que el nmero de pasajeros internacionales se
incremente de 594 millones en el ao 1996 a 1.6 billones en el 2020, agravando
considerablemente el problema, a menos que se tomen las medidas necesarias para reducir las
emisiones.22
21
Segn la organizacin defensora del medioambiente Friends of the Earth, el sector de transporte areo se
ha hecho con la etiqueta de fuente de gases de efecto invernadero de mayor tasa de crecimiento mundial,
pues sus aviones liberan ms de 600 millones de toneladas de CO2 cada ao. Esta cifra prcticamente iguala
las emisiones anuales de CO2 del continente Africano. Por su parte, el sector Aviacin publica cifras distintas.
Segn IATA y el Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climtico de Naciones Unidas (IPCC), la aviacin
en su conjunto solo da cuenta de alrededor del 3% de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. (ITB, Berln
2008. Cambio climtico y el futuro del turismo mundial)
22
23
23
SEMARNAT, IMTA. Anlisis de posibles impactos del cambio climtico. Estudio de caso preliminar: Cancn,
Quintana Roo. Mxico: Septiembre, 2006.
24
Cambio climtico y turismo. Responder a los retos mundiales. Pg. 5
24
incentivo de connotacin positiva, como negativa para el desarrollo turstico ya que est
directamente implicado con la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sector.
En aras de observar cientficamente cifras que indiquen que el crecimiento sostenido del
turismo se traduce en grandes beneficios para la sociedad, es preciso cerciorar la permanencia
del sector, asegurando previamente la sustentabilidad del turismo. Lo anterior significa elaborar
estrategias y determinar prioridades que controlen y reduzcan significativamente las acciones
humanas que han propiciado el cambio climtico.
Es preciso destacar que tanto el clima, como el medio ambiente, son herramientas
imprescindibles con las que cuenta el turismo para su desarrollo. stas inciden notablemente
en la eleccin de los destinos, en mayor medida en los que dependen de la explotacin en
torno a su naturaleza, lo cual se traduce posteriormente en la rentabilidad y competitividad de
stos. Los destinos que ofertan la atraccin de su clima pueden ser vulnerables ante los
cambios de tipo climtico o la destruccin del medio ambiente; el cambio climtico, incide
tambin, por ejemplo, en la erosin de los litorales y el deterioro de ecosistemas, arrecifes de
coral o puede perjudicar las nevadas en las zonas montaosas que explotan los deportes de este
tipo (ver figura 1). Asimismo afectan el suministro de servicios bsicos como el agua.
Figura 1.- Distribucin geogrfica de las principales repercusiones
del cambio climtico en los destinos tursticos
25
V.
ACCIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
25
Aguayo, Francisco. Mitigacin de gases invernadero e innovacin en el sector industrial en Mxico. En:
Sustentabilidad y Desarrollo ambiental. Pg. 217.
26
Report of the World Tourism Organization to the United Nations Secretary-General in preparation for the
High Level Meeting on the Mid-Term Comprehensive Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least
Developed Coutries for the Dacade 2001-2010. Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (WTO);
http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/WorldTourisminput.pdf Pg. 3
26
ii.
iii.
iv.
Considerar ayuda financiera, tecnolgica y de otras formas de asistencia para apoyar los
esfuerzos de los pases menos desarrollados en materia de fortalecimiento de sus
capacidades nacionales en el sector del turismo.
Report of the World Tourism Organization to the United Nations Secretary-General in preparation for the
High Level Meeting on the Mid-Term Comprehensive Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least
Developed Coutries for the Dacade 2001-2010. Organizacin Mundial del Turismo (WTO);
http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/WorldTourisminput.pdf Pg. 4
27
El sector turstico debe actuar con respuesta inmediata a los efectos del cambio
climtico reduciendo progresivamente su contribucin a la generacin de gases de
efecto invernadero, relacionadas como se haba mencionado, con actividades
relacionadas con transporte y alojamiento. Lo anterior puede basarse en un afn de
crear conciencia de la importancia de la conservacin del medio ambiente y la
racionalizacin de energa.
28
Lograr que las empresas relacionadas con el sector, se adapten a las nuevas condiciones
de clima, de esta manera, se procura mantener constante el potencial con el que el
turismo cuenta.
Aplicar nuevas tecnologas y logsticas limpias con el propsito de usar con mayor
eficiencia los recursos energticos.
VI.
CONCLUSIN
29
Cuando se inicia la creacin del sector turstico en Mxico, el estado favoreca la planeacin y
desarrollo de los polos o destinos en base a su localizacin geogrfica. Hoy en da, se deben
desarrollar polos tursticos basndose en la herencia cultural y en el potencial econmico del
destino y no exclusivamente en su belleza natural. Lo anterior favorecer al desarrollo de las
comunidades ms necesitadas y crear nuevas formas de turismo, como lo es: el ecoturismo, de
deporte, de retiro, industrial, de negocios, nutico, educativo, entre otros.
Las polticas relacionadas al turismo debern estar cuidadosamente diseadas para operar con
una infraestructura que sea conductiva para el sector turstico. Los hacedores de polticas
pblicas debern poner mucha atencin en su diseo, especialmente al momento de ponderar
la parte de la inversin entre el turismo y otros sectores productivos.
Las decisiones polticas en lo concerniente al turismo, no solo debern estar en manos del
gobierno central, sino que tambin debern ser llevadas hacia los gobiernos regionales, lo que
posibilitar poner en prctica polticas coordinadas del sector turismo, destinadas a mejorar la
oferta, modernizar la infraestructura y promocionar las posibles atracciones.
La importancia de preservar el medio ambiente obedece, en el caso del turismo, a la necesidad
rigurosa de mantener la competitividad de los destinos tursticos. Es preciso entender que las
acciones de los seres humanos que contribuyen a la emisin de gases de efecto invernadero o
daos a los ecosistemas, van en continuo detrimento de los sectores, en este caso, de la
actividad turstica, por lo que el dao ambiental y la reduccin de competitividad de los
destinos se relacionan directamente. Con el objetivo de mantener el importante potencial y en
consecuencia la rentabilidad de este importante sector, hay que destacar la instrumentacin de
polticas que contribuyan a la innovacin y adopcin de prcticas relacionadas con el turismo,
de modo que sea prioridad en ellas, el cuidado al medio ambiente, la reduccin del cambio
climtico y la innovacin tecnolgica en pro del medio ambiente.
Es importante destacar que ni el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2007-2012 (PND) ni el Programa
Sectorial de Turismo 2007-20012, ligan entre sus estrategias y determinacin de prioridades al
medio ambiente y cambio climtico con el sector turstico.
30
De cumplirse con las metas transversales y sectoriales del Pronafide, se generar un impacto
sobre el crecimiento econmico de 1.9 por ciento de aumento en la tasa de crecimiento a
mediano plazo, con lo que sta aumentara de 3.2 por ciento en 2007 a por lo menos 5.2 por
ciento de crecimiento en su escenario conservador. Por su parte, la inversin en el sector
turstico programada para el periodo 2007-2012 ser de 219 mil millones de pesos de acuerdo
con datos de la Secretara de Turismo, lo que contribuir en un aumento en el crecimiento del
PIB de 0.08 por ciento a las metas del Pronafide.
31
6.- LA COMPETITIVIDAD EN
TURISMO
IR A LA LIGA
Qu es la competitividad turstica?
Jorge L. Lpez Ramois*
La actividad turstica de finales del siglo XX e inicios del XXI ha tenido como
caracterstica principal la enorme competencia por captar el mayor nmero de
turistas, para ello se les debe de ofertar una mayor variedad de alternativas en las
actividades de los destinos ya que de no ser as difcilmente el paseante volver a
ese lugar. El proceso de globalizacin y los enormes avances de desarrollo
tecnolgico que vive la poca actual facilito la promocin de destinos de todo el
mundo por lo que existi una mayor variedad de opciones para cada uno de los
segmentos tursticos, lo cual provoco que fueran ms las oferentes que
demandantes derivando en que las condiciones de compra y satisfaccin ya no
eran establecidas por los productores sino por los consumidores.
De esta manera los diferentes destinos se vieron envueltos en un nuevo
modelo de desarrollo turstico basado fundamentalmente en la satisfaccin de los
segmentos altamente diferenciados y que requeran de servicios y de actividades
con altos estndares de calidad por lo que la satisfaccin del turista se converta
en un objetivo mas difcil de conseguir que en el pasado lo que dio inicio a un
proceso de competitividad turstica.
Pero Qu es la competitividad?, esta se define como la habilidad de un pas
para crear un valor agregado que aumente la riqueza nacional, producto de la
administracin de activos o procesos, atracciones o incursiones, globalidad o
*
Seccin tomada de: Segura, Gustavo e Inman, Crist. Turismo en Honduras: el Reto de la Competitividad. CLACDS/INCAE,
agosto de 1998.
Figura No. 7
Determinantes de la competitividad
(conocido como El Diamante de Porter)
estandarizada y la rapidez en el servicio, ya que no disponen de mucho tiempo para comer. Ahora que estos atributos
son cada vez ms apreciados en otros mercados, las cadenas estadounidenses han podido aplicar lo aprendido y
conquistar estos nuevos mercados.
En la industria turstica, la demanda est formada tanto por los turistas nacionales como los extranjeros que visitan el
pas. En esta industria, en vez de exportar productos, son los consumidores los que se movilizan hacia los atractivos
tursticos. Lo relevante de la calidad de la demanda, en el modelo conceptual propuesto, es el nivel de exigencia a que
est sometida una industria de parte de los clientes que atiende en forma directa. Por consiguiente, debe analizarse el
volumen y tendencia de crecimiento de la demanda, su origen y grado de segmentacin, pero fundamentalmente los
gustos, exigencias y grado de sofisticacin de los turistas que visitan un destino.
3. Sectores relacionados y de apoyo
La existencia de sectores de apoyo especializados y eficientes crean ventajas competitivas para un pas. Las industrias
relacionadas y de apoyo entregan a las empresas pertenecientes al cluster insumos, componentes y servicios, hechos
a la medida, a menores costos, con calidad superior y suministrados de manera rpida y preferente. Esto es
consecuencia de vnculos ms estrechos de colaboracin, mejor comunicacin, presiones mutuas y aprendizaje
constante, que facilitan la innovacin y el mejoramiento continuo dentro del cluster.
Italia, lder mundial en la produccin de calzado de alta moda, domina dos tercios de las exportaciones mundiales del
sector. El liderazgo italiano ha sido posible por la existencia de una red de industrias relacionadas y de apoyo muy
eficientes: unas se especializan en la curtiembre de pieles de alta calidad, otras son lderes en la produccin de los
moldes y equipos que se utilizan para fabricar los zapatos. Adicionalmente, los diseadores italianos, reconocidos
mundialmente, posicionan ventajosamente al pas en el mbito de la moda.
Para que un cluster turstico sea competitivo, es imprescindible un sector de apoyo vigoroso e innovador. Esto
significa buenos proveedores de alimentos y suministros para la hotelera y los restaurantes, buenas escuelas de
formacin de personal, tanto a nivel operativo, tcnico como gerencial; ingenieros y arquitectos especializados en
diseo de obras de turismo, servicios mdicos confiables y afiliados a los sistemas internacionales de seguros, entre
otras empresas de servicio afines a la actividad. Hay mucho que aprender, por ejemplo, de la dinmica de sectores
relacionados en Cancn, Mxico. Con eficientes y variados sistemas de transporte interno de turistas, abundantes
puestos de informacin y un sistema de seguridad turstica que transmite confianza al visitante, las grandes empresas
que han invertido en hotelera y atractivos garantizan que sus clientes meta pueden disfrutar de una experiencia sin
sobresaltos.
4. Estrategia, estructura y competencia de las empresas
La creacin de destrezas competitivas requiere un ambiente que motive la innovacin. Una competencia local vigorosa
e intensa es una de las presiones ms efectivas para que una compaa mejore continuamente. Esta situacin obliga a
las empresas a buscar maneras de reducir sus costos, mejorar la calidad, buscar nuevos mercados o clientes, etc. En
Japn, las industrias ms exitosas cuentan con varios jugadores de clase mundial que compiten intensamente por la
atencin del mercado japons. Tal es el caso de Sony, Matsushita, Casio y Sharp en electrnicos, as como Toyota,
Nissan y Honda en automviles. La competencia intensa, lejos de ser un problema como algunos empresarios la
conciben, es una bendicin para la competitividad de largo plazo.
En turismo, el nivel de competencia debe analizarse desde dos puntos de vista: la competencia local y la internacional.
En los mercados locales, las empresas compiten en cada sector de la industria, generalmente no solo por participacin
de mercado, sino tambin por empleados, excelencia en servicio y por prestigio. Cuanto mayor sea el grado de
rivalidad en un sector (por ejemplo, hotelera, alquiler de autos o tour operadores), mayor ser la presin e
incentivos por mejorar estndares e introducir nuevos productos.
En el mbito internacional, debe analizarse la rivalidad entre pases que compiten entre s como destinos con
posicionamientos diversos y campaas de promocin que intentan atraer al turista. Sin embargo, debe recalcarse que
el origen de la ventaja competitiva se da a nivel de empresa y cluster, ya que un pas no puede mercadear
sosteniblemente un producto que su industria no ha logrado producir.
5. La dinmica dentro del diamante
La interaccin o refuerzo mutuo de los cuatro atributos de la ventaja nacional es, a menudo, ms importante que los
atributos en s. El grado de impacto de un atributo sobre las ventajas competitivas depende, en gran parte, del estado
en que se encuentren los otros determinantes. Por ejemplo, si las empresas no cuentan con suficientes recursos
humanos capacitados, la sola presencia de compradores locales exigentes no garantizar el surgimiento de mejores
productos.
La dinmica de las relaciones entre los atributos del diamante puede darse de diversas maneras. Por ejemplo, la
presencia de numerosas empresas hoteleras que compiten vigorosamente en un mercado turstico justifica realizar
nuevas inversiones para crear y desarrollar mejor infraestructura en su zona de influencia. Tambin crea un mercado
atractivo para el surgimiento de industrias de apoyo. La demanda turstica se vuelve ms exigente, gracias a que las
empresas se ven obligadas a ofrecer mejores productos y servicios para ganar la preferencia de los consumidores
ante la competencia.
Por otro lado, una fuerte demanda turstica, o bien, la misma presin de las empresas que all compiten, puede influir
ante el gobierno y la opinin pblica en la asignacin de recursos para el mejoramiento de factores especializados
(institutos de capacitacin turstica, mejoramiento de carreteras a las principales zonas de atractivos, polica turstica,
aeropuertos, etc.) y ello puede estimular an ms el surgimiento de nuevas empresas como tour operadores y
alquileres de autos, dirigidas a atender directamente al consumidor. A su vez, los factores creados para atender la
industria principal son aprovechables para las industrias relacionadas y de apoyo. Estos factores especializados
pueden ser un gran atractivo para atraer un mayor nmero de turistas exigentes, lo que ayudara a construir una
demanda local ms sensible hacia unos servicios de mayor calidad. Por ltimo, las industrias relacionadas y de apoyo
pueden integrarse y transformarse en nuevos actores que vendran a aumentar la rivalidad dentro de la industria
principal.
Los determinantes de la ventaja competitiva de un pas constituyen por s mismos un sistema bastante complejo. Sus
elementos se refuerzan entre s y se multiplican con el transcurso del tiempo. As, las ventajas crecen y se van
expandiendo hacia otras industrias relacionadas. De esta manera se va creando un entorno de relaciones e
interacciones complicadas, difciles de imitar por parte de los otros pases o clusters tursticos potencialmente
competidores.
6. El azar y el papel del gobierno
Los cuatro atributos del diamante son, a su vez, influenciados por otras variables: el azar y el papel del gobierno. El
azar surge de eventos repentinos que influyen en la posicin competitiva de ciertas empresas que saben moverse
ante los cambios. Estos eventos pueden ser nuevos inventos tecnolgicos, cambios en las tendencias de los mercados,
decisiones polticas, guerras, eventos de la naturaleza, entre otros.
El gobierno puede ejercer influencia sobre cualquiera de los elementos del diamante, tanto positiva como
negativamente. Por ejemplo, el gobierno define las polticas y asignacin de recursos a infraestructura y educacin.
Por medio de la fijacin de regulaciones y estndares, afectan la rentabilidad de las diferentes actividades
econmicas. Claramente, las polticas tributarias pueden estimular o frenar la inversin en industrias tursticas o el
desarrollo de industrias relacionadas dentro de un pas.
De la misma manera, el gobierno tambin puede ser influenciado o afectado por los elementos del diamante, tal es el
caso cuando decide invertir en educacin en reas especficas necesarias para el mejoramiento de un cluster, o
invertir en caminos de acceso e infraestructura de servicios bsicos, motivado por el ritmo de crecimiento de la
demanda turstica y los beneficios para el pas en generacin de divisas.
Publicado en:
Boletn Electrnico Intercambios. Ao 5. N 32. Facultad de Turismo. UNC. 2006.
de estas metas. De esta manera el logro del xito del destino es una responsabilidad
compartida por todos.
Para esto, es importante que en los distintos sectores de la sociedad se pase de la teora, a la
aplicacin de propuestas de negociacin basadas en el conocimiento pragmtico tanto de los
actores que intervienen en el proceso, como de sus intereses. As, para que el desarrollo
sustentable del turismo deje de ser un sueo vaco de contenido en la realidad, se deben
revisar las formas de intervencin tradicionales. Los protagonistas del desarrollo local debieran
incorporar la idea de un desarrollo gradual con respeto a la conservacin del ambiente. La tica
conservacionista debiera ser aquella que lejos de rechazar todo tipo de cambio, lo cual
resultara totalmente estril, busque propiciar lo que en general demandan los residentes en la
mayora de los centros tursticos, que los cambios y las transformaciones que trae aparejada la
actividad, respeten aquellos valores y prcticas sociales que hacen a un lugar nico y diferente
del resto del mundo.
En este sentido, la Universidad debe crear conciencia comunitaria y educar para la iniciativa,
promoviendo el desarrollo de una vinculacin universidad-empresa efectiva que potencie los
procesos de aprendizaje codificado y tcito. As, la posibilidad de el turismogenere beneficios
netos para los sectores sociales mas desfavorecidos es un desafo colectivo, donde las
Universidades Pblicas regionales tenemos un importante rol que cumplir.
Referencias
- Ritchie B. & Geoffrey Crouch (2003) The Competitive Destination- A Sustainable Perspective.
Cabi
Publishing.
Wallingford
.
Oxon.United
Kingdom.
- Otero, Adriana (2005) Gestin competitiva y sustentable de destinos tursticos - puerta a
parques nacionales. 9 Encuentro Red Federal de Municipios Tursticos Sustentables. San
Martn
de
los
Andes.
Neuqun.
Argentina.
15
pp.
- Otero, A. (2006) La Importancia de la Visin del Territorio para la Construccin de Desarrollo
Competitivo de los Destinos Tursticos Ponencia en Turiciencia 2006. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
13
pp.
_____________________________
Adriana M. Otero es Directora del CEPLADES-TURISMO. Profesora Adjunta Area
Planificacin y Gestin del Desarrollo Turstico de la Facultad de Turismo - Universidad
Nacional del Comahue.
(*)
PIB,
El ndice de competitividad turstica busca medir los factores y polticas que favorecen el
desarrollo del sector turstico en diferentes pases. Dicho ndice se compone de 13
indicadores que se agregan en tres diferentes categoras: 1) Marco regulatorio; 2) Ambiente
de negocios e infraestructura; y 3) Recursos humanos, culturales y naturales.
EDITORS
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-01-2
Contents
Partner Institutes
95
Preface
xi
1.9 The Challenge of Open Skies in the Middle East:
How to Manage Competition in the High-Growth
Air Transport Sector
Executive Summary
xiii
103
107
113
iii
27
115
45
369
451
455
Acknowledgments
459
55
67
75
83
Partner Institutes
Partner Institutes
Albania
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Artan Hoxha, President
Ilir Ciko, Researcher
Julia Dhimitri, Researcher
Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Applique pour le
Dveloppement (CREAD)
Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director
Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor
Angola
Servios de Organizao e Finanas (SOF)
Marcolino Meireles, Manager
Argentina
IAEUniversidad Austral
Marcelo Paladino, Vice Dean
Ariel A. Casarin, Assistant Professor
Armenia
Economy and Values Research Center
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Senior Research Associate
Anna Makaryan, Research Analyst
Australia
Australian Industry Group
Heather Ridout, Chief Executive
Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research
Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Professor Karl Aiginger, Director
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Sanar Mammadov, Executive Director
Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator
Saida Mammadova, Consultant
Bahrain
Bahrain Competitiveness Council
Sulaf Zakharia, Secretary-General
Barbados
Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies,
University of West Indies (UWI)
Andrew Downes
Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya, Executive Director
Professor Mustafizur Rahman, Research Director
Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Fellow
Belgium
Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School
Professor Dr Lutgart Van den Berghe, Executive Director;
Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Professor Dr Harry P. Bowen, Economics and International
Business
Benin
Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP)
Benin
Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator
Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator
Cosme Vodounou, Responsible Axe Thmathique
Damien Mededji, Researcher
Bosnia and Herzegovina
MIT Center, the Faculty of Economics, Sarajevo University
Professor Zlatko Lagumdzija
Dr Fikret Causevic
Dr Zeljko Sain
Botswana
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA)
Dr N.H. Fidzani, Executive Director
Kedikilwe P. Maroba, Program Coordinator
Brazil
Fundao Dom Cabral
Professor Carlos Arruda, Associate Dean for Research
and Development
Rafael Tello, Researcher
Diogo Lara, Research Assistant
Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Jos Fernando Mattos, President
Claudio Leite Gastal, Director
Jorge H. S. Lima, Project Coordinator
Bulgaria
Center for Economic Development
Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert
Burkina Faso
Societe dEtudes et de Recherche Formation pour le
Developpement (SERF)
Abdoulaye Tarnagda, Director General
Burundi
Center of Scientific Research in Economics (CURDES)
Pascal Rutake, Dean of Economics
Ferdinand Bararuzunza, Professor of Economics
Cambodia
Economic Institute of Cambodia
Sok Hach, Director
Chan Vuthy, Researcher
Tuy Chak Riya, Research Associate
Cameroon
Comit de Comptitivit (Competitiveness Committee)
Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary
Canada
Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity
Roger Martin, Dean of the Rotman School of Management,
University of Toronto, and Chairman of the Institute for
Competitiveness and Prosperity
James Milway, Executive Director of the Institute for
Competitiveness and Prosperity
Partner Institutes
Chad
Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet
Ptrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC)
Professor Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director
Lydie Beassemda, Program Officer
Yode Miangotar, Researcher
France
HEC School of ManagementParis
Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor, Dean of HEC School of
Management
Bertrand Moingeon, Professor, Associate Dean for Executive
Education
Chile
Universidad Adolfo Ibez
Andres Allamand, Dean, School of Government
Catalina Mertz, Director, Institute of Political Economics
Sergio Selman, Project Coordinator
Gambia
Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute
(GESDRI)
Makaireh A. Njie, Director
China
Institute of Economic System and Management
National Development and Reform Commission
Dr Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor
Dong Ying, Professor
Chen Wei, Research Fellow
Colombia
National Planning Department
Santiago Montenegro Trujillo, General Director
Orlando Gracia Fajardo, Entrepreneurial Development Director
Victor Manuel Nieto, Economist
Croatia
National Competitiveness Council
Mira Lenardic, Secretary General
Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant
Cyprus
Center of Applied Research, Cyprus College
Dr Bambos Papageorgiou
vi
Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Irakli Burdiladze, Executive Director
Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Germany
WHUOtto Beisheim School of Management
Professor Michael Frenkel, Chair, Macroeconomics and
International Economics
Greece
Federation of Greek Industries
Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis
Antonis Tortopidis, Coordinator, Research and Analysis
Guyana
Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana
Clive Thomas, Director
Karen Pratt, Research Associate
Hong Kong SAR
The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
David ORear, Chief Economist
Federation of Hong Kong Industries
Alexandra Poon, Director
Hungary
Kopint-Datorg, Economic Research
Dr va Palcz, Deputy General Director
gnes Nagy, Project Manager
Iceland
IceTec
Hallgrmur Jnasson, General Director
Eyds Arnvi,ardttir, Information Manager, Innovation Centre
Hallfr,ur Benediktsdttir, Information Manager, Innovation Centre
India
Confederation of Indian Industry
Tarun Das, Chief Mentor
Kavita Choudhry, Deputy Director
Indonesia
LP3E-Kadin Indonesia
M.S. Hidayat, Chairman
Tulus Tambunan, Director
Ireland
Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics,
University College Cork
Dr Eleanor Doyle
Rosemary Kelleher
Niall OSullivan
Dr Bernadette Power
Israel
Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI)
Shraga Brosh, President
Yoram Blizovsky, Managing Director
Dan Catarivas, Director, Foreign Trade and International Relations
Division
Jamaica
The Private Sector Organisation of Jamaica (PSOJ)
Lola Fong Wright, Chief Executive Officer
Stephanie Logan, Administrative Officer
Mona School of Business (MSB), University of the West Indies
Professor Neville Ying, Executive Director (Acting)
Michelle Tomlinson, Survey Coordinator
Patricia Douce, Survey Coordinator
Japan
Hitotsubashi University
Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy (ICS)
Yoko Ishikura, Professor and Associate Dean
Jordan
Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation
Jordan National Competitiveness Team
Amjad Attar, Director
Kazakhstan
Kazyna Development Fund
Prasad Bhamre, Vice-Chairman
Madagascar
Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo
Pp Andrianomanana, Director
Malawi
Malawi Investment Promotion Agency
Alick C. E. Sukasuka, Acting Deputy General Manager
Malaysia
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS)
Dato Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer
National Productivity Corporation (NPC)
Dato Nik Zainiah Nik Abdul Rahman, Director General
Chan Kum Siew, Senior Manager
Mali
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Applique et Thorique
(GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator
Malta
Competitive MaltaFoundation for National Competitiveness
Dr John C. Grech, President
Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President
Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator
Mauritius
Joint Economic Council of Mauritius
Raj Makoond, Director
Kenya
Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
Professor Dorothy McCormick, Director
Walter Odhiambo, Research Fellow
Paul Kamau, Research Fellow
Mauritania
Centre dInformation Mauritanien pour le Dveloppement
Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM)
Moustapha Sidib, Director
Chekroud Ould Bouhake
Aminata Niang
Korea
Graduate Institute of Management , Seoul School of Integrated
Science and Technologies (aSSIST)
Dean Cheol Ho Shin, Professor of Strategy and International
Business
Mr. Shin Hyo Kim, Senior Researcher
Ms. So Young Lee, Researcher
Mexico
Ministry of the Economy
Dr Eduardo J. Solis Sanchez, Chief of the Office for Investment
promotion
Lic. Veronica Orendain De Los Santos, Director of Promotion,
Office for Investment Promotion
Kuwait
Economics Department, Kuwait University
Dr Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor
Dr Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor
Dr Mohammad Ali Alomar, Assistant Professor
Dr Abdullah Al Salman, Assistant Professor
Kyrgyz Republic
Economic Policy Institute Bishkek Consensus
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman
Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator
Latvia
Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences
Dr Raita Karnite, Director
Lesotho
Sechaba Consultants
Barbara Nkoala, Associate Consultant
Lithuania
Statistikos TyrimaiStatistical Surveys, Vilnius
Benonas Miksas, Director
Luxembourg
Chamber of Commerce of Luxembourg
Carlo Thelen, Member of the Managing Board
Jean-Christophe Burkel, Attach, Economics Department
Macedonia, FYR
National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC)
Mirjana Apostolova, President of the Assembly
Minco Jordanov, President of the Managing Board
Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director
Partner Institutes
Italy
SDA Bocconi
Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University
Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial
Management Department
Olga E. Annushkina, Assistant Professor, Strategic and
Entrepreneurial Management Department
vii
Partner Institutes
Netherlands
Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam
Professor Frans A. J. Van den Bosch
Professor Henk W. Volberda
New Zealand
Business New Zealand
Phil OReilly, Chief Executive
Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Business Services
Nigeria
Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)
Dr Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research
Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research
Norway
BI Norwegian School of Management
Professor Torger Reve
Eskil Goldeng, Researcher
Pakistan
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
Nadeem Ul Haque, Director
Faheem Jehangir, Research Economist
Paraguay
Centro de Analisis y Difusion de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP)
Dionisio Borda, Director
Fernando Masi, Research Member
Jaime Escobar, Research Member
Peru
Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de
Industrias
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Nstor Asto, Project Director
viii
Philippines
Makati Business Club
Guillermo M. Luz, Executive Director
Marc P. Opulencia, Deputy Director
Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist
Singapore
Economic Development Board
Tan Choon Shian, Director, Planning and Policy, Marcom and Client
Services
Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit
Slovak Republic
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Robert Kicina, Executive Director
Gabriel Machlica, Project Manager
Institute for Economic and Social Reforms (INEKO)
Eugen Jurzyca, Director
Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research
Dr Art Kovacic
Professor Peter Stanovnik
Dr Mateja Drnovsek
Professor Ales Vahcic
South Africa
Business Unity South Africa (BUSA)
Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer
Friede Dowie, Chief Officer Strategic Services
Spain
Anselmo Rubiralta Center for Globalization and Strategy, IESE
Business School
Professor Eduardo Ballarn
Mara Luisa Blzquez, Research Associate
Sri Lanka
Institute of Policy Studies
Indika Siriwardena, Database Manager
Suriname
Institute for Development Oriented Studies (IDOS)
John R.P. Krishnadath, President
Ashok Hirschfeld
Poland
Warsaw School of Economics
Professor Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor
Sweden
Center for Strategy and Competitiveness, Stockholm School of
Economics
Professor rjan Slvell
Dr Christian Ketels
Portugal
PROFORUM, Associao para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia
Ildio Antnio de Ayala Serdio, Vice President of the Board of
Directors
Switzerland
University of St. Gallen
Professor Dr Franz Jaeger, Director, Research Institute for
Empirical Economics and Economic Policy
Qatar
Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)
Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General
Bassam Ramzi Massouh, General Manager
Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist
Taiwan, China
Council for Economic Planning and Development
Dr Sheng Cheng Hu, Chairman
J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department
Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department
Romania
Group of Applied Economics (GEA)
Dragos Pislaru, Executive Director
Dr Liviu Voinea, Research Director
Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator
Tajikistan
The Center for Sociological Research Zerkalo
Qahramon Baqaev, Director
Isoev Alikul Ismankulovich, Sociologist/Economist
Eskina Olga Konstantinovna, Researcher
Russian Federation
Academy of National Economy, Bauman Innovation
Dr Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor
Tanzania
Economic and Social Research Foundation
Professor Haidari Amani, Executive Director
James Kajuna, Research Assistant, Commissioned Studies
Department
Thailand
National Economic and Social Development Board
Dr Ampon Kittiampon, Secretary-General
Arkhom Termpittayapaisith, Deputy Secretary-General
Tunisia
Institut Arabe des Chefs dEntreprises
Faycal Lakhoua, Conseiller
Turkey
TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum
Professor Dr A. Gunduz Ulusoy, Director
Hande Yegenoglu, Project Specialist
Partner Institutes
Uganda
Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University
Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow
Wilson Asiimwe, Graduate Fellow
Robert Apunyo, Research Associate
Ukraine
CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Researcher
Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Executive Director
United Arab Emirates
Economic & Policy Research Unit, Zayed University
Dr Kenneth Wilson, Director
United Kingdom
London Business School
Dr Rebecca Harding, Executive Director, Global Entrepreneurship
Monitor
United States
US Chamber of Commerce
David Hirschmann, Senior Vice President
John C. Clark, Associate Director, Information Resources
Julie Morris
Uruguay
Universidad ORT
Professor Isidoro Hodara
Venezuela
CONAPRINational Council for Investment Promotion
Patricia Wallis, Consulting Manager
Giuseppe Rionero, Junior Consultant, Special Projects
Vietnam
Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM)
Dr Dinh Van An, President
Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of Macroeconomic
Management
Pham Hoang Ha, Senior Researcher, Department of
Macroeconomic Management
Institute for Economic Research of HCMC
Tran Du Lich, Director
Du Phuoc Tan, Head of the Research Management and
International Cooperation Department
Doan Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Researcher of the Research
Management and International Cooperation Department
Zambia
Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR),
University of Zambia
Dr Mutumba M. Bull, Director
Dr Inyambo Mwanawina, Assistant Director and Coordinator,
Economics and Business Research Program
Kabombo Fenete, Research Affiliate
Zimbabwe
Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe
Professor A.M. Hawkins
ix
Preface
Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB,
Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
xi
JENNIFER BLANKE, Senior Economist, Global Competitiveness Network, World Economic Forum
THEA CHIESA, Head of Aviation, Travel and Tourism, World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
xiii
Executive Summary
xiv
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Executive Summary
xv
Executive Summary
xvi
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Iceland
United States
Hong Kong SAR
Canada
Singapore
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Australia
New Zealand
Spain
Finland
Sweden
United Arab Emirates
Netherlands
Cyprus
Belgium
Portugal
Norway
Greece
Japan
Malta
Ireland
Estonia
Barbados
Taiwan, China
Malaysia
Israel
Italy
Tunisia
Czech Republic
Qatar
Slovak Republic
Croatia
Mauritius
Hungary
Costa Rica
Korea, Rep.
Thailand
Slovenia
Chile
Jordan
Bahrain
Jamaica
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Lithuania
Turkey
Latvia
Bulgaria
Panama
Uruguay
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Indonesia
Serbia and Montenegro
South Africa
Poland
Argentina
India
Georgia
Regulatory framework
Business environment
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
5.66
5.54
5.48
5.45
5.43
5.33
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.28
5.27
5.23
5.21
5.20
5.18
5.16
5.13
5.09
5.08
5.07
5.07
5.05
5.04
4.99
4.99
4.96
4.93
4.90
4.86
4.82
4.80
4.80
4.78
4.76
4.75
4.71
4.68
4.66
4.63
4.61
4.60
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.52
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.34
4.32
4.31
4.31
4.28
4.28
4.27
4.24
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.14
4.13
2
3
6
5
33
4
15
1
17
21
8
13
16
10
25
7
19
18
22
29
24
11
9
20
28
23
14
32
31
45
27
36
42
12
40
34
37
58
35
26
39
46
41
44
38
30
61
49
48
51
57
53
60
66
56
43
47
50
67
54
79
59
63
85
62
55
5.80
5.79
5.62
5.69
5.06
5.75
5.31
5.81
5.28
5.20
5.46
5.34
5.28
5.44
5.15
5.61
5.25
5.28
5.17
5.09
5.16
5.40
5.45
5.21
5.10
5.16
5.32
5.07
5.08
4.73
5.12
4.93
4.77
5.34
4.80
5.04
4.86
4.37
4.96
5.15
4.80
4.61
4.78
4.74
4.83
5.09
4.24
4.54
4.55
4.52
4.39
4.45
4.32
4.17
4.41
4.76
4.60
4.52
4.14
4.45
3.99
4.35
4.22
3.90
4.24
4.44
2
12
3
8
1
14
4
11
9
6
16
5
10
20
7
18
13
19
15
23
29
22
21
32
17
31
26
25
36
28
27
33
30
47
37
39
45
40
46
51
52
24
35
38
42
54
34
59
57
71
43
63
41
56
53
67
72
60
48
68
80
44
62
58
55
98
5.36
4.97
5.23
5.04
5.74
4.81
5.22
5.01
5.04
5.08
4.76
5.10
5.04
4.57
5.05
4.68
4.88
4.68
4.77
4.50
4.41
4.50
4.56
4.36
4.71
4.37
4.44
4.45
4.14
4.43
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.77
4.13
4.10
3.81
4.06
3.77
3.71
3.66
4.46
4.14
4.11
3.87
3.65
4.24
3.53
3.60
3.28
3.84
3.49
4.00
3.64
3.66
3.32
3.27
3.51
3.76
3.30
3.09
3.81
3.50
3.58
3.64
2.77
2
1
6
5
12
14
16
42
8
10
9
28
26
7
19
33
27
24
25
3
4
30
40
15
38
21
46
34
17
23
57
35
32
37
22
49
18
11
39
51
20
73
59
53
47
58
54
36
50
29
61
48
77
41
63
64
52
68
67
56
13
96
60
45
81
31
5.81
5.86
5.61
5.61
5.50
5.44
5.40
5.11
5.60
5.58
5.59
5.27
5.30
5.60
5.34
5.18
5.27
5.31
5.30
5.62
5.62
5.23
5.12
5.41
5.15
5.33
5.03
5.18
5.38
5.32
4.84
5.18
5.18
5.15
5.32
4.99
5.37
5.55
5.15
4.98
5.34
4.67
4.82
4.88
5.03
4.82
4.86
5.17
4.98
5.24
4.79
5.00
4.63
5.11
4.76
4.75
4.93
4.70
4.70
4.85
5.47
4.37
4.81
5.05
4.55
5.18
(contd.)
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy
Kuwait
Russian Federation
Guatemala
Botswana
China
Colombia
Namibia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Romania
El Salvador
Ukraine
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Peru
Kazakhstan
Macedonia, FYR
Gambia
Trinidad and Tobago
Philippines
Vietnam
Honduras
Nicaragua
Albania
Mongolia
Mauritania
Algeria
Zambia
Moldova
Cambodia
Ecuador
Kenya
Venezuela
Guyana
Uganda
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mali
Nepal
Zimbabwe
Suriname
Bolivia
Tajikistan
Paraguay
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
Malawi
Nigeria
Benin
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Mozambique
Bangladesh
Lesotho
Angola
Burundi
Chad
Regulatory framework
Business environment
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
4.08
4.03
4.00
3.99
3.97
3.96
3.95
3.93
3.92
3.91
3.90
3.89
3.89
3.86
3.86
3.81
3.81
3.81
3.79
3.79
3.78
3.78
3.76
3.75
3.72
3.71
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.64
3.64
3.62
3.62
3.56
3.56
3.54
3.52
3.51
3.50
3.49
3.48
3.47
3.46
3.46
3.44
3.44
3.41
3.31
3.30
3.28
3.26
3.25
3.23
3.21
3.12
2.89
2.88
2.68
71
100
68
64
78
69
73
65
77
87
75
76
70
72
74
81
114
52
88
80
84
83
82
94
92
95
89
86
99
90
98
91
117
96
105
111
106
101
93
113
108
110
109
97
107
104
102
103
118
112
120
119
115
121
116
122
123
124
4.07
3.64
4.14
4.21
4.00
4.12
4.05
4.21
4.01
3.86
4.01
4.01
4.11
4.07
4.04
3.97
3.34
4.48
3.83
3.98
3.91
3.93
3.97
3.70
3.74
3.68
3.81
3.87
3.65
3.77
3.66
3.76
3.32
3.67
3.54
3.41
3.50
3.59
3.72
3.39
3.49
3.44
3.46
3.67
3.50
3.54
3.58
3.57
3.32
3.40
3.13
3.16
3.34
3.07
3.34
2.91
2.82
2.51
50
49
76
69
61
77
64
96
70
74
66
73
91
89
85
81
82
106
65
79
95
83
99
114
109
97
93
120
100
103
90
86
78
88
119
104
75
94
121
117
84
87
101
112
92
105
115
118
102
116
110
122
107
108
111
113
123
124
3.71
3.75
3.16
3.30
3.51
3.15
3.44
2.80
3.29
3.20
3.34
3.21
2.86
2.88
2.95
3.03
3.01
2.66
3.35
3.10
2.81
2.97
2.76
2.49
2.57
2.80
2.82
2.44
2.75
2.71
2.87
2.94
3.12
2.93
2.44
2.69
3.19
2.82
2.41
2.47
2.97
2.94
2.73
2.52
2.84
2.68
2.48
2.46
2.72
2.47
2.57
2.37
2.63
2.61
2.54
2.50
2.31
1.80
86
65
69
85
93
78
95
62
88
71
98
89
70
75
80
90
44
101
104
100
76
91
82
43
55
74
97
72
83
87
94
107
92
109
66
84
118
108
99
79
114
112
103
105
113
110
106
117
119
115
111
102
121
116
123
124
122
120
4.46
4.71
4.69
4.47
4.39
4.62
4.37
4.77
4.45
4.68
4.36
4.45
4.69
4.64
4.59
4.44
5.07
4.28
4.20
4.29
4.63
4.44
4.54
5.07
4.86
4.67
4.37
4.67
4.54
4.45
4.38
4.15
4.41
4.09
4.70
4.52
3.88
4.14
4.36
4.60
3.99
4.02
4.20
4.18
4.00
4.09
4.17
3.90
3.86
3.96
4.08
4.22
3.71
3.96
3.48
3.25
3.50
3.72
Executive Summary
xvii
Executive Summary
xviii
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
94
89
122
85
65
16
3
77
61
121
31
24
112
109
101
64
67
66
102
123
90
119
15
124
38
78
69
39
58
29
40
8
51
98
50
75
32
120
7
13
52
55
6
20
68
96
83
4
26
5
62
54
14
36
42
49
28
30
81
91
46
71
111
60
116
57
3.70
3.81
2.91
3.90
4.21
5.28
5.79
4.01
4.24
3.07
5.08
5.16
3.40
3.46
3.59
4.21
4.14
4.17
3.58
2.82
3.77
3.16
5.31
2.51
4.83
4.00
4.12
4.80
4.37
5.09
4.80
5.46
4.52
3.66
4.52
4.01
5.07
3.13
5.61
5.34
4.48
4.44
5.62
5.21
4.14
3.67
3.93
5.75
5.15
5.69
4.24
4.45
5.32
4.93
4.77
4.54
5.10
5.09
3.97
3.76
4.61
4.07
3.41
4.32
3.34
4.39
84
113
121
78
92
52
22
96
62
99
27
20
119
85
83
59
75
82
105
122
93
111
16
123
7
97
41
17
72
49
32
10
14
77
69
9
47
115
15
40
74
80
6
57
18
79
37
2
25
36
86
43
4
30
70
3
38
29
106
116
56
100
120
71
87
68
4.14
3.37
2.93
4.30
3.81
4.81
5.33
3.76
4.71
3.69
5.24
5.33
3.22
4.13
4.18
4.74
4.35
4.25
3.65
2.92
3.78
3.39
5.46
2.78
5.66
3.76
4.99
5.40
4.55
4.87
5.15
5.56
5.47
4.32
4.59
5.63
4.92
3.33
5.46
5.00
4.38
4.27
5.67
4.77
5.37
4.29
5.12
5.76
5.26
5.12
4.12
4.97
5.69
5.18
4.58
5.70
5.05
5.18
3.54
3.33
4.78
3.69
3.10
4.57
4.04
4.59
124
82
115
94
102
13
2
104
77
112
42
18
76
114
119
59
46
103
57
118
73
116
19
123
36
88
58
35
52
53
31
1
72
107
75
63
32
111
5
15
43
68
3
45
79
93
87
24
33
12
41
81
22
30
54
67
17
56
80
60
37
96
106
49
105
51
2.50
3.66
2.92
3.41
3.28
5.58
6.09
3.18
3.74
2.96
4.43
5.44
3.75
2.95
2.79
4.11
4.38
3.24
4.16
2.85
3.82
2.91
5.43
2.62
4.61
3.53
4.12
4.63
4.26
4.26
4.82
6.11
3.84
3.08
3.79
3.97
4.78
2.98
5.98
5.50
4.41
3.89
6.05
4.39
3.68
3.44
3.54
5.11
4.75
5.60
4.45
3.66
5.18
4.86
4.26
3.92
5.47
4.21
3.67
4.07
4.60
3.35
3.16
4.31
3.17
4.29
80
74
92
91
49
20
4
38
61
119
35
36
82
103
75
55
90
107
65
108
98
89
21
120
30
83
105
67
63
34
52
8
87
102
64
118
28
58
1
29
48
47
2
18
114
124
113
6
25
3
39
50
31
69
53
111
23
19
76
116
37
22
115
41
94
57
4.09
4.18
3.85
3.90
4.79
5.50
6.20
4.97
4.55
3.08
5.13
5.06
4.09
3.56
4.16
4.65
3.91
3.46
4.47
3.45
3.72
4.01
5.40
2.98
5.22
4.08
3.48
4.40
4.54
5.17
4.74
6.00
4.05
3.56
4.54
3.10
5.25
4.60
6.55
5.22
4.80
4.80
6.26
5.53
3.17
2.39
3.24
6.07
5.32
6.21
4.96
4.77
5.22
4.34
4.73
3.30
5.37
5.53
4.15
3.12
5.00
5.38
3.15
4.92
3.80
4.60
58
53
119
90
40
22
14
63
61
105
42
2
113
98
57
86
72
27
120
111
122
110
38
123
51
84
55
50
66
36
44
16
79
80
69
73
30
124
6
9
95
43
11
3
76
87
83
1
12
4
100
103
35
7
5
67
28
41
45
106
60
37
74
68
109
47
4.81
4.91
2.61
4.04
5.46
5.91
6.18
4.70
4.76
3.27
5.40
6.59
3.12
3.73
4.85
4.09
4.43
5.81
2.59
3.16
2.21
3.19
5.66
1.78
5.03
4.09
4.88
5.05
4.59
5.69
5.32
6.14
4.18
4.12
4.50
4.27
5.75
1.67
6.32
6.27
3.81
5.37
6.23
6.53
4.23
4.08
4.09
6.62
6.20
6.42
3.59
3.48
5.69
6.31
6.41
4.59
5.78
5.41
5.30
3.26
4.78
5.67
4.27
4.56
3.21
5.24
107
109
121
64
67
30
14
84
81
118
11
86
110
108
123
83
71
45
103
124
7
119
32
117
73
33
98
34
57
4
52
80
18
96
12
100
28
102
65
27
20
59
56
22
38
41
70
13
39
16
48
6
24
53
60
10
63
17
97
19
58
120
89
94
115
95
2.94
2.92
2.27
3.85
3.68
4.62
5.17
3.42
3.46
2.37
5.19
3.40
2.84
2.93
1.97
3.45
3.64
4.11
3.05
1.75
5.34
2.32
4.60
2.38
3.61
4.54
3.14
4.54
3.89
5.49
3.97
3.47
5.05
3.21
5.18
3.11
4.67
3.10
3.76
4.69
4.98
3.87
3.90
4.85
4.24
4.16
3.65
5.18
4.22
5.10
4.06
5.36
4.84
3.93
3.86
5.22
3.85
5.10
3.20
4.99
3.87
2.28
3.37
3.22
2.46
3.21
(contd.)
PILLARS
Regulatory
framework
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
17
114
104
103
27
93
23
95
35
48
99
92
47
115
73
113
22
10
82
118
9
106
56
107
74
80
63
11
34
87
100
79
1
37
44
59
25
70
110
19
2
45
97
72
41
88
12
53
105
76
18
21
33
43
117
84
86
108
5.28
3.34
3.54
3.57
5.12
3.72
5.16
3.68
4.96
4.55
3.65
3.74
4.60
3.34
4.05
3.39
5.17
5.44
3.97
3.32
5.45
3.50
4.41
3.50
4.04
3.98
4.22
5.40
5.04
3.86
3.64
3.99
5.81
4.86
4.74
4.35
5.15
4.11
3.44
5.25
5.80
4.73
3.67
4.07
4.78
3.83
5.34
4.45
3.54
4.01
5.28
5.20
5.06
4.76
3.32
3.91
3.87
3.49
5
89
117
73
26
110
53
112
63
33
118
94
48
108
44
91
12
19
39
109
34
98
31
95
35
61
66
28
65
67
124
76
1
24
81
46
45
64
107
23
21
8
102
101
55
60
42
51
103
88
54
11
13
50
90
104
58
114
5.67
3.96
3.23
4.45
5.25
3.45
4.79
3.38
4.67
5.13
3.22
3.78
4.90
3.50
4.95
3.83
5.50
5.36
5.04
3.49
5.13
3.73
5.16
3.77
5.13
4.72
4.66
5.23
4.66
4.61
2.71
4.33
5.78
5.30
4.27
4.94
4.95
4.67
3.54
5.30
5.33
5.65
3.68
3.68
4.78
4.74
4.98
4.82
3.66
3.99
4.78
5.54
5.48
4.84
3.84
3.66
4.76
3.36
11
110
62
86
20
69
55
98
34
47
92
117
64
91
48
97
10
8
99
78
9
85
70
121
71
83
65
26
29
101
113
120
6
38
27
28
40
74
122
7
4
21
89
44
39
100
16
61
66
109
25
14
23
50
108
84
95
90
5.65
3.01
3.98
3.56
5.31
3.87
4.21
3.34
4.67
4.35
3.46
2.87
3.97
3.48
4.32
3.35
5.69
5.85
3.32
3.69
5.83
3.57
3.85
2.68
3.85
3.65
3.96
5.05
4.89
3.31
2.96
2.72
5.92
4.59
5.01
4.97
4.51
3.80
2.67
5.87
6.04
5.19
3.52
4.40
4.58
3.32
5.47
4.04
3.94
3.04
5.07
5.52
5.15
4.30
3.06
3.59
3.39
3.51
13
97
93
81
26
66
16
54
40
104
88
77
43
100
85
123
27
12
68
117
9
106
59
101
110
96
71
11
17
72
99
62
7
24
33
95
46
112
84
15
5
32
78
79
42
121
14
56
109
73
10
44
45
60
122
51
70
86
5.70
3.75
3.81
4.09
5.30
4.45
5.62
4.71
4.95
3.54
4.01
4.13
4.88
3.60
4.07
2.73
5.29
5.72
4.36
3.10
5.96
3.46
4.58
3.58
3.38
3.75
4.26
5.82
5.61
4.26
3.66
4.55
6.02
5.37
5.21
3.77
4.84
3.27
4.07
5.64
6.08
5.21
4.11
4.09
4.91
2.85
5.64
4.61
3.44
4.23
5.83
4.88
4.84
4.57
2.80
4.77
4.33
4.07
19
96
118
104
62
114
26
115
46
49
56
75
81
121
107
116
15
23
97
108
10
91
65
88
93
77
89
17
24
99
31
48
29
18
34
82
21
70
71
13
8
85
92
101
59
64
52
54
112
39
25
33
32
20
78
94
117
102
5.97
3.80
2.69
3.28
4.75
3.12
5.82
3.05
5.25
5.05
4.87
4.26
4.11
2.50
3.23
3.02
6.16
5.90
3.76
3.21
6.24
4.04
4.63
4.08
3.97
4.22
4.07
6.13
5.88
3.68
5.73
5.11
5.77
5.99
5.69
4.10
5.93
4.49
4.48
6.19
6.29
4.09
4.00
3.55
4.80
4.68
5.02
4.90
3.13
5.55
5.84
5.70
5.72
5.95
4.20
3.96
2.69
3.48
85
122
50
114
21
66
5
55
9
29
113
68
15
72
69
49
91
36
88
101
46
111
62
87
61
74
42
26
40
82
99
92
2
104
77
51
3
37
116
93
8
78
106
31
25
75
1
54
79
90
23
35
47
44
112
76
43
105
3.41
2.20
3.99
2.47
4.98
3.71
5.37
3.90
5.24
4.65
2.69
3.66
5.16
3.64
3.66
4.04
3.24
4.37
3.38
3.10
4.10
2.71
3.85
3.39
3.86
3.59
4.15
4.78
4.17
3.45
3.13
3.23
5.57
3.05
3.51
3.99
5.54
4.33
2.43
3.22
5.28
3.51
3.03
4.61
4.84
3.57
5.59
3.91
3.51
3.25
4.85
4.38
4.10
4.13
2.70
3.55
4.15
3.04
Executive Summary
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework (contd.)
xix
Executive Summary
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure
PILLARS
Business environment
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
xx
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
Price competitiveness
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
114
93
113
58
96
10
12
70
34
108
36
29
116
101
94
69
48
56
115
123
103
122
4
124
42
61
77
52
40
23
37
16
71
90
60
66
25
110
18
5
106
98
3
32
76
88
83
14
51
8
55
68
26
33
30
59
17
54
81
86
24
50
104
41
111
43
2.49
2.82
2.50
3.58
2.80
5.04
4.97
3.29
4.24
2.61
4.14
4.41
2.47
2.73
2.82
3.30
3.76
3.64
2.48
2.31
2.71
2.37
5.22
1.80
3.87
3.51
3.15
3.66
4.06
4.50
4.13
4.76
3.28
2.87
3.51
3.34
4.45
2.57
4.68
5.10
2.66
2.77
5.23
4.36
3.16
2.93
2.97
4.81
3.71
5.04
3.64
3.30
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.53
4.71
3.65
3.03
2.94
4.46
3.71
2.69
4.00
2.54
3.84
113
101
98
43
95
5
23
77
27
114
53
26
122
68
117
59
28
76
119
123
89
120
2
124
41
36
50
44
80
34
48
17
63
82
49
57
56
94
19
4
102
106
6
37
55
69
74
12
65
13
33
64
20
40
22
47
16
67
75
71
24
62
107
54
121
61
2.00
2.25
2.29
3.49
2.32
5.41
4.10
2.75
3.95
1.99
3.22
3.99
1.71
2.87
1.88
3.13
3.94
2.75
1.81
1.58
2.54
1.80
5.68
1.54
3.59
3.78
3.34
3.49
2.71
3.83
3.39
4.63
3.04
2.67
3.35
3.15
3.17
2.35
4.55
5.45
2.21
2.16
5.39
3.72
3.18
2.83
2.77
4.83
2.98
4.81
3.86
2.98
4.33
3.59
4.20
3.39
4.68
2.88
2.76
2.82
4.10
3.06
2.15
3.19
1.75
3.07
122
78
120
69
98
20
17
49
39
87
41
9
100
121
114
66
79
70
103
117
82
113
13
124
30
45
86
93
46
51
38
7
71
97
58
63
31
118
10
4
80
76
1
34
73
92
75
2
56
29
40
89
50
24
55
57
6
47
72
84
19
43
104
36
115
32
1.94
3.00
2.00
3.37
2.56
5.18
5.49
3.87
4.21
2.82
4.14
6.05
2.47
1.96
2.12
3.49
2.96
3.33
2.44
2.10
2.93
2.19
5.67
1.63
4.61
3.99
2.83
2.59
3.98
3.84
4.27
6.21
3.20
2.58
3.73
3.54
4.48
2.07
5.88
6.44
2.95
3.07
6.58
4.42
3.12
2.60
3.09
6.46
3.74
4.61
4.17
2.80
3.85
4.94
3.77
3.74
6.32
3.95
3.19
2.89
5.30
4.02
2.41
4.29
2.11
4.47
86
114
115
51
110
14
1
101
31
120
42
33
97
98
56
73
28
25
109
111
122
89
16
117
61
113
79
36
11
5
23
22
39
94
85
78
21
118
29
15
108
106
18
7
76
80
82
70
34
10
96
87
13
41
8
64
43
49
100
71
68
52
95
37
103
40
2.39
1.69
1.63
3.51
1.86
5.44
6.92
2.14
4.18
1.29
3.78
4.15
2.18
2.17
3.27
2.68
4.36
4.43
1.87
1.86
1.09
2.29
5.31
1.44
3.12
1.72
2.53
4.10
5.73
6.10
4.49
4.61
3.90
2.19
2.39
2.55
4.84
1.43
4.33
5.40
1.87
1.87
5.28
6.02
2.64
2.52
2.45
2.79
4.15
5.82
2.18
2.36
5.58
3.79
6.00
3.05
3.76
3.56
2.15
2.75
2.88
3.49
2.19
4.08
1.98
3.80
106
118
121
55
84
8
22
73
52
112
25
29
113
98
61
97
48
50
110
123
111
122
4
124
41
63
67
45
34
31
26
10
79
85
74
66
19
119
15
21
104
87
13
38
71
65
90
16
39
2
75
80
30
23
27
44
17
72
78
93
3
53
99
36
117
40
1.80
1.63
1.58
2.95
2.20
5.57
4.79
2.39
3.00
1.71
4.62
4.39
1.70
1.89
2.67
1.89
3.22
3.05
1.74
1.46
1.71
1.51
5.76
1.32
3.54
2.62
2.52
3.32
3.79
4.26
4.49
5.44
2.33
2.15
2.39
2.54
4.86
1.60
5.24
4.83
1.82
2.09
5.31
3.65
2.46
2.54
2.03
4.98
3.61
6.16
2.38
2.28
4.31
4.78
4.48
3.37
4.95
2.44
2.34
2.02
5.81
2.98
1.89
3.73
1.67
3.54
81
9
30
62
28
111
113
17
3
19
33
114
79
49
92
16
80
59
67
66
18
100
110
123
69
11
71
42
96
72
101
124
104
45
5
36
34
13
117
118
73
58
112
103
74
90
68
31
97
108
6
1
91
78
116
95
107
12
51
82
84
29
40
55
24
77
4.31
5.52
5.01
4.56
5.05
3.59
3.55
5.30
5.84
5.25
4.93
3.49
4.32
4.74
4.14
5.32
4.31
4.63
4.53
4.54
5.27
4.04
3.68
3.08
4.52
5.42
4.51
4.83
4.09
4.48
4.03
2.90
3.94
4.76
5.68
4.89
4.92
5.39
3.41
3.35
4.48
4.65
3.56
3.99
4.41
4.15
4.53
4.98
4.07
3.80
5.61
6.10
4.15
4.32
3.43
4.09
3.84
5.42
4.72
4.25
4.24
5.01
4.83
4.68
5.17
4.35
(contd.)
PILLARS
Business environment
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
Price competitiveness
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
9
82
105
118
27
121
31
97
46
57
100
109
72
107
64
117
15
20
99
102
21
75
53
92
85
79
62
22
39
74
49
80
11
45
38
44
7
91
87
13
2
28
112
89
35
65
47
63
119
73
19
6
1
67
78
95
120
84
5.04
3.01
2.68
2.46
4.44
2.41
4.37
2.80
3.77
3.60
2.75
2.57
3.27
2.63
3.44
2.47
4.77
4.57
2.76
2.72
4.56
3.19
3.66
2.84
2.95
3.10
3.50
4.50
4.10
3.20
3.75
3.09
5.01
3.81
4.11
3.81
5.05
2.86
2.94
4.88
5.36
4.43
2.52
2.88
4.14
3.35
3.77
3.49
2.44
3.21
4.68
5.08
5.74
3.32
3.12
2.81
2.44
2.97
38
108
110
118
31
116
42
111
60
32
103
96
83
105
45
112
14
15
73
104
18
84
39
66
88
72
86
35
29
93
21
99
10
97
79
30
7
91
81
11
9
52
109
100
25
46
78
51
115
87
8
3
1
92
58
90
85
70
3.68
2.12
2.03
1.87
3.91
1.92
3.58
2.03
3.12
3.87
2.19
2.31
2.66
2.17
3.45
2.02
4.80
4.69
2.78
2.18
4.61
2.64
3.66
2.89
2.55
2.80
2.60
3.81
3.93
2.38
4.23
2.29
4.88
2.30
2.72
3.92
5.17
2.48
2.71
4.87
4.97
3.22
2.09
2.26
4.07
3.43
2.74
3.34
1.98
2.56
5.05
5.59
6.75
2.47
3.14
2.52
2.61
2.82
21
83
106
111
15
105
60
99
53
62
110
109
54
108
33
116
8
25
112
88
22
52
42
119
96
91
61
23
48
77
65
107
3
44
37
35
18
74
102
12
5
14
94
68
28
90
27
59
101
67
26
16
11
64
95
85
123
81
5.10
2.92
2.40
2.32
5.58
2.40
3.62
2.47
3.79
3.57
2.35
2.35
3.78
2.37
4.46
2.11
6.20
4.83
2.24
2.80
5.10
3.84
4.04
2.04
2.58
2.70
3.60
4.99
3.94
3.01
3.52
2.38
6.45
4.01
4.28
4.34
5.42
3.11
2.46
5.74
6.36
5.66
2.58
3.39
4.67
2.77
4.78
3.66
2.46
3.39
4.82
5.52
5.77
3.54
2.58
2.88
1.90
2.94
6
63
81
112
60
105
12
72
38
47
88
116
62
92
83
123
32
35
77
107
17
99
57
90
66
93
46
9
26
50
58
54
44
30
20
48
2
102
59
27
4
74
124
84
53
65
45
55
119
75
24
19
3
69
67
121
104
91
6.05
3.10
2.48
1.74
3.14
1.89
5.60
2.71
3.99
3.58
2.32
1.45
3.11
2.20
2.43
1.08
4.16
4.12
2.58
1.87
5.30
2.17
3.18
2.28
2.96
2.19
3.61
5.89
4.40
3.55
3.17
3.34
3.73
4.29
5.22
3.58
6.80
2.01
3.14
4.39
6.48
2.67
1.01
2.40
3.45
2.97
3.70
3.30
1.36
2.66
4.47
5.23
6.50
2.80
2.90
1.11
1.91
2.21
6
76
115
116
37
107
11
96
59
60
81
91
92
120
86
105
12
20
103
102
24
89
62
109
68
83
43
33
49
56
51
46
18
35
28
70
32
94
82
1
9
14
101
108
58
57
69
54
100
64
42
5
7
47
77
88
114
95
5.69
2.38
1.68
1.67
3.69
1.79
5.39
1.90
2.75
2.74
2.26
2.02
2.02
1.60
2.10
1.81
5.37
4.85
1.85
1.85
4.70
2.09
2.63
1.76
2.49
2.22
3.46
3.83
3.12
2.85
3.01
3.29
4.87
3.78
4.47
2.46
3.93
1.99
2.26
6.31
5.54
5.27
1.86
1.77
2.78
2.85
2.46
2.95
1.86
2.56
3.53
5.73
5.64
3.29
2.36
2.09
1.69
1.90
56
64
43
54
2
98
109
38
20
85
60
52
46
41
47
14
119
75
76
35
121
22
44
21
89
7
83
102
25
87
39
88
26
57
106
48
105
53
93
122
115
15
27
63
4
50
23
86
65
37
8
120
99
70
61
10
94
32
4.67
4.55
4.82
4.68
5.89
4.06
3.68
4.88
5.23
4.23
4.62
4.71
4.76
4.83
4.75
5.35
3.34
4.37
4.35
4.91
3.10
5.19
4.79
5.22
4.15
5.59
4.24
3.99
5.12
4.19
4.84
4.16
5.10
4.66
3.87
4.74
3.93
4.70
4.11
3.10
3.46
5.32
5.08
4.56
5.71
4.72
5.17
4.21
4.55
4.89
5.53
3.30
4.06
4.51
4.60
5.47
4.10
4.95
Executive Summary
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure (contd.)
xxi
Executive Summary
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Country/Economy
xxii
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
and cultural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
43
97
124
45
62
26
1
88
54
116
17
4
115
103
108
85
67
41
106
122
87
102
16
120
47
93
78
20
11
3
22
9
29
94
68
98
34
111
33
28
101
31
6
15
69
109
91
14
51
5
81
56
46
35
32
36
38
58
90
107
73
86
84
77
123
61
5.07
4.37
3.25
5.05
4.77
5.30
5.86
4.45
4.86
3.96
5.38
5.62
3.96
4.20
4.14
4.47
4.70
5.11
4.17
3.50
4.45
4.22
5.40
3.72
5.03
4.39
4.62
5.34
5.55
5.62
5.32
5.59
5.24
4.38
4.70
4.36
5.18
4.08
5.18
5.27
4.28
5.18
5.61
5.41
4.69
4.09
4.44
5.44
4.98
5.61
4.55
4.85
5.03
5.18
5.18
5.17
5.15
4.82
4.44
4.15
4.67
4.46
4.52
4.63
3.48
4.79
35
86
118
66
53
17
23
36
79
99
42
27
104
91
90
113
83
67
117
119
105
103
12
120
24
74
58
28
54
49
26
4
57
96
69
41
30
112
8
32
107
33
25
55
78
95
82
7
37
3
85
62
9
13
46
39
11
63
60
100
48
16
71
38
116
61
5.37
4.82
3.09
5.08
5.23
5.64
5.53
5.36
4.94
4.30
5.32
5.49
4.08
4.79
4.79
3.52
4.85
5.08
3.18
3.08
4.08
4.16
5.69
2.99
5.52
5.00
5.18
5.49
5.22
5.24
5.50
6.08
5.18
4.51
5.06
5.32
5.45
3.55
5.87
5.42
3.96
5.40
5.52
5.21
4.95
4.62
4.86
5.93
5.34
6.19
4.83
5.14
5.83
5.69
5.26
5.33
5.75
5.13
5.17
4.20
5.24
5.64
5.05
5.33
3.37
5.15
10
114
121
52
53
80
33
65
36
119
2
59
79
113
111
28
87
30
12
98
32
24
76
37
92
120
89
39
4
5
77
69
21
86
85
102
31
101
109
96
25
7
88
23
74
68
63
27
100
49
81
57
67
78
66
15
116
34
58
75
118
117
72
107
103
93
6.17
4.01
3.64
5.13
5.11
4.60
5.53
4.82
5.37
3.88
6.56
4.99
4.61
4.02
4.10
5.59
4.54
5.56
6.15
4.42
5.53
5.67
4.66
5.34
4.44
3.82
4.53
5.30
6.52
6.48
4.65
4.72
5.88
4.55
4.55
4.36
5.54
4.36
4.15
4.42
5.65
6.26
4.54
5.71
4.67
4.73
4.83
5.60
4.39
5.19
4.60
5.00
4.77
4.61
4.79
6.10
3.97
5.51
5.00
4.67
3.88
3.94
4.69
4.29
4.34
4.44
93
65
119
35
78
15
2
116
66
92
68
4
112
90
100
62
42
43
114
120
91
123
11
122
32
60
72
28
36
31
12
7
45
74
55
103
49
61
18
9
108
81
1
23
56
121
97
39
30
22
70
58
54
27
20
76
14
86
117
98
37
89
88
67
124
38
3.68
4.28
3.02
4.93
3.98
5.64
6.52
3.15
4.27
3.69
4.25
6.38
3.19
3.80
3.52
4.30
4.71
4.70
3.18
2.99
3.75
2.83
5.86
2.83
5.13
4.36
4.16
5.22
4.90
5.15
5.80
5.97
4.65
4.10
4.49
3.41
4.54
4.32
5.52
5.95
3.25
3.89
6.75
5.29
4.46
2.91
3.62
4.78
5.20
5.44
4.22
4.40
4.49
5.23
5.50
4.08
5.73
3.83
3.15
3.59
4.89
3.80
3.82
4.27
2.72
4.80
(contd.)
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
and cultural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
8
44
110
117
57
99
21
74
39
50
83
55
52
121
95
79
25
7
82
119
40
118
63
113
80
100
60
30
49
71
65
13
42
18
53
96
19
70
112
27
2
23
105
75
59
104
37
48
66
89
24
10
12
64
92
76
72
114
5.60
5.07
4.09
3.90
4.84
4.36
5.33
4.67
5.15
4.98
4.54
4.86
4.93
3.71
4.37
4.60
5.30
5.60
4.54
3.86
5.12
3.88
4.76
4.00
4.59
4.29
4.81
5.23
4.99
4.68
4.71
5.47
5.11
5.37
4.88
4.37
5.34
4.69
4.02
5.27
5.81
5.32
4.18
4.64
4.82
4.20
5.15
5.00
4.70
4.45
5.31
5.58
5.50
4.75
4.41
4.63
4.67
3.99
14
56
108
121
34
114
43
101
89
50
80
68
72
124
122
106
21
20
59
102
18
98
88
92
77
93
44
40
19
76
70
47
2
10
52
111
45
84
97
31
1
15
87
110
75
64
22
65
109
73
29
6
5
51
94
81
115
123
5.69
5.21
3.93
2.84
5.38
3.49
5.32
4.19
4.80
5.24
4.94
5.07
5.04
2.54
2.83
4.05
5.55
5.60
5.18
4.18
5.62
4.45
4.81
4.79
4.95
4.64
5.31
5.32
5.60
4.96
5.05
5.25
6.21
5.78
5.23
3.64
5.30
4.84
4.48
5.43
6.25
5.69
4.82
3.69
4.97
5.10
5.54
5.09
3.88
5.00
5.47
5.97
5.99
5.23
4.63
4.92
3.40
2.60
22
13
73
40
26
8
16
1
14
91
48
11
45
44
9
20
82
38
84
110
108
123
61
115
105
83
122
54
41
95
104
19
47
71
60
56
55
70
97
99
62
17
90
42
35
106
50
43
18
46
3
94
112
64
124
51
6
29
5.84
6.11
4.68
5.29
5.64
6.21
6.03
6.58
6.10
4.50
5.19
6.16
5.24
5.27
6.17
5.91
4.60
5.34
4.58
4.13
4.26
3.57
4.92
3.97
4.32
4.58
3.59
5.10
5.28
4.43
4.34
5.92
5.20
4.71
4.99
5.08
5.09
4.71
4.42
4.42
4.88
5.97
4.51
5.28
5.43
4.30
5.17
5.28
5.94
5.21
6.53
4.43
4.09
4.83
3.52
5.14
6.39
5.56
24
82
94
99
101
104
44
110
50
29
102
105
52
106
73
85
13
10
83
107
21
96
48
109
53
95
19
25
75
46
41
26
79
16
57
59
17
51
115
8
6
63
113
34
77
111
40
47
64
118
80
5
3
71
33
84
69
87
5.29
3.89
3.66
3.56
3.52
3.37
4.66
3.23
4.54
5.22
3.49
3.34
4.50
3.32
4.12
3.83
5.74
5.88
3.87
3.25
5.46
3.62
4.56
3.24
4.49
3.66
5.52
5.28
4.08
4.64
4.74
5.25
3.94
5.62
4.43
4.40
5.62
4.51
3.17
5.96
6.30
4.29
3.19
4.96
4.05
3.21
4.75
4.63
4.29
3.12
3.92
6.32
6.42
4.20
5.08
3.84
4.23
3.82
Executive Summary
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources (contd.)
xxiii
Executive Summary
xxiv
a sustainable way. China has a relatively good air transport infrastructure (ranked 36th), and ground transport
infrastructure that is ranked 45th overall. However, its
tourism infrastructure remains highly underdeveloped
(ranked 113th).There are also some safety and security
concerns (83rd), as well as issues related to health and
hygiene (84th), with a low physician density and access
to improved sanitation and drinking water that is low by
international standards.
Barbados, at 29th, is the highest-ranked country in
the Latin America and Caribbean region. Barbados is
ranked 2nd overall with regard to national tourism
perception, with a positive attitude toward tourists
and toward the value of tourism in the country.The
government is prioritizing the sector to a very high
degree (ranked 2nd), spending a high percentage of
government resources on the sector, and ensuring quality
destination marketing campaigns. Further, the country
has a regulatory environment that is quite conducive to
the development of the sector, with low visa requirements
and very open bilateral Air Service Agreements.
Costa Rica, ranked 41st, is second in the region.
The countrys strengths are in the area of natural
resources, where it is ranked 12th with regard to the
percentage of nationally protected areas. Its policy environment is extremely conducive to the development of
the sector (ranked 17th), with very open bilateral Air
Service Agreements, low visa requirements, and an environment that welcomes foreign investment. However,
safety and security remains a concern (67th). And while
tourism infrastructure is quite well developed (36),
ground transport infrastructure remains highly underdeveloped (93rd), particularly roads and ports, making
travel in the country somewhat difficult.
Mexico, in 49th place, gets quite high marks for its
natural and cultural resources (ranked 29th) with
nationally protected areas and a large number of World
Heritage sites (ranking the country 7th).This natural
attractiveness is reinforced by a relatively good policy
environment for the development of Travel & Tourism,
ranked 33rd overall with low visa requirements and low
foreign ownership restrictions, for example. Mexico also
has a relatively well developed air transport infrastructure
(32nd), although its tourism infrastructure (47th) and
ground transport infrastructure (62nd) get lower marks.
And for a developing country, it has some weaknesses
that are eroding at its price competitivenesswhich is
ranked a low 85thin particular, very high ticket taxes
and airport charges (ranked a very low 114th overall).
Safety and security is also a major concern for the
country, with high levels of crime and violence.
Brazil is ranked 59th overall.The country clearly
benefits from some excellent cultural and natural
resources, in particular many World Heritage sites. And
the air transport network gets relatively high marks (28th),
as well as measures of the dedicated tourism infrastructure
(also 28th), such as the presence of major car rental
companies. However, the general ground transport network remains underdeveloped with the quality of roads,
ports, and railroads ranked 96th, 88th, and 81st respectively. Safety and security also continues to be of serious
concern, ranked 90th overall, as it is for a number of
countries in the region. More generally, the overall policy
environment is not particularly conducive to the development of the sector, ranked 75th, with, for example,
highly stringent visa requirements and foreign ownership
restrictions.
Among countries in the Middle East and North
Africa region, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranks
highest, at 18th, well ahead of the second-ranked country,
Israel, at 32nd place. Although UAE ranks quite low with
regard to natural and cultural resources (80th), it makes
up for this with a number of strengths in other areas
captured by the Index. For example, national tourism
perception is rated 3rd in the world, with an extremely
positive attitude toward foreign travelers and the attractiveness of the country for tourism.The country also
does very well with regard to price competitiveness,
ranked 8th in this area despite a very high price level.
This is because of its very low ticket taxes and airport
charges, low taxation more generally, and low fuel price
levels in the country.The UAEs infrastructure also gets
good marks, particularly its air transport infrastructure,
which is ranked a very high 8th out of all countries
assessed.The government is seen as prioritizing the sector strongly (ranked 4th) and carrying out very effective
destination-marketing campaigns (ranked 1st).
Egypt, a country so rich in cultural heritage (with
seven World Heritage sites), ranks a low 58th overall in
the TTCI. And this is despite a number of clear strengths
beyond the cultural richness. For example, Egypt has
excellent price competitiveness, ranked 5th overall with
low comparative prices, including fuel prices, as well as
relatively low ticket taxes and airport charges. Further,
the government is prioritizing the sector, with relatively
high government spending on Travel & Tourism and
ensuring the countrys presence at major tourism fairs.
This level of prioritization is reflected in some policy
areas such as the favorable policy on visa requirements.
On the other hand, the countrys infrastructure is
underdeveloped, particularly its tourism infrastructure
(85th). An upgrading of the quality of the countrys
human resources available to work in the sector, ranked
69th, would also improve the countrys overall T&T
competitiveness.
Mauritius is by far the most competitive country in
the sub-Saharan Africa region with regard to Travel &
Tourism, ranked 39th overall.The general attitude of the
population to foreign travelers is quite welcoming, and
this is buttressed by great support by the government,
which demonstrates the greatest prioritization of the
industry of all countries analyzed.The countrys tourism
infrastructure is quite well developed, with a high
concentration of hotel rooms and many major car rental
Executive Summary
xxv
Executive Summary
xxvi
Executive Summary
xxvii
Executive Summary
xxviii
public and private stakeholders to collaborate in destination marketing. Rapid growth in consumers online
travel research activity, increased transparency into the
travel-buying process, and innovative new intermediary
business models all make it much easier (and practical)
for suppliers and government tourism ministries to
develop consumer-marketing programs that take advantage of leading marketing techniques developed in
other industries. Specific actions and enablers for such
marketing programs are also identified. He concludes by
stressing that the destinations that are able to work
together with a broad range of stakeholders toward a
common set of marketing objectives will likely be the
ones to ensure that the tourism sector delivers its substantial social and economic development potential, as
Google and others turn travel consumer access into a
true global marketplace.
Part 2 of the Report is a comprehensive data section
that includes country/economy profiles for each of the
124 economies covered, as well as data tables for each of
the individual variables used to assess national T&T
competitiveness. Each section is preceded by a description of how to interpret the data provided.Technical
notes, included at the end of Part 2, provide details on
the characteristics and sources of the individual hard
data variables included in the Report.
Notes
1 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online at
http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
2 WTTC 2006a.
3 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online at
http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
4 2006 Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture.
5 See UNCED (1992).
References
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). Historical Perspective of World
Tourism. Available at www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006a. Breaking Barriers:
Managing Growth, November 6. London: WTTC Media and
Resource Centre. Available at www.wttc.org/news135.htm
. 2006b. Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World
Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture.
UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development). 1992. Agenda 21 Programme of Action. Earth
Summit June 314, Rio de Janeiro.
Part 1
Selected Issues of T&T
Competitiveness
The authors would like to thank Thierry Geiger for his excellent research
assistance in developing the Travel and & Tourism Competitiveness
Index and preparing the present chapter. They would also like to thank
Irene Mia for valuable input into the project over the past year.
CHAPTER 1.1
to provide the industry with useful comparative information, and an important benchmarking tool, for making
decisions related to business/industry development.
Second, and more importantly, the analysis provides an
opportunity for the T&T industry to highlight to
national policymakers the obstacles to T&T competitiveness that require policy attention, and to enable
dialogue between the private and public sectors for
improving the environment for developing the T&T
industry at the national level.The next section will
describe the new Index we have developed aimed at
providing such a tool.
Subindex B:
T&T business environment
and infrastructure
Subindex C:
T&T human, cultural, and
natural resources
Human resources
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
Price competitiveness in
the T&T industry
Correlation: 0.77
Log of international tourist arrivals
per 1,000 population, 2005
0
1
Correlation: 0.84
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Austria and Germany share a number of characteristics with regard to their own T&T environments. For
example, both countries are among the top three countries, together with Denmark, in the quality of their
environmental regulation; and they are among the top
four in terms of safety and security in the country, with
very low crime and violence and reliable police services.
Most strikingly they hold the top two spots in the area
of natural and cultural resources, ranks attributable to
several World Heritage sites in both countries (especially
in Germany) and to large nationally protected national
parks and such areas. But there are some nuances. For
example, Germany is rated as doing somewhat better
with the quality of transport infrastructure, particularly
ground transport infrastructure, where it is rated number
1; Austrias tourism-specific infrastructure is rated as the
best in the world, ahead of Germanys. And Austria also
outperforms Germany quite strongly in the countrys
prioritization of Travel & Tourism.
The United States is ranked 5th in the index. It is
among the top three of the 124 countries covered regarding natural and cultural resources, with a large number
of World Heritage sites (20 of them) as well as a high
percentage of protected land area, making the country
an attractive destination. Some aspects of the policy
environment are also favorable, such as the strong property
rights in the country, although other policies, such as
the relatively stringent visa regime, have become a hindrance to attracting foreign visitors to the country.The
country also has an excellent infrastructure and business
environment for Travel & Tourism, ranked number 1 in
the overall subindex, and it has the most well developed
air transport infrastructure in the world, by a significant
margin, as well as excellent tourism infrastructure (ranked
3rd) and very good ground transport infrastructure.
The countrys human resources also get excellent marks
(ranked 5th overall). It should be noted, however, that
hiring foreign labor is highlighted as somewhat difficult
(ranked 43rd).This is an area of concern because of the
seasonality of much of the tourism labor force. Among
the countrys weaknesses are in particular what is perceived to be a generally negative attitude toward tourists
(ranked 101st), as well as a lack of prioritization of the
sector by the government (84th). Safety and security is
also a relatively more important problem than it is in
many other countries of the same income level (the
United States is ranked 45th), mainly because of fears
about terrorist threats in the country.
Canada is ranked 7th in the TTCI, with excellent
air transport infrastructure (second only to the United
States), and very good ground transport and ICT infrastructure, facilitating the online T&T environment.
Canada has a large number of World Heritage sites (13),
which attract visitors. And there is a greater prioritization
of the T&T industry within Canada than there is in the
United States.The country also does comparatively
well with the quality of its human resources, providing
10
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Iceland
United States
Hong Kong SAR
Canada
Singapore
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Australia
New Zealand
Spain
Finland
Sweden
United Arab Emirates
Netherlands
Cyprus
Belgium
Portugal
Norway
Greece
Japan
Malta
Ireland
Estonia
Barbados
Taiwan, China
Malaysia
Israel
Italy
Tunisia
Czech Republic
Qatar
Slovak Republic
Croatia
Mauritius
Hungary
Costa Rica
Korea, Rep.
Thailand
Slovenia
Chile
Jordan
Bahrain
Jamaica
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Lithuania
Turkey
Latvia
Bulgaria
Panama
Uruguay
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Indonesia
Serbia and Montenegro
South Africa
Poland
Argentina
India
Georgia
Regulatory framework
Business environment
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
5.66
5.54
5.48
5.45
5.43
5.33
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.28
5.27
5.23
5.21
5.20
5.18
5.16
5.13
5.09
5.08
5.07
5.07
5.05
5.04
4.99
4.99
4.96
4.93
4.90
4.86
4.82
4.80
4.80
4.78
4.76
4.75
4.71
4.68
4.66
4.63
4.61
4.60
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.52
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.34
4.32
4.31
4.31
4.28
4.28
4.27
4.24
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.14
4.13
2
3
6
5
33
4
15
1
17
21
8
13
16
10
25
7
19
18
22
29
24
11
9
20
28
23
14
32
31
45
27
36
42
12
40
34
37
58
35
26
39
46
41
44
38
30
61
49
48
51
57
53
60
66
56
43
47
50
67
54
79
59
63
85
62
55
5.80
5.79
5.62
5.69
5.06
5.75
5.31
5.81
5.28
5.20
5.46
5.34
5.28
5.44
5.15
5.61
5.25
5.28
5.17
5.09
5.16
5.40
5.45
5.21
5.10
5.16
5.32
5.07
5.08
4.73
5.12
4.93
4.77
5.34
4.80
5.04
4.86
4.37
4.96
5.15
4.80
4.61
4.78
4.74
4.83
5.09
4.24
4.54
4.55
4.52
4.39
4.45
4.32
4.17
4.41
4.76
4.60
4.52
4.14
4.45
3.99
4.35
4.22
3.90
4.24
4.44
2
12
3
8
1
14
4
11
9
6
16
5
10
20
7
18
13
19
15
23
29
22
21
32
17
31
26
25
36
28
27
33
30
47
37
39
45
40
46
51
52
24
35
38
42
54
34
59
57
71
43
63
41
56
53
67
72
60
48
68
80
44
62
58
55
98
5.36
4.97
5.23
5.04
5.74
4.81
5.22
5.01
5.04
5.08
4.76
5.10
5.04
4.57
5.05
4.68
4.88
4.68
4.77
4.50
4.41
4.50
4.56
4.36
4.71
4.37
4.44
4.45
4.14
4.43
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.77
4.13
4.10
3.81
4.06
3.77
3.71
3.66
4.46
4.14
4.11
3.87
3.65
4.24
3.53
3.60
3.28
3.84
3.49
4.00
3.64
3.66
3.32
3.27
3.51
3.76
3.30
3.09
3.81
3.50
3.58
3.64
2.77
2
1
6
5
12
14
16
42
8
10
9
28
26
7
19
33
27
24
25
3
4
30
40
15
38
21
46
34
17
23
57
35
32
37
22
49
18
11
39
51
20
73
59
53
47
58
54
36
50
29
61
48
77
41
63
64
52
68
67
56
13
96
60
45
81
31
5.81
5.86
5.61
5.61
5.50
5.44
5.40
5.11
5.60
5.58
5.59
5.27
5.30
5.60
5.34
5.18
5.27
5.31
5.30
5.62
5.62
5.23
5.12
5.41
5.15
5.33
5.03
5.18
5.38
5.32
4.84
5.18
5.18
5.15
5.32
4.99
5.37
5.55
5.15
4.98
5.34
4.67
4.82
4.88
5.03
4.82
4.86
5.17
4.98
5.24
4.79
5.00
4.63
5.11
4.76
4.75
4.93
4.70
4.70
4.85
5.47
4.37
4.81
5.05
4.55
5.18
(contd.)
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy
Kuwait
Russian Federation
Guatemala
Botswana
China
Colombia
Namibia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Romania
El Salvador
Ukraine
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Peru
Kazakhstan
Macedonia, FYR
Gambia
Trinidad and Tobago
Philippines
Vietnam
Honduras
Nicaragua
Albania
Mongolia
Mauritania
Algeria
Zambia
Moldova
Cambodia
Ecuador
Kenya
Venezuela
Guyana
Uganda
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mali
Nepal
Zimbabwe
Suriname
Bolivia
Tajikistan
Paraguay
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
Malawi
Nigeria
Benin
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Mozambique
Bangladesh
Lesotho
Angola
Burundi
Chad
Regulatory framework
Business environment
and infrastructure
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
4.08
4.03
4.00
3.99
3.97
3.96
3.95
3.93
3.92
3.91
3.90
3.89
3.89
3.86
3.86
3.81
3.81
3.81
3.79
3.79
3.78
3.78
3.76
3.75
3.72
3.71
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.64
3.64
3.62
3.62
3.56
3.56
3.54
3.52
3.51
3.50
3.49
3.48
3.47
3.46
3.46
3.44
3.44
3.41
3.31
3.30
3.28
3.26
3.25
3.23
3.21
3.12
2.89
2.88
2.68
71
100
68
64
78
69
73
65
77
87
75
76
70
72
74
81
114
52
88
80
84
83
82
94
92
95
89
86
99
90
98
91
117
96
105
111
106
101
93
113
108
110
109
97
107
104
102
103
118
112
120
119
115
121
116
122
123
124
4.07
3.64
4.14
4.21
4.00
4.12
4.05
4.21
4.01
3.86
4.01
4.01
4.11
4.07
4.04
3.97
3.34
4.48
3.83
3.98
3.91
3.93
3.97
3.70
3.74
3.68
3.81
3.87
3.65
3.77
3.66
3.76
3.32
3.67
3.54
3.41
3.50
3.59
3.72
3.39
3.49
3.44
3.46
3.67
3.50
3.54
3.58
3.57
3.32
3.40
3.13
3.16
3.34
3.07
3.34
2.91
2.82
2.51
50
49
76
69
61
77
64
96
70
74
66
73
91
89
85
81
82
106
65
79
95
83
99
114
109
97
93
120
100
103
90
86
78
88
119
104
75
94
121
117
84
87
101
112
92
105
115
118
102
116
110
122
107
108
111
113
123
124
3.71
3.75
3.16
3.30
3.51
3.15
3.44
2.80
3.29
3.20
3.34
3.21
2.86
2.88
2.95
3.03
3.01
2.66
3.35
3.10
2.81
2.97
2.76
2.49
2.57
2.80
2.82
2.44
2.75
2.71
2.87
2.94
3.12
2.93
2.44
2.69
3.19
2.82
2.41
2.47
2.97
2.94
2.73
2.52
2.84
2.68
2.48
2.46
2.72
2.47
2.57
2.37
2.63
2.61
2.54
2.50
2.31
1.80
86
65
69
85
93
78
95
62
88
71
98
89
70
75
80
90
44
101
104
100
76
91
82
43
55
74
97
72
83
87
94
107
92
109
66
84
118
108
99
79
114
112
103
105
113
110
106
117
119
115
111
102
121
116
123
124
122
120
4.46
4.71
4.69
4.47
4.39
4.62
4.37
4.77
4.45
4.68
4.36
4.45
4.69
4.64
4.59
4.44
5.07
4.28
4.20
4.29
4.63
4.44
4.54
5.07
4.86
4.67
4.37
4.67
4.54
4.45
4.38
4.15
4.41
4.09
4.70
4.52
3.88
4.14
4.36
4.60
3.99
4.02
4.20
4.18
4.00
4.09
4.17
3.90
3.86
3.96
4.08
4.22
3.71
3.96
3.48
3.25
3.50
3.72
11
12
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
94
89
122
85
65
16
3
77
61
121
31
24
112
109
101
64
67
66
102
123
90
119
15
124
38
78
69
39
58
29
40
8
51
98
50
75
32
120
7
13
52
55
6
20
68
96
83
4
26
5
62
54
14
36
42
49
28
30
81
91
46
71
111
60
116
57
3.70
3.81
2.91
3.90
4.21
5.28
5.79
4.01
4.24
3.07
5.08
5.16
3.40
3.46
3.59
4.21
4.14
4.17
3.58
2.82
3.77
3.16
5.31
2.51
4.83
4.00
4.12
4.80
4.37
5.09
4.80
5.46
4.52
3.66
4.52
4.01
5.07
3.13
5.61
5.34
4.48
4.44
5.62
5.21
4.14
3.67
3.93
5.75
5.15
5.69
4.24
4.45
5.32
4.93
4.77
4.54
5.10
5.09
3.97
3.76
4.61
4.07
3.41
4.32
3.34
4.39
84
113
121
78
92
52
22
96
62
99
27
20
119
85
83
59
75
82
105
122
93
111
16
123
7
97
41
17
72
49
32
10
14
77
69
9
47
115
15
40
74
80
6
57
18
79
37
2
25
36
86
43
4
30
70
3
38
29
106
116
56
100
120
71
87
68
4.14
3.37
2.93
4.30
3.81
4.81
5.33
3.76
4.71
3.69
5.24
5.33
3.22
4.13
4.18
4.74
4.35
4.25
3.65
2.92
3.78
3.39
5.46
2.78
5.66
3.76
4.99
5.40
4.55
4.87
5.15
5.56
5.47
4.32
4.59
5.63
4.92
3.33
5.46
5.00
4.38
4.27
5.67
4.77
5.37
4.29
5.12
5.76
5.26
5.12
4.12
4.97
5.69
5.18
4.58
5.70
5.05
5.18
3.54
3.33
4.78
3.69
3.10
4.57
4.04
4.59
124
82
115
94
102
13
2
104
77
112
42
18
76
114
119
59
46
103
57
118
73
116
19
123
36
88
58
35
52
53
31
1
72
107
75
63
32
111
5
15
43
68
3
45
79
93
87
24
33
12
41
81
22
30
54
67
17
56
80
60
37
96
106
49
105
51
2.50
3.66
2.92
3.41
3.28
5.58
6.09
3.18
3.74
2.96
4.43
5.44
3.75
2.95
2.79
4.11
4.38
3.24
4.16
2.85
3.82
2.91
5.43
2.62
4.61
3.53
4.12
4.63
4.26
4.26
4.82
6.11
3.84
3.08
3.79
3.97
4.78
2.98
5.98
5.50
4.41
3.89
6.05
4.39
3.68
3.44
3.54
5.11
4.75
5.60
4.45
3.66
5.18
4.86
4.26
3.92
5.47
4.21
3.67
4.07
4.60
3.35
3.16
4.31
3.17
4.29
80
74
92
91
49
20
4
38
61
119
35
36
82
103
75
55
90
107
65
108
98
89
21
120
30
83
105
67
63
34
52
8
87
102
64
118
28
58
1
29
48
47
2
18
114
124
113
6
25
3
39
50
31
69
53
111
23
19
76
116
37
22
115
41
94
57
4.09
4.18
3.85
3.90
4.79
5.50
6.20
4.97
4.55
3.08
5.13
5.06
4.09
3.56
4.16
4.65
3.91
3.46
4.47
3.45
3.72
4.01
5.40
2.98
5.22
4.08
3.48
4.40
4.54
5.17
4.74
6.00
4.05
3.56
4.54
3.10
5.25
4.60
6.55
5.22
4.80
4.80
6.26
5.53
3.17
2.39
3.24
6.07
5.32
6.21
4.96
4.77
5.22
4.34
4.73
3.30
5.37
5.53
4.15
3.12
5.00
5.38
3.15
4.92
3.80
4.60
58
53
119
90
40
22
14
63
61
105
42
2
113
98
57
86
72
27
120
111
122
110
38
123
51
84
55
50
66
36
44
16
79
80
69
73
30
124
6
9
95
43
11
3
76
87
83
1
12
4
100
103
35
7
5
67
28
41
45
106
60
37
74
68
109
47
4.81
4.91
2.61
4.04
5.46
5.91
6.18
4.70
4.76
3.27
5.40
6.59
3.12
3.73
4.85
4.09
4.43
5.81
2.59
3.16
2.21
3.19
5.66
1.78
5.03
4.09
4.88
5.05
4.59
5.69
5.32
6.14
4.18
4.12
4.50
4.27
5.75
1.67
6.32
6.27
3.81
5.37
6.23
6.53
4.23
4.08
4.09
6.62
6.20
6.42
3.59
3.48
5.69
6.31
6.41
4.59
5.78
5.41
5.30
3.26
4.78
5.67
4.27
4.56
3.21
5.24
107
109
121
64
67
30
14
84
81
118
11
86
110
108
123
83
71
45
103
124
7
119
32
117
73
33
98
34
57
4
52
80
18
96
12
100
28
102
65
27
20
59
56
22
38
41
70
13
39
16
48
6
24
53
60
10
63
17
97
19
58
120
89
94
115
95
2.94
2.92
2.27
3.85
3.68
4.62
5.17
3.42
3.46
2.37
5.19
3.40
2.84
2.93
1.97
3.45
3.64
4.11
3.05
1.75
5.34
2.32
4.60
2.38
3.61
4.54
3.14
4.54
3.89
5.49
3.97
3.47
5.05
3.21
5.18
3.11
4.67
3.10
3.76
4.69
4.98
3.87
3.90
4.85
4.24
4.16
3.65
5.18
4.22
5.10
4.06
5.36
4.84
3.93
3.86
5.22
3.85
5.10
3.20
4.99
3.87
2.28
3.37
3.22
2.46
3.21
(contd.)
PILLARS
Regulatory
framework
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Policy rules
and regulations
Environmental
regulation
Safety
and security
Health
and hygiene
Prioritization
of Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
17
114
104
103
27
93
23
95
35
48
99
92
47
115
73
113
22
10
82
118
9
106
56
107
74
80
63
11
34
87
100
79
1
37
44
59
25
70
110
19
2
45
97
72
41
88
12
53
105
76
18
21
33
43
117
84
86
108
5.28
3.34
3.54
3.57
5.12
3.72
5.16
3.68
4.96
4.55
3.65
3.74
4.60
3.34
4.05
3.39
5.17
5.44
3.97
3.32
5.45
3.50
4.41
3.50
4.04
3.98
4.22
5.40
5.04
3.86
3.64
3.99
5.81
4.86
4.74
4.35
5.15
4.11
3.44
5.25
5.80
4.73
3.67
4.07
4.78
3.83
5.34
4.45
3.54
4.01
5.28
5.20
5.06
4.76
3.32
3.91
3.87
3.49
5
89
117
73
26
110
53
112
63
33
118
94
48
108
44
91
12
19
39
109
34
98
31
95
35
61
66
28
65
67
124
76
1
24
81
46
45
64
107
23
21
8
102
101
55
60
42
51
103
88
54
11
13
50
90
104
58
114
5.67
3.96
3.23
4.45
5.25
3.45
4.79
3.38
4.67
5.13
3.22
3.78
4.90
3.50
4.95
3.83
5.50
5.36
5.04
3.49
5.13
3.73
5.16
3.77
5.13
4.72
4.66
5.23
4.66
4.61
2.71
4.33
5.78
5.30
4.27
4.94
4.95
4.67
3.54
5.30
5.33
5.65
3.68
3.68
4.78
4.74
4.98
4.82
3.66
3.99
4.78
5.54
5.48
4.84
3.84
3.66
4.76
3.36
11
110
62
86
20
69
55
98
34
47
92
117
64
91
48
97
10
8
99
78
9
85
70
121
71
83
65
26
29
101
113
120
6
38
27
28
40
74
122
7
4
21
89
44
39
100
16
61
66
109
25
14
23
50
108
84
95
90
5.65
3.01
3.98
3.56
5.31
3.87
4.21
3.34
4.67
4.35
3.46
2.87
3.97
3.48
4.32
3.35
5.69
5.85
3.32
3.69
5.83
3.57
3.85
2.68
3.85
3.65
3.96
5.05
4.89
3.31
2.96
2.72
5.92
4.59
5.01
4.97
4.51
3.80
2.67
5.87
6.04
5.19
3.52
4.40
4.58
3.32
5.47
4.04
3.94
3.04
5.07
5.52
5.15
4.30
3.06
3.59
3.39
3.51
13
97
93
81
26
66
16
54
40
104
88
77
43
100
85
123
27
12
68
117
9
106
59
101
110
96
71
11
17
72
99
62
7
24
33
95
46
112
84
15
5
32
78
79
42
121
14
56
109
73
10
44
45
60
122
51
70
86
5.70
3.75
3.81
4.09
5.30
4.45
5.62
4.71
4.95
3.54
4.01
4.13
4.88
3.60
4.07
2.73
5.29
5.72
4.36
3.10
5.96
3.46
4.58
3.58
3.38
3.75
4.26
5.82
5.61
4.26
3.66
4.55
6.02
5.37
5.21
3.77
4.84
3.27
4.07
5.64
6.08
5.21
4.11
4.09
4.91
2.85
5.64
4.61
3.44
4.23
5.83
4.88
4.84
4.57
2.80
4.77
4.33
4.07
19
96
118
104
62
114
26
115
46
49
56
75
81
121
107
116
15
23
97
108
10
91
65
88
93
77
89
17
24
99
31
48
29
18
34
82
21
70
71
13
8
85
92
101
59
64
52
54
112
39
25
33
32
20
78
94
117
102
5.97
3.80
2.69
3.28
4.75
3.12
5.82
3.05
5.25
5.05
4.87
4.26
4.11
2.50
3.23
3.02
6.16
5.90
3.76
3.21
6.24
4.04
4.63
4.08
3.97
4.22
4.07
6.13
5.88
3.68
5.73
5.11
5.77
5.99
5.69
4.10
5.93
4.49
4.48
6.19
6.29
4.09
4.00
3.55
4.80
4.68
5.02
4.90
3.13
5.55
5.84
5.70
5.72
5.95
4.20
3.96
2.69
3.48
85
122
50
114
21
66
5
55
9
29
113
68
15
72
69
49
91
36
88
101
46
111
62
87
61
74
42
26
40
82
99
92
2
104
77
51
3
37
116
93
8
78
106
31
25
75
1
54
79
90
23
35
47
44
112
76
43
105
3.41
2.20
3.99
2.47
4.98
3.71
5.37
3.90
5.24
4.65
2.69
3.66
5.16
3.64
3.66
4.04
3.24
4.37
3.38
3.10
4.10
2.71
3.85
3.39
3.86
3.59
4.15
4.78
4.17
3.45
3.13
3.23
5.57
3.05
3.51
3.99
5.54
4.33
2.43
3.22
5.28
3.51
3.03
4.61
4.84
3.57
5.59
3.91
3.51
3.25
4.85
4.38
4.10
4.13
2.70
3.55
4.15
3.04
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework (contd.)
13
14
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure
PILLARS
Business environment
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
Price competitiveness
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
114
93
113
58
96
10
12
70
34
108
36
29
116
101
94
69
48
56
115
123
103
122
4
124
42
61
77
52
40
23
37
16
71
90
60
66
25
110
18
5
106
98
3
32
76
88
83
14
51
8
55
68
26
33
30
59
17
54
81
86
24
50
104
41
111
43
2.49
2.82
2.50
3.58
2.80
5.04
4.97
3.29
4.24
2.61
4.14
4.41
2.47
2.73
2.82
3.30
3.76
3.64
2.48
2.31
2.71
2.37
5.22
1.80
3.87
3.51
3.15
3.66
4.06
4.50
4.13
4.76
3.28
2.87
3.51
3.34
4.45
2.57
4.68
5.10
2.66
2.77
5.23
4.36
3.16
2.93
2.97
4.81
3.71
5.04
3.64
3.30
4.44
4.28
4.38
3.53
4.71
3.65
3.03
2.94
4.46
3.71
2.69
4.00
2.54
3.84
113
101
98
43
95
5
23
77
27
114
53
26
122
68
117
59
28
76
119
123
89
120
2
124
41
36
50
44
80
34
48
17
63
82
49
57
56
94
19
4
102
106
6
37
55
69
74
12
65
13
33
64
20
40
22
47
16
67
75
71
24
62
107
54
121
61
2.00
2.25
2.29
3.49
2.32
5.41
4.10
2.75
3.95
1.99
3.22
3.99
1.71
2.87
1.88
3.13
3.94
2.75
1.81
1.58
2.54
1.80
5.68
1.54
3.59
3.78
3.34
3.49
2.71
3.83
3.39
4.63
3.04
2.67
3.35
3.15
3.17
2.35
4.55
5.45
2.21
2.16
5.39
3.72
3.18
2.83
2.77
4.83
2.98
4.81
3.86
2.98
4.33
3.59
4.20
3.39
4.68
2.88
2.76
2.82
4.10
3.06
2.15
3.19
1.75
3.07
122
78
120
69
98
20
17
49
39
87
41
9
100
121
114
66
79
70
103
117
82
113
13
124
30
45
86
93
46
51
38
7
71
97
58
63
31
118
10
4
80
76
1
34
73
92
75
2
56
29
40
89
50
24
55
57
6
47
72
84
19
43
104
36
115
32
1.94
3.00
2.00
3.37
2.56
5.18
5.49
3.87
4.21
2.82
4.14
6.05
2.47
1.96
2.12
3.49
2.96
3.33
2.44
2.10
2.93
2.19
5.67
1.63
4.61
3.99
2.83
2.59
3.98
3.84
4.27
6.21
3.20
2.58
3.73
3.54
4.48
2.07
5.88
6.44
2.95
3.07
6.58
4.42
3.12
2.60
3.09
6.46
3.74
4.61
4.17
2.80
3.85
4.94
3.77
3.74
6.32
3.95
3.19
2.89
5.30
4.02
2.41
4.29
2.11
4.47
86
114
115
51
110
14
1
101
31
120
42
33
97
98
56
73
28
25
109
111
122
89
16
117
61
113
79
36
11
5
23
22
39
94
85
78
21
118
29
15
108
106
18
7
76
80
82
70
34
10
96
87
13
41
8
64
43
49
100
71
68
52
95
37
103
40
2.39
1.69
1.63
3.51
1.86
5.44
6.92
2.14
4.18
1.29
3.78
4.15
2.18
2.17
3.27
2.68
4.36
4.43
1.87
1.86
1.09
2.29
5.31
1.44
3.12
1.72
2.53
4.10
5.73
6.10
4.49
4.61
3.90
2.19
2.39
2.55
4.84
1.43
4.33
5.40
1.87
1.87
5.28
6.02
2.64
2.52
2.45
2.79
4.15
5.82
2.18
2.36
5.58
3.79
6.00
3.05
3.76
3.56
2.15
2.75
2.88
3.49
2.19
4.08
1.98
3.80
106
118
121
55
84
8
22
73
52
112
25
29
113
98
61
97
48
50
110
123
111
122
4
124
41
63
67
45
34
31
26
10
79
85
74
66
19
119
15
21
104
87
13
38
71
65
90
16
39
2
75
80
30
23
27
44
17
72
78
93
3
53
99
36
117
40
1.80
1.63
1.58
2.95
2.20
5.57
4.79
2.39
3.00
1.71
4.62
4.39
1.70
1.89
2.67
1.89
3.22
3.05
1.74
1.46
1.71
1.51
5.76
1.32
3.54
2.62
2.52
3.32
3.79
4.26
4.49
5.44
2.33
2.15
2.39
2.54
4.86
1.60
5.24
4.83
1.82
2.09
5.31
3.65
2.46
2.54
2.03
4.98
3.61
6.16
2.38
2.28
4.31
4.78
4.48
3.37
4.95
2.44
2.34
2.02
5.81
2.98
1.89
3.73
1.67
3.54
81
9
30
62
28
111
113
17
3
19
33
114
79
49
92
16
80
59
67
66
18
100
110
123
69
11
71
42
96
72
101
124
104
45
5
36
34
13
117
118
73
58
112
103
74
90
68
31
97
108
6
1
91
78
116
95
107
12
51
82
84
29
40
55
24
77
4.31
5.52
5.01
4.56
5.05
3.59
3.55
5.30
5.84
5.25
4.93
3.49
4.32
4.74
4.14
5.32
4.31
4.63
4.53
4.54
5.27
4.04
3.68
3.08
4.52
5.42
4.51
4.83
4.09
4.48
4.03
2.90
3.94
4.76
5.68
4.89
4.92
5.39
3.41
3.35
4.48
4.65
3.56
3.99
4.41
4.15
4.53
4.98
4.07
3.80
5.61
6.10
4.15
4.32
3.43
4.09
3.84
5.42
4.72
4.25
4.24
5.01
4.83
4.68
5.17
4.35
(contd.)
PILLARS
Business environment
and infrastructure
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Air transport
infrastructure
Ground transport
infrastructure
Tourism
infrastructure
ICT
infrastructure
Price competitiveness
in T&T industry
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
9
82
105
118
27
121
31
97
46
57
100
109
72
107
64
117
15
20
99
102
21
75
53
92
85
79
62
22
39
74
49
80
11
45
38
44
7
91
87
13
2
28
112
89
35
65
47
63
119
73
19
6
1
67
78
95
120
84
5.04
3.01
2.68
2.46
4.44
2.41
4.37
2.80
3.77
3.60
2.75
2.57
3.27
2.63
3.44
2.47
4.77
4.57
2.76
2.72
4.56
3.19
3.66
2.84
2.95
3.10
3.50
4.50
4.10
3.20
3.75
3.09
5.01
3.81
4.11
3.81
5.05
2.86
2.94
4.88
5.36
4.43
2.52
2.88
4.14
3.35
3.77
3.49
2.44
3.21
4.68
5.08
5.74
3.32
3.12
2.81
2.44
2.97
38
108
110
118
31
116
42
111
60
32
103
96
83
105
45
112
14
15
73
104
18
84
39
66
88
72
86
35
29
93
21
99
10
97
79
30
7
91
81
11
9
52
109
100
25
46
78
51
115
87
8
3
1
92
58
90
85
70
3.68
2.12
2.03
1.87
3.91
1.92
3.58
2.03
3.12
3.87
2.19
2.31
2.66
2.17
3.45
2.02
4.80
4.69
2.78
2.18
4.61
2.64
3.66
2.89
2.55
2.80
2.60
3.81
3.93
2.38
4.23
2.29
4.88
2.30
2.72
3.92
5.17
2.48
2.71
4.87
4.97
3.22
2.09
2.26
4.07
3.43
2.74
3.34
1.98
2.56
5.05
5.59
6.75
2.47
3.14
2.52
2.61
2.82
21
83
106
111
15
105
60
99
53
62
110
109
54
108
33
116
8
25
112
88
22
52
42
119
96
91
61
23
48
77
65
107
3
44
37
35
18
74
102
12
5
14
94
68
28
90
27
59
101
67
26
16
11
64
95
85
123
81
5.10
2.92
2.40
2.32
5.58
2.40
3.62
2.47
3.79
3.57
2.35
2.35
3.78
2.37
4.46
2.11
6.20
4.83
2.24
2.80
5.10
3.84
4.04
2.04
2.58
2.70
3.60
4.99
3.94
3.01
3.52
2.38
6.45
4.01
4.28
4.34
5.42
3.11
2.46
5.74
6.36
5.66
2.58
3.39
4.67
2.77
4.78
3.66
2.46
3.39
4.82
5.52
5.77
3.54
2.58
2.88
1.90
2.94
6
63
81
112
60
105
12
72
38
47
88
116
62
92
83
123
32
35
77
107
17
99
57
90
66
93
46
9
26
50
58
54
44
30
20
48
2
102
59
27
4
74
124
84
53
65
45
55
119
75
24
19
3
69
67
121
104
91
6.05
3.10
2.48
1.74
3.14
1.89
5.60
2.71
3.99
3.58
2.32
1.45
3.11
2.20
2.43
1.08
4.16
4.12
2.58
1.87
5.30
2.17
3.18
2.28
2.96
2.19
3.61
5.89
4.40
3.55
3.17
3.34
3.73
4.29
5.22
3.58
6.80
2.01
3.14
4.39
6.48
2.67
1.01
2.40
3.45
2.97
3.70
3.30
1.36
2.66
4.47
5.23
6.50
2.80
2.90
1.11
1.91
2.21
6
76
115
116
37
107
11
96
59
60
81
91
92
120
86
105
12
20
103
102
24
89
62
109
68
83
43
33
49
56
51
46
18
35
28
70
32
94
82
1
9
14
101
108
58
57
69
54
100
64
42
5
7
47
77
88
114
95
5.69
2.38
1.68
1.67
3.69
1.79
5.39
1.90
2.75
2.74
2.26
2.02
2.02
1.60
2.10
1.81
5.37
4.85
1.85
1.85
4.70
2.09
2.63
1.76
2.49
2.22
3.46
3.83
3.12
2.85
3.01
3.29
4.87
3.78
4.47
2.46
3.93
1.99
2.26
6.31
5.54
5.27
1.86
1.77
2.78
2.85
2.46
2.95
1.86
2.56
3.53
5.73
5.64
3.29
2.36
2.09
1.69
1.90
56
64
43
54
2
98
109
38
20
85
60
52
46
41
47
14
119
75
76
35
121
22
44
21
89
7
83
102
25
87
39
88
26
57
106
48
105
53
93
122
115
15
27
63
4
50
23
86
65
37
8
120
99
70
61
10
94
32
4.67
4.55
4.82
4.68
5.89
4.06
3.68
4.88
5.23
4.23
4.62
4.71
4.76
4.83
4.75
5.35
3.34
4.37
4.35
4.91
3.10
5.19
4.79
5.22
4.15
5.59
4.24
3.99
5.12
4.19
4.84
4.16
5.10
4.66
3.87
4.74
3.93
4.70
4.11
3.10
3.46
5.32
5.08
4.56
5.71
4.72
5.17
4.21
4.55
4.89
5.53
3.30
4.06
4.51
4.60
5.47
4.10
4.95
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure (contd.)
15
16
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
and cultural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
43
97
124
45
62
26
1
88
54
116
17
4
115
103
108
85
67
41
106
122
87
102
16
120
47
93
78
20
11
3
22
9
29
94
68
98
34
111
33
28
101
31
6
15
69
109
91
14
51
5
81
56
46
35
32
36
38
58
90
107
73
86
84
77
123
61
5.07
4.37
3.25
5.05
4.77
5.30
5.86
4.45
4.86
3.96
5.38
5.62
3.96
4.20
4.14
4.47
4.70
5.11
4.17
3.50
4.45
4.22
5.40
3.72
5.03
4.39
4.62
5.34
5.55
5.62
5.32
5.59
5.24
4.38
4.70
4.36
5.18
4.08
5.18
5.27
4.28
5.18
5.61
5.41
4.69
4.09
4.44
5.44
4.98
5.61
4.55
4.85
5.03
5.18
5.18
5.17
5.15
4.82
4.44
4.15
4.67
4.46
4.52
4.63
3.48
4.79
35
86
118
66
53
17
23
36
79
99
42
27
104
91
90
113
83
67
117
119
105
103
12
120
24
74
58
28
54
49
26
4
57
96
69
41
30
112
8
32
107
33
25
55
78
95
82
7
37
3
85
62
9
13
46
39
11
63
60
100
48
16
71
38
116
61
5.37
4.82
3.09
5.08
5.23
5.64
5.53
5.36
4.94
4.30
5.32
5.49
4.08
4.79
4.79
3.52
4.85
5.08
3.18
3.08
4.08
4.16
5.69
2.99
5.52
5.00
5.18
5.49
5.22
5.24
5.50
6.08
5.18
4.51
5.06
5.32
5.45
3.55
5.87
5.42
3.96
5.40
5.52
5.21
4.95
4.62
4.86
5.93
5.34
6.19
4.83
5.14
5.83
5.69
5.26
5.33
5.75
5.13
5.17
4.20
5.24
5.64
5.05
5.33
3.37
5.15
10
114
121
52
53
80
33
65
36
119
2
59
79
113
111
28
87
30
12
98
32
24
76
37
92
120
89
39
4
5
77
69
21
86
85
102
31
101
109
96
25
7
88
23
74
68
63
27
100
49
81
57
67
78
66
15
116
34
58
75
118
117
72
107
103
93
6.17
4.01
3.64
5.13
5.11
4.60
5.53
4.82
5.37
3.88
6.56
4.99
4.61
4.02
4.10
5.59
4.54
5.56
6.15
4.42
5.53
5.67
4.66
5.34
4.44
3.82
4.53
5.30
6.52
6.48
4.65
4.72
5.88
4.55
4.55
4.36
5.54
4.36
4.15
4.42
5.65
6.26
4.54
5.71
4.67
4.73
4.83
5.60
4.39
5.19
4.60
5.00
4.77
4.61
4.79
6.10
3.97
5.51
5.00
4.67
3.88
3.94
4.69
4.29
4.34
4.44
93
65
119
35
78
15
2
116
66
92
68
4
112
90
100
62
42
43
114
120
91
123
11
122
32
60
72
28
36
31
12
7
45
74
55
103
49
61
18
9
108
81
1
23
56
121
97
39
30
22
70
58
54
27
20
76
14
86
117
98
37
89
88
67
124
38
3.68
4.28
3.02
4.93
3.98
5.64
6.52
3.15
4.27
3.69
4.25
6.38
3.19
3.80
3.52
4.30
4.71
4.70
3.18
2.99
3.75
2.83
5.86
2.83
5.13
4.36
4.16
5.22
4.90
5.15
5.80
5.97
4.65
4.10
4.49
3.41
4.54
4.32
5.52
5.95
3.25
3.89
6.75
5.29
4.46
2.91
3.62
4.78
5.20
5.44
4.22
4.40
4.49
5.23
5.50
4.08
5.73
3.83
3.15
3.59
4.89
3.80
3.82
4.27
2.72
4.80
(contd.)
PILLARS
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Human resources
National
tourism perception
Natural
and cultural resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
8
44
110
117
57
99
21
74
39
50
83
55
52
121
95
79
25
7
82
119
40
118
63
113
80
100
60
30
49
71
65
13
42
18
53
96
19
70
112
27
2
23
105
75
59
104
37
48
66
89
24
10
12
64
92
76
72
114
5.60
5.07
4.09
3.90
4.84
4.36
5.33
4.67
5.15
4.98
4.54
4.86
4.93
3.71
4.37
4.60
5.30
5.60
4.54
3.86
5.12
3.88
4.76
4.00
4.59
4.29
4.81
5.23
4.99
4.68
4.71
5.47
5.11
5.37
4.88
4.37
5.34
4.69
4.02
5.27
5.81
5.32
4.18
4.64
4.82
4.20
5.15
5.00
4.70
4.45
5.31
5.58
5.50
4.75
4.41
4.63
4.67
3.99
14
56
108
121
34
114
43
101
89
50
80
68
72
124
122
106
21
20
59
102
18
98
88
92
77
93
44
40
19
76
70
47
2
10
52
111
45
84
97
31
1
15
87
110
75
64
22
65
109
73
29
6
5
51
94
81
115
123
5.69
5.21
3.93
2.84
5.38
3.49
5.32
4.19
4.80
5.24
4.94
5.07
5.04
2.54
2.83
4.05
5.55
5.60
5.18
4.18
5.62
4.45
4.81
4.79
4.95
4.64
5.31
5.32
5.60
4.96
5.05
5.25
6.21
5.78
5.23
3.64
5.30
4.84
4.48
5.43
6.25
5.69
4.82
3.69
4.97
5.10
5.54
5.09
3.88
5.00
5.47
5.97
5.99
5.23
4.63
4.92
3.40
2.60
22
13
73
40
26
8
16
1
14
91
48
11
45
44
9
20
82
38
84
110
108
123
61
115
105
83
122
54
41
95
104
19
47
71
60
56
55
70
97
99
62
17
90
42
35
106
50
43
18
46
3
94
112
64
124
51
6
29
5.84
6.11
4.68
5.29
5.64
6.21
6.03
6.58
6.10
4.50
5.19
6.16
5.24
5.27
6.17
5.91
4.60
5.34
4.58
4.13
4.26
3.57
4.92
3.97
4.32
4.58
3.59
5.10
5.28
4.43
4.34
5.92
5.20
4.71
4.99
5.08
5.09
4.71
4.42
4.42
4.88
5.97
4.51
5.28
5.43
4.30
5.17
5.28
5.94
5.21
6.53
4.43
4.09
4.83
3.52
5.14
6.39
5.56
24
82
94
99
101
104
44
110
50
29
102
105
52
106
73
85
13
10
83
107
21
96
48
109
53
95
19
25
75
46
41
26
79
16
57
59
17
51
115
8
6
63
113
34
77
111
40
47
64
118
80
5
3
71
33
84
69
87
5.29
3.89
3.66
3.56
3.52
3.37
4.66
3.23
4.54
5.22
3.49
3.34
4.50
3.32
4.12
3.83
5.74
5.88
3.87
3.25
5.46
3.62
4.56
3.24
4.49
3.66
5.52
5.28
4.08
4.64
4.74
5.25
3.94
5.62
4.43
4.40
5.62
4.51
3.17
5.96
6.30
4.29
3.19
4.96
4.05
3.21
4.75
4.63
4.29
3.12
3.92
6.32
6.42
4.20
5.08
3.84
4.23
3.82
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources (contd.)
17
18
19
20
people to work in the T&T sector. Further, its infrastructure is quite well developed compared with that of
other countries in the region, although some improvements could be made in the areas of air transport (40th)
and tourism infrastructure (41st)by increasing the
number of ATMs and hotel rooms, for example. Israels
regulatory environment, ranked 30th, is somewhat conducive to the development of the sector, with very well
protected property rights and low foreign ownership
restrictions. And the countrys environmental regulation
also gets relatively good marks, with the government
seen as prioritizing the development of the T&T sector
in a sustainable way (27th). But while Israel gets excellent marks related to health and hygiene (ranked 7th)
with one of the highest physician densities in the world,
it is not surprising that safety and security continues to
be a major concern, placing the country a low 69th out
of 124 countries, primarily related to concerns about
terrorism (ranked 120th).
Tunisia is ranked very close to Israel, at 34th place.
Tunisia is the number 1 country within the prioritization of Travel & Tourism pillar, just ahead of Singapore
and Spain, with high government spending on the
sector, effective destination-marketing campaigns, and
attendance at most major international tourism fairs.
Further, unlike some other countries in the region,
Tunisia is perceived as extremely safe from crime and
violence (ranked 14th), including terrorism. On the
other hand, health and hygiene remains an area of
concern (52nd), with a relatively low physician density
and a lack of access to improved drinking water that
places the country 78th.Tunisias competitiveness could
also be improved with a more conducive regulatory
environment, where it is ranked 42nd, with a less
restrictive visa regime, for example.
Egypt, a country so rich in cultural heritage (with
seven World Heritage sites), ranks a low 58th overall in
the TTCI. And this is despite a number of clear
strengths beyond the cultural richness. For example,
Egypt has excellent price competitiveness, where it is
ranked 5th overall with low comparative prices, including
fuel prices, and relatively low ticket taxes and airport
charges. Further, there is a prioritization by the government of the sector, with relatively high government
spending on Travel & Tourism and ensuring the countrys
presence at major tourism fairs.This level of prioritization
is reflected in some policy areas such as the favorable
policy on visa requirements, ranked 15th overall. On the
other hand, the countrys infrastructure is somewhat
underdeveloped, particularly tourism infrastructure
(85th) and ICT infrastructure (74th). An upgrading of
the quality of the countrys human resources available to
work in the sector, ranked 69th, would also improve the
countrys overall T&T competitiveness.
21
22
Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusions
This chapter has introduced a new comprehensive
index, the TTCI, which measures the T&T competitiveness of 124 economies spanning all regions of the world.
The results have shown that, on average, high-income
countries tend to do well in the overall rankings, a
tendency that is generally attributable to their moredeveloped policy and infrastructure environments.Yet
performance remains varied, with some economies
demonstrating strengths across most areas, and others
lagging behind.
Developing countries, on average, tend to score
lower in the Index.This can be attributed to a large
extent to the legacy of less-developed economies and
structural endowments. However, some have made great
strides, putting into place the necessary factors and
policies to make developing the T&T sector attractive.
More generally, the weaker performance of a number of
countries in the developing world should be seen as an
opportunity for sectoral improvements. As has been
demonstrated in other industry sectors, there should
be significant potential for learning from international
success stories and leapfrogging to higher levels of T&T
competitiveness.
It is our hope that, by highlighting success factors
and obstacles to T&T competitiveness in these countries,
the TTCI will serve as a useful tool for the business
community and for national policymakers to work
Notes
1 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online
at http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html (accessed December
2006).
2 See, for example, International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (2005).
3 See the Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture (2006).
4 WTTC 2006b.
5 See the Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture (2006).
6 UNWTO, Historical Perspective of World Tourism, available online
at http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html (accessed December
2006).
7 UNWTO 2006.
8 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 2005.
9 See the Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture (2006).
10 Wason 2001.
11 See the Tourism Satellite Accounting research of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Accenture (2006).
12 See UNCED (1992).
13 For more details on the WTTCs Competitiveness Monitor, see
chapter 1.3 of this Report by Richard Miller.
References
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO. 2005. Servicexport ENewsletter 1 (8).
UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development). 1992. Agenda 21 Programme of Action. Earth
Summit June 314, Rio de Janeiro.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). Historical Perspective of World
Tourism. Available at http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html.
. 2006. 2007 Will Be the Fourth Year of Sustained Growth.
World Tourism Barometer. Madrid, November 6.
Wason, G. 2001. Speech at the WTO/OMC Tourism Symposium,
February 2223, Geneva. Available at
http://www.wto.int/english/tratop_e/serv_e/wttc.doc.
World Economic Forum. 2006. The Global Competitiveness Report
20062007. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006a. Tourism Satellite
Accounting research of the World Travel & Tourism Council
(WTTC) and Accenture.
. 2006b. Breaking Barriers: Managing Growth. November 6.
London: WTTC Media and Resource Centre. Available at
http://www.wttc.org/news135.htm.
23
24
+ 1
Road infrastructure
Railroad infrastructure
Port infrastructure
Domestic transport network
25
The authors would like to thank Dr Timm Pietsch for his excellent
research assistance.
CHAPTER 1.2
27
Business environment
and infrastructure
90%
Regulatory framework
97%
85%
96%
79%
Human, cultural,
and natural resources
28
Low-income countries
($875 or less)
Lower-middleincome countries
($876$3,465)
Upper-middleincome countries
($3,466$10,725)
High-income countries
($10,726 or more )
TTCI score
2
2
Source: World Bank, 2005; World Economic Forum; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Economy
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Iceland
United States
Hong Kong SAR
Canada
Singapore
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Index rank
5.66
5.54
5.48
5.45
5.43
5.33
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.28
28
29
31
35
37
39
40
41
45
34
43
46
48
50
54
57
58
59
60
(71)
30
Economy
Estonia
Barbados
Malaysia
Czech Republic
Slovac Republic
Mauritius
Hungary
Costa Rica
Chile
Score
4.90
4.86
4.80
4.75
4.68
4.63
4.61
4.60
4.58
Economy
Score
Index rank
Tunisia
Thailand
Jordan
Jamaica
Dominican Republic
Bulgaria
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Indonesia
(China)
4.76
4.58
4.52
4.41
4.35
4.31
4.27
4.24
4.20
4.20
(3.97)
65
80
84
88
91
92
94
96
98
101
Economy
India
Tanzania
Gambia
Vietnam
Mongolia
Mauritania
Zambia
Cambodia
Kenya
Uganda
Score
4.14
3.86
3.81
3.78
3.72
3.71
3.66
3.64
3.62
3.56
10
Upper-middle-income group
Low-income group
Lower-middle-income group
7
l
ona
orti
p
o
Pr
tor
sec
&T
T
e
f th
th o
w
gro
High-income group
10
31
10
Iceland (4)
Figure 4: High-income economy group: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
10
32
20
Estonia (28/1)
18
16
14
12
10
Figure 5: Upper-middle-income economy group: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
33
20
18
Figure 6: Lower-middle-income economy group: Travel & Tourism industry vs. overall economic growth
Bulgaria (54/7)
16
14
Egypt (58/9)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
12
34
180
44,491
45,000
40,000
160
140
35,000
120
30,000
100
25,000
80
20,000
60
15,000
40
10,000
5,000
4,468
50,000
20
1,429
0
China
India
United States
Source: OAG MAX Online (accessed September 2006); Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
Note: Domestic flights as scheduled on Wednesday, September 6, 2006
35
High-income group
Figure 8: Policy toward private enterprise rating vs. TTCI score (averages per defined peer group)
Upper-middle-income group
4
Lower-middle-income group
Low-income group
3
2
10
Source: World Economic Forum; EIU, 2006; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
Note: Bubble size indicates overall average 2005 GDP of country cluster. The EIU Index rates countries between 1 and 10 on a variety of measures including protection of property rights and government attitudes to competition, with 1 being low and 10 being high. The average is made up of the 59 countries that are
included in the EIU rating.
36
lose sight of the need to expand the infrastructure
connecting the rest of the country.
India, meanwhile, has already gained a reputation as
a popular tourist destination, with tourist arrivals expected
to grow 10 percent annually for the foreseeable future.
Yet Indias tourism sector faces a number of constraints,
including a severe shortage of budget hotels, regulatory
barriers, high visa costs compared with neighboring
regions, and significant delays for inbound travelers from
South Asia. As a result, ranked 106, India is near the
bottom end of the list in the visa requirements variable.
Within the low-income group of countries,
however, India is far outperforming its peers, surpassing
several countries in the lower-middle-income and even
the upper-middle-income segments. In terms of infrastructure, accessibility, and safety, India shows relatively
good scores, ranking 33 in air transport infrastructure
and 40 in ground transport infrastructure. But, although
India is among the fastest-growing aviation markets in
the world, it has attained that position despite an infrastructure system that is still inadequate to deal with
projected further growth. However, the country has
plans for numerous major infrastructure projects, not
just in the aviation sector, but in its road and rail systems
as well.The Indian government and the US Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) have agreed on a major
knowledge transfer effort to help develop and modernize
the management, operations, and technology of Indias
civil aviation infrastructure.
Bottom line
(average operating profit margin in %)
Operational performance
(average operating cost/RPK in US$)
~ 7.8%
+42%
0.08
0.12
~ 4.5%
0.13
+543%
~ 0.7%
Privatized flag
carriers (>50%)
Privately owned
low-cost carriers
Alitalia
Austrian Airways
Turkish Airways
Finnair
LOT Polish Airlines
Ryan Air
Easy Jet
Norwegian
Transavia
37
20
19
18
17.5%
17
16
15
14
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
38
46
~43%
+39%
+19%
39
33
~ 31%
~ 26%
1,684
State-owned
airports
Partially privatized
airports
Frankfurt
Rhein-Main
Zurich
Dusseldorf
Vienna
Hannover
Helsinki-Vantaa
Munich
Orly
Malpensa
Dublin
Oslo International
Geneva
Cologne/Bonn
844
Privatized airports
595
Heathrow/
Gatwick/
Stansted/Bristol
Fiumicino
Manchester
Copenhagen
Brussels National
39
Figure 12: Growth of European air traffic demand after deregulation
650
589
560
3%
10%
675
18%
7%
97%
93%
90%
82%
2002
2003
2004
2005
Stimulated growth
(post market deregulation)
+ 81.4 Mio. Pax
+13%
Conventional growth
(prior to market deregulation)
+ 33.6 Mio. Pax
+6%
40
Lessons learned
than the established industrialized nations, some uppermiddle-income countries, such as the Baltic states, have
already built out more advanced ICT technologies than
their larger neighborsand thus can benefit from more
efficient T&T sales channels.
Upper-middle-income countries should focus on
making sure they have enough leeway in their national
strategies, policies, and budgets for T&T development,
leveraging this sector as an additional source of income
and as an accelerator for the exchange of people, knowledge, and moneywithin their national boundaries,
between their regional neighbors, and around the world.
Lower-middle-income and low-income economies.
These countries should pay the closest attention to the
build-up of their T&T sectors, since they will reap the
best return-on-investment from such efforts. Because
these countries usually have limited sources of income
and access to foreign capital, they may have only partially started to invest in industry and trade. In such cases,
investment in Travel & Tourism is an ideal incubator for
their national economy, contributing to overall development in four ways:
Money raised through the T&T sector can be
invested in other sectors.
Necessary upgrades to Travel & Tourism are also
beneficial for their own citizens and domestic
business environment.
Domestic workforce working in the T&T sector
will further develop their skills and can act as role
models for advanced education for all citizens.
Growth in the T&T industry will have spillover
effects in other marketsby attracting foreign
investors, for example.
These effects also underline the priorities for national
governments: build attractive resorts and business centers, train people, and bring transportation infrastructure
up to international standards. Strong property rights,
reliable health care, and adequate security standards will
be required to attract investors as well as travelers.
Globalization is forcing every countrylarge or
small, rich or poorto compete with one another for
the benefits of strong business Travel & Tourism.That
means governments need to create an environment that
best prepares their economies for the opportunities arising of the T&T sector. In an era where business travelers
and tourists alike have many choices for travel and
investment, every countrybut especially lower middle
income and upper middle income countriesmust
strengthen their T&T sectors rapidly and intelligently,
addressing the real needs of their domestic economies
while taking into account the actions of their regional
neighbors.
Geographic scope
Domestic
Global
Intercontinental
liberalization
Intraregional
liberalization
Domestic
deregulation &
privatization
Introduce competition
to local T&T markets
Reduce cross-border
trade barriers (e.g.,
traffic & ownership
rights, taxes & duties)
Improve efficiency of
operations and service quality
Facilitate international
T&T flows
Increase depth of
service offering (e.g.,
frequency, routes)
Fulfill customer
requirements
(service quality)
Expand service
provision
Build T&T
infrastructure
Provide air and
ground infrastructure
Reduction of regional
boundaries across all
T&T industries
Substitution of
bi-lateral agreements
with Open Skies
traffic rights
Relaxation ownership
rights (e.g., airlines
and hotels)
41
Figure 14: Action steps toward unleashing the T&T sectors potential
Achieve
commitment
Strategic
diagnostic
Target
definition
Master
plan
Baseline current
T&T sector
Acquire public/
private capital
Benchmark to other
economies
Identify investment
requirements
Attract expertise
(education & training)
Allocate responsibilities
Set-up implementation
Stakeholder
alignment
Strategic
direction
Performance
goals
42
Hong Kong Tourism Board. 2005. Annual Report 2004/2005. Hong Kong
SAR: Hong Kong Tourism Board. Available at http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/worldwide/annu/report.04-05.jhtml (accessed
November 2006).
References
AEA (Association of European Airlines). 2005. STAR 2005. Brussels:
AEA.
ATW (Air Transport World). 2006. World Airline Report 2006, July. Silver
Spring, MD: ATW.
Booz Allen Hamilton. 2005. Aerodynamics in the European Airports
Sector: Realignment Needed due to Changes in Demand and
Cost Pressure. Viewpoint published by Jrgen Ringbeck, Richard
Hauser, Markus Franke, and Edward Clayton.
Booz Allen Hamilton. 2006. Dubai: Mastering the Challenges of the
Middle East Aviation System. Viewpoint published by Jrgen
Ringbeck, Fadi Majdalani, and Ahmed Galal Ismail.
Business Day (South Africa). 2006. Open Skies Would Boost Jobs,
Tourism. October 19.
The Edge (Singapore). 2005. 40 and Beyond: Where the Economy
Should Go from Here. August 8.
EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit). 2006. WorldData Online Database
(accessed November 2006). London.
Eurocontrol/STATFOR. 2006. Low Cost Carrier Market Update.
Brussels: Eurocontrol/STATFOR, May. Available at
http://www.eurocontrol.int/statfor/gallery/content/public/analysis/195%20LowCostMarketUpdateMay06.pdf (accessed
November 2006).
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport.
2006. Air Transport Portal of the European Commission.
Brussels: European Commission. Available at
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air_portal/internal_market/index_en.ht
m (accessed November 2006).
European Low Fares Airline Association. 2004. Liberalisation of
European Air Transport: The Benefits of Low Fares Airlines to
Consumers, Airports, Regions and the Environment. Brussels:
ELFAA. Available at http://www.elfaa.com/documents/
ELFAABenefitsofLFAs2004.pdf (accessed November 2006).
Eurostat. 2003. International Air Transport of Passengers 19932000.
Statistics in Focus: Transport. Publish date March 22. Brussels:
Eurostat.
. 2006. Air Transport in Europe 2004. Statistics in Focus:
Transport. Publish date January 26. Brussels: Eurostat.
43
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
CHAPTER 1.3
45
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
46
Rank
Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
United States
Japan
Germany
China
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Italy
Canada
Mexico
US$ (millions)
1,652,646.0
522,894.9
412,607.5
353,672.6
336,535.4
328,298.6
251,972.5
246,927.3
189,082.4
140,450.0
Source: WTTC.
Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Macau
Maldives
Seychelles
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Vanuatu
Saint Lucia
Bahamas
34.8
34.2
29.2
25.3
24.3
23.0
22.9
19.9
18.7
16.8
Source: WTTC.
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
China
India
United States
Japan
Indonesia
Brazil
Thailand
Mexico
Spain
France
Jobs (thousands)
17,383.2
10,679.6
5,834.3
2,683.8
2,579.3
2,336.7
1,842.3
1,566.0
1,472.8
1,392.3
Source: WTTC.
Economy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Montenegro
China
India
Romania
Croatia
Vietnam
Latvia
Maldives
Albania
Cambodia
Source: WTTC.
10.2
8.7
8.0
7.9
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.0
7.0
1.
2.
3.
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
47
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
48
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
49
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
50
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
51
Fast
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
Question Marks
Stars
Dogs
Cash Cows
Slow
Low score
(high policy risk)
High score
(low policy risk)
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index
52
ratio, used by many investors to judge how well a company is being managed. Enterprises in a Dog country, it
is thought, should be sold off. Countries that find themselves in this group should be worried about both their
policy situation and their outlook for growth; in most
cases, they will find that it is the poor policy situation
that is causing the poor growth situation. Countries in
this group should prioritize their work by focusing on
those policy issues with the greatest return on investmentthat is, they should start with those issues for
which small or quick fixes will result in large or fast
returns. Dog countries should aspire to be Question
Marks or Cash Cows.
Question Marks, aka problem children, are countries
with low TTCI scores (thus a high policy risk) in a fastgrowing T&T economy. Such countries require large
amounts of investment and policy attention to better
their TTCI scores (that is, to decrease their policy risk).
The national goal must be to decrease the policy risk to
become a Star. Otherwise, when the country matures
and growth slows, the country will fall down into the
Dog category. Like Dogs, the countries in this group
run the risk of losing T&T enterprises to countries in
which the policy risk is lower, so efforts should be made
by the public sector to reduce the risk in a return-on
investment approach similar to the one described in the
Dogs category. Question Mark countries should aspire
to be Stars.
Stars are countries with a high TTCI score (low
policy risk) in a fast-growing T&T economy.The
hopefrom an enterprise perspectiveis that Stars
8.66
4.33
0.00
0.0
4.24
7.0
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
53
1.3: Using Policy Measures and Economics to Improve Travel & Tourism
Bahrain
Barbados
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Egypt
Estonia
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Israel
Korea, Rep.
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Morocco
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Spain
Thailand
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
TTCI score
4.45
4.86
4.60
4.66
5.07
4.75
4.24
4.90
5.33
4.61
4.80
4.58
4.34
5.31
4.80
4.96
4.63
4.38
4.27
5.31
4.68
5.18
4.58
4.76
5.09
4.90
4.65
4.83
8.33
4.39
5.16
5.66
6.96
6.88
4.94
4.33
4.97
6.89
5.03
5.92
4.38
4.47
5.04
4.73
5.45
5.04
4.70
5.15
4.40
5.22
54
Table 6: Question Marks in the Travel & Tourism
growth-policy risk matrix
Country/economy
Albania
Algeria
Bangladesh
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chad
China
Ethiopia
India
Indonesia
Macedonia, FYR
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
Ukraine
Vietnam
TTCI score
3.75
3.67
3.21
3.28
3.51
3.99
3.41
2.88
3.64
3.25
2.68
3.97
3.26
4.14
4.20
3.81
3.95
3.49
3.76
3.52
3.79
4.18
3.91
4.03
4.18
4.18
3.89
3.86
3.79
3.56
3.89
3.78
7.40
4.94
5.34
5.31
6.22
4.85
4.99
4.59
7.15
4.73
6.43
8.45
4.83
6.58
4.63
5.28
7.91
5.10
4.85
4.41
5.11
4.33
6.68
6.36
5.32
4.68
5.52
4.51
4.85
4.70
4.51
7.05
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Panama
Portugal
Qatar
Slovenia
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
TTCI score
5.21
5.54
5.07
4.31
5.31
4.58
5.27
4.35
5.16
5.23
5.48
4.99
5.45
4.93
4.78
4.41
4.99
4.52
5.08
5.20
5.04
4.28
5.05
4.71
4.58
5.13
5.66
4.82
4.32
5.28
5.43
4.28
3.13
1.93
2.82
3.95
3.32
3.50
1.35
4.14
2.81
3.38
2.77
3.68
2.09
3.81
1.70
3.91
2.40
3.89
2.09
3.04
3.05
4.11
3.83
3.41
4.05
3.07
2.07
4.28
3.82
2.42
2.91
3.95
Angola
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gambia
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Kenya
Kuwait
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Nigeria
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe
TTCI score
2.89
4.18
3.46
4.20
3.96
3.64
3.90
3.81
4.00
3.56
3.78
3.62
4.08
3.12
3.44
3.31
3.50
3.30
3.44
3.86
3.47
3.62
3.66
3.48
2.23
3.31
4.21
3.82
4.27
3.68
2.81
3.81
4.12
3.09
3.53
3.77
3.73
2.88
3.44
3.80
4.02
4.24
3.43
4.20
3.71
3.18
2.19
1.87
CHAPTER 1.4
55
Actual
Forecast
1,600
1.6 billion
1,400
1,200
Travelers (millions)
1,000
800
Middle East
Africa
1 billion
Asia/Pacific
Americas
806 million
Europe
600
400
200
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Source: UNWTO.
56
Rank
1950
World
share (%)
World
share (%)
1980
2005
World
share (%)
1
2
3
4
5
United States
Canada
Italy
France
Switzerland
71
France
United States
Spain
Itally
Austria
40
France
Spain
United States
China
Italy
33
6
7
8
9
10
Ireland
Austria
Spain
Germany
United Kingdom
17
Mexico
Canada
United Kingdom
Germany
Belgium
20
United Kingdom
Mexico
Germany
Turkey
Austria
14
11
12
13
14
15
Norway
Argentina
Mexico
Netherlands
Denmark
Switzerland
Yugoslav SFR
Poland
Former Czechoslavakia
Greece
10
Russian Federation
Canada
Malaysia
Ukraine
Poland
11
Others
Others
30
Others
42
TOTAL
25 million
278 million
806 million
Source: UNWTO.
The macroeconomic indicators give an approximation of UNTSA results and hence an indication of the
substantial scale of the economic impact of the industry.
Specifics, however, should be treated with some caution,
particularly with GDP and employment derivations
in the indirect areas of demand. As the UNTSA is
increasingly applied at the country level, this weakness
can be rectified.
At a microeconomic level, the effect of the T&T
industry could be even more significant.This is because
of the extensive role of tourism demand in stimulating
directly related economic sectors such as transport and
accommodation, as well as indirectly related sectors such
as food, manufacturing, construction, and maintenance.
The TTCI makes clear the great competitive advantages
that industrialized states currently enjoy in this sector.
57
Europe
ITA: 442 million (55%)
ITR: US$348 billion (51%)
Americas
ITA: 134 million (17%)
ITR: US$145 billion (21%)
Middle East
ITA: 39 million (5%)
ITR: US$28 billion (4%)
Asia/Pacific
ITA: 155 million (19%)
ITR: US$139 billion (20%)
Africa
ITA: 37 million (5%)
ITR: US$22 billion (3%)
Source: UNWTO.
58
Million arrivals
World
Developing economies
50 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Other low- and low-middle-income economies*
Upper-middle-income economies*
High-income economies
1990
2000
2005
1990
2000
2005
19902000
200005
439
126
2.9
46.7
76.0
313.4
689
243
6.4
111.4
124.7
446.2
808
326
9.5
163.5
152.7
482.6
100
28.6
0.7
10.6
17.3
71.4
100
35.2
0.9
16.2
18.1
64.8
100
40.3
1.2
20.2
18.9
59.7
4.6
6.8
8.4
9.1
5.1
3.6
3.3
6.1
8.2
8.0
4.1
1.6
World
Developing economies
50 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Other low- and low-middle-income economies*
Upper-middle-income economies*
High-income economies
1990
2000
2005
1990
2000
2005
19902000
200005
273
50
1.1
22.7
25.8
223.8
483
126
3.0
63.0
60.1
356.8
682
205
5.3
102.1
97.5
476.6
100
18.1
0.4
8.3
9.4
81.9
100
26.1
0.6
13.0
12.5
73.9
100
30.1
0.8
15.0
14.3
69.9
5.9
9.8
10.5
10.7
8.8
4.8
7.1
10.2
12.0
10.2
10.1
6.0
59
10
Percent
Figure 3. Average annual growth in international tourist arrivals, selected country groupings (19902005)
World
50 LDCs
Lower-middleincome economies
Upper-middleincome economies
High-income
economies
Source: UNWTO.
Note: Country groupings are according to the UNWTO. Emerging and LDC markets accounted for over 320 million international arrivals and US$200 billion revenue
in 2005, and grew at almost twice the rates of the industrialized markets. Virtually all LDC states are tourism exporters.
60
Notes
1 This kind of index presentation is a work in progressit is a broadbrush measure defined by its inputs. It is also complementary to
other sectoral indexes, and in some cases encompasses them.
Here, the outputs reflect general World Economic Forum business information as provided by the Executive Opinion Survey,
amplified by sector-specific questions and data sources. These
sources include UNWTO data on hotel rooms per capita. Further,
the Index acknowledges the UNTSA comprehensive approach for
measurement of tourism economic impacts, as UNWTO datasets
for international arrivals and revenue have been used by the
World Economic Forum for testing the explanatory power of the
Index. This UNWTO data also features prominently in the country
profiles of part 2.1 of this Report.
2 A free download of the brochure Tourism and Least Developed
Countries: A Sustainable Opportunity to Reduce Poverty is available at www.unwto.org/sustainable/doc/tourism-and-ldc.pdf.
3 For more information on the United Nations Tourism Satellite
Account (UNTSA), see the UNWTO website at
www.unwto.org/statistics. See Appendix B for a comprehensive
overview of Tourism Characteristic Products as used in the
UNTSA. More than 20 states have full implementation in process
and a further 50 are examining application measures. UNWTO is
working to extend this globally.
References
For an overview of UNWTO publications in the field of poverty alleviation and sustainable tourism, see the UNWTO website at
www.unwto.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html.
61
62
Appendix A: International tourism, average annual growth 19952005 (countries and territories with more
than 150,000 arrivals and more than US$150 million in receipts)
International tourist arrivalsa
Population
(millions)
2005
World
Cambodia
Qatar
Georgia
Latvia
Kazakhstan
Croatia (tce)
El Salvador
Mongolia
Ethiopia
Ukraine
Yemen (ths)
Algeria (vf)
Iran
Zambia
Oman (ths/tf)
Uganda
Botswana
United Arab Emirates (ths)
Honduras
Trinidad and Tobago
Brazil
Nicaragua
Turkey
Bahrain
Lithuania
Estonia
Guatemala
Peru
Morocco
China
Saudi Arabia
Bulgaria
Egypt
Syrian Arab Republic (tce/tf)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (tce)
Ghana
Bolivia
Vietnam (vf)
Lebanon
Turks and Caicos
Cuba
Jordan
South Africa (vf)
Macao (China)
India
Panama
Costa Rica
Greece
Belize
Malaysia
Dominican Rep.
Iceland (tce)
Namibia
Hong Kong (China)
Ecuador (vf)
Mauritius
Senegal (ths/tf)
Slovenia (tc)
New Zealand (vf)
6,449
13.6
0.9
4.7
2.3
15.2
4.5
6.7
2.8
73.1
47.0
20.7
32.5
64.7
11.1
3.0
28.2
1.6
2.6
7.2
1.08
186
5.5
69.7
0.7
3.6
1.3
12.2
27.9
32.7
1,306
26.4
7.5
77.5
18.4
4.4
22.0
8.9
83.5
3.8
0.02
11.35
5.8
44.3
0.4
1,094
3.1
4.0
10.7
0.3
24.0
9.09
0.3
2.0
6.9
13.4
1.2
11.9
2.0
4.0
Average annual
growth (%)b
(1,000 arrivals)
1995
2000
2005
19952005
4.1
20.5
11.4
20.7
7.6
n/a
19.0
17.3
12.1
8.2
10.9
18.6
10.7
14.5
13.6
17.5
11.3
12.7
12.3
9.5
5.9
10.4
9.7
11.1
10.9
11.9
13.7
8.9
12.0
8.4
8.9
10.6
3.4
11.1
15.2
8.0
4.1
5.9
9.9
9.7
9.7
11.8
10.8
4.8
7.9
6.3
7.4
7.9
3.5
6.1
8.2
7.6
6.9
12.4
11.0
6.9
6.1
10.6
7.8
5.3
125
104
1,058
120
487
203
1,883
172
121
3
330
16
44
26
47
412
17
929
2,363
94
431
29
130
291
5,686
556
1,438
108
53
179
36
344
649
106
183
48
19
57
42
298
9,730
199
519
170
20,067
4
224
418
1,338
841
686
406
2,935
349
2,141
64
618
65
773
586
(US$, million)
1995
2000
2005
411,000
53
n/a
n/a
20
122
1,349
85
21
16
191
50
33
67
47
n/a
78
162
632
107
77
972
50
4,957
247
77
357
213
428
1,296
8,730
n/a
473
2,684
1,258
n/a
11
55
n/a
n/a
53
963
660
2,125
3,102
2,581
309
681
4,135
78
3,969
1,571
186
278
7,760
255
430
168
1,082
2,318
483,000
304
128
97
131
356
2,782
217
36
57
394
73
96
467
111
221
165
222
1,063
260
213
1,810
129
7,636
573
391
508
482
837
2,039
16,231
n/a
1,076
4,345
1,082
233
335
68
n/a
n/a
285
1,737
723
2,675
3,208
3,460
458
1,302
9,219
111
5,011
2,860
229
160
5,907
402
542
144
965
2,267
682,000
840
760
239
341
701
7,463
543
177
168
3,125
181
178c
1,074c
161c
481
355
562
2,200
472
453
3,861
207
18,152
920
921
951
869
1,308
4,621
29,296
6,111
2,429
6,851
2,175
567
796
205
1,880
5,432
n/a
1,920
1,441
7,327
7,980
7,478
780
1,570
13,731
204
8,543
3,508
409
348
10,286
486
871
212c
1,801
4,865
19952005
5.2
31.8
35.7
22.5
32.8
19.1
18.7
20.4
23.7
26.5
22.0
13.7
20.7
14.0
14.7
10.7
16.4
13.2
13.3
16.0
19.4
14.8
15.3
13.9
14.1
12.6
10.3
15.1
11.8
13.6
12.9
n/a
17.8
9.8
5.6
12.6
15.9
14.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
7.1
8.1
13.2
9.9
11.2
9.7
8.7
12.8
10.1
8.0
8.4
8.2
2.3
2.9
6.7
7.3
2.8
5.2
7.7
US$
106
62
881
51
149
46
1,660
81
63
2
67
9
6
17
15
160
13
343
858
66
421
21
38
261
1,337
256
714
71
47
141
22
231
326
88
118
128
36
23
23
1,420
15,583
169
250
165
17,765
7
248
391
1,287
726
357
386
1,378
171
1,491
36
708
18
895
1,206
(contd.)
Pakistan
Tanzania
Romania (tce)
Ireland
Slovakia (tce)
Denmark (tce)
Br.Virgin Islands
Spain
Czech Republic (tce)
Sweden (tce)
Colombia
Australia (vf/tf)
Philippines
Belgium (tce)
Fiji
Sri Lanka
Luxembourg (tce)
Aruba
Netherlands (tce)
Finland
Germany (tce)
US Virgin Islands
Japan
Taiwan (China) (vf)
Argentina
Puerto Rico
Norway
Hungary
Tunisia
Mexico
Saint Lucia
Portugal
Thailand
France
French Polynesia
United Kingdom (vf)
Canada
Jamaica
Kenya
St. Maarten
Reunion
Chile
Korea, Rep. (vf)
Maldives
Russian Federation
Bahamas
Barbados
Cyprus
Antigua, Barbados
United States
Italy
Austria (tce)
Curaao
Malta
Switzerland (ths)
Indonesia
Singapore
Uruguay
Israel
Martinique
Average annual
growth (%)b
(1,000 arrivals)
2005
1995
162
36.8
22.3
4.0
5.4
5.4
0.02
40.3
10.2
9.0
43.0
20.1
87.9
10.4
0.9
20.5
0.5
0.07
16.4
5.2
82.4
0.1
127
22.9
39.5
3.91
4.6
10.0
10.1
106
0.17
10.6
64.2
60.7
0.3
60.7
32.8
2.74
34.9
n/a
0.8
16.0
48.6
0.3
143
0.30
0.28
0.8
0.07
296
58.1
8.2
n/a
0.4
7.5
229
4.4
3.4
6.3
0.43
378
285
766
4,818
903
n/a
219
34,920
3,381
2,309
1,399
3,726
1,760
5,560
318
403
768
619
6,574
1,779
14,838
454
3,345
2,332
2,289
3,131
2,880
n/a
4,120
20,241
231
9,511
6,952
60,033
172
23,537
16,932
1,147
896
449
304
1,540
3,753
315
n/a
1,598
442
2,100
220
43,490
31,052
17,173
224
1,116
6,946
4,324
6,070
2,022
2,215
457
2000
2005
557
798
459
566c
867
1,430
6,646
7,333
1,053
1,515
3,535
4,562
272
337
47,898 55,882
4,773
6,336
2,746
3,133
557
933
4,530
5,020
1,992
2,623
6,457
6,747
294
550
400
549
852
913
721
733
10,003 10,012
2,714
3,140
18,992 21,500
546
575
4,757
6,728
2,624
3,378
2,909
3,895
3,341
3,686
3,104
3,859
n/a 10,048
5,058
6,378
20,641 21,915
270
318
12,097 11,617c
9,579 11,567
77,190 76,001
252
208
25,209 29,970
19,555 18,612
1,323
1,479
899
1,399
432
462
430
409
1,742
2,027
5,322
6,022
467
395
n/a 19,940
1,544
1,608
545
548
2,686
2,470
207
245
51,219 49,206
41,181 36,513
17,982 19,952
191
222
1,216
1,171
7,821
7,229
5,064
5,002
6,062
7,080
1,968
1,808
2,417
1,903
526
484
19952005
7.8
7.9
6.4
4.3
5.3
8.9
4.4
4.8
6.5
3.1
4.4
3.0
4.1
2.0
5.6
3.1
1.7
1.7
4.3
5.8
3.8
2.4
7.2
3.8
5.5
1.6
3.0
n/a
4.5
0.8
3.2
2.2
5.2
2.4
1.9
2.4
1.0
2.6
4.6
0.3
3.0
2.8
4.8
2.3
n/a
0.1
2.2
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.5
0.1
0.5
0.4
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.5
0.6
5
16
64
1,826
279
840
14,883
1,385
619
348
22
250
30
651
616
27
1,948
10,236
610
601
261
5,001
53
148
99
942
840
1,004
633
206
1,912
1,104
180
1,253
769
494
567
541
40
n/a
526
127
124
1,132
140
5,328
1,963
3,166
3,571
166
628
2,438
n/a
2,937
965
22
1,600
529
303
1,118
(US$, million)
1995
2000
2005
110
502
590
2,208
623
3,673
211
25,252
2,880
3,471
657
8,125
1,136
4,548
291
226
1,721
521
6,578
1,641
18,001
822
3,224
3,286
2,222
1,828
2,238
2,953
1,530
6,179
230
4,831
8,039
27,587
326
20,500
7,917
1,069
486
349
283
911
5,150
211
4,312
1,346
622
1,798
247
63,395
28,731
12,927
175
656
9,459
5,229
7,611
611
2,993
384
81
377
359
2,633
433
3,694
345
29,968
2,973
4,064
1,030
9,274
2,156
6,592
182
248
1,806
814
7,217
1,406
18,693
1,206
3,373
3,738
2,904
2,388
2,050
3,757
1,683
8,294
281
5,243
7,468
30,757
n/a
21,857
10,778
1,333
283
511
296
819
6,834
321
3,429
1,734
723
1,941
291
82,400
27,493
9,931
189
587
7,777
4,975
5,142
713
4,088
302
180
796
1,051
4,744
1,210
4,954
391c
47,891
4,631
7,427
1,218
16,866
2,130
9,861
439
429
3,616
1,095
10,475
2,186
29,204
1,493
12,439
5,040
2,753
3,239
3,495
4,271
2,063
11,803
345
7,931
9,591
42,276
522
30,675
13,584
1,545
579
619
384
1,256
5,660
287
5,564
2,069
776
2,318
327
81,680
35,398
15,467
239
775
11,040
4,521
5,740
594
2,853
280
19952005
5.0
4.7
5.9
7.9
6.9
3.0
7.1
6.6
4.9
7.9
6.4
7.6
6.5
8.0
4.2
6.6
7.7
7.7
4.8
2.9
5.0
6.1
1.2
4.4
2.2
5.9
4.6
3.8
3.0
6.7
4.1
5.1
1.8
4.4
4.8
4.1
5.5
3.8
1.8
5.9
3.1
3.3
0.9
3.1
2.6
4.4
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
3.2
1.7
1.6
1.4
2.8
0.3
0.5
3.1
US$
1
22
47
1,181
223
912
17,623
1,187
452
825
28
840
24
951
491
21
7,716
15,304
638
419
354
12,466
98
220
70
828
761
427
205
111
2,074
751
149
697
1,928
506
414
565
17
n/a
494
79
116
821
39
6,856
2,784
2,971
4,758
276
609
1,890
n/a
1,945
1,474
20
1,297
174
455
647
(contd.)
Appendix A: International tourism, average annual growth 19952005 (countries and territories with more
than 150,000 arrivals and more than US$150 million in receipts) (contd.)
63
Appendix A: International tourism, average annual growth 19952005 (countries and territories with more
than 150,000 arrivals and more than US$150 million in receipts) (contd.)
International tourist arrivalsa
Population
(millions)
Nepal
Venezuela
Zimbabwe (vf)
Poland
Bermuda
Cayman Islands
Average annual
growth (%)b
(1,000 arrivals)
2005
1995
2000
2005
27.7
25.4
12.2
38.6
0.07
0.04
363
700
1,416
19,215
387
361
464
469
1,967
17,400
332
354
376
706
1,559
15,200
270
168
19952005
0.3
0.1
1.0
2.3
3.6
7.4
14
28
128
394
4,124
3,790
(US$, million)
1995
2000
2005
19952005
US$
177
849
145
6,614
488
394
158
423
125
5,677
431
559
132
641
99
6,284
430
353
2.9
2.8
3.7
0.5
1.3
1.1
5
25
8
163
6,578
7,974
Note: Country order is from fastest- to slowest-growing destination according to weighted average of annual growth rate for international arrivals and for
international tourism receipts.
a Last year or years with consistent series available
b Tourist arrivals are designated with a code in parentheses after the country name. Arrivals are measured as international tourist arrivals at frontiers
(excluding same-day visitors) (tf) unless otherwise indicated; international visitor arrivals at frontiers (tourists and same-day visitors) (vf); international
tourist arrivals at hotels and similar establishments (ths); and international tourist arrivals at collective tourism establishments (tce).
c Data are from 2004.
d Data are from 2003.
Source: UNWTO; data as collected in UNWTO database November 2006.
64
CPC/code Title
CPC/code Title
63110.0
63191.0
63192.0
63193.0
63194.0
63195.0
63199.1
72211.1
73111.0
63210.0
63220.0
63290.0
63300.0
64111.1
64111.2
64213.0
64214.0
64219.1
64221.0
64222.0
64223.0
65111.0
65211.0
65219.1
65219.2
65219.3
65230.0
66110.0
66120.1
66120.2
66400.0
67300.0
67400.0
67510.0
67530.1
67610.0
67690.1
67690.2
67710.0
67790.0
67811.0
67812.0
67813.0
67820.0
71100.1
71100.2
71311.1
71320.1
71320.2
71334.1
71334.2
71339.1
71552.0
65119.1
65119.2
65119.3
65119.4
65130.1
73114.1
73115.1
73116.1
73240.1
73240.2
73240.3
73240.4
73240.5
73240.6
73290.1
85970.0
87143.0
87149.1
87149.2
91131.1
91131.2
91210.1
91210.2
96230.0
96310.0
96411.0
96412.0
96421.0
96422.0
96510.0
96520.1
96520.2
96520.3
96520.5
96590.1
96620.2
96910.1
96910.2
96910.3
96920.1
96920.2
97230.4
97910.0
Spa services
Escort services
65
CHAPTER 1.5
global agenda. We need to remind ourselves of our common destiny as true citizens of this world, and to facilitate
a dialogue in which we can re-emphasize the values we
67
68
Regions and governments throughout the tourismdeveloping world are eagerly maximizing their unique
offerings on a wider scale than ever before. Along with
the movement of goods and services, globalization has
meant a greater movement of peoplemany of them
tourists.
Whereas only a few years ago competition for
tourists was an arena in which only four or five nations
played, today the ease of communication and connectedness of cultures have encouraged dozens of new
entrants into the market, making it more competitive
and raising the bar in the competition.
Africa
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Secretary-General Francesco Frangialli underscored the
importance of Africas development of Travel & Tourism,
saying, This African tourism success story is particularly
important for the fight against poverty and the progress
towards the Millennium Development Goals, where
this sector can play a pivotal role for every State on the
continent.5
With an expected overall growth rate in people
visiting Africa of 10.6 percent for 2006, Africa is this
year again the worlds regional leader in terms of percentage growth. Between January and August of 2006,
international tourist arrivals increased by 9.8 percent.
Asia and the Pacific
Asia and the Pacific has been the worlds second fastest
growing region in the first eight months of 2006
(+8.3 percent). Despite some sharp differences, the
regions overall performance is notable, especially
considering that the T&T sector has suffered from
natural disasters, health scares, and political unrest.
Middle East
The Middle Easts positive results (+6 percent growth
in visitors to the Middle East) have to be interpreted
within its geopolitical context and its impact on tourism
flows. Data available so far show that the conflict between
Israel and Lebanon had only very limited impact on the
pace of the growth of the region as a whole.
Although conflict has taken its toll on tourism
demand for some destinations, otherssuch as Dubai
and Abu Dhabiare viewed as safe destinations and
have experienced high demand, offsetting the lost
69
70
Challenges
The preceding section proves that Travel & Tourism has
made great strides in fulfilling its promise. It stands to
offer more in the immediate future to developing
economies; nonetheless, challenges to continued success
do present themselves.
Security
Public policy
71
Opportunities
In industries of exploding growth, opportunities typically
abound for the ingenious.The advantage for economies
currently developing their T&T business is that many of
the opportunities have already been developed and
piloted in developed regions. Following are some
opportunities that could prove eminently successful
wherever they are practiced.
Sharing best practices
Coda
Travel & Tourism has accomplished much, and it still
holds much promise for the world. But, as always, it is
up to individual people to seize and derive benefit from
that promise and fulfill their individual responsibility.
The governments and destinations that will win
tomorrow will have an identifiable strategy; they will
seek out the barriers to tourism and address them.They
will form partnerships with industry leaders to prepare
the citizenry and infrastructure as required.They will
quickly counteract inaccurate media images that discourage visitors.
Our industry is a gathering of people bound by
causes both economic and societal.We who commit our
lives to this industry do so in order to make a profit for
our companies and their owners, and for ourselves. But
we make this commitment also because we desire to
contribute positively to bring the world closer together
so that jobs can be created in communities around
the world, so that those communities can have clean
water and good schools, so that disaster victims can get
food and clothing, so that grandparents live to become
old and see their children and their childrens children
thrive.We do it so that families in developing nations
can afford not to sell their children into slavery, and so
that restless teenagers can find work that takes them off
the street and gives them pride and hope.
Notes
Industry outlook
The future looks bright for the T&T industry.
The UNWTO projects that 2007 will be fourth
year of sustained growth for the global industry.17
Growth is expected to continue in 2007 at a pace of
around 4 percent worldwide. Most importantly, world
tourism demand is showing resilience against external
factors. Even in the wake of terrorist attacks, wars, and
political unrest around the world, the UNWTO reports
that international tourist arrivals totaled 578 million
worldwide, up 4.5 percent, up from the same period in
2005a year that saw an all-time record number of
international travelers.
In addition, the short-term outlook remains very
positive, especially against the background of a strong
world economy. Favorable exchange rates continue to
encourage European and Asian travelers. International
tourism is likely to remain buoyant unless major incidents
occur.
The UNWTO projects a slow but steady growth
for the industry through the year 2020. Experts estimate
that the industry will see an average growth of approximately 4 percent per year through the year 2020. And
although untouched T&T destinations will continue to
emerge, the industry can likely avoid potentially dangerous fluctuations and should enjoy steady, sustainable
growth.
References
Twain, M. 1869 (2002). Innocents Abroad, with an Introduction by T.
Quirk and Notes by G. Cardwell. New York: Penguin Classics.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2006a. UNWTO Executive
Council: Tourism Fosters Trade and Development. UNWTO
Press and Communications Department, Algiers/ Madrid,
November 21. Available at www.unwto.org (accessed 11/28/06).
. 2006b. 2007 to be fourth year of sustained growth. UNWTO
World Tourism Barometer Madrid, November 6. Available at
http://www.world-tourism.org/newsroom/Releases/
2006/november/barometer06.htm
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2006. Progress and Priorities,
2006/2007. London: WTTC.
73
Electronic Payments:
A Catalyst for Tourism and
Economic Growth
JOHN ELKINS, Executive Vice President of Global Brand and
Marketing, Visa International
CHAPTER 1.6
75
76
77
78
79
80
But in order for this concept to work within the context of Travel & Tourism, it is important to recognize
that the trade between the hotelier and the tourist, or
the street vendor and the tourist, needs a standardized
form of payment that is mutually acceptable and provides
a rewarding experience to both parties.This is where
electronic payments come into play. Payment cards and
other electronic payment enablers are ubiquitous, secure,
reliable, and convenient.They make it easier for people
to conduct businesses.They make it easier to travel.
Notes
1 All-Africa Media, The Reporter, July 29, 2006.
2 Remarks by former US Secretary of Transportation, April 810, 2005,
Global Travel and Tourism Summit, 2005, New Delhi, India.
3 For the purposes of this paper, the term electronic payment refers to
all card-based transactions (credit, debit, prepaid, and commercial).
4 Listfield and Monte-Nigret, August 31, 1994, Modernizing Payment
Systems in Emerging Economies, World Bank.
5 All-Africa Media, The Reporter, July 29, 2006.
6 Calculated on the basis of a US GDP of US$13 trillion, a figure provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of
Commerce.
7 UNWTO, Tourism Enriches, September 27, 2006.
8 Remarks by US Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice, April 1012,
2006, Global Travel and Tourism Summit, 2006, Washington, DC.
9 Prahalad, 2005, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Wharton
School Publishing.
10 Financial Times, London Edition, May 2, 2006, p. 23.
11 Listfield and Monte-Nigret, August 31, 1994, Modernizing Payment
Systems in Emerging Economies, World Bank.
12 Financial Times, London Edition, May 2, 2006, p. 23.
13 Financial Times, London Edition, May 2, 2006, p. 23.
Conclusion
In a world characterized by dramatic improvements in
transportation and communications, tourism offers
many countries, information about a business or individuals credit track record is simply unavailable.This
makes it difficult, if not impossible, to borrow money.
And it can result in higher interest rates to offset the
higher risk.
In order to help bridge this gap,Visa has been
working with the International Finance Corporation (the
private sector arm of the World Bank)in cooperation
with governmentsto set up and improve credit bureaus
in more than 10 countries. By reducing risk, the initiative
can increase access to financial services; something that
is good for the merchants business and good for the
economy.
Of course one of the most important activities that
governments and the private sector can each undertake
is promotion and marketing, because it can benefit
countries and regions as a whole, as well as the bottom
lines of individual organizations. However, as the very
medium of promotional marketing evolves, so too must
the tactical programs that the public and private sector
initiate. It is no longer effective to operate marketing
programs in a silo. Instead, todays collaborative environment offers endless possibilities to extend reach in a
highly targeted way. For instance, nationally hosted
events such as the Olympic Games and the Rugby
World Cup offer tremendous opportunity to leverage
private sector sponsorships, investment, and marketing
initiatives that drive tourists to the host country long
past the actual event.
Likewise a cross-regional approach to marketing
key destinations through tactical marketing activities
aimed at tourists from just one source market can yield
significant results because the firepower is directed
toward where it will generate the most results.This type
of work can easily be done on the industry-side, with
government endorsement, when the organization
involved is in one or more markets.Visa has initiated its
own cross-regional marketing program in support of its
own T&T efforts.
Of course, one of the most effective forms of
marketing is probably word of mouth. And in todays
world of technology-enabled peer-to-peer communication, this fact should never be underestimated. As new
media such as community chat boards and blogs dethrone
traditional travel information sources such as paid advertisements and journalist commentary, the travel industry
needs to be able to respond to consumer demand for
real recommendations.This means not only revising
current marketing strategies to accommodate new communication mediums and styles, but also ensuring that
industry employeesespecially those dealing directly
with the traveling publicare well-trained and motivated.
81
82
References
All-Africa Media. 2006. The Reporter. July 29.
Birkland, T. A. 2005. Impact of the Boxing Day Tsunami on Tourism in
Thailand. Slide presentation, SUNY Albany. Available at
www.rpi.edu/dept/cits.
Celent. 2006. Mobile Commerce: Dealing with the Devil in the Details.
February. San Francisco: Celent.
Economic growth is determined by the resources available to a nation in the form of labor, energy, materials,
and past savings accumulated in its stock of capital, and
in the productivity of those resources. Productivity can
vary according to a number of factors, the most important of which are generally considered to be education,
research and development (R&D), and the capital assets
available to each worker.This paper looks at new evidence that the air transport network is one of those key
capital assets that enhances productivity and, hence,
supply-side economic growth.
CHAPTER 1.7
Association, Geneva
What is competitiveness?
Competitiveness is a widely used, and sometimes abused,
term. In the context of a nations economic performance
it is often used to mean the ability to succeed in trade
battles on the international market place.Yet the
evidence has been that trade is not a zero sum game,
confirming the predictions of the theory of comparative,
rather than competitive, advantage. Competition among
nations will lead to specialization in those traded goods
and services for which the country is relatively, but not
absolutely, better.The United States still exports goods
to China despite having labor costs many times the level
of its trading partner. Both countries benefit from this
trade. It is not like competition between companies on a
specific market. If a business has higher costs or poorer
quality than its competitor, it will go out of business,
eventually. If a country finds higher costs leading to a
persistent deficit in its trade in goods and services, its
exchange rate will fall, eventually.
So in a world of relatively flexible exchange rates,
the trade competitiveness described above of a nations
businesses does little to drive economic growth and
welfare in the sense of winning battles in the arena of
international trade. If it is highly competitive, its
exchange rate will rise, eliminating its advantage. If
uncompetitive, its exchange rate will fall, pricing its
traded goods and services back into international markets.
However, economic growth and living standards are
driven very powerfully by a nations productivity.
Knowledge, institutions, and assets that enable a nation
to produce more from its own supply of labor, energy,
materials, and past savings will directly raise living standards and economic growth. As the Conference Board
of Canada put it, productivity growth is the key to
maintaining and improving living standardsit gives us
the biggest bang for the buck.1
The World Economic Forums Global
Competitiveness Index provides an important perspective
on a range of institutions and circumstances that drive a
countrys productivity growth, particularly regarding the
friendliness of the business environment.2 The new
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
featured in this Report uses that perspective to measure
how friendly a countrys business, regulatory, and
83
84
Measuring connectivity
We measure the quality of a countrys air transport network by its connectivity from the point of view of its
businesses.This connectivity is defined as the scope of
access between an individual airport or country and the
global air transport network. It is a measure of the
number and economic importance of the destinations
served, the frequency of service to each destination, and
the number of onward connections available from each
destination. Connectivity increases as the range of
destinations and/or frequency of service increases.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
has used data from the SRS Analyser airline schedule
database to construct a time-series indicator of the
connectivity of a countrys key airports to the global air
transport network.The connectivity indicator measures
the number of available seats to a particular destination
in a certain period (the first week of July for each year
from 1995 to 2005). It then weights the number of
available seats by the size of the destination airport (in
terms of number of passengers handled in each year).
This provides a proxy estimate of both the range and
economic importance of the destinations, the frequency
of service, and the number of onward connections
available.
For example, Atlanta airport, as the worlds largest
airport, is given a weighting of 1. Paris CDG airport,
which handles 61 percent of the number of passengers
handled by Atlanta, is given a weighting of 0.61.
Therefore, if an airport has 1,000 seats available to
Atlanta it is given a weighted total of 1,000. But if it also
has 1,000 seats available to Paris CDG, these are only
given a weighted total of 610.The weighted totals are
then summed for all destinations (and divided by a scalar
factor of 1,000) to determine the connectivity indicator.
Airport
Number of
destinations
served
Number of
available seats
per week
202
199
122
128
85
75
54
1,056,286
944,024
551,801
284,479
230,890
101,546
78,850
Chicago (ORD)
London Heathrow
Beijing
Copenhagen
Johannesburg
Budapest
Nairobi
Source: IATA; SRS Analyser.
Connectivity
indicator
286.6
244.2
92.5
63.0
34.7
24.6
12.3
There are a number of different measures of productivity. Perhaps the most widely cited is labor productivity, which is the ratio of output produced to the
amount of labor input used in producing the output:
labor productivity =
output
labor hours
output
aggregate input quantity index
Measuring productivity
For economists, one of the key measures of economic
performance is productivity. Productivity is a general term
referring to the amount of economic output (that is,
goods and services) generated by a given quantity of
inputs.These inputs, or factors of production, can
include labor, capital, energy, and materials. Productivity
growth refers to the ability to produce the same amount
of output using fewer inputs, or, equally, more output
produced with the same amount of inputs.
It is productivity growth that sustains increasing
standards of living. Paul Krugman writes:
85
130
Figure 1: Labor and total factor productivity measures are highly correlated
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Source: InterVISTAS.
86
Developed Asia
60
50
Emerging Europe
Transitioning Asia and South America
40
30
20
10
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
87
b: By country
40
40
35
35
30
30
Percent of sales
a: By sector
Percent of sales
25
20
15
25
20
15
10
10
0
Manu- High tech Financial
and
facturing
business
services
Other
Total
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
Source: IATA.
88
Figure 4: Importance of good-quality air transport services
100
100
80
80
60
60
Percent
Percent
a: For sales
40
40
20
20
0
Passenger
Services
Freight
Services
Express
Delivery
Vital
Source: IATA.
Total
Very important
Passenger
Services
Freight
Services
Sometimes important
Express
Delivery
Total
100
80
80
60
Percent
Percent
60
40
40
20
20
0
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
Substantially
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
To some extent
Source: IATA.
89
On average, 80 percent of firms report that air services
are important for the efficiency of their production,
with over 50 percent of firms saying it is vital or very
important (see Figure 4b).The reported importance is
also fairly consistent across the different types of air
services, with passenger services considered to be the
most important. Companies in China and the United
States gain the most efficiency from air services, with
two-thirds of companies in these countries stating that it
is vital or very important for an efficient production
process.
The impact of air services in exploiting economies
of scale and sourcing more cost-effective suppliers is
recognized by firms. Nearly 70 percent of firms report
that, by allowing them to serve a bigger market, air
services allow them to exploit economies of scale
substantially or to some extent (see Figure 5a), while
56 percent state that these services also help to reduce
costs from suppliers (see Figure 5b).The ability to
exploit economies of scale is lowest in China and the
Czech Republic, reflecting the focus of firms on the
domestic market (in Chinas case) or exports to near
neighbors (in the Czech Republics case) at their current
stage of economic development.The Czech Republic
also had the lowest proportion of firms using air services
to source cheaper supplies, reflecting perhaps a prevalence
of nearby low-cost component producers.There are also
significant differences between sectors in the ability to
exploit economies of scale. Around three-quarters of
30
Invested anyway,
but costs were
higher
25
No investment
20
Percent
Figure 6: Has the absence of good air transport links ever affected investment decisions?
18%
23%
15
10
59%
0
Chile
China
Czech France
Republic
United
States
Total
Investment made
elsewhere
Source: IATA.
90
efficient, while allowing other products that may be
produced more efficiently elsewhere to be bought in.
The air transport network is an important factor in
determining where a company makes an investment,
with 63 percent of firms stating it is vital or very
important to their investment decision and a further
24 percent saying it is somewhat important. Even so,
air transport is one of many factors in the investment
decision and is slightly less important than the cost and
availability of labor, taxes and regulations, and, perhaps,
the local road network. However, the absence of good
air transport links can be the major determining factor
in not making an investment. On average, 18 percent of
firms reported that the lack of good air transport links
had affected their past investment decisions, with the
less-developed nature of the Chinese air network
accounting for the higher proportion of almost 30
percent who had altered past investment decisions (see
Figure 6a). Of the investments that were affected, 59
percent were made in other locations with better air
services, 18 percent went ahead anyway but with significantly higher costs, while in 23 percent of cases no
investment was made (see Figure 6b).
Over half of the businesses surveyed believe that
their ability to compete internationally would be very
badly or moderately affected by any constraints on air
Constant
Connectivity/GDP (a1 )
% R&D (a2 )
% education (a3 )
GFCF/worker (a4 )
Country dummies (a5 )
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Source: IATA; InterVISTAS.
Coefficient (ai )
Standard error
t -statistic
0.37
0.0068
0.0997
0.0191
0.3733
0.23
0.0029
0.0192
0.0218
0.0216
1.62
2.31
5.19
0.87
17.29
0.01
0.17
0.08
0.13
0.34
0.38
0.03
0.37
1.08
0.07
0.12
0.07
0.92
0.43
0.22
0.13
0.11
0.03
0.24
0.02
1.23
0.02
0.42
0.16
0.40
0.80
0.36
0.23
0.26
0.11
0.41
0.15
0.13
0.25
0.09
0.16
0.59
0.10
0.28
0.05
0.36
0.39
0.00
0.32
0.37
0.44
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.09
4.43
2.45
4.04
5.57
5.61
0.83
6.61
12.66
1.05
2.26
1.75
11.65
7.71
6.71
4.09
3.57
0.59
4.19
0.42
13.33
0.35
9.91
3.67
10.30
23.10
5.09
3.25
6.16
1.67
6.48
4.36
2.78
6.26
1.38
3.25
7.90
1.16
5.75
0.62
8.94
6.26
0.00
8.05
9.85
7.38
0.25
91
92
Country
Kenya
Cambodia
El Salvador
Jamaica
Source: InterVISTAS; ACI; IATA.
Airport
investment
(US$ million)
Aircraft
investment
(US$ million)
Increase in
connectivity
200005 (%)
Increase in
GDP (%)
GDP in 2000
(US$ million)
61
248
256
23
348
538
546
168
85
61
43
34
0.417
0.323
0.245
0.199
50,007
31,085
34,592
13,123
GDP increase
(US$ million)
209
100
85
26
Annual rate
of return (%)
59
19
16
16
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
Figure 7: The relationship of the overall Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index to a nations connectivity
4.0
3.5
3.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Conclusions
Bringing about an increase in connectivity is shown to
bring substantial long-term economic benefits, even for
a highly developed economy such as Canada.The benefits are even larger for developing countries, such as those
in Africa. Realizing these benefits will require investment
in infrastructure but may also require the liberalization
of markets and other institutional changes to bring
about the rise in connectivity.
Many of the factors necessary to develop connectivity
and gain the benefits to productivity and economic
growth are set out within the Travel & Tourism
Notes
1 See Conference Board of Canada (1997).
2 For more information on the Global Competitiveness Index , see
Chapter 1.1. in The Global Competitiveness Report 20062007
(World Economic Forum 2006).
3 See Krugman (1992, p. 9).
93
References
Blinder, A. and W. Baumol. 1993. Economics: Principles and Policy. San
Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Conference Board of Canada. 1997. Performance and Potential.
Annual Report, Conference Board of Canada, Ottawa.
Harchaoui, T. M. and F. Tarkhani. 2004. Whatever Happened to U.S.Canada Economic Growth and Productivity Performance in the
Information Age? Statistics Canada Research Paper no.
11F0027MIE-25, November.
Krugman, P. 1992. The Age of Diminished Expectations: US Economic
Policy in the 1980s. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
World Economic Forum. 2006. The Global Competitiveness Report
20062007. Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
94
CHAPTER 1.8
95
Source: www.imperial-airways.com.
96
aircraft lower the real cost of airfares and bring air travel
within the reach of mass populationsairfares have never
been cheaper in real terms (see Figure 2). Air travel,
once the domain of the wealthy and privileged, is today
a form of mass transport, with over 4 billion passengers
flying annually.
Surging demand for travel
Figure 2: The number of average weeks earnings required to fly from London to Sydney
140
120
2 years
Weeks
100
80
60
1 year
40
20
0
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Source: Author.
97
98
Against the backdrop of growing demand and supplyside pressures, new-generation aircraft that offer expanded
range, enhanced passenger comforts, and vastly improved
operating economics will play an integral role.The
massive Airbus A380 double decker, expected to enter
commercial service for the first time in 2007, will
provide long-haul hub carriers such as Emirates and
Singapore Airlines with much-needed capacity to tap
the booming global demand for air travel, while at the
same time seeking to mitigate the likely ongoing slot
shortages and congestion problems experienced at some
airports.
Wide-bodied aircraft capable of efficient and
economical ultra longrange flights, such as Boeings
777 long-range aircraft and Airbus A340-500, also open
99
Europe
Middle East
653 644
North America
1,527 1,586
667
434
577
433
2,220
2005 2050
2005 2050
1,398
2005 2050
642
Dubai
2005 2050
1,431
799
579
888
2005 2050
443
South Asia
2005 2050
2005 2050
2005 2050
Africa
Asia Pacific
South America
100
Dubai International Airport, which only recently completed its first major expansion with the opening of its
second terminal (the Sheikh Rashid Terminal) in 1999,
is now investing in further expansion to tap into the
growth in air travel demand globally and in the region.
A new airport terminal, tailor-made to accommodate
the Airbus A380 aircraft, will be ready by the end of
2007, as will a new Cargo Mega Terminal.The airport is
also building two additional concourses and upgrading
its airfield facilities with new aprons, taxiways, tunnels,
and runway extensions.When fully completed, this
US$4.1 billion expansion phase will boost the airports
capacity to 70 million passengers and 3.6 million tonnes
of cargo annually.
But passenger traffic at Dubai airport is projected to
hit 60 million in 2010, so these new facilities would
reach full operational capacity within just two years of
completion.That is why construction has already commenced at the new Dubai World Central in Jebel Ali,
some 60 kilometers from the current airport. Dubai
World Central is a brand new, integrated airport city in
a free-zone environment. It comprises a multitransport
mode logistics hub, an international airport with six
runways and the capacity for 120 million passengers
annually, a residential development for 750,000 people, a
golf resort, and commercial centers.The first phase of
Dubai World Central is due for completion in 2009.
101
102
Conclusion
The global market for air transport is getting bigger.
There will always be room for a carrier such as
Emirates, served by a hub such as Dubai. In the future
of air transport, geo-centrally located long-haul hubs,
particularly in the Middle East, are set to play an
increasingly important role if the resources are invested
to tap into the potential for growth the way that Dubai
and other Gulf nations have done.
European hubs will continue to play an important
role in global air traffic flows, but the rise of new longhaul hubs in the Middle East, combined with the advent
of new ultra long-haul aircraft, will influence these flows
and affect the way travelers experience long-haul travel.
For global businesses and international travelers, the
development and strengthening of long-haul hubs in the
Middle East ultimately delivers more air transport
options and potentially more efficient ways to travel or
to ship products to international markets.
Notes
1 See IATA (2006).
2 See Budde et al. (2006b).
3 See World Bank (2006). In 2004, GDP per capita growth for China
was 9.4 percent, India 5.4 percent, Brazil 3.5 percent, and Russia
7.7 percent.
4 See ACI (2006).
5 See UNWTO (2006).
6 See Sutherland and Wuebbeler (2006).
7 See BCG (2006a).
8 See BCG (2006a).
9 See UN (2004).
References
ACI (Airports Council International). 2005. World Airport Ranking. Report
published by ACI.
. 2006. World Report July (2).
. Updated monthly data. Available at www.airports.org/cda/aci/
display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1377-1383_9_2
and www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=
aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1380_9_2.
Budde, F., J. Goth, R. Love, D. Schilling, and B. Woffenden. 2006a.
The Rise of Middle Eastern Carriers. Boston Consulting Group
report, September.
. 2006b. Understanding the Demand for Air Travel: How to
Compete More Effectively. Boston Consulting Group report,
June.
Han, B. 2006. Asian Airport Investment Vital for Regional Growth:
Analysts. Agence France-Presse, October 8.
IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2006. Passenger and
Freight Forecast 20062010. IATA report, September. Available
at www.iata.org/economics.
The Middle Eastern air transport sector is maturing rapidly. Recent significant capacity increases from relatively
new carriers are equalled in ambition by internal change
within incumbent airlines. A formerly sleepy backwater
in the aviation landscape is generating increasing interest.
From 1999 to 2005, international flying within the
Middle East increased from 3 million to 12 million
passengers: a fourfold increase compared with an international average rise over the six-year period of 30
percent.1 Some of the most substantial aircraft orders in
the world are taking place in the Middle East. Adoption
of cutting-edge reservation and commercial technologies
is commonplace, and a few airlines are joining the global
airline alliances. Investment in both primary and secondary airports is booming, and the auxiliary industries
(such as maintenance, catering, flight training, and airport
handling) are rapidly undergoing consolidation and
privatization.
The diversity of business models is also maturing as
airlines evolve from the traditional flag carrier model to
a more sophisticated set of strategies.These differences
are driven by diverging wealth levels and national
economic policies, and are reflected in different fleet
strategies. A few new airlines are single-type carriers,
mimicking the classic low-cost model. Other airlines
focus on wide-body fleets, leveraging the lower seat
mile costs and substantial airfreight capacity as part of a
hub strategy.The wide-body airlines based in relatively
small home markets will necessarily rely substantially on
transit traffic. Recent orders for regional jets by other
carriers reflect a growing interest in developing thinner
routes and matching capacity to demand.
CHAPTER 1.9
103
104
Problems ahead
It is not clear, however, that these expansionary and
generally positive trends are leading to a genuinely fair
competitive environment that would result in sustainable
growth of the regional air transport sector. Indeed, in
many ways these very high levels of growth in the
Middle Eastern air transport sector mask the absence of
a regional agreement on the boundaries of fair competition.The director general of IATA, Giovanni Bisignani,
recently asked a gathering of Middle Eastern airline
CEOs how do we make sure your emerging success
story has a happy ending? He called for the implementation of real policy measures to support growth. 2
As the skies open, it is increasingly important that
a basic set of competitive criteria be established.
Strengthening intraregional competition regulations
will allow economically viable airlines to flourish in an
environment that rewards genuine commercial success.
Further down the line, a correctly regulated Middle
Eastern aviation sector will allow a structured rationalization of capacity to take place, with productive mergers
and acquisitions creating a number of strong regional
airlines. Scale is important in a consolidating market, and
solid regulation will support this.The current risk is the
inefficient allocation of resources, leading to a very high
increase in capacity that is not able to channel itself in
an economically viable manner through market forces.
Unfortunately, some of the faster-growing Middle
Eastern carriers are currently pushing for a superficial
version of Open Skies that limits itself to expanding
Air Service Agreements (ASAs).These carriers call for
unlimited frequency/capacity between states.This
unfortunate state of events is a by-product of certain
states putting their national short-term interests ahead
of the development of a mature regional air transport
industry.
The sixth and seventh forces outlined above are
usually present in the home markets of the airlines that
are less willing to sign up for fair competition regulation.
The losers in unregulated Open Skies would be the
airlines that are genuinely free-market, with neither
state support (direct or indirect through infrastructure)
nor access to cheap capital.These airlines, ironically, have
to restrain the political pressures to liberalize ASAs.
It took decades for the European Union to develop
and implement a framework for regulating air transport.
The Treaty of Rome in the late 1950s put the structure
in place, but it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that
European countries started to address the direct economic
support of airlines by their governments.There are many
pressures, both from within the Middle East and from
without, for a shallow liberalization of the skies that is
far from the necessary comprehensive approach. Such an
approach would consider, among other elements, key
issues such as taxation, security, access, infrastructure, and
competition law.These issues have been left to one side
in the Middle East because air transport has traditionally
been considered a luxury and policies have not yet
adapted to the enormous growth of the last decade.
Currently some airlines in this region are stuck
between two conflicting realities. On the one hand they
are pressured to be economically viable and financially
independent from their parent governments. At the same
time they are pushed toward a competitive environment
that allows less financially independent airlines unlimited
access to their home market.This is a result of a onedimensional approach to liberalization that fails to
105
106
Notes
1 See IATA (2000, 2006).
2 Remarks by Giovanni Bisignani at the AACO Annual General
Meeting, Kuwait City, November 22, 2006.
References
IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2000. World Air Transport
Statistics. 44th edition. Montreal: IATA.
. 2006. World Air Transport Statistics Special 50th Edition
Montreal: IATA.
Numerous studies have established the powerful economic and social benefits of a strong Travel & Tourism
(T&T) sector, for developing economies as well as
maturing ones. Realizing the significant potential from
sustained growth has often proven more challenging.
There have been relatively few analyses performed on
how T&T sectors develop or what specific actions can
be taken by governments and industry to accelerate the
pace of development while achieving the desired sector
composition. Further, there are both structural and practical barriers that must be addressed in order to build
and sustain momentum for growth. Recently, however,
the massive changes that have occurred in the structure
of travel distribution have opened up new opportunities
for collaboration between the public and private sectors
to achieve tourism development objectives. By taking a
rigorous, market-based consumer-centric approach to
collaborative marketing, travel suppliers, tourist boards,
and commercial intermediaries can radically improve
the productivity of their marketing spending while
accelerating sustainable, profitable growth.
The core of the tourism growth challenge lies in
the circular interdependence of supply and demand (see
Figure 1). Governments and travel suppliers must invest
in a broad range of infrastructure and capacity in order
to create a credible proposition for business investors
and leisure travelers (as highlighted in the Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Index, or TTCI).The proposition must be communicated to these constituents and
delivered as expected in order for the flow of visitors to
continue. Similarly, governments and suppliers need to
see growth in demand in order to see returns on their
initial investments (in the form of tax receipts, GDP
growth, and capacity utilization) before committing to
additional infrastructure and capacity.The result is a
chicken-and-egg feedback loop, which can lead to
either an upward or a downward spiral.
In the case of the positive, upward spiral, demand
markets gain momentum from early visitors and
investors who have had positive experiences and talk
about the merits of a destination to otherseffectively
multiplying the impact of ongoing destination marketing
and development spending.The strong growth in
demand encourages other suppliers to invest in the destination, and reinforces the credibility and funding for
continuing tourism development initiativesincluding
deregulation and structural reforms as well as continued
infrastructure and marketing funding. Singapore (ranked
8th in the TTCI) and Dubai (in aggregate, the UAE
ranked 18th) are perhaps the best-known cases of such
positive feedback. Both governments made a clear, substantial, and public commitment to the development of
the tourism sector, directed according to a clear tourism
strategy developed collaboratively among public and
private stakeholders. As a result, these destinations succeeded in gaining broad public awareness in key source
markets, with consistent messaging and brand positioning.
CHAPTER 1.10
107
Investment
Operators / suppliers
Capacity
Traveler
Socialization of
destination interest
Prominence of
market positioning
Consumer
experience
Consumer
expectations
Traveler
Infrastructure
Destination stakeholders
Investment
108
Source: Rosetta, 2006.
109
110
111
Part 2
Country/Economy Profiles
and Data Presentation
2.1
Country/Economy Profiles
Left-hand page
Key indicators
Argentina
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................38.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,780.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................181.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................14,109
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................64
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
3.9
4.3
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.0
4.6
5.0
5.1
4.9
3.8
6.5
5.1
4.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
117
measure used to quantify the volume of international tourism for statistical purposes. It includes
exclusively overnight visitorsthat is, tourists who
stay at least one night in a collective or private
accommodation in the country visited. Same-day
visitors are not included.The number of arrivals
does not necessarily correspond to the number of
persons.The same person who makes several trips
to a given country during a given period will be
counted as a new arrival each time.
International tourism receipts, expressed in
millions of current US$, are the receipts earned by
a destination country from inbound tourism and
cover all tourism receipts resulting from expenditures made by visitors from abroad, on, for instance,
lodging, food and drinks, fuel, transport in the
country, entertainment, shopping, and so on.This
measure includes receipts generated by overnight as
well as by same-day trips. Receipts from same-day
trips can be substantial, as in the case of countries
where a lot of shopping for goods and services
takes place by visitors from neighboring countries.
118
Argentina
National competitiveness balance sheet
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Property rights..................................................................121
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................111
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................75
Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................63
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Right-hand page
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
Natural and cultural resources
13.01 Number of World Heritage sites ........................................24
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever ........................................49
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................57
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................55
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................52
Human resources
11.06
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.10
List of Countries/Economies
List of Countries/Economies
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Page
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
Country/Economy
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Page
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
Country/Economy
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Page
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
119
Albania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................28.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................8.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................5,405
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
120
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................90
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.7
4.1
2.5
4.1
4.8
2.9
2.5
2.0
1.9
2.4
1.8
4.3
5.1
5.4
4.2
5.3
6.6
6.2
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.05
Property rights..................................................................116
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................113
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................110
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................66
Albania
Environmental regulation
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.02 T&T government expenditure ............................................44
Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.07
11.06
11.08
11.10
7.04
7.02
7.01
7.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................76
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................73
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................119
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................100
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................84
Human resources
Rank/124
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.11
121
Algeria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................32.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,381.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................102.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,189
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
122
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................93
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.7
4.2
4.9
2.9
2.8
2.3
3.0
1.7
1.6
5.5
4.4
4.8
4.3
3.7
6.5
4.0
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.04
1.05
1.03
1.01
1.02
Algeria
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
7.04
7.01
7.03
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................115
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................77
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................123
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................96
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................88
Human resources
Rank/124
11.07
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.02
11.11
11.10
123
Angola
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................15.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,246.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................32.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,813
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................20.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
124
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................122
Score
(17 scale)
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.8
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.6
5.0
3.3
3.1
2.4
4.2
2.7
3.6
3.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.05
1.01
1.04
1.02
1.03
Angola
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................120
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............114
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................102
Physician density..............................................................112
Access to improved drinking water .................................108
Access to improved sanitation .........................................104
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........94
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................115
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................101
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................118
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................113
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................107
Rank/124
Human resources
11.04
11.11
11.03
11.09
11.05
11.08
11.10
11.06
11.07
125
Argentina
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................38.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,780.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................181.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................14,109
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
126
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................64
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
3.9
4.3
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.0
4.6
5.0
5.1
4.9
3.8
6.5
5.1
4.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Property rights..................................................................121
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................111
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................75
Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................63
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Argentina
Tourism infrastructure
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
Tourism infrastructure
Natural and cultural resources
13.01 Number of World Heritage sites ........................................24
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever ........................................49
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................57
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................55
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................52
Human resources
11.06
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.10
127
Armenia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................29.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................3.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,270
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................13.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
128
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................74
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.2
3.8
3.3
4.8
5.5
3.7
2.8
2.3
2.6
1.9
2.2
5.1
4.8
5.2
4.4
5.0
6.3
5.1
4.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.08
11.02
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Armenia
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................88
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................66
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................91
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................88
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................67
Human resources
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.11
11.10
11.06
129
Australia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................20.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................7,741.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................708.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................30,897
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
130
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................13
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.3
4.8
5.6
5.5
5.9
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.6
3.6
5.3
5.6
5.9
4.1
7.0
4.6
5.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Australia
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11
11.10
11.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.03
6.01
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................24
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................16
11.07
11.06
11.08
11.05
11.04
Human resources
131
Austria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................8.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................83.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................305.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................33,432
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
132
15,000
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................2
Score
(17 scale)
5.5
5.8
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.2
5.2
5.0
4.1
5.5
6.9
4.8
3.6
5.9
5.5
6.0
3.7
6.9
5.5
6.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................3
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................4
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................8
Rank/124
Austria
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................3
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................3
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................23
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................23
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................17
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.05
13.05
13.03
13.04
13.02
11.07
11.06
11.08
11.10
11.11
11.04
11.03
133
Azerbaijan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................8.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................86.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................12.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,601
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................24.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
134
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................75
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.2
5.0
4.7
3.4
3.3
2.8
3.9
2.1
2.4
5.3
4.4
5.4
4.5
5.4
6.2
4.8
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Azerbaijan
Safety and security
3.03 Business costs of crime and violence................................26
3.02 Reliability of police services ...............................................50
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................111
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............103
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................99
6.02
6.03
6.06
6.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................82
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................65
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................85
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................74
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................57
Human resources
11.01
11.05
11.11
11.03
11.04
11.10
11.02
135
Bahrain
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................13.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................21,565
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
136
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................47
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.7
4.5
4.8
3.5
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.0
5.8
4.9
4.9
4.8
3.5
6.6
5.4
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Bahrain
Environmental regulation
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.02 T&T government expenditure ............................................44
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................46
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.02
11.11
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................82
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................47
137
Bangladesh
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................141.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................144.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................60.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,011
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
138
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................120
Score
(17 scale)
3.2
3.1
3.7
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.4
2.6
2.0
2.8
1.3
1.7
5.3
4.0
4.3
3.7
4.2
5.0
3.9
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Bangladesh
Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
10.02 Purchasing power parity.......................................................9
10.04 Fuel price level ...................................................................16
10.03 Extent and effect of taxation..............................................48
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............116
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................110
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................105
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................25
139
Air transport infrastructure
6.04
6.01
6.03
6.06
6.05
6.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................116
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................111
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................121
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................115
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................97
Rank/124
Human resources
11.04
11.05
11.07
11.10
11.03
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.08
Barbados
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................3.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................17,610
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
140
700
600
500
400
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................29
Score
(17 scale)
4.9
5.1
5.2
4.4
5.1
5.4
5.2
4.1
3.2
4.1
3.8
4.6
4.9
5.4
5.3
5.3
4.1
6.6
6.6
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Barbados
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................6
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................13
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................18
6.05
6.04
6.02
6.06
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.03
11.10
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................40
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................60
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.04
11.06
11.05
11.11
141
Belgium
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................10.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................32.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................371.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................31,244
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
142
8,000
6,000
4,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................21
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.1
6.6
3.4
4.4
4.0
6.0
4.2
4.4
3.5
5.6
5.5
6.1
3.5
6.8
5.0
6.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Belgium
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................11
5.01
5.04
5.03
5.02
6.04
6.02
6.06
6.05
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.03
11.04
11.05
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.11
11.10
Human resources
143
Benin
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................8.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................112.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................4.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,176
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
144
150
100
50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................116
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.8
4.1
3.1
2.8
2.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
1.7
4.3
4.0
4.1
3.5
4.8
3.9
4.6
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Human resources
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................37
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................39
1.05
1.03
1.04
1.02
1.01
Benin
Environmental regulation
Physician density..............................................................117
Access to improved sanitation .........................................103
Access to improved drinking water ...................................96
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........65
5.04
5.01
5.03
5.02
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................109
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................108
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
Rank/124
Human resources
11.09
11.02
11.05
11.11
11.08
11.04
11.03
11.01
11.10
Malaria incidence..............................................................117
Secondary education enrollment......................................112
Extent of staff training......................................................108
Life expectancy ................................................................106
HIV prevalence .................................................................102
Local availability of research and training services.............98
Quality of the educational system .....................................93
Primary education enrollment ............................................89
Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................81
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................107
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................105
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................105
145
Bolivia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................9.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,098.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................9.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,724
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
146
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................109
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.5
4.1
3.0
3.6
3.7
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.0
2.2
1.9
4.7
4.2
4.8
4.2
4.7
5.6
4.0
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.05
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.06
11.07
Rank/124
Bolivia
147
Air transport infrastructure
6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02
6.03
7.03
7.04
7.01
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................78
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................67
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................106
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................89
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................89
Human resources
Rank/124
11.03
11.05
11.04
11.10
11.09
11.11
11.02
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
148
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................104
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.6
4.2
2.8
4.2
4.8
2.0
2.8
1.9
2.1
3.3
2.7
4.1
4.1
4.8
3.9
3.9
6.6
4.1
3.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.03
1.01
1.05
Property rights..................................................................120
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................114
Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................98
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................70
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
Safety and security
6.02
6.06
6.01
6.05
6.03
6.04
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................120
Port infrastructure ............................................................116
Domestic transport network ............................................104
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................90
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................83
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................66
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................81
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................62
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................52
Human resources
Rank/124
11.01
11.07
11.02
11.05
11.06
11.04
11.03
11.10
149
Botswana
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................1.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................581.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................10.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................11,410
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
150
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................70
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.2
4.7
4.1
4.7
4.1
3.4
3.3
3.1
3.5
2.7
1.9
5.3
4.5
3.5
4.5
3.6
2.4
5.6
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................38
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Botswana
6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................71
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................54
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................110
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................91
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................86
Human resources
11.08
11.11
11.07
11.10
11.09
11.04
11.06
11.02
11.05
11.03
151
Brazil
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................186.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................8,514.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................795.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................8,561
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
152
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................59
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.1
4.4
4.4
3.9
4.4
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.0
4.4
3.2
4.3
4.7
4.9
4.6
3.7
6.3
4.5
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................28
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............50
Rank/124
Brazil
Environmental regulation
Safety and security
4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.02 Secondary education enrollment..........................................1
11.04 Local availability of research and training services.............32
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................38
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................61
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................58
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................55
Human resources
11.03
11.06
11.09
11.08
11.11
11.07
11.10
153
Bulgaria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................7.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................111.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................26.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................9,223
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
154
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................54
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.2
4.2
3.2
3.5
5.8
4.1
3.6
2.8
3.3
4.4
3.1
4.6
5.1
5.1
4.6
4.0
6.6
5.6
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............107
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................104
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................90
Rank/124
Bulgaria
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.08
11.09
11.10
6.06
6.01
6.03
6.02
6.05
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................86
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................53
Human resources
11.05
11.07
11.03
11.04
11.06
11.11
155
Burkina Faso
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................13.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................274.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................5.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,285
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................7.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
156
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................113
Score
(17 scale)
3.4
3.6
3.7
4.2
4.5
2.6
3.1
2.5
1.8
2.4
1.9
1.7
4.5
4.2
3.2
2.2
4.6
2.8
6.2
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Burkina Faso
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................35
7.03
7.01
7.04
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................103
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................116
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................115
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................93
Human resources
Rank/124
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.09
11.11
11.08
11.05
11.10
11.04
11.06
157
Burundi
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................7.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................27.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................0.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................739
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................0.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
158
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................123
Score
(17 scale)
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.8
3.5
3.2
1.8
2.3
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.5
4.5
3.5
3.1
2.6
4.6
2.1
4.4
3.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................34
1.02
1.04
1.01
1.05
1.03
Property rights..................................................................119
Visa requirements ............................................................113
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................107
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ................106
Rules governing foreign direct investment ........................95
Burundi
Physician density..............................................................119
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ......109
Access to improved sanitation .........................................101
Access to improved drinking water ...................................86
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
Rank/124
Human resources
11.04
11.09
11.05
11.01
11.02
11.11
11.10
11.08
11.03
11.07
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................122
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................120
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................119
159
Cambodia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................14.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................181.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................6.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,399
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................13.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
160
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................96
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.7
2.2
5.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
1.1
1.7
5.3
4.5
4.1
3.7
4.3
4.2
5.5
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................40
Human resources
Rank/124
Property rights....................................................................96
Visa requirements ..............................................................94
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................83
Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................76
Rules governing foreign direct investment ........................62
Cambodia
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................96
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............75
4.04
4.03
4.02
4.01
6.04
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05
7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................121
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................104
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................91
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................123
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................120
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................94
Human resources
11.10
11.02
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.07
161
Cameroon
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................16.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................475.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................17.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,421
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
162
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................118
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.9
4.0
3.2
2.3
2.4
1.8
2.2
2.3
1.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.8
4.7
4.0
5.7
2.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.04
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.01
Cameroon
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................37
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................113
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............112
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................112
Physician density..............................................................104
Access to improved drinking water ...................................98
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........88
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................86
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................121
Domestic transport network ............................................114
Port infrastructure ............................................................103
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................87
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................107
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................121
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................117
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................108
Rank/124
Human resources
11.08
11.05
11.11
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.07
163
Canada
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................32.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................9,984.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................1,132.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................34,273
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
164
15,000
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................7
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.7
4.6
5.2
5.7
5.7
5.3
5.8
3.7
5.4
5.7
5.9
4.2
6.9
4.7
5.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Canada
Environmental regulation
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.04 T&T fair attendance ..............................................................4
Tourism infrastructure
Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................7
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................9
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................9
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.11
7.01
7.03
7.02
7.04
Road infrastructure.............................................................16
Port infrastructure ..............................................................16
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................14
Domestic transport network ..............................................13
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................16
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................15
11.07
11.08
11.06
11.05
11.03
11.04
Human resources
165
Chad
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................9.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,284.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................5.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,519
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................12.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
166
50
40
30
20
10
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................124
Score
(17 scale)
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.6
3.0
1.8
2.4
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3
3.1
3.7
3.0
2.3
3.7
3.0
5.3
2.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.03
1.02
1.04
1.01
1.05
Chad
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............124
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................121
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................108
Physician density..............................................................117
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ......115
Access to improved drinking water .................................112
Access to improved sanitation .........................................111
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................124
Domestic transport network ............................................122
Port infrastructure ............................................................119
Railroad infrastructure ......................................................106
Tourism infrastructure
Rank/124
Human resources
11.05
11.03
11.01
11.02
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.06
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................124
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................124
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................117
167
Chile
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................16.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................756.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................115.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................11,937
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
168
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................45
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.8
5.7
4.6
5.2
5.0
3.6
3.9
3.6
4.6
3.1
3.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
5.1
4.7
6.8
4.4
5.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
4.02
4.01
4.03
4.04
Chile
Safety and security
3.03 Business costs of crime and violence................................55
Physician density................................................................77
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........53
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................45
Access to improved drinking water ...................................45
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................58
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................26
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................41
Human resources
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.10
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.08
11.02
169
China
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005.......................................................................1,304.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................9,598.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................2,234.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,198
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................10.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
170
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................71
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.0
3.8
3.5
4.1
4.1
4.5
3.5
3.8
4.0
1.7
2.6
5.4
4.4
5.0
4.6
4.4
6.0
3.8
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
China
6.04
6.01
6.06
6.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................87
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................85
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................75
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................75
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................52
Human resources
11.10
11.03
11.02
11.05
11.07
11.11
171
Colombia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................45.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,138.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................122.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,326
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
172
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................72
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.1
5.0
4.1
3.5
4.9
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.5
4.5
4.6
5.2
4.6
4.5
6.4
4.5
4.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Colombia
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulationF
5.02
5.04
5.01
5.03
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................49
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................49
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................78
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................59
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................71
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................67
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................65
Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.04
11.05
11.10
11.06
11.03
Malaria incidence................................................................99
HIV prevalence ...................................................................82
Secondary education enrollment........................................79
Local availability of research and training services.............70
Extent of staff training........................................................67
Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................62
Hiring and firing practices...................................................58
Quality of the educational system .....................................56
173
Costa Rica
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................51.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................20.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................10,434
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
174
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................41
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.8
5.4
4.6
4.4
5.0
4.5
3.7
3.5
2.6
4.1
3.3
4.8
5.3
5.5
5.1
4.7
6.7
5.3
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Costa Rica
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................31
Physician density................................................................68
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........67
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................45
Access to improved drinking water ...................................42
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................32
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................40
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
Road infrastructure...........................................................108
Railroad infrastructure ......................................................105
Port infrastructure ............................................................102
Domestic transport network ..............................................61
Human resources
11.01
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.03
11.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................60
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................63
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................43
Human resources
11.02
11.09
11.08
11.07
11.06
175
Croatia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................56.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................38.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................12,325
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
176
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................38
Score
(17 scale)
4.7
4.4
4.6
4.3
4.5
4.6
3.9
4.1
2.7
4.0
5.7
3.8
4.1
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.2
6.6
6.5
4.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Croatia
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................9
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................22
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
11.09 Malaria incidence..................................................................1
11.04 Local availability of research and training services.............34
6.02
6.06
6.05
6.01
6.03
6.04
ICT infrastructure
Natural and cultural resources
13.05 Risk of malaria and yellow fever ..........................................1
11.01
11.07
11.05
11.02
11.10
11.06
11.03
11.11
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.01
Human resources
177
Cyprus
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................9.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................16.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................21,177
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
178
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................20
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.1
4.9
4.3
5.2
5.7
5.5
4.5
3.8
3.8
6.1
4.3
4.5
5.6
5.2
5.1
3.7
6.9
6.5
5.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Cyprus
Environmental regulation
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.01 Government prioritization of the T&T industry.....................3
5.02 T&T government expenditure ............................................10
5.03 Effectiveness of marketing and branding ..........................18
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................1
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................18
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................16
Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.04
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................47
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................33
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.03
179
Czech Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................10.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................78.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................124.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................18,341
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
180
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................35
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.8
5.2
4.8
4.7
5.3
4.0
4.1
3.4
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.0
5.3
5.5
5.6
4.1
6.8
4.6
5.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Czech Republic
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................19
6.02
6.03
6.01
6.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................28
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................20
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................20
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................38
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.04
11.08
11.10
11.05
11.03
11.07
Human resources
Natural and cultural resources
13.05
13.01
13.03
13.04
181
Denmark
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................5.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................43.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................259.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................34,740
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
182
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................11
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.0
6.1
3.5
4.8
4.6
6.2
4.6
5.4
2.9
5.6
6.1
6.2
5.2
6.8
4.7
6.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................1
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................2
Rank/124
Denmark
Environmental regulation
Safety and security
5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03
6.02
6.04
6.05
6.03
Road infrastructure...............................................................5
Port infrastructure ................................................................6
Domestic transport network ................................................7
Railroad infrastructure ..........................................................8
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................6
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................10
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.05
11.03
11.06
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................34
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................17
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................17
11.07
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.04
Human resources
183
Dominican Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................8.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................48.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................29.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,627
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
184
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................50
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.5
5.5
3.8
4.1
4.2
5.0
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.9
2.3
3.9
5.2
5.2
4.1
5.5
6.0
5.9
4.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Dominican Republic
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............74
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................70
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................66
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................37
Tourism infrastructure
Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................10
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................10
Human resources
Natural and cultural resources
13.03 Nationally protected areas....................................................2
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.10
185
Ecuador
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................13.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................283.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................36.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,316
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
186
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................97
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.7
4.3
3.1
3.6
4.1
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.1
4.8
4.4
4.5
4.0
3.5
6.0
4.5
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Ecuador
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.04 T&T fair attendance ............................................................48
5.02 T&T government expenditure ............................................49
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............111
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................109
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................93
Human resources
Health and hygiene
4.01
4.04
4.02
4.03
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................89
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................60
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................90
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................86
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................76
Human resources
Rank/124
11.03
11.06
11.07
11.05
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.10
11.08
11.11
187
Egypt
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................74.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,001.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................89.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,317
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
188
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................58
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.5
4.6
3.8
4.5
4.5
5.2
3.5
3.3
3.7
2.4
2.4
5.7
4.7
5.1
4.5
4.2
6.4
4.6
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................36
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Egypt
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
ICT infrastructure
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.07
11.10
Human resources
11.03
11.06
11.05
11.04
11.11
11.02
189
El Salvador
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................6.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................21.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................17.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,518
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
190
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................77
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0
5.6
4.0
3.1
4.3
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.5
2.6
2.5
4.9
4.4
5.3
4.4
5.2
6.3
4.4
3.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
El Salvador
Environmental regulation
Air transport infrastructure
6.01
6.06
6.03
6.04
5.04
5.03
5.02
5.01
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..................................................9
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................21
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................98
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................84
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................71
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................68
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................53
Human resources
11.02
11.08
11.04
11.03
11.11
11.05
11.10
191
Estonia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................1.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................45.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................13.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................16,414
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
192
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................28
Score
(17 scale)
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.8
5.3
5.7
4.7
4.5
3.2
4.5
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.2
5.4
5.6
4.4
6.4
5.5
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Estonia
Environmental regulation
Health and hygiene
4.02 Physician density..................................................................2
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................19
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................21
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................3
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................16
Human resources
11.09 Malaria incidence..................................................................1
11.04 Local availability of research and training services.............26
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................27
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................36
Human resources
11.08
11.01
11.07
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.03
11.02
193
Ethiopia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................71.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,104.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................11.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................823
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................8.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
194
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................117
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.0
4.6
1.7
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.6
5.4
4.1
3.6
2.9
4.0
3.8
4.4
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.01
1.04
1.02
1.03
1.05
Ethiopia
Environmental regulation
National tourism perception
12.02 Attitude toward tourists .....................................................41
Physician density..............................................................119
Access to improved drinking water .................................114
Access to improved sanitation .........................................112
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........92
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................115
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................122
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................114
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................112
Human resources
Rank/124
11.01
11.05
11.10
11.02
11.04
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.07
11.03
11.06
195
Finland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................5.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................338.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................196.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................31,208
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
196
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................16
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.6
5.5
6.0
6.5
6.3
3.8
4.7
4.6
5.9
4.3
5.2
3.4
5.2
5.9
6.3
4.4
6.9
4.2
5.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Finland
Health and hygiene
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................5
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................6
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................11
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................32
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................23
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................26
10.02
10.04
10.03
10.01
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.09
11.04
11.05
11.07
11.10
11.11
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................91
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
197
France
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................60.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................551.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................2,126.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................29,187
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
198
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................12
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.3
5.0
5.5
5.2
6.3
4.7
5.1
5.5
6.4
5.4
4.8
3.3
5.3
5.4
5.8
3.5
6.9
4.4
6.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
France
Road infrastructure...............................................................2
Railroad infrastructure ..........................................................3
Domestic transport network ................................................4
Port infrastructure ..............................................................10
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................26
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................28
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................19
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................13
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.04
Human resources
199
Gambia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................1.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................11.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................0.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,002
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
200
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................84
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.8
3.8
5.0
2.7
2.2
3.0
1.9
1.8
4.5
4.3
4.0
3.5
4.8
3.6
5.7
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Gambia
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................19
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............44
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................62
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.01
Physician density..............................................................110
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................82
Access to improved drinking water ...................................78
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........57
6.02
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.01
7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................101
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................102
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................100
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................93
Human resources
11.09
11.01
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.02
11.08
11.05
11.03
Malaria incidence..............................................................118
Primary education enrollment ..........................................117
Local availability of research and training services...........112
Tuberculosis incidence .....................................................102
Life expectancy ................................................................102
Secondary education enrollment......................................101
HIV prevalence ...................................................................93
Extent of staff training........................................................88
Quality of the educational system .....................................55
201
Georgia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................69.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................6.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................3,586
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
202
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................66
Score
(17 scale)
4.1
4.4
4.3
3.9
4.8
5.4
3.9
2.8
2.2
3.1
1.9
2.1
4.6
5.2
5.4
4.2
5.5
6.5
6.3
3.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Georgia
7.04
7.01
7.03
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................77
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................69
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................99
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................92
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................70
Human resources
11.04
11.01
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.10
203
Germany
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................82.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................357.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................2,791.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................30,579
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................0.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
204
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................3
Score
(17 scale)
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.1
6.3
6.2
3.9
5.2
5.4
6.6
5.3
5.3
3.6
5.6
5.5
6.0
3.6
6.9
4.5
6.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Germany
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................1
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................3
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................16
Tourism infrastructure
Ground transport infrastructure
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................26
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................4
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................6
11.06
11.07
11.03
11.08
11.11
11.10
Human resources
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.04
11.09
11.05
13.05
13.01
13.04
13.03
205
Greece
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................11.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................132.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................225.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................22,392
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
206
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................24
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.4
5.5
6.5
4.9
4.4
3.7
4.4
6.0
3.6
4.0
5.4
5.2
5.0
3.8
6.8
5.7
5.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Greece
Environmental regulation
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.04 T&T fair attendance ..............................................................4
5.01 Government prioritization of the T&T industry...................18
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................4
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................20
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.09 Malaria incidence..................................................................1
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................15
6.04
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.05
7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................88
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................51
Human resources
11.06
11.03
11.04
11.07
11.05
11.08
11.02
11.10
207
Guatemala
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................12.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................108.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................27.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,155
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
208
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................69
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.1
5.4
3.7
3.2
4.2
4.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.6
2.5
4.4
4.7
4.9
4.1
4.7
6.1
4.7
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Guatemala
Health and hygiene
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................28
6.03
6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
209
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................79
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................74
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................83
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................80
Human resources
11.03
11.02
11.09
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.05
11.07
11.04
Guyana
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................215.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................0.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,612
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005..................................................................-3.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
210
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................100
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.7
4.3
3.4
2.4
4.1
4.2
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.5
4.2
4.1
4.6
3.9
5.0
5.0
4.7
2.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.05
1.03
1.01
Property rights..................................................................112
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ................101
Rules governing foreign direct investment ........................98
Foreign ownership restrictions...........................................92
Guyana
Environmental regulation
Air transport infrastructure
6.04 Airport density ......................................................................6
ICT infrastructure
Safety and security
4.02
4.01
4.04
4.03
Physician density................................................................94
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........84
Access to improved drinking water ...................................74
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................65
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................115
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................85
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................92
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................72
Human resources
Rank/124
11.04
11.09
11.08
11.05
11.11
11.10
11.03
211
Honduras
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................7.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................112.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................8.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................3,009
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
212
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................88
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.9
5.1
3.5
3.2
4.1
3.7
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.4
2.0
4.5
4.4
4.9
4.1
4.5
6.0
4.8
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Honduras
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
5.02 T&T government expenditure ............................................42
5.01 Government prioritization of the T&T industry...................44
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ............106
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................84
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................75
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................90
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................63
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................95
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................92
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................78
Human resources
Rank/124
11.03
11.08
11.05
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.07
213
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
214
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................6
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.7
5.8
5.1
6.1
6.6
5.2
4.8
4.8
6.5
2.8
5.0
5.0
5.4
5.9
5.7
5.3
6.8
5.6
4.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................39
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................33
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................24
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................18
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................15
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.11
11.03
Human resources
11.10
11.02
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.06
215
Hungary
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................10.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................93.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................109.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................16,823
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
216
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................40
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
5.2
5.3
4.8
5.3
6.2
4.2
3.7
3.0
3.7
4.1
3.6
4.1
5.0
5.3
5.1
4.3
6.6
4.4
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................59
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................29
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............34
Rank/124
Hungary
7.03
7.01
7.04
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................39
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges.........................................39
Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.04
11.10
11.02
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Local availability of research and training services.............36
Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................36
Secondary education enrollment........................................37
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.05
11.11
11.03
217
Iceland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................103.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................15.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................35,115
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
218
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................4
Score
(17 scale)
5.4
5.7
5.1
5.6
6.2
6.4
5.1
5.0
4.8
4.6
5.8
6.2
3.8
5.6
6.2
6.1
5.5
7.0
5.2
5.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............10
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Iceland
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................5
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................1
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................5
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................8
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.03
11.11
11.06
Human resources
11.08
11.07
11.04
11.05
219
India
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005.......................................................................1,094.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................3,287.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................772.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................3,320
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................8.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
220
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................65
Score
(17 scale)
4.1
4.2
4.1
4.5
5.0
3.6
4.1
3.6
3.9
4.2
2.2
2.4
5.6
4.6
4.8
5.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
India
Safety and security
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................41
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................48
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............49
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................31
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................98
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................94
Human resources
11.01
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.07
Human resources
11.06
11.10
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.08
221
Indonesia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................220.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,904.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................281.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,459
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
222
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................60
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.4
5.0
3.7
4.8
3.5
5.4
3.3
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.3
6.1
4.8
5.1
5.1
4.7
5.7
5.0
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Indonesia
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................101
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............70
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................65
Physician density..............................................................108
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ......100
Access to improved drinking water ...................................87
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................84
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................110
Port infrastructure ..............................................................97
Domestic transport network ..............................................74
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................64
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................48
11.01
11.07
11.03
11.04
11.08
11.05
Human resources
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................79
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................76
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................95
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................79
Human resources
11.10
11.02
11.09
11.11
11.06
223
Ireland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................70.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................200.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................40,610
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
224
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................27
Score
(17 scale)
4.9
5.3
5.7
5.2
5.2
5.7
4.8
4.4
4.3
3.8
5.6
4.3
4.1
5.0
5.8
6.0
4.7
6.8
4.8
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................21
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................24
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............24
Rank/124
Ireland
Safety and security
3.01 Business costs of terrorism ...............................................49
3.03 Business costs of crime and violence................................41
3.02 Reliability of police services ...............................................29
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................19
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................25
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................37
Human resources
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.07
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.04
11.11
11.08
225
Israel
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................6.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................22.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................129.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................23,474
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
226
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................32
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.9
5.2
4.9
4.3
6.3
3.9
4.3
3.6
4.9
3.8
4.8
4.3
5.2
5.7
5.8
4.4
6.9
4.6
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Israel
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
6.04
6.05
6.02
6.03
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................14
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................25
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................28
10.02
10.04
10.01
10.03
Human resources
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................95
11.02 Secondary education enrollment........................................46
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................35
227
Italy
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................57.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................301.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................1,765.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................28,534
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................0.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
228
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................33
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.7
6.4
3.9
4.4
4.2
3.8
6.0
4.5
3.4
5.2
5.3
5.1
3.8
6.9
4.8
5.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................32
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Italy
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................10
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................11
ICT infrastructure
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01
Human resources
11.01
11.09
11.11
11.10
11.02
11.04
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................40
11.06
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.07
229
Jamaica
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................11.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................9.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,381
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
230
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................48
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.5
5.7
3.9
3.3
4.6
5.2
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.1
3.4
4.1
5.2
5.3
4.7
4.7
6.5
6.1
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Jamaica
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............86
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................71
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................46
Physician density................................................................82
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........79
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................56
Access to improved drinking water ...................................49
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................68
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................52
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.03
11.02
11.04
11.05
11.11
11.06
231
Japan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................128.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................377.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................4,567.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................30,615
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
232
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................25
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.1
5.0
5.5
5.4
5.8
3.8
4.7
4.7
6.3
3.8
4.9
3.8
5.1
5.7
6.2
4.2
6.9
4.0
5.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Japan
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................9
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................12
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................55
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................46
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................15
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................13
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................19
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................22
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.04
11.08
11.09
11.11
11.05
11.03
13.05
13.02
13.04
13.01
Human resources
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................76
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................70
11.10 Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................45
233
Jordan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................5.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................88.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................12.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................5,096
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................7.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
234
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................46
Score
(17 scale)
4.5
5.1
5.2
4.2
5.5
5.4
5.1
3.6
2.9
3.9
3.6
2.4
5.4
4.8
5.1
4.9
3.9
6.6
5.5
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Jordan
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................58
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............58
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................34
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.03
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................79
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................67
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................63
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.02
235
Kazakhstan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................15.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,724.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................56.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................8,318
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
236
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................82
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.0
3.5
3.7
4.1
5.3
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.2
2.1
2.3
4.7
4.4
5.2
4.9
4.7
5.8
5.0
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
1.04
1.05
1.01
1.02
1.03
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.02
11.08
11.03
Rank/124
Kazakhstan
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................93
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................85
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............60
237
Air transport infrastructure
6.03
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.05
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................95
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................63
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................97
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................70
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................66
Human resources
11.07
11.11
11.10
11.05
11.04
Kenya
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................34.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................580.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................18.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,445
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
238
1,000
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................98
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.8
3.3
4.1
3.1
3.3
5.0
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.4
3.6
4.7
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................47
Rank/124
1.04
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.01
Kenya
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................63
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............63
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.03
11.04
Physician density..............................................................107
Access to improved drinking water ...................................99
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................86
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........71
6.03
6.04
6.06
6.05
6.02
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
Road infrastructure...........................................................101
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................78
Port infrastructure ..............................................................74
Domestic transport network ..............................................73
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................95
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................108
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................87
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................69
Human resources
11.10
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.02
11.07
11.05
239
Korea, Rep.
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................48.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................99.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................787.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................20,590
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
240
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................42
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.6
4.8
4.6
5.0
4.8
3.9
4.5
4.1
5.3
2.9
5.8
4.2
4.7
5.2
5.5
3.8
6.5
3.9
4.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Korea, Rep.
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
Ground transport infrastructure
7.02
7.01
7.03
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................1
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................4
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................14
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.05
11.04
11.11
11.03
11.07
11.10
11.06
11.02
241
Kuwait
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................17.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................74.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................16,301
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................8.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
242
200
150
100
50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................67
Score
(17 scale)
4.1
4.1
3.7
3.4
5.4
5.7
2.3
3.7
3.1
4.0
3.5
3.0
5.0
4.5
5.6
4.9
5.3
6.8
3.9
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Kuwait
Environmental regulation
Health and hygiene
4.03 Access to improved sanitation .............................................1
4.04 Access to improved drinking water .....................................1
4.01 Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........11
Tourism infrastructure
Air transport infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................44
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.05
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................72
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................57
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................68
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................61
Human resources
11.01
11.03
11.04
11.02
243
Kyrgyz Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................5.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................199.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................2.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,088
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005..................................................................-0.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
244
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................102
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.1
4.3
3.4
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.2
1.9
4.8
4.5
5.0
4.3
4.9
6.0
4.7
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.01
1.04
Property rights..................................................................118
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................118
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ................112
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................111
Visa requirements ..............................................................94
Kyrgyz Republic
Human resources
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................114
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................100
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............94
245
Air transport infrastructure
6.06
6.01
6.02
6.05
6.03
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................105
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................105
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................116
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................85
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................84
Human resources
Rank/124
11.05
11.04
11.01
11.11
11.07
11.10
11.03
11.02
Latvia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................64.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................15.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................12,666
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005.................................................................10.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
246
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................53
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.3
4.6
4.3
4.9
4.6
3.2
4.0
3.2
4.3
4.1
3.7
4.7
4.6
5.3
5.1
4.5
6.4
4.3
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Latvia
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............36
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................43
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................84
5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................27
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................55
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................34
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................36
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................43
Human resources
Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
10.01 Ticket taxes and airport charges.........................................36
10.03 Extent and effect of taxation..............................................38
Human resources
11.09
11.03
11.02
11.05
11.04
11.07
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Quality of the educational system .....................................35
Secondary education enrollment........................................36
Extent of staff training........................................................42
Local availability of research and training services.............50
Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................50
11.01
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.06
247
Lesotho
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................1.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................30.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................1.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,113
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
248
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................121
Score
(17 scale)
3.1
3.3
4.0
3.2
3.8
3.2
2.5
2.5
1.8
2.1
2.0
1.7
5.2
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.7
2.7
4.3
2.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.05
1.02
1.03
1.01
Lesotho
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.09 Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Physician density..............................................................116
Access to improved sanitation .........................................100
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........92
Access to improved drinking water ...................................91
5.04
5.03
5.02
5.01
6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
6.03
7.04
7.03
7.02
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................92
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................115
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................104
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................99
Human resources
Rank/124
11.08
11.11
11.04
11.07
11.10
11.02
11.05
11.03
11.06
249
Lithuania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................65.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................25.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................14,158
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................7.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
250
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................51
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.3
4.6
5.2
3.2
3.8
3.1
4.5
3.8
3.5
4.3
4.8
5.1
5.1
3.8
6.5
4.4
4.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Lithuania
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................37
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............45
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................92
6.02
6.05
6.01
6.06
6.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................36
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................64
ICT infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................29
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................39
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Secondary education enrollment........................................28
Extent of staff training........................................................43
Quality of the educational system .....................................45
Local availability of research and training services.............48
10.04
10.02
10.03
10.01
11.01
11.06
11.07
11.10
11.11
Human resources
251
Luxembourg
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................2.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................36.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................69,800
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
252
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................9
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.3
5.7
5.6
5.7
6.0
3.4
5.0
3.7
5.1
6.1
5.7
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.7
6.9
5.8
5.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Luxembourg
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................5
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................1
6.02
6.05
6.04
6.06
6.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................11
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................33
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................11
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.04
11.08
11.02
11.03
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.07
253
Macedonia, FYR
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................25.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................5.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,748
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
254
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................83
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.3
4.0
3.0
3.7
3.8
2.2
3.0
2.1
2.9
3.1
2.4
4.6
5.1
5.2
4.7
4.3
6.6
6.1
3.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
ICT infrastructure
1.03
1.05
1.01
1.02
Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.03
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ..................119
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................106
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............96
Rank/124
Macedonia, FYR
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.03
6.04
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................86
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................57
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................117
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................73
Human resources
11.01
11.04
11.07
11.05
11.02
11.06
11.11
255
Madagascar
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................18.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................587.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................5.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................908
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
256
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................112
Score
(17 scale)
3.4
3.5
3.2
4.0
3.8
2.7
4.0
2.7
2.0
2.4
2.5
1.7
4.8
4.1
3.9
4.0
4.4
3.4
4.7
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.05
1.01
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................46
Madagascar
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............68
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................60
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................56
7.04
7.02
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................112
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................102
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................120
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................112
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................101
Human resources
Rank/124
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.04
11.08
11.03
11.07
Malaria incidence..............................................................116
Tuberculosis incidence .....................................................103
Life expectancy ................................................................102
Extent of staff training......................................................101
Local availability of research and training services.............99
HIV prevalence ...................................................................98
Quality of the educational system .....................................90
Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................79
257
Malawi
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................12.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................118.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................2.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................596
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
258
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................114
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.6
4.4
3.6
4.1
3.3
2.5
2.5
1.9
2.3
1.7
1.7
4.7
3.9
2.8
3.7
3.7
1.2
5.3
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.01
Malawi
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
Physician density..............................................................122
Access to improved drinking water ...................................97
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................89
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........73
5.04
5.02
5.03
5.01
6.02
6.01
6.05
6.06
6.03
6.04
7.03
7.04
7.01
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
Rank/124
Human resources
11.09
11.07
11.11
11.08
11.02
11.10
11.04
11.03
11.05
11.06
Malaria incidence..............................................................121
Ease of hiring foreign labor ..............................................119
Life expectancy ................................................................119
HIV prevalence .................................................................118
Secondary education enrollment......................................109
Tuberculosis incidence .....................................................108
Local availability of research and training services...........105
Quality of the educational system .....................................97
Extent of staff training........................................................86
Hiring and firing practices...................................................75
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................118
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................111
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................104
259
Malaysia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................25.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................329.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................130.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................11,201
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
260
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................31
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.3
5.3
4.7
5.0
4.4
3.9
5.6
3.1
3.7
5.9
4.8
5.4
5.3
4.6
6.2
5.6
3.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Malaysia
Safety and security
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................8
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............23
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................25
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................48
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................42
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................63
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................32
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................27
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.10
11.09
11.08
11.06
11.11
11.07
Human resources
11.03 Quality of the educational system .....................................10
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................17
11.04 Local availability of research and training services.............22
261
Mali
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................13.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,240.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................5.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,154
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
262
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................105
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.7
3.5
3.9
4.5
3.1
3.7
2.4
1.9
2.4
1.9
1.8
4.1
4.4
3.5
2.5
4.8
3.2
6.2
3.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
1.04
1.05
1.02
1.01
1.03
Mali
6.01
6.03
6.06
6.02
6.04
6.05
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................113
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................107
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................115
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................112
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................84
Human resources
Rank/124
11.01
11.05
11.10
11.02
11.11
11.09
11.03
11.08
11.04
263
Malta
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................5.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................19,739
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
264
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................26
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.2
5.6
5.8
5.4
4.4
3.6
3.6
5.6
5.4
3.7
5.3
5.3
5.2
3.9
6.9
6.0
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Malta
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................2
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................3
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................17
6.04
6.05
6.02
6.06
6.01
7.01
7.02
7.04
7.03
Road infrastructure.............................................................76
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................71
Domestic transport network ..............................................51
Port infrastructure ..............................................................35
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................31
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................34
11.07
11.04
11.06
11.08
11.05
11.03
Human resources
265
Mauritania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,025.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................1.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,535
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
266
25
20
15
10
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................92
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.3
4.7
3.0
3.9
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.7
1.9
4.9
4.7
4.2
3.2
5.6
3.8
6.6
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Mauritania
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices.....................................................3
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................22
Physician density..............................................................110
Access to improved drinking water .................................104
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................95
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........70
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................119
Port infrastructure ..............................................................99
Domestic transport network ..............................................91
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................80
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................102
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................114
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................106
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................72
Human resources
11.04
11.02
11.09
11.03
11.10
11.01
11.11
11.08
11.05
13.02
13.03
13.05
13.01
13.04
267
Mauritius
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................1.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................2.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................6.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................12,895
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
268
800
600
400
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................39
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
5.0
4.7
4.7
5.0
5.2
5.2
3.8
3.1
3.8
4.0
2.7
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.8
3.3
6.3
6.1
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................7
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Mauritius
Tourism infrastructure
6.05
6.04
6.02
6.06
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................33
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................44
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................103
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................54
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................42
Human resources
11.06
11.07
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.02
11.11
269
Mexico
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................103.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,958.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................768.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................10,186
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
270
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................49
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.5
5.1
4.3
3.5
5.0
4.7
3.6
3.9
3.6
3.6
2.7
4.2
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Mexico
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............51
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................49
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................43
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................64
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................56
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................56
Human resources
11.01
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.10
Human resources
11.03
11.02
11.06
11.08
11.07
271
Moldova
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................33.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................2.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,527
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................7.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
272
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................95
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.7
3.2
3.5
4.0
4.9
2.7
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
4.6
4.5
4.9
4.3
4.6
5.9
5.2
3.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.01
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.04
Moldova
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................36
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................95
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................91
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............72
273
Air transport infrastructure
6.02
6.05
6.06
6.03
6.01
6.04
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................123
Port infrastructure ............................................................118
Domestic transport network ..............................................96
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................59
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................100
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................72
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................120
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................64
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................59
Human resources
Rank/124
11.01
11.05
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.03
11.02
11.07
Mongolia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,566.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................1.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,175
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
274
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................91
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.7
3.8
2.9
4.1
4.3
3.7
2.6
2.3
2.4
1.5
2.0
4.7
4.9
5.1
4.6
4.8
5.8
6.2
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Mongolia
6.06
6.01
6.05
6.02
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................118
Port infrastructure ............................................................114
Domestic transport network ............................................106
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................63
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................97
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................98
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................91
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................74
Human resources
11.03
11.10
11.11
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.02
275
Morocco
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................30.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................446.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................51.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,503
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
276
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................57
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.6
4.9
4.0
4.9
4.1
5.2
3.3
2.7
3.8
3.1
2.0
4.8
4.9
5.0
4.1
4.7
6.3
5.2
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Morocco
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.07
11.06
Human resources
11.02
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.11
11.04
277
Mozambique
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................19.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................801.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................6.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,379
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................7.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
278
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................119
Score
(17 scale)
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.6
2.5
3.6
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.2
1.6
4.8
3.7
2.5
3.2
3.1
1.3
5.3
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.04
1.02
1.05
1.03
1.01
Mozambique
Environmental regulation
Physician density..............................................................119
Access to improved drinking water .................................111
Access to improved sanitation .........................................107
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........74
279
Air transport infrastructure
6.05
6.03
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.04
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................117
Domestic transport network ............................................109
Port infrastructure ..............................................................91
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................84
Tourism infrastructure
Rank/124
Human resources
11.09
11.02
11.07
11.10
11.08
11.11
11.03
11.04
11.06
11.01
11.05
Malaria incidence..............................................................122
Secondary education enrollment......................................120
Ease of hiring foreign labor ..............................................120
Tuberculosis incidence .....................................................118
HIV prevalence .................................................................117
Life expectancy ................................................................117
Quality of the educational system ...................................113
Local availability of research and training services...........111
Hiring and firing practices.................................................107
Primary education enrollment ..........................................105
Extent of staff training........................................................78
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................119
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................114
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................111
Namibia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................824.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................6.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,478
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
280
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................73
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.3
4.1
3.2
3.7
3.4
3.4
4.5
2.4
2.1
4.7
4.4
2.8
4.0
2.9
1.6
6.2
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Namibia
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............42
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................90
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................90
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................73
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.04
11.10
11.03
11.11
11.02
11.06
11.05
281
Nepal
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................27.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................147.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................7.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,675
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
282
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................106
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.3
2.7
3.0
4.0
2.5
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.8
5.3
4.6
4.1
3.6
3.1
5.5
5.9
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Human resources
1.01
1.05
1.03
1.02
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...........................108
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............99
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................88
Rank/124
Nepal
7.03
7.02
7.01
7.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................121
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................102
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................96
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................113
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................105
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................85
Human resources
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.03
11.11
11.06
11.10
11.09
11.08
283
Netherlands
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................16.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................41.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................629.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................30,862
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
284
10,000
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................19
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.2
5.5
5.7
5.3
6.2
3.2
4.8
4.8
6.2
4.2
5.4
3.3
5.3
5.6
6.1
3.7
6.9
4.6
5.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Netherlands
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................8
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............12
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................30
5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03
ICT infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................43
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................25
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................20
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.05
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.03
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices.................................................106
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................81
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
285
New Zealand
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................270.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................108.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................24,797
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
286
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................14
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.4
5.4
5.8
5.7
5.9
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.1
4.8
4.4
5.6
5.6
5.7
4.2
6.9
5.3
5.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................2
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................9
Rank/124
1.04
1.03
1.05
1.02
1.01
New Zealand
Environmental regulation
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11
7.01
7.02
7.04
7.03
Road infrastructure.............................................................41
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................37
Domestic transport network ..............................................24
Port infrastructure ..............................................................18
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................46
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................24
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................24
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................22
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................15
11.06
11.07
11.04
11.05
11.08
11.10
11.03
Human resources
287
Nicaragua
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................5.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................130.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................4.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................3,636
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
288
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................89
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.0
5.0
3.3
4.4
3.8
3.4
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.6
1.8
4.4
4.5
5.2
4.1
5.1
6.3
4.6
3.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Nicaragua
Air transport infrastructure
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.06
11.08
4.01
4.02
4.04
4.03
5.04
5.02
5.01
5.03
289
Air transport infrastructure
6.03
6.05
6.02
6.01
6.06
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................90
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................82
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................101
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................99
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................96
Rank/124
Human resources
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.09
11.04
11.11
11.10
Nigeria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................131.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................923.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................99.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,188
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
290
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................115
Score
(17 scale)
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.7
2.2
2.8
1.9
1.8
4.9
3.9
4.2
4.1
5.1
3.4
4.1
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................19
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................34
1.04
1.05
1.02
1.01
1.03
Nigeria
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................94
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............84
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................53
Physician density..............................................................101
Access to improved drinking water .................................101
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................99
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........54
5.02
5.01
5.04
5.03
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.02
7.01
7.03
7.02
7.04
Road infrastructure.............................................................94
Port infrastructure ..............................................................83
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................82
Domestic transport network ..............................................78
Rank/124
Human resources
11.11
11.08
11.10
11.02
11.09
11.01
11.03
11.05
11.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................114
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................111
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................110
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................104
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................81
291
Norway
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................323.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................295.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................42,364
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
292
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................23
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.5
5.1
5.8
6.0
6.2
4.1
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.3
4.7
3.1
5.1
5.6
5.9
4.0
6.9
4.3
5.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................4
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................7
Rank/124
Norway
Environmental regulation
Safety and security
5.04
5.01
5.03
5.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................14
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................14
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................11
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................21
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
Human resources
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.04
11.03
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................31
11.06
11.01
11.07
11.08
Human resources
293
Pakistan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................155.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................796.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................111.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,653
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................8.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
294
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................103
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.5
4.0
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.8
2.2
2.1
5.2
3.9
4.5
3.3
4.7
5.4
3.6
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.04
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.05
Pakistan
ICT infrastructure
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................26
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
6.04
6.03
6.06
6.01
6.05
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................110
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................110
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................106
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................101
Human resources
Rank/124
11.01
11.02
11.10
11.11
11.05
11.09
11.04
11.03
11.07
295
Panama
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................75.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................15.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,283
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
296
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................55
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.4
5.2
3.8
4.6
4.6
3.9
3.7
3.7
4.0
3.2
2.6
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.4
3.5
6.6
4.9
4.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Panama
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............85
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................66
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................62
4.01
4.03
4.02
4.04
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................38
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................58
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................36
11.10 Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................48
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................78
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................65
Human resources
11.07
11.03
11.06
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.04
11.05
297
Paraguay
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................6.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................406.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................7.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,888
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
298
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................111
Score
(17 scale)
3.4
3.5
3.8
2.7
3.6
4.1
3.4
2.8
2.9
2.0
2.3
1.8
5.2
4.0
4.8
3.8
4.2
6.3
4.0
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.04
Property rights..................................................................117
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................116
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................107
Visa requirements ..............................................................89
Paraguay
Environmental regulation
Human resources
299
Air transport infrastructure
6.05
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.03
7.02
7.04
7.01
7.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................94
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................83
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................113
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................98
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................94
Rank/124
Human resources
11.03
11.05
11.04
11.06
11.02
11.09
11.08
11.10
11.11
Peru
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................28.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,285.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................79.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................5,983
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
300
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................81
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0
5.1
3.8
3.4
4.0
3.9
2.9
2.6
2.6
3.0
2.5
4.2
4.6
4.9
4.6
4.4
5.9
4.3
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................79
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............67
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................57
ICT infrastructure
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................19
11.02 Secondary education enrollment........................................47
4.01
4.04
4.02
4.03
7.03
7.04
7.02
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................80
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................52
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................87
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................60
Human resources
11.03
11.09
11.06
11.10
11.08
11.05
11.11
11.04
Peru
Rank/124
301
Philippines
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................83.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................300.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................98.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,923
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
302
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................86
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
4.0
4.7
3.6
3.7
4.2
3.6
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.2
5.6
4.3
4.6
4.9
3.9
5.1
4.6
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Philippines
Air transport infrastructure
6.02 Available seat kilometers....................................................29
6.05 Number of operating airlines..............................................40
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............97
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................80
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................65
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................35
Physician density................................................................88
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........82
Access to improved drinking water ...................................70
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................61
303
Air transport infrastructure
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................106
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................98
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................97
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................83
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................51
Human resources
11.10
11.07
11.09
11.06
11.11
11.04
11.02
11.03
Poland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................38.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................312.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................303.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................12,994
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
304
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................63
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.2
4.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.2
3.5
2.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.2
4.0
6.7
3.6
5.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Poland
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................39
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................41
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................45
Human resources
11.09
11.08
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.05
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
HIV prevalence ...................................................................25
Secondary education enrollment........................................34
Quality of the educational system .....................................34
Local availability of research and training services.............39
Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................39
Life expectancy ..................................................................39
Extent of staff training........................................................48
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................68
Human resources
Natural and cultural resources
13.05
13.01
13.03
13.04
305
Portugal
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................10.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................92.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................183.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................19,335
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................0.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
306
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................22
Score
(17 scale)
5.0
5.4
5.2
5.1
5.8
6.1
4.8
4.5
3.8
5.0
5.9
3.8
4.0
5.2
5.3
5.1
4.1
6.7
5.1
5.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Portugal
Safety and security
3.01 Business costs of terrorism .................................................9
3.03 Business costs of crime and violence................................15
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............32
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................28
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................22
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.09 Malaria incidence..................................................................1
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................18
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................27
11.06
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.10
11.04
11.02
11.11
Human resources
307
Qatar
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................11.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................34.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................31,397
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
308
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................36
Score
(17 scale)
4.7
5.0
4.7
4.9
5.6
5.9
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.9
4.4
3.1
5.1
5.0
5.6
5.3
5.0
6.6
5.3
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................10
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............26
Rank/124
Qatar
Environmental regulation
Health and hygiene
4.03 Access to improved sanitation .............................................1
4.04 Access to improved drinking water .....................................1
4.01 Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........13
6.04
6.05
6.02
6.06
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.03
11.07
11.06
11.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................48
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................66
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................48
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................46
Human resources
11.10
11.04
11.05
11.11
309
Romania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................21.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................238.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................98.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................8,785
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
310
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................76
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
3.9
4.6
3.3
4.3
3.7
3.4
3.2
2.4
3.0
3.5
2.8
4.2
4.7
5.0
4.9
3.9
6.1
4.4
4.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.03
1.01
1.05
1.02
Romania
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................50
ICT infrastructure
Safety and security
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.04
311
Air transport infrastructure
6.04
6.01
6.06
6.03
6.02
6.05
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................111
Domestic transport network ..............................................83
Port infrastructure ..............................................................75
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................54
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................51
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................80
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................59
11.07
11.10
11.06
11.05
11.02
11.11
11.03
Human resources
Rank/124
Russian Federation
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................143.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) .................................................17,098.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................763.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................11,041
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
312
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................68
Score
(17 scale)
4.0
3.6
2.7
3.0
3.7
5.7
3.1
3.8
4.2
3.5
3.2
3.0
4.8
4.7
5.0
4.8
4.5
5.8
4.3
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Russian Federation
Environmental regulation
Air transport infrastructure
6.05 Number of operating airlines................................................6
6.02 Available seat kilometers....................................................16
6.04 Airport density ....................................................................32
Tourism infrastructure
Health and hygiene
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................42
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................44
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................81
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................55
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................62
Human resources
11.07
11.05
11.08
11.11
11.10
11.04
11.03
313
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
314
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................61
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.0
4.3
2.7
4.5
5.1
3.2
3.1
2.3
2.4
3.3
3.3
4.2
5.5
5.3
4.7
4.5
6.6
5.9
5.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................49
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................38
Human resources
11.09
11.03
11.07
11.08
11.11
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Quality of the educational system .....................................46
Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................48
HIV prevalence ...................................................................48
Life expectancy ..................................................................49
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure...........................................................113
Port infrastructure ............................................................104
Domestic transport network ..............................................95
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................91
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................68
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................95
Human resources
11.05
11.01
11.06
11.02
11.04
11.10
315
Singapore
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................4.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................116.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................28,368
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
316
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................8
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.0
4.9
6.5
3.7
4.9
5.1
5.1
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.8
5.2
3.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Singapore
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................1
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................7
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................18
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................30
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................26
Road infrastructure...............................................................1
Port infrastructure ................................................................1
Domestic transport network ................................................5
Railroad infrastructure ..........................................................9
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................29
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................21
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................12
Human resources
11.09
11.03
11.06
11.07
11.11
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Quality of the educational system .......................................2
Hiring and firing practices.....................................................2
Ease of hiring foreign labor ..................................................6
Life expectancy ....................................................................8
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.10
11.02
11.04
11.05
317
Slovak Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................5.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................49.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................47.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................16,041
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
318
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................37
Score
(17 scale)
4.7
4.9
5.3
4.6
5.4
6.0
3.1
3.8
2.3
4.0
4.3
3.8
4.7
5.4
5.8
5.1
5.5
6.7
4.7
5.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Slovak Republic
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
6.05
6.03
6.02
6.01
6.06
6.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................28
ICT infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.08
11.09
11.07
11.06
11.10
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................56
Human resources
11.01
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.11
11.02
319
Slovenia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................2.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................20.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................34.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................21,808
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
320
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................44
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.7
4.3
5.0
5.2
5.7
3.5
4.1
2.7
4.3
5.2
4.5
3.9
4.9
5.2
5.3
3.6
6.8
5.0
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............22
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................23
Rank/124
Slovenia
Environmental regulation
Safety and security
6.02
6.05
6.06
6.01
6.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................7
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................35
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................22
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................30
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................32
10.04
10.03
10.02
10.01
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.02
11.11
11.10
11.05
11.04
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices.................................................109
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................86
11.03 Quality of the educational system .....................................52
321
South Africa
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................45.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,219.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................239.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................12,161
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
322
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................62
Score
(17 scale)
4.2
4.4
4.9
5.0
3.8
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.9
4.3
3.6
2.5
4.7
4.4
3.6
5.2
2.9
2.9
5.1
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
South Africa
Safety and security
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................14
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............31
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................33
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................84
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................82
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................71
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................41
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................49
Human resources
11.01
11.05
11.04
11.02
Human resources
11.07
11.08
11.06
11.10
11.11
11.03
11.09
323
Spain
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................43.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................505.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................1,126.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................26,320
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
324
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................15
Score
(17 scale)
5.2
5.2
4.9
4.5
4.8
5.9
5.5
5.0
5.2
5.4
6.8
3.9
3.9
5.3
5.3
5.2
3.9
6.8
5.1
5.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Spain
Environmental regulation
Air transport infrastructure
6.05 Number of operating airlines................................................7
6.02 Available seat kilometers......................................................8
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................2
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................8
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.11
7.03
7.01
7.02
7.04
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................44
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................35
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................31
11.06
11.08
11.03
11.07
11.05
11.04
11.10
Human resources
325
Sri Lanka
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................19.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................65.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................23.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................4,384
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
326
500
400
300
200
100
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................79
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.1
4.7
3.8
3.3
4.5
4.3
2.9
2.5
3.1
2.0
2.0
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.5
3.6
6.4
4.7
4.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Sri Lanka
Health and hygiene
Environmental regulation
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.06
6.05
6.02
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................89
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................81
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................103
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................93
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................77
Human resources
Rank/124
11.07
11.06
11.01
11.09
11.04
11.05
11.03
11.02
11.10
11.11
327
Suriname
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................0.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................163.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................1.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................5,683
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
328
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................108
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.4
3.5
2.7
4.1
4.5
2.4
2.9
2.7
2.5
3.1
2.3
4.1
4.0
4.5
4.0
3.7
5.7
4.4
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.03
1.04
1.01
1.02
Suriname
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................46
329
Air transport infrastructure
6.05
6.06
6.01
6.02
7.04
7.02
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................62
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................108
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................78
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................62
Human resources
Rank/124
11.06
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.09
11.08
11.11
11.02
11.10
Sweden
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................9.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................450.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................358.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................29,926
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
330
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................17
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.9
5.6
6.2
3.2
4.9
4.9
5.7
4.4
6.3
3.1
5.3
5.4
6.1
3.3
7.0
4.4
6.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Sweden
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
6.02
6.06
6.01
6.04
6.05
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................2
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................2
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................4
Human resources
11.02
11.09
11.10
11.05
11.11
11.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................35
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................34
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................21
11.06
11.07
11.01
11.08
11.03
Human resources
331
Switzerland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................7.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................41.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................367.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................32,571
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
332
10,000
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................1
Score
(17 scale)
5.7
5.8
5.3
6.0
6.1
6.3
5.3
5.4
5.0
6.4
6.5
5.5
3.5
5.8
6.3
6.3
5.5
6.9
4.9
6.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ................2
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation ...............................5
Rank/124
Switzerland
Environmental regulation
Safety and security
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................6
8.01 Hotel rooms..........................................................................7
6.04
6.02
6.06
6.01
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................24
Human resources
11.01
11.05
11.09
11.11
11.03
11.04
11.06
11.10
13.05
13.02
13.04
13.03
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence ...................................................................69
11.02 Secondary education enrollment........................................43
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................26
333
Taiwan, China
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................22.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................36.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................346.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................27,721
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
334
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................30
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
4.7
5.7
5.2
5.2
4.1
3.5
4.4
3.2
5.7
2.7
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.7
5.9
4.6
6.6
6.0
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Taiwan, China
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................42
Tourism infrastructure
6.04
6.03
6.05
6.06
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.03
11.05
11.04
11.02
11.06
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................86
Human resources
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................75
11.10 Tuberculosis incidence .......................................................60
11.11 Life expectancy ..................................................................35
335
Tajikistan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................6.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................142.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................2.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,388
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
336
1
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................110
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.0
2.5
2.1
2.6
1.0
1.9
5.1
4.2
4.8
4.2
4.7
5.5
4.5
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Human resources
11.08 HIV prevalence .....................................................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................22
1.01
1.03
1.04
1.02
Tajikistan
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................99
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............78
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................76
7.03
7.01
7.04
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................121
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................114
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................100
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................123
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................100
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................83
Human resources
Rank/124
11.05
11.03
11.04
11.10
11.11
11.09
11.01
11.02
11.07
337
Tanzania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................38.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................945.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................12.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................723
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
338
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................80
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.1
3.7
4.4
4.1
3.6
4.6
2.9
2.3
3.4
2.4
1.8
4.6
4.6
3.7
3.6
4.5
2.9
5.3
5.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Tanzania
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................20
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............43
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................68
Human resources
Air transport infrastructure
6.03
6.01
6.04
6.02
6.06
6.05
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure.............................................................73
Port infrastructure ..............................................................68
Domestic transport network ..............................................68
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................56
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................93
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................118
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................109
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................87
Human resources
11.02
11.08
11.11
11.09
11.10
11.05
11.03
11.06
11.04
11.07
339
Thailand
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................64.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................513.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................173.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................8,368
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
340
10,000
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................43
Score
(17 scale)
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.1
4.1
4.7
3.4
2.8
5.7
4.8
5.0
5.0
4.1
5.8
5.4
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Thailand
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................37
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............38
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................44
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................44
ICT infrastructure
Ground transport infrastructure
7.01
7.04
7.03
7.02
Road infrastructure.............................................................28
Domestic transport network ..............................................31
Port infrastructure ..............................................................37
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................40
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................42
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................28
Human resources
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................30
11.03 Quality of the educational system .....................................41
Human resources
11.08
11.01
11.10
11.09
11.07
11.02
11.11
11.04
11.06
341
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
342
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................85
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.8
4.7
3.3
2.9
4.7
3.6
3.3
3.4
2.8
3.0
2.8
4.7
4.2
5.1
4.9
4.2
6.2
4.3
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Human resources
11.01
11.10
11.06
11.03
7.02
7.04
7.03
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................54
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................51
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................64
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................57
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................51
Human resources
11.08
11.07
11.11
11.04
11.02
11.05
343
Tunisia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................10.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................163.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................28.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................8,255
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................4.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
344
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................34
Score
(17 scale)
4.8
5.3
5.0
5.5
5.6
5.0
5.6
3.8
2.7
4.8
3.7
2.5
5.2
5.2
5.5
5.4
4.7
6.6
5.2
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................3
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............17
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................26
Rank/124
Tunisia
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................17
Human resources
11.01
11.08
11.09
11.03
11.06
11.04
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................77
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................70
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................59
Human resources
11.02
11.07
11.11
11.05
11.10
345
Turkey
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................72.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................783.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................362.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,950
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................7.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
346
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................52
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.5
4.8
4.0
4.6
4.9
3.9
3.5
3.3
3.7
3.3
3.0
4.2
5.0
5.1
4.7
4.1
6.5
5.3
4.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Turkey
Safety and security
Environmental regulation
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................47
Human resources
11.08
11.05
11.04
11.10
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................96
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................61
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................61
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................55
Human resources
11.01
11.06
11.09
11.02
11.03
11.07
11.11
347
Uganda
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................28.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................241.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................8.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................1,501
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
348
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................101
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.9
3.4
3.1
3.5
2.4
2.0
2.5
1.4
1.9
4.5
4.7
3.9
3.9
5.3
2.4
5.9
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Uganda
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.01 Primary education enrollment ..............................................1
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................14
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................17
4.02
4.04
4.03
4.01
Physician density..............................................................112
Access to improved drinking water .................................104
Access to improved sanitation ...........................................96
Govt efforts to reduce health risks from pandemics ........52
7.03
7.02
7.04
7.01
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................113
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..............................................109
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................97
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................122
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................110
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................74
Human resources
Rank/124
11.09
11.10
11.02
11.11
11.08
11.05
11.03
11.04
Malaria incidence..............................................................124
Tuberculosis incidence .....................................................119
Secondary education enrollment......................................116
Life expectancy ................................................................110
HIV prevalence .................................................................108
Extent of staff training........................................................74
Quality of the educational system .....................................64
Local availability of research and training services.............61
349
Ukraine
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................47.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................603.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................82.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................7,213
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................2.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
350
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................78
Score
(17 scale)
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.0
4.2
5.5
3.3
3.2
2.6
3.4
2.7
2.6
4.9
4.4
5.0
4.6
4.5
5.9
5.2
3.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Ukraine
Tourism infrastructure
Human resources
11.09
11.06
11.02
11.03
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Hiring and firing practices...................................................20
Secondary education enrollment........................................45
Quality of the educational system .....................................47
6.06
6.01
6.03
6.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................99
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................89
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................72
Human resources
11.01
11.07
11.05
11.08
11.04
11.11
11.10
351
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
352
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................18
Score
(17 scale)
5.1
5.3
4.8
5.1
5.8
5.8
4.9
4.7
5.0
4.8
4.5
3.5
5.5
5.3
5.5
4.5
5.1
6.8
6.5
3.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ......................5
Environmental regulation
Rank/124
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
Human resources
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................37
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................29
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................45
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................45
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................36
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.08
11.04
11.05
11.10
11.03
11.11
11.06
11.07
13.03
13.01
13.02
13.04
353
United Kingdom
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................60.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................243.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ..........................................2,229.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................30,436
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................1.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
354
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................10
Score
(17 scale)
5.3
5.2
5.5
5.5
4.9
5.7
4.4
5.1
5.6
5.5
5.2
5.7
3.3
5.6
6.0
6.0
5.1
6.9
4.4
6.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
United Kingdom
Environmental regulation
Health and hygiene
4.03 Access to improved sanitation .............................................1
4.04 Access to improved drinking water .....................................1
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use ...........................................2
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................8
11.01
11.02
11.09
11.04
Human resources
5.02
5.01
5.03
5.04
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................25
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................12
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................12
11.08
11.06
11.03
11.10
11.05
11.11
11.07
Human resources
355
United States
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................296.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................9,629.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ........................................12,455.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................41,399
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
356
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index........................................................................................................5
Score
(17 scale)
5.4
5.1
5.5
5.2
4.8
5.7
4.1
5.7
6.8
5.8
6.5
5.6
4.1
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.1
6.8
4.1
6.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
United States
Environmental regulation
Air transport infrastructure
6.02
6.05
6.04
6.03
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..............................1
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ..................................................1
ICT infrastructure
9.02 Internet users .......................................................................6
9.03 Telephone lines.....................................................................8
Human resources
11.09
11.10
11.04
11.05
Malaria incidence..................................................................1
Tuberculosis incidence .........................................................3
Local availability of research and training services...............5
Extent of staff training..........................................................9
5.01
5.03
5.04
5.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................13
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................12
11.01
11.08
11.07
11.02
11.11
11.03
11.06
Human resources
357
Uruguay
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..............................................................................3.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................176.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................16.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................10,720
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................6.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
358
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................56
Score
(17 scale)
4.3
4.8
4.8
4.3
4.6
5.9
4.1
3.3
2.5
3.5
2.8
3.3
4.5
4.8
5.2
4.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Uruguay
Environmental regulation
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................46
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............46
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................67
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................54
Human resources
11.01
11.02
11.07
11.11
11.10
11.06
11.05
11.03
11.04
11.08
Human resources
359
Venezuela
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................26.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................912.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................132.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................6,186
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................9.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
360
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................99
Score
(17 scale)
3.6
3.3
3.8
3.1
2.8
4.2
2.7
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.9
2.4
4.6
4.4
4.6
4.3
3.1
6.5
3.5
5.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.03
1.01
1.05
Property rights..................................................................123
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................120
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................102
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................84
Venezuela
Environmental regulation
Human resources
361
Air transport infrastructure
6.01 Quality of air transport infrastructure .................................79
6.06 International air transport network .....................................72
Tourism infrastructure
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................67
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................59
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................55
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................79
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................73
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................69
Human resources
Rank/124
11.06
11.03
11.07
11.09
11.04
11.02
11.05
11.08
11.10
Vietnam
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................83.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................331.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 ...............................................51.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................3,025
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................8.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
362
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................87
Score
(17 scale)
3.8
3.9
3.7
3.6
4.8
4.0
3.6
2.8
2.5
2.9
1.1
2.1
5.5
4.6
4.9
4.3
4.5
5.9
5.1
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.01
1.04
1.05
1.03
1.02
Vietnam
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices...................................................45
7.01
7.03
7.04
7.02
Road infrastructure.............................................................91
Port infrastructure ..............................................................89
Domestic transport network ..............................................77
Railroad infrastructure ........................................................70
Tourism infrastructure
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies..........................121
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................93
8.01 Hotel rooms........................................................................88
ICT infrastructure
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................111
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................76
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................74
Human resources
Rank/124
11.03
11.01
11.10
11.09
11.02
11.04
11.05
11.08
11.11
11.07
363
Zambia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................11.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................752.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................7.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ...................................931
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................5.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
364
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................94
Score
(17 scale)
3.7
3.9
4.8
3.4
4.3
2.7
4.2
2.4
2.6
1.9
1.9
1.7
4.1
4.7
3.4
3.3
5.8
1.1
6.4
4.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Zambia
Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.06 Hiring and firing practices.....................................................1
11.07 Ease of hiring foreign labor ................................................12
7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................103
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................99
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................92
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................109
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................107
9.02 Internet users ...................................................................102
Human resources
11.04
11.05
11.10
11.11
11.08
11.09
11.02
11.01
11.03
365
Zimbabwe
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005............................................................................13.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................390.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .................................................4.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ................................2,607
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005..................................................................-6.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
366
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index....................................................................................................107
Score
(17 scale)
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.5
4.1
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.2
1.9
5.0
4.0
2.6
4.0
2.7
1.1
5.6
3.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
1.02
1.03
1.01
1.05
Property rights..................................................................124
Rules governing foreign direct investment ......................124
Foreign ownership restrictions.........................................114
Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements ..................91
Zimbabwe
Environmental regulation
Human resources
11.03 Quality of the educational system .....................................39
11.05 Extent of staff training........................................................50
367
Air transport infrastructure
6.01
6.06
6.02
6.05
7.04
7.03
7.01
7.02
Tourism infrastructure
8.01 Hotel rooms......................................................................104
8.03 ATMs accepting Visa cards ................................................92
8.02 Presence of major car rental companies............................66
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines.................................................................103
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .......................................102
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................77
Human resources
Rank/124
11.11
11.07
11.08
11.10
11.06
11.09
11.04
11.02
11.01
2.2
Data Tables
The following pages present the data for of all the variables included in the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Index 2007 (TTCI) for all 124 economies covered by
the study.
The tables are organized in 13 sections, which
correspond to the 13 pillars of the TTCI.The number
preceding the title of each variable serves to identify the
pillar to which the variable belongs.
Two types of data are used in the TTCI: Survey
data and hard data.
Survey data: average responses in each economy to
questions included in the World Economic Forums
Executive Opinion Survey, conducted in the early
months of 2006.
1.01
Survey data
Data yielded from the World Economic Forums
Executive Opinion Survey are presented in blue-colored
bar graphs. Questions from the Survey asked for
responses on a scale of 1 to 7, where an answer of 1
corresponds to the lowest possible score and an answer
of 7 corresponds to the highest possible score. For each
Survey variable, the original question and the two
extreme answers are shown.
We report the average score for each economy
that is, the arithmetic mean of responses from each
economy.Variable 5.01, for example, asks about the
governments prioritization of the T&T industry in
the respondents economy. On this particular variable,
Mauritius with a score of 6.5 ranks first, and therefore
appears at the top, followed by Barbados, second with
a score of 6.3.We report responses rounded to one
decimal point, but use the exact figures to determine
rankings. For example, in the case of variable 1.01 on
foreign ownership restrictions, Belgiums average score
is 5.986 and New Zealands average score is 5.978.
These economies are therefore ranked 13th and 14th
respectively, although they are both listed with the
same rounded score of 6.0.
Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare, limited to minority stakes and often prohibited in key sectors , 7 = prevalent
and encouraged)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Ireland ...........................6.4
Slovak Republic ............6.3
Singapore......................6.3
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
United Kingdom............6.3
Czech Republic .............6.2
Germany .......................6.1
Chile..............................6.1
Sweden ........................6.1
Luxembourg .................6.0
Finland ..........................6.0
Indonesia ......................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
New Zealand.................6.0
Denmark .......................5.9
Zambia ..........................5.8
Uganda .........................5.8
Hungary ........................5.8
Austria ..........................5.8
Jordan ...........................5.8
Jamaica.........................5.8
Australia ........................5.8
Switzerland ...................5.7
Netherlands ..................5.7
Israel .............................5.7
Estonia ..........................5.7
Costa Rica.....................5.7
Canada ..........................5.7
Dominican Republic......5.7
Gambia .........................5.6
Mexico ..........................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Barbados.......................5.5
Malta.............................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Panama .........................5.4
Trinidad and Tobago ......5.4
India ..............................5.4
Tanzania ........................5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Bangladesh ...................5.4
United States................5.3
Peru ..............................5.3
Burkina Faso .................5.3
Portugal ........................5.3
Morocco .......................5.3
Latvia ............................5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Azerbaijan .....................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.3
El Salvador ....................5.2
Lesotho.........................5.2
Namibia.........................5.2
Uruguay ........................5.2
France ...........................5.2
Botswana......................5.2
Cameroon .....................5.2
Malawi ..........................5.2
Kenya ............................5.2
Greece ..........................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
SD
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Argentina ......................5.1
Mozambique .................5.1
Nigeria ..........................5.1
Mongolia .......................5.1
Colombia.......................5.1
Bahrain..........................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................5.0
Mali ...............................5.0
Benin ............................5.0
Pakistan ........................4.9
Madagascar ..................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Armenia ........................4.9
Cambodia......................4.9
Japan ............................4.8
Mauritius.......................4.8
Lithuania .......................4.8
Cyprus ..........................4.8
Romania........................4.8
Turkey ...........................4.8
Nicaragua ......................4.7
Algeria...........................4.7
Egypt ............................4.7
Honduras ......................4.7
China.............................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Philippines ....................4.6
Qatar .............................4.6
Guyana..........................4.6
United Arab Emirates ...4.5
Georgia .........................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................4.5
Mauritania .....................4.4
Suriname ......................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina...4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Chad .............................4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.3
Venezuela .....................4.3
Italy ...............................4.3
Thailand ........................4.3
Slovenia ........................4.3
Iceland ..........................4.2
Burundi .........................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ...........4.2
Serbia and Montenegro ...4.2
Bolivia ...........................4.1
Kyrgyz Republic ............4.1
Ecuador.........................4.1
Albania ..........................4.0
Zimbabwe .....................4.0
Ethiopia .........................3.9
Paraguay .......................3.9
Tajikistan .......................3.9
Moldova ........................3.9
Angola...........................3.8
Ukraine .........................3.7
Vietnam.........................3.7
Nepal ............................3.5
Russian Federation .......3.4
Kuwait...........................2.9
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
371
Visa requirements
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
HARD DATA
Albania...............................100.0
Argentina ...........................100.0
Bolivia ................................100.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina....100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Colombia ...........................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Ecuador .............................100.0
Georgia ..............................100.0
Guyana ..............................100.0
Jamaica .............................100.0
Romania ............................100.0
Serbia and Montenegro.....100.0
Ukraine ..............................100.0
Barbados .............................90.0
Botswana ............................90.0
Chile ....................................90.0
Costa Rica ...........................90.0
Croatia .................................90.0
Egypt ...................................90.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................90.0
Hungary ...............................90.0
Jordan..................................90.0
Korea, Rep...........................90.0
Lithuania ..............................90.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................90.0
Malaysia ..............................90.0
Mexico.................................90.0
Morocco ..............................90.0
Namibia ...............................90.0
Nicaragua.............................90.0
Peru .....................................90.0
Philippines ...........................90.0
Poland..................................90.0
Singapore ............................90.0
Slovak Republic ...................90.0
Slovenia ...............................90.0
Taiwan, China ......................90.0
Thailand ...............................90.0
Turkey..................................90.0
Uruguay ...............................90.0
Venezuela ............................90.0
Austria .................................80.0
Belgium ...............................80.0
Canada.................................80.0
Czech Republic....................80.0
Denmark..............................80.0
Dominican Republic ............80.0
El Salvador...........................80.0
Estonia.................................80.0
Finland .................................80.0
France..................................80.0
Germany..............................80.0
Greece.................................80.0
Guatemala ...........................80.0
Honduras .............................80.0
Iceland .................................80.0
Indonesia .............................80.0
Ireland..................................80.0
Israel....................................80.0
Italy......................................80.0
Japan ...................................80.0
372
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
92
92
94
94
94
94
94
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
HARD DATA
Kuwait .................................80.0
Latvia ...................................80.0
Lesotho ...............................80.0
Luxembourg ........................80.0
Malawi.................................80.0
Mauritius .............................80.0
Nepal ...................................80.0
Netherlands .........................80.0
New Zealand .......................80.0
Norway ................................80.0
Panama................................80.0
Portugal ...............................80.0
South Africa.........................80.0
Spain....................................80.0
Sri Lanka..............................80.0
Sweden ...............................80.0
Switzerland..........................80.0
Tunisia .................................80.0
United Arab Emirates ..........80.0
United Kingdom ..................80.0
United States ......................80.0
Zimbabwe............................80.0
Bahrain ................................70.0
Malta ...................................70.0
Qatar....................................70.0
Trinidad and Tobago.............70.0
Brazil....................................60.0
Paraguay..............................60.0
Zambia.................................60.0
Australia...............................50.0
Gambia ................................50.0
Cambodia ............................30.0
China ...................................30.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................30.0
Moldova...............................30.0
Mongolia..............................30.0
Vietnam ...............................30.0
Armenia ...............................20.0
Azerbaijan ............................20.0
Kazakhstan ..........................20.0
Pakistan ...............................20.0
Suriname .............................20.0
Tajikistan ..............................20.0
Bangladesh..........................10.0
Benin ...................................10.0
Burkina Faso........................10.0
Ethiopia................................10.0
India.....................................10.0
Russian Federation..............10.0
Tanzania...............................10.0
Algeria ...................................0.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Cameroon..............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Kenya.....................................0.0
Madagascar ...........................0.0
Mali........................................0.0
Mauritania..............................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Uganda ..................................0.0
Hard data
1.04
Environmental regulation..................................................................381
2.01
2.02
2.03
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
Road infrastructure........................................................410
Railroad infrastructure ...................................................411
Port infrastructure .........................................................412
Domestic transport network .........................................413
12.01
12.02
12.03
373
Data Tables
Pillar 1
Policy rules and regulations
375
376
1.01
Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare, limited to minority stakes and often prohibited in key sectors , 7 = prevalent
and encouraged)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Ireland ...........................6.4
Slovak Republic ............6.3
Singapore......................6.3
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
United Kingdom............6.3
Czech Republic .............6.2
Germany .......................6.1
Chile..............................6.1
Sweden ........................6.1
Luxembourg .................6.0
Finland ..........................6.0
Indonesia ......................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
New Zealand.................6.0
Denmark .......................5.9
Zambia ..........................5.8
Uganda .........................5.8
Hungary ........................5.8
Austria ..........................5.8
Jordan ...........................5.8
Jamaica.........................5.8
Australia ........................5.8
Switzerland ...................5.7
Netherlands ..................5.7
Israel .............................5.7
Estonia ..........................5.7
Costa Rica.....................5.7
Canada ..........................5.7
Dominican Republic......5.7
Gambia .........................5.6
Mexico ..........................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Barbados.......................5.5
Malta.............................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Panama .........................5.4
Trinidad and Tobago ......5.4
India ..............................5.4
Tanzania ........................5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Bangladesh ...................5.4
United States................5.3
Peru ..............................5.3
Burkina Faso .................5.3
Portugal ........................5.3
Morocco .......................5.3
Latvia ............................5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Azerbaijan .....................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.3
El Salvador ....................5.2
Lesotho.........................5.2
Namibia.........................5.2
Uruguay ........................5.2
France ...........................5.2
Botswana......................5.2
Cameroon .....................5.2
Malawi ..........................5.2
Kenya ............................5.2
Greece ..........................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
SD
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Argentina ......................5.1
Mozambique .................5.1
Nigeria ..........................5.1
Mongolia .......................5.1
Colombia.......................5.1
Bahrain..........................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................5.0
Mali ...............................5.0
Benin ............................5.0
Pakistan ........................4.9
Madagascar ..................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Armenia ........................4.9
Cambodia......................4.9
Japan ............................4.8
Mauritius.......................4.8
Lithuania .......................4.8
Cyprus ..........................4.8
Romania........................4.8
Turkey ...........................4.8
Nicaragua ......................4.7
Algeria...........................4.7
Egypt ............................4.7
Honduras ......................4.7
China.............................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Philippines ....................4.6
Qatar .............................4.6
Guyana..........................4.6
United Arab Emirates ...4.5
Georgia .........................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................4.5
Mauritania .....................4.4
Suriname ......................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina...4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Chad .............................4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.3
Venezuela .....................4.3
Italy ...............................4.3
Thailand ........................4.3
Slovenia ........................4.3
Iceland ..........................4.2
Burundi .........................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ...........4.2
Serbia and Montenegro ...4.2
Bolivia ...........................4.1
Kyrgyz Republic ............4.1
Ecuador.........................4.1
Albania ..........................4.0
Zimbabwe .....................4.0
Ethiopia .........................3.9
Paraguay .......................3.9
Tajikistan .......................3.9
Moldova ........................3.9
Angola...........................3.8
Ukraine .........................3.7
Vietnam.........................3.7
Nepal ............................3.5
Russian Federation .......3.4
Kuwait...........................2.9
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
Property rights
Property rights, including over financial assets (1 = are poorly defined and not protected by law, 7 = are clearly defined and well
protected by law)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Germany .......................6.8
Iceland ..........................6.7
Denmark .......................6.6
Switzerland ...................6.6
Netherlands ..................6.5
United Kingdom............6.5
Austria ..........................6.4
Finland ..........................6.4
Ireland ...........................6.4
Australia ........................6.4
Singapore......................6.3
Luxembourg .................6.3
Norway .........................6.3
Hong Kong SAR............6.2
Japan ............................6.2
Sweden ........................6.2
New Zealand.................6.2
France ...........................6.1
Belgium ........................5.9
Canada ..........................5.9
United States................5.8
South Africa ..................5.8
Israel .............................5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
India ..............................5.7
Spain .............................5.6
Estonia ..........................5.6
Mauritius.......................5.6
Cyprus ..........................5.5
Chile..............................5.5
Namibia.........................5.5
Hungary ........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................5.4
Tunisia...........................5.4
Barbados.......................5.4
Greece ..........................5.3
Qatar .............................5.3
Taiwan, China................5.3
Thailand ........................5.3
Malta.............................5.2
United Arab Emirates ...5.1
Italy ...............................5.1
Panama .........................5.0
Slovak Republic ............5.0
Jordan ...........................5.0
Bahrain..........................5.0
Jamaica.........................5.0
Lithuania .......................4.9
Slovenia ........................4.9
Latvia ............................4.9
Botswana......................4.9
Turkey ...........................4.8
Kuwait...........................4.8
Uruguay ........................4.8
Morocco .......................4.8
Egypt ............................4.7
Colombia.......................4.7
Costa Rica.....................4.7
Mexico ..........................4.6
Zambia ..........................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
SD
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
SD
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.02
377
378
1.03
In your country, rules governing foreign direct investment are (1 = damaging and discourage foreign direct investment , 7 = beneficial and
encourage foreign direct investment)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Singapore......................6.5
Ireland ...........................6.5
Hong Kong SAR............6.5
Luxembourg .................6.3
Slovak Republic ............6.2
Zambia ..........................6.1
United Kingdom............6.0
Indonesia ......................6.0
Estonia ..........................6.0
Czech Republic .............5.9
Chile..............................5.9
Malaysia........................5.9
Portugal ........................5.9
Finland ..........................5.9
Sweden ........................5.8
Switzerland ...................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.8
Denmark .......................5.8
Germany .......................5.7
Belgium ........................5.7
Austria ..........................5.7
Uganda .........................5.7
Bangladesh ...................5.7
Gambia .........................5.7
Tunisia...........................5.7
Jordan ...........................5.6
El Salvador ....................5.6
Hungary ........................5.6
Dominican Republic......5.6
Israel .............................5.6
Burkina Faso .................5.5
Bahrain..........................5.5
Malta.............................5.5
India ..............................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.5
Tanzania ........................5.5
United Arab Emirates ...5.5
Mexico ..........................5.5
Trinidad and Tobago ......5.5
New Zealand.................5.4
Barbados.......................5.4
China.............................5.4
Jamaica.........................5.4
United States................5.4
Costa Rica.....................5.4
Spain .............................5.4
Sri Lanka .......................5.4
Peru ..............................5.4
Norway .........................5.4
Canada ..........................5.3
Australia ........................5.3
Qatar .............................5.3
Mauritania .....................5.3
Nigeria ..........................5.3
France ...........................5.2
Armenia ........................5.2
Cyprus ..........................5.2
Thailand ........................5.2
Iceland ..........................5.2
Morocco .......................5.2
Panama .........................5.2
Cambodia......................5.2
SD
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Angola...........................5.1
Mali ...............................5.1
Colombia.......................5.1
Pakistan ........................5.1
Turkey ...........................5.1
Botswana......................5.1
Mauritius.......................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
Mongolia .......................5.0
South Africa ..................5.0
Vietnam.........................5.0
Mozambique .................5.0
Latvia ............................4.9
Nicaragua ......................4.9
Uruguay ........................4.9
Philippines ....................4.9
Lesotho.........................4.8
Honduras ......................4.8
Brazil .............................4.8
Japan ............................4.7
Namibia.........................4.7
Azerbaijan .....................4.7
Kazakhstan....................4.7
Malawi ..........................4.7
Ethiopia .........................4.7
Romania........................4.7
Greece ..........................4.6
Kenya ............................4.6
Algeria...........................4.6
Cameroon .....................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................4.5
Croatia ..........................4.5
Burundi .........................4.5
Egypt ............................4.4
Lithuania .......................4.4
Guyana..........................4.4
Georgia .........................4.4
Tajikistan .......................4.4
Italy ...............................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Madagascar ..................4.3
Serbia and Montenegro..4.3
Nepal ............................4.2
Benin ............................4.2
Paraguay .......................4.2
Moldova ........................4.2
Slovenia ........................4.1
Albania ..........................4.0
Argentina ......................4.0
Suriname ......................3.9
Bulgaria .........................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.9
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.9
Ecuador.........................3.9
Ukraine .........................3.8
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.8
Bolivia ...........................3.8
Venezuela .....................3.7
Russian Federation .......3.7
Kuwait...........................3.5
Chad .............................3.3
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.5
Visa requirements
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
HARD DATA
Albania...............................100.0
Argentina ...........................100.0
Bolivia ................................100.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina....100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Colombia ...........................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Ecuador .............................100.0
Georgia ..............................100.0
Guyana ..............................100.0
Jamaica .............................100.0
Romania ............................100.0
Serbia and Montenegro.....100.0
Ukraine ..............................100.0
Barbados .............................90.0
Botswana ............................90.0
Chile ....................................90.0
Costa Rica ...........................90.0
Croatia .................................90.0
Egypt ...................................90.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................90.0
Hungary ...............................90.0
Jordan..................................90.0
Korea, Rep...........................90.0
Lithuania ..............................90.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................90.0
Malaysia ..............................90.0
Mexico.................................90.0
Morocco ..............................90.0
Namibia ...............................90.0
Nicaragua.............................90.0
Peru .....................................90.0
Philippines ...........................90.0
Poland..................................90.0
Singapore ............................90.0
Slovak Republic ...................90.0
Slovenia ...............................90.0
Taiwan, China ......................90.0
Thailand ...............................90.0
Turkey..................................90.0
Uruguay ...............................90.0
Venezuela ............................90.0
Austria .................................80.0
Belgium ...............................80.0
Canada.................................80.0
Czech Republic....................80.0
Denmark..............................80.0
Dominican Republic ............80.0
El Salvador...........................80.0
Estonia.................................80.0
Finland .................................80.0
France..................................80.0
Germany..............................80.0
Greece.................................80.0
Guatemala ...........................80.0
Honduras .............................80.0
Iceland .................................80.0
Indonesia .............................80.0
Ireland..................................80.0
Israel....................................80.0
Italy......................................80.0
Japan ...................................80.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
92
92
94
94
94
94
94
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
HARD DATA
Kuwait .................................80.0
Latvia ...................................80.0
Lesotho ...............................80.0
Luxembourg ........................80.0
Malawi.................................80.0
Mauritius .............................80.0
Nepal ...................................80.0
Netherlands .........................80.0
New Zealand .......................80.0
Norway ................................80.0
Panama................................80.0
Portugal ...............................80.0
South Africa.........................80.0
Spain....................................80.0
Sri Lanka..............................80.0
Sweden ...............................80.0
Switzerland..........................80.0
Tunisia .................................80.0
United Arab Emirates ..........80.0
United Kingdom ..................80.0
United States ......................80.0
Zimbabwe............................80.0
Bahrain ................................70.0
Malta ...................................70.0
Qatar....................................70.0
Trinidad and Tobago.............70.0
Brazil....................................60.0
Paraguay..............................60.0
Zambia.................................60.0
Australia...............................50.0
Gambia ................................50.0
Cambodia ............................30.0
China ...................................30.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................30.0
Moldova...............................30.0
Mongolia..............................30.0
Vietnam ...............................30.0
Armenia ...............................20.0
Azerbaijan ............................20.0
Kazakhstan ..........................20.0
Pakistan ...............................20.0
Suriname .............................20.0
Tajikistan ..............................20.0
Bangladesh..........................10.0
Benin ...................................10.0
Burkina Faso........................10.0
Ethiopia................................10.0
India.....................................10.0
Russian Federation..............10.0
Tanzania...............................10.0
Algeria ...................................0.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Cameroon..............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Kenya.....................................0.0
Madagascar ...........................0.0
Mali........................................0.0
Mauritania..............................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Uganda ..................................0.0
1.04
379
380
1.05
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
36
38
39
40
41
42
42
44
45
45
45
48
49
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
El Salvador...........................33.7
Honduras .............................32.7
Guatemala ...........................31.9
Dominican Republic ............28.9
Nicaragua.............................26.5
Jamaica ...............................24.7
Peru .....................................22.7
United States ......................22.6
Costa Rica ...........................22.0
Canada.................................20.2
Panama................................19.2
Chile ....................................18.9
Poland..................................18.9
Luxembourg ........................16.5
Germany..............................16.4
Iceland .................................15.6
Denmark..............................15.3
Portugal ...............................15.1
Japan ...................................14.8
Netherlands .........................14.8
Mexico.................................14.6
Barbados .............................14.1
Suriname .............................13.6
Hong Kong SAR ..................13.5
New Zealand .......................13.4
Ireland..................................13.3
Philippines ...........................13.1
Italy......................................13.0
Singapore ............................13.0
Indonesia .............................12.9
Czech Republic....................12.8
Belgium ...............................12.6
Ecuador ...............................12.5
Finland .................................12.4
Paraguay..............................12.2
Brazil....................................12.1
Jordan..................................12.1
United Kingdom ..................12.0
Israel....................................11.9
Colombia .............................11.8
Korea, Rep...........................11.7
Trinidad and Tobago.............11.5
Turkey..................................11.5
United Arab Emirates ..........11.3
Croatia .................................11.2
Hungary ...............................11.2
Uruguay ...............................11.2
Azerbaijan ............................11.1
Namibia ...............................10.9
Greece.................................10.8
Malaysia ..............................10.7
Qatar....................................10.7
Austria .................................10.6
Morocco ..............................10.5
Ethiopia................................10.4
Bahrain ................................10.2
Tunisia ...................................9.9
Thailand .................................9.9
South Africa...........................9.9
Cameroon..............................9.8
Switzerland............................9.8
Pakistan .................................9.6
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
62
64
64
66
67
68
69
70
70
72
72
72
75
75
75
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
84
84
84
88
89
90
91
91
93
94
95
96
97
98
98
98
101
102
102
104
105
106
106
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
117
119
120
121
122
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Zambia...................................9.6
Bolivia ....................................9.5
Egypt .....................................9.5
Albania...................................9.5
Chad ......................................9.4
Norway ..................................9.4
France....................................9.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina........9.3
Malta .....................................9.3
Australia.................................9.0
Gambia ..................................9.0
Sweden .................................9.0
Argentina ...............................8.8
Mozambique..........................8.8
Slovak Republic .....................8.8
Sri Lanka................................8.6
Romania ................................8.5
Spain......................................8.3
Mauritania..............................8.2
Serbia and Montenegro.........8.2
Cambodia ..............................8.1
Armenia .................................8.0
Lithuania ................................8.0
Venezuela ..............................8.0
Vietnam .................................8.0
India.......................................7.9
Malawi...................................7.8
Madagascar ...........................7.7
Nigeria ...................................7.5
Zimbabwe..............................7.5
Bulgaria..................................7.0
Kazakhstan ............................6.9
Uganda ..................................6.7
Botswana ..............................6.5
Mauritius ...............................6.2
Algeria ...................................6.1
Mali........................................6.1
Ukraine ..................................6.1
Guyana ..................................6.0
Bangladesh............................5.8
Tanzania .................................5.8
Mongolia................................5.7
China .....................................5.5
Burundi ..................................5.4
Latvia .....................................5.4
Kenya.....................................5.2
Macedonia, FYR ....................5.1
Georgia ..................................4.9
Cyprus ...................................4.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.5
Moldova.................................4.4
Russian Federation................4.2
Benin .....................................3.9
Slovenia .................................3.9
Estonia...................................3.0
Nepal .....................................3.0
Kuwait ...................................2.3
Burkina Faso..........................1.9
Angola ...................................1.0
Lesotho .................................0.1
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Tajikistan ................................n/a
Data Tables
Pillar 2
Environmental regulation
381
382
2.01
How stringent is your countrys environmental regulation? (1 = lax compared to most countries, 7 = among the worlds most stringent)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.0
Germany .......................6.7
Denmark .......................6.6
Austria ..........................6.6
Sweden ........................6.5
Switzerland ...................6.5
Finland ..........................6.4
Norway .........................6.3
Netherlands ..................6.2
New Zealand.................6.2
Luxembourg .................6.2
Belgium ........................6.1
Japan ............................6.0
United Kingdom............5.9
France ...........................5.8
Canada ..........................5.8
Australia ........................5.8
Iceland ..........................5.7
Singapore......................5.7
Czech Republic .............5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
United States................5.4
Portugal ........................5.3
Slovenia ........................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.2
Chile..............................5.1
Brazil .............................5.1
Hungary ........................5.1
Slovak Republic ............5.1
Costa Rica.....................5.0
Italy ...............................5.0
South Africa ..................4.8
Hong Kong SAR............4.8
United Arab Emirates ...4.8
Estonia ..........................4.7
Lithuania .......................4.7
Israel .............................4.7
Spain .............................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................4.6
India ..............................4.5
Qatar .............................4.4
Latvia ............................4.4
Thailand ........................4.4
Colombia.......................4.3
Uruguay ........................4.2
Mauritius.......................4.2
Croatia ..........................4.2
Mexico ..........................4.2
Greece ..........................4.1
Poland ...........................4.1
Namibia.........................4.0
El Salvador ....................4.0
Malta.............................4.0
Barbados.......................3.9
Turkey ...........................3.9
Peru ..............................3.8
Jordan ...........................3.7
Cyprus ..........................3.7
Madagascar ..................3.7
Benin ............................3.7
Gambia .........................3.7
SD
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
108
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Kenya ............................3.7
Georgia .........................3.6
Philippines ....................3.6
Panama .........................3.6
Burkina Faso .................3.6
Tanzania ........................3.6
Bahrain..........................3.6
Dominican Republic......3.6
Jamaica.........................3.5
Algeria...........................3.5
Venezuela .....................3.5
Romania........................3.5
Uganda .........................3.4
Botswana......................3.4
Pakistan ........................3.4
Guatemala ....................3.4
Zimbabwe .....................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.4
Kuwait...........................3.4
Morocco .......................3.3
Mali ...............................3.3
Honduras ......................3.3
Kazakhstan....................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.2
Argentina ......................3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Bolivia ...........................3.2
Bulgaria .........................3.1
Moldova ........................3.1
Egypt ............................3.1
Ecuador.........................3.1
Nigeria ..........................3.0
Armenia ........................3.0
Cambodia......................3.0
China.............................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Tajikistan .......................2.9
Paraguay .......................2.9
Indonesia ......................2.9
Mozambique .................2.9
Russian Federation .......2.9
Mauritania .....................2.9
Bangladesh ...................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.9
Ukraine .........................2.9
Nepal ............................2.9
Vietnam.........................2.9
Nicaragua ......................2.8
Azerbaijan .....................2.8
Burundi .........................2.7
Cameroon .....................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.7
Serbia and Montenegro..2.6
Ethiopia .........................2.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.6
Lesotho.........................2.6
Zambia ..........................2.5
Angola...........................2.4
Chad .............................2.4
Mongolia .......................2.3
Suriname ......................2.2
Albania ..........................2.2
MEAN: 4.0
SD
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
0.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Environmental regulations in your country are (1 = confusing and enforced erratically, 7 = stable and enforced consistently and fairly)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Denmark .......................6.4
Switzerland ...................6.1
Germany .......................6.0
Norway .........................6.0
Finland ..........................6.0
Sweden ........................5.9
Singapore......................5.8
Austria ..........................5.8
Japan ............................5.7
Iceland ..........................5.7
United Kingdom............5.7
Netherlands ..................5.6
Luxembourg .................5.5
Australia ........................5.4
New Zealand.................5.3
France ...........................5.3
Tunisia...........................5.2
Canada ..........................5.2
United States................5.1
Taiwan, China................5.1
Belgium ........................5.0
Slovenia ........................5.0
Malaysia........................4.9
Ireland ...........................4.9
Hong Kong SAR............4.8
Qatar .............................4.6
Israel .............................4.6
Estonia ..........................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................4.6
United Arab Emirates ...4.6
South Africa ..................4.5
Portugal ........................4.5
Slovak Republic ............4.5
Hungary ........................4.5
Czech Republic .............4.4
Latvia ............................4.3
Chile..............................4.3
Thailand ........................4.2
Spain .............................4.2
Italy ...............................4.2
Costa Rica.....................4.2
Namibia.........................4.2
Tanzania ........................4.2
Gambia .........................4.1
Lithuania .......................4.1
Uruguay ........................4.1
Mauritius.......................4.0
Poland ...........................4.0
India ..............................4.0
Brazil .............................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.8
Croatia ..........................3.8
Malta.............................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Greece ..........................3.7
Barbados.......................3.7
Cyprus ..........................3.7
Jordan ...........................3.7
Colombia.......................3.7
Kazakhstan....................3.7
Burkina Faso .................3.6
Georgia .........................3.6
SD
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.7
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.4
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.6
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
114
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Kenya ............................3.6
Turkey ...........................3.6
Pakistan ........................3.5
Zimbabwe .....................3.5
Peru ..............................3.5
Madagascar ..................3.4
El Salvador ....................3.4
Indonesia ......................3.4
Bahrain..........................3.4
Moldova ........................3.4
Kuwait...........................3.4
Dominican Republic......3.4
Cambodia......................3.3
China.............................3.3
Uganda .........................3.3
Tajikistan .......................3.3
Algeria...........................3.3
Malawi ..........................3.3
Sri Lanka .......................3.3
Benin ............................3.3
Romania........................3.3
Nigeria ..........................3.2
Panama .........................3.2
Jamaica.........................3.2
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.2
Guatemala ....................3.1
Mali ...............................3.1
Mauritania .....................3.1
Morocco .......................3.1
Mozambique .................3.1
Egypt ............................3.1
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.1
Philippines ....................3.1
Ukraine .........................3.1
Nepal ............................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Vietnam.........................3.0
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Azerbaijan .....................3.0
Venezuela .....................3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.0
Honduras ......................2.9
Bulgaria .........................2.9
Nicaragua ......................2.9
Russian Federation .......2.9
Argentina ......................2.9
Ecuador.........................2.8
Cameroon .....................2.7
Armenia ........................2.7
Angola...........................2.7
Burundi .........................2.7
Bangladesh ...................2.7
Mongolia .......................2.7
Ethiopia .........................2.6
Suriname ......................2.5
Paraguay .......................2.4
Serbia and Montenegro..2.4
Zambia ..........................2.2
Albania ..........................2.2
Chad .............................2.1
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.9
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
2.02
383
384
2.03
Is your countrys government taking the necessary steps to ensure that the T&T sector is being developed in a sustainable way?
(1 = no, development of the sector does not take into account issues related to environmental protection and sustainable development,
7 = yes, sustainable development issues are at the core of the governments strategy with regard to the industrys development)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Singapore......................6.2
New Zealand.................6.0
Tunisia...........................6.0
Austria ..........................5.9
United Arab Emirates ...5.9
Hong Kong SAR............5.8
Mauritius.......................5.8
Malaysia........................5.7
Barbados.......................5.7
Qatar .............................5.6
Finland ..........................5.6
Switzerland ...................5.6
Australia ........................5.6
South Africa ..................5.5
Iceland ..........................5.5
Germany .......................5.5
Zambia ..........................5.4
Morocco .......................5.4
Gambia .........................5.4
Tanzania ........................5.4
Ireland ...........................5.4
Denmark .......................5.4
France ...........................5.4
Greece ..........................5.4
Cyprus ..........................5.3
Canada ..........................5.3
Israel .............................5.3
Portugal ........................5.3
Luxembourg .................5.3
Netherlands ..................5.2
Burkina Faso .................5.2
Belgium ........................5.2
Norway .........................5.2
Jordan ...........................5.2
Sweden ........................5.2
Egypt ............................5.2
Thailand ........................5.1
Botswana......................5.1
Mali ...............................5.1
Cambodia......................5.1
Uganda .........................5.1
Taiwan, China................5.1
Mexico ..........................5.1
United Kingdom............5.0
Estonia ..........................5.0
Jamaica.........................5.0
Kenya ............................5.0
India ..............................4.9
United States................4.9
Malta.............................4.9
Vietnam.........................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.8
Nigeria ..........................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................4.8
Japan ............................4.8
Madagascar ..................4.8
Slovenia ........................4.8
Namibia.........................4.8
Hungary ........................4.7
Costa Rica.....................4.7
Turkey ...........................4.7
Panama .........................4.7
SD
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.4
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Spain .............................4.7
Korea, Rep. ...................4.6
Indonesia ......................4.6
Dominican Republic......4.6
Uruguay ........................4.6
Czech Republic .............4.5
El Salvador ....................4.5
Guatemala ....................4.5
Georgia .........................4.4
Mozambique .................4.4
Chile..............................4.4
Colombia.......................4.4
Honduras ......................4.3
Tajikistan .......................4.3
Guyana..........................4.3
Benin ............................4.3
Peru ..............................4.3
Philippines ....................4.2
China.............................4.2
Slovak Republic ............4.2
Malawi ..........................4.2
Latvia ............................4.2
Nicaragua ......................4.2
Bahrain..........................4.2
Brazil .............................4.2
Nepal ............................4.1
Algeria...........................4.1
Armenia ........................4.1
Argentina ......................4.1
Lithuania .......................4.1
Kazakhstan....................4.0
Mauritania .....................4.0
Moldova ........................3.9
Lesotho.........................3.9
Poland ...........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.8
Azerbaijan .....................3.8
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.7
Mongolia .......................3.7
Angola...........................3.7
Zimbabwe .....................3.7
Bulgaria .........................3.7
Ethiopia .........................3.7
Italy ...............................3.6
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.6
Chad .............................3.4
Ecuador.........................3.4
Bangladesh ...................3.3
Kuwait...........................3.3
Cameroon .....................3.3
Suriname ......................3.3
Ukraine .........................3.2
Romania........................3.2
Albania ..........................3.2
Serbia and Montenegro..3.1
Burundi .........................3.1
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.1
Russian Federation .......3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.8
Venezuela .....................2.7
Bolivia ...........................2.7
Paraguay .......................2.7
MEAN: 4.6
SD
1.6
0.9
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.5
2.0
1.6
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.4
Data Tables
Pillar 3
Safety and security
385
386
3.01
The threat of terrorism in your country (1 = imposes significant costs on business, 7 = does not impose significant costs on business)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43
45
46
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Finland ..........................6.3
Uruguay ........................6.2
Brazil .............................6.2
Hungary ........................6.2
Zimbabwe .....................6.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .6.1
Slovak Republic ............6.1
Zambia ..........................6.1
Portugal ........................6.0
Austria ..........................6.0
Dominican Republic......6.0
Argentina ......................5.9
Costa Rica.....................5.9
Mauritius.......................5.9
Tunisia...........................5.9
New Zealand.................5.8
Gambia .........................5.8
Angola...........................5.8
Luxembourg .................5.8
Chile..............................5.8
Indonesia ......................5.8
Botswana......................5.7
Slovenia ........................5.7
Greece ..........................5.7
Hong Kong SAR............5.7
Sweden ........................5.7
Croatia ..........................5.7
Czech Republic .............5.6
Cameroon .....................5.6
Germany .......................5.6
Mongolia .......................5.6
Malta.............................5.6
Estonia ..........................5.6
Lithuania .......................5.6
Iceland ..........................5.6
Benin ............................5.5
Mauritania .....................5.4
Namibia.........................5.4
Armenia ........................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Serbia and Montenegro..5.4
United Arab Emirates ...5.4
South Africa ..................5.4
Ukraine .........................5.4
Georgia .........................5.3
Norway .........................5.3
Qatar .............................5.3
Mali ...............................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.3
Latvia ............................5.3
Mexico ..........................5.3
Taiwan, China................5.3
Tanzania ........................5.3
Mozambique .................5.2
Burkina Faso .................5.2
Malawi ..........................5.2
Ethiopia .........................5.2
Ecuador.........................5.2
Lesotho.........................5.2
Romania........................5.2
Vietnam.........................5.2
Bolivia ...........................5.2
SD
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.2
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.3
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.6
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.1
1.4
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.7
2.4
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.0
Police services (1 = cannot be relied upon to protect businesses from criminals, 7 = can be relied upon to protect businesses from
criminals)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.2
Finland ..........................6.6
Germany .......................6.5
Denmark .......................6.5
Singapore......................6.5
Switzerland ...................6.4
Iceland ..........................6.3
Norway .........................6.2
Austria ..........................6.2
Hong Kong SAR............6.2
Jordan ...........................6.0
United Arab Emirates ...5.9
Australia ........................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.8
Canada ..........................5.8
Luxembourg .................5.7
United States................5.7
Japan ............................5.7
France ...........................5.6
Malaysia........................5.5
United Kingdom............5.5
Qatar .............................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
New Zealand.................5.5
Tunisia...........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
Kuwait...........................5.4
Sweden ........................5.4
Barbados.......................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.3
Malta.............................5.3
Chile..............................5.2
Belgium ........................5.2
Algeria...........................5.1
Greece ..........................5.0
Morocco .......................5.0
Taiwan, China................5.0
Cyprus ..........................4.9
Estonia ..........................4.9
Korea, Rep. ...................4.9
Italy ...............................4.9
Thailand ........................4.8
Israel .............................4.6
Hungary ........................4.6
Panama .........................4.6
Egypt ............................4.5
Vietnam.........................4.5
Turkey ...........................4.5
India ..............................4.5
Slovak Republic ............4.5
Azerbaijan .....................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Georgia .........................4.4
Colombia.......................4.4
Bahrain..........................4.4
Latvia ............................4.3
Mauritius.......................4.3
Mali ...............................4.3
Nicaragua ......................4.3
Tajikistan .......................4.2
Ethiopia .........................4.2
Mauritania .....................4.2
Botswana......................4.1
SD
0.7
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Suriname ......................4.1
China.............................4.0
Costa Rica.....................4.0
Burkina Faso .................4.0
Zambia ..........................4.0
Albania ..........................3.9
Poland ...........................3.9
Uruguay ........................3.9
Gambia .........................3.8
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.8
Czech Republic .............3.8
Armenia ........................3.8
Kazakhstan....................3.7
Lithuania .......................3.7
Croatia ..........................3.7
Serbia and Montenegro..3.7
Romania........................3.7
El Salvador ....................3.6
Malawi ..........................3.6
Tanzania ........................3.5
Madagascar ..................3.5
Philippines ....................3.5
Pakistan ........................3.5
Uganda .........................3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
South Africa ..................3.3
Benin ............................3.3
Kenya ............................3.3
Angola...........................3.3
Cameroon .....................3.3
Sri Lanka .......................3.3
Lesotho.........................3.2
Peru ..............................3.2
Burundi .........................3.2
Namibia.........................3.2
Moldova ........................3.2
Indonesia ......................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Nepal ............................3.1
Honduras ......................3.1
Dominican Republic......3.1
Mexico ..........................3.0
Russian Federation .......3.0
Mongolia .......................2.9
Brazil .............................2.9
Argentina ......................2.9
Mozambique .................2.8
Ecuador.........................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.8
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
Jamaica.........................2.8
Guatemala ....................2.8
Nigeria ..........................2.7
Bulgaria .........................2.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.7
Bangladesh ...................2.4
Chad .............................2.3
Bolivia ...........................2.3
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.3
Trinidad and Tobago ......2.2
Venezuela .....................2.1
Guyana..........................1.9
MEAN: 4.2
SD
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.6
0.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.0
3.02
387
388
3.03
The incidence of common crime and violence (e.g., street muggings, firms being looted) (1 = imposes significant costs on businesses,
7 = does not impose significant costs on businesses)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.3
Iceland ..........................6.8
Finland ..........................6.7
Germany .......................6.6
Singapore......................6.6
Denmark .......................6.5
Austria ..........................6.4
Switzerland ...................6.4
Hong Kong SAR............6.4
Norway .........................6.4
Jordan ...........................6.2
United Arab Emirates ...6.2
Japan ............................6.1
Qatar .............................6.0
Malta.............................6.0
Portugal ........................6.0
Greece ..........................5.9
New Zealand.................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
Australia ........................5.7
Kuwait...........................5.6
Tunisia...........................5.6
Luxembourg .................5.6
Slovak Republic ............5.6
India ..............................5.6
Cyprus ..........................5.5
Azerbaijan .....................5.5
Slovenia ........................5.5
Indonesia ......................5.4
Canada ..........................5.4
Taiwan, China................5.4
United Kingdom............5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Hungary ........................5.2
Netherlands ..................5.2
Israel .............................5.2
Armenia ........................5.2
Belgium ........................5.1
Latvia ............................5.1
Thailand ........................5.0
Ireland ...........................5.0
United States................5.0
Barbados.......................5.0
Morocco .......................5.0
France ...........................5.0
Korea, Rep. ...................4.9
Bahrain..........................4.9
Egypt ............................4.8
Czech Republic .............4.8
Gambia .........................4.8
Turkey ...........................4.7
Mauritius.......................4.7
Spain .............................4.7
Georgia .........................4.6
Chile..............................4.6
Vietnam.........................4.6
Serbia and Montenegro..4.6
Mauritania .....................4.5
Lithuania .......................4.5
Italy ...............................4.4
Ethiopia .........................4.4
Poland ...........................4.3
SD
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.1
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Croatia ..........................4.3
Philippines ....................4.2
Burkina Faso .................4.2
Botswana......................4.1
Kazakhstan....................4.1
Panama .........................4.1
Ukraine .........................4.0
China.............................4.0
Moldova ........................3.9
Romania........................3.9
Tajikistan .......................3.9
Sri Lanka .......................3.9
Mongolia .......................3.8
Pakistan ........................3.8
Albania ..........................3.8
Nicaragua ......................3.8
Mali ...............................3.8
Algeria...........................3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.7
Russian Federation .......3.7
Uruguay ........................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Uganda .........................3.6
Tanzania ........................3.5
Malawi ..........................3.5
Benin ............................3.4
Nepal ............................3.4
Burundi .........................3.4
Cambodia......................3.3
Zimbabwe .....................3.3
Costa Rica.....................3.2
Suriname ......................3.2
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.2
Bolivia ...........................3.2
Bulgaria .........................3.2
Bangladesh ...................3.1
Dominican Republic......3.1
Cameroon .....................3.1
Colombia.......................3.0
Lesotho.........................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.0
Zambia ..........................3.0
Argentina ......................2.9
Nigeria ..........................2.9
Madagascar ..................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.8
Mozambique .................2.7
Ecuador.........................2.7
Brazil .............................2.7
South Africa ..................2.6
Peru ..............................2.6
Kenya ............................2.5
Angola...........................2.4
Mexico ..........................2.4
Trinidad and Tobago ......2.3
Chad .............................2.3
Honduras ......................2.1
Jamaica.........................2.1
Guatemala ....................2.0
El Salvador ....................1.9
Venezuela .....................1.8
Guyana..........................1.7
MEAN: 4.3
SD
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.7
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
Data Tables
Pillar 4
Health and hygiene
389
390
4.01
Do you believe that your government is taking the right steps to minimize the health risks and disruptions to business/travel potentially
caused by pandemics? (1 = no, the government is taking no steps, 7 = yes, the government is undertaking all possible measures)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
55
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.4
Singapore......................6.2
Finland ..........................6.1
Tunisia...........................6.0
Hong Kong SAR............5.9
Iceland ..........................5.9
Norway .........................5.8
Hungary ........................5.7
Malaysia........................5.7
United Arab Emirates ...5.7
Denmark .......................5.7
Kuwait...........................5.7
France ...........................5.6
Qatar .............................5.6
Japan ............................5.5
Vietnam.........................5.5
New Zealand.................5.4
Netherlands ..................5.4
Germany .......................5.4
Sweden ........................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Belgium ........................5.3
Australia ........................5.3
Luxembourg .................5.3
China.............................5.3
Greece ..........................5.3
Malta.............................5.2
Taiwan, China................5.2
Austria ..........................5.2
Israel .............................5.1
Jordan ...........................5.1
Barbados.......................5.1
Italy ...............................5.0
Botswana......................5.0
Thailand ........................5.0
Czech Republic .............5.0
Portugal ........................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Mali ...............................4.9
Korea, Rep. ...................4.9
Bahrain..........................4.9
Canada ..........................4.8
Morocco .......................4.8
Slovenia ........................4.8
Tanzania ........................4.7
Mexico ..........................4.7
United Kingdom............4.7
Slovak Republic ............4.7
Algeria...........................4.7
Burkina Faso .................4.7
Mauritius.......................4.7
Cyprus ..........................4.6
Uganda .........................4.6
Chile..............................4.6
Nigeria ..........................4.5
Sri Lanka .......................4.5
Tajikistan .......................4.5
Gambia .........................4.5
Estonia ..........................4.5
Egypt ............................4.5
United States................4.5
Uruguay ........................4.5
Turkey ...........................4.4
SD
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
92
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
111
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Kazakhstan....................4.3
Spain .............................4.3
Benin ............................4.3
Colombia.......................4.3
Costa Rica.....................4.2
Lithuania .......................4.2
El Salvador ....................4.2
Mauritania .....................4.2
Kenya ............................4.1
India ..............................4.1
Malawi ..........................4.1
Mozambique .................4.1
Latvia ............................4.1
Cambodia......................4.1
Mongolia .......................4.1
Serbia and Montenegro..4.1
Jamaica.........................4.1
Ireland ...........................4.0
Panama .........................4.0
Philippines ....................4.0
Georgia .........................4.0
Guyana..........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.9
Madagascar ..................3.9
Poland ...........................3.9
Cameroon .....................3.7
Azerbaijan .....................3.7
Armenia ........................3.7
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.7
Ethiopia .........................3.7
Lesotho.........................3.7
Angola...........................3.7
Brazil .............................3.6
Moldova ........................3.6
Romania........................3.6
Guatemala ....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Indonesia ......................3.5
South Africa ..................3.5
Bulgaria .........................3.5
Ukraine .........................3.5
Albania ..........................3.5
Honduras ......................3.4
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.4
Suriname ......................3.4
Russian Federation .......3.4
Burundi .........................3.3
Peru ..............................3.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.2
Nicaragua ......................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.1
Argentina ......................3.1
Chad .............................3.1
Bangladesh ...................3.0
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
Nepal ............................2.7
Zambia ..........................2.6
Venezuela .....................2.6
Paraguay .......................2.6
Dominican Republic......2.5
Ecuador.........................2.4
MEAN: 4.4
SD
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
Physician density
Physician density per 1,000 population, 2004 or most recent year available
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
24
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
39
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
50
52
53
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Belgium .................................4.5
Estonia...................................4.5
Greece...................................4.4
Russian Federation................4.3
Italy........................................4.2
Georgia ..................................4.1
Lithuania ................................4.0
Israel......................................3.8
Uruguay .................................3.7
Iceland ...................................3.6
Switzerland............................3.6
Armenia .................................3.6
Bulgaria..................................3.6
Azerbaijan ..............................3.6
Kazakhstan ............................3.5
Czech Republic......................3.5
Portugal .................................3.4
Austria ...................................3.4
France....................................3.4
Germany................................3.4
Hungary .................................3.3
Spain......................................3.3
Sweden .................................3.3
Malta .....................................3.2
Slovak Republic .....................3.2
Finland ...................................3.2
Netherlands ...........................3.2
Norway ..................................3.1
Argentina ...............................3.0
Latvia .....................................3.0
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Denmark................................2.9
Ireland....................................2.8
Luxembourg ..........................2.7
Moldova.................................2.6
Mongolia................................2.6
United States ........................2.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.5
Australia.................................2.5
Poland....................................2.5
Croatia ...................................2.4
New Zealand .........................2.4
Cyprus ...................................2.3
United Kingdom ....................2.3
Slovenia .................................2.3
Qatar......................................2.2
Macedonia, FYR ....................2.2
Canada...................................2.1
Serbia and Montenegro.........2.1
Jordan....................................2.0
Tajikistan ................................2.0
United Arab Emirates ............2.0
Japan .....................................2.0
Mexico...................................2.0
Venezuela ..............................1.9
Romania ................................1.9
Dominican Republic ..............1.9
Korea, Rep.............................1.6
Kuwait ...................................1.5
Panama..................................1.5
Taiwan, China ........................1.5
Ecuador .................................1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
64
66
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
77
79
79
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
97
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
110
112
112
112
115
116
117
117
119
119
119
122
122
n/a
HARD DATA
Singapore ..............................1.4
Colombia ...............................1.4
Turkey....................................1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina........1.3
Tunisia ...................................1.3
Costa Rica .............................1.3
Albania...................................1.3
El Salvador.............................1.2
Bolivia ....................................1.2
Barbados ...............................1.2
Peru .......................................1.2
Brazil......................................1.2
Algeria ...................................1.1
Paraguay................................1.1
Bahrain ..................................1.1
Chile ......................................1.1
China .....................................1.1
Mauritius ...............................1.1
Guatemala .............................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.9
Trinidad and Tobago...............0.8
South Africa...........................0.8
Pakistan .................................0.7
Malaysia ................................0.7
India.......................................0.6
Philippines .............................0.6
Honduras ...............................0.6
Sri Lanka................................0.6
Egypt .....................................0.5
Vietnam .................................0.5
Morocco ................................0.5
Guyana ..................................0.5
Suriname ...............................0.5
Botswana ..............................0.4
Nicaragua...............................0.4
Thailand .................................0.4
Namibia .................................0.3
Madagascar ...........................0.3
Nigeria ...................................0.3
Bangladesh............................0.3
Nepal .....................................0.2
Cameroon..............................0.2
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Zimbabwe..............................0.2
Kenya.....................................0.1
Indonesia ...............................0.1
Zambia...................................0.1
Gambia ..................................0.1
Mauritania..............................0.1
Angola ...................................0.1
Mali........................................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.1
Burkina Faso..........................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Benin .....................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Ethiopia..................................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Malawi...................................0.0
Tanzania .................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR.....................n/a
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2006 and The World Health Report 2006
4.02
391
392
4.03
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
36
36
36
36
40
41
42
42
42
45
45
45
48
49
50
50
52
53
54
54
56
56
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Australia.............................100.0
Austria ...............................100.0
Bahrain ..............................100.0
Belgium .............................100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Canada...............................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Denmark............................100.0
Finland ...............................100.0
France................................100.0
Germany............................100.0
Greece...............................100.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Iceland ...............................100.0
Ireland................................100.0
Israel..................................100.0
Italy....................................100.0
Japan .................................100.0
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ......................100.0
Netherlands .......................100.0
New Zealand .....................100.0
Norway ..............................100.0
Portugal .............................100.0
Qatar..................................100.0
Singapore ..........................100.0
Slovak Republic .................100.0
Slovenia .............................100.0
Spain..................................100.0
Sweden .............................100.0
Switzerland........................100.0
Trinidad and Tobago...........100.0
United Arab Emirates ........100.0
United Kingdom ................100.0
United States ....................100.0
Barbados .............................99.0
Mauritius .............................99.0
Thailand ...............................99.0
Ukraine ................................99.0
Hungary ...............................95.0
Uruguay ...............................94.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina......93.0
Jordan..................................93.0
Suriname .............................93.0
Algeria .................................92.0
Chile ....................................92.0
Costa Rica ...........................92.0
Sri Lanka..............................91.0
Albania.................................89.0
Russian Federation..............87.0
Serbia and Montenegro.......87.0
Colombia .............................86.0
Armenia ...............................84.0
Georgia ................................83.0
Turkey..................................83.0
Jamaica ...............................80.0
Tunisia .................................80.0
Paraguay..............................78.0
Mexico.................................77.0
Brazil....................................75.0
Philippines ...........................73.0
Ecuador ...............................72.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
62
62
65
66
66
66
66
70
71
72
73
74
74
76
77
78
78
80
81
82
82
84
85
86
86
86
89
89
91
91
91
94
95
96
96
96
99
100
101
102
103
104
104
104
107
107
109
110
111
112
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Kazakhstan ..........................72.0
Panama................................72.0
Guyana ................................70.0
Egypt ...................................68.0
Honduras .............................68.0
Moldova...............................68.0
Venezuela ............................68.0
South Africa.........................67.0
Nicaragua.............................66.0
El Salvador...........................63.0
Peru .....................................62.0
Guatemala ...........................61.0
Morocco ..............................61.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................60.0
Mongolia..............................59.0
Dominican Republic ............57.0
Zimbabwe............................57.0
Azerbaijan ............................55.0
Pakistan ...............................54.0
Gambia ................................53.0
Tajikistan ..............................53.0
Indonesia .............................52.0
Romania ..............................51.0
Bangladesh..........................48.0
Cameroon............................48.0
Kenya...................................48.0
Malawi.................................46.0
Tanzania...............................46.0
Bolivia ..................................45.0
Mali......................................45.0
Zambia.................................45.0
China ...................................44.0
Mauritania............................42.0
Botswana ............................41.0
Uganda ................................41.0
Vietnam ...............................41.0
Nigeria .................................38.0
Lesotho ...............................37.0
Burundi ................................36.0
Madagascar .........................33.0
Benin ...................................32.0
Angola .................................30.0
India.....................................30.0
Namibia ...............................30.0
Mozambique........................27.0
Nepal ...................................27.0
Cambodia ............................16.0
Burkina Faso........................12.0
Chad ......................................8.0
Ethiopia..................................6.0
Argentina ...............................n/a
Croatia ...................................n/a
Czech Republic......................n/a
Estonia...................................n/a
Korea, Rep.............................n/a
Latvia .....................................n/a
Lithuania ................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Malaysia.................................n/a
Malta......................................n/a
Poland....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
37
38
38
38
38
42
42
44
45
45
45
45
49
49
49
49
53
53
53
53
53
58
58
58
58
62
HARD DATA
Australia.............................100.0
Austria ...............................100.0
Barbados ...........................100.0
Belgium .............................100.0
Bulgaria..............................100.0
Canada...............................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Denmark............................100.0
Finland ...............................100.0
France................................100.0
Germany............................100.0
Greece...............................100.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Iceland ...............................100.0
Ireland................................100.0
Israel..................................100.0
Italy....................................100.0
Japan .................................100.0
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ......................100.0
Malta .................................100.0
Mauritius ...........................100.0
Netherlands .......................100.0
New Zealand .....................100.0
Norway ..............................100.0
Portugal .............................100.0
Qatar..................................100.0
Singapore ..........................100.0
Slovak Republic .................100.0
Slovenia .............................100.0
Spain..................................100.0
Sweden .............................100.0
Switzerland........................100.0
United Arab Emirates ........100.0
United Kingdom ................100.0
United States ....................100.0
Hungary ...............................99.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina......98.0
Egypt ...................................98.0
Ukraine ................................98.0
Uruguay ...............................98.0
Albania.................................97.0
Costa Rica ...........................97.0
Russian Federation..............96.0
Botswana ............................95.0
Chile ....................................95.0
Guatemala ...........................95.0
Malaysia ..............................95.0
Dominican Republic ............93.0
Jamaica ...............................93.0
Serbia and Montenegro.......93.0
Turkey..................................93.0
Armenia ...............................92.0
Colombia .............................92.0
Korea, Rep...........................92.0
Moldova...............................92.0
Suriname .............................92.0
Jordan..................................91.0
Mexico.................................91.0
Panama................................91.0
Trinidad and Tobago.............91.0
Honduras .............................90.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
62
64
65
65
67
67
67
70
70
70
73
74
74
74
74
78
78
78
81
81
83
83
83
86
87
87
89
89
91
91
91
94
95
96
97
98
99
99
101
102
103
104
104
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
112
114
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Pakistan ...............................90.0
Brazil....................................89.0
Algeria .................................87.0
South Africa.........................87.0
Ecuador ...............................86.0
India.....................................86.0
Kazakhstan ..........................86.0
Bolivia ..................................85.0
Philippines ...........................85.0
Thailand ...............................85.0
Nepal ...................................84.0
Guyana ................................83.0
Paraguay..............................83.0
Venezuela ............................83.0
Zimbabwe............................83.0
El Salvador...........................82.0
Gambia ................................82.0
Tunisia .................................82.0
Nicaragua.............................81.0
Peru .....................................81.0
Morocco ..............................80.0
Namibia ...............................80.0
Vietnam ...............................80.0
Burundi ................................79.0
Indonesia .............................78.0
Sri Lanka..............................78.0
Azerbaijan ............................77.0
China ...................................77.0
Georgia ................................76.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................76.0
Lesotho ...............................76.0
Bangladesh..........................75.0
Tanzania...............................73.0
Benin ...................................68.0
Malawi.................................67.0
Cameroon............................63.0
Kenya...................................62.0
Mongolia..............................62.0
Nigeria .................................60.0
Tajikistan ..............................58.0
Romania ..............................57.0
Mauritania............................56.0
Uganda ................................56.0
Zambia.................................55.0
Burkina Faso........................51.0
Angola .................................50.0
Mali......................................48.0
Madagascar .........................45.0
Mozambique........................42.0
Cambodia ............................34.0
Chad ....................................34.0
Ethiopia................................22.0
Argentina ...............................n/a
Bahrain...................................n/a
Croatia ...................................n/a
Czech Republic......................n/a
Estonia...................................n/a
Latvia .....................................n/a
Lithuania ................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Poland....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
4.04
393
Data Tables
Pillar 5
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
395
396
5.01
Is the T&T industry given due consideration/priority compared with other sectors when your government sets policy on investment
and development? (1 = no, the T&T industry is not a priority for the government, 7 = yes, nurturing and developing T&T industry is a top
priority for the government)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
SCORE
MEAN: 4.5
Mauritius.......................6.5
Barbados.......................6.3
Cyprus ..........................6.1
United Arab Emirates ...6.1
Hong Kong SAR............6.0
Singapore......................6.0
Cambodia......................5.9
Malaysia........................5.9
Gambia .........................5.9
Tunisia...........................5.9
Zambia ..........................5.8
New Zealand.................5.8
Ireland ...........................5.6
Thailand ........................5.6
Jamaica.........................5.6
Morocco .......................5.5
Spain .............................5.5
Greece ..........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
South Africa ..................5.4
Malta.............................5.4
Jordan ...........................5.4
Austria ..........................5.4
Qatar .............................5.3
Botswana......................5.3
Tanzania ........................5.3
Sri Lanka .......................5.3
Australia ........................5.3
Madagascar ..................5.3
Egypt ............................5.2
Switzerland ...................5.2
Dominican Republic......5.1
Mauritania .....................5.1
Indonesia ......................5.1
Kenya ............................5.1
France ...........................5.0
Croatia ..........................5.0
Iceland ..........................5.0
Mexico ..........................5.0
Mozambique .................4.9
Uganda .........................4.9
Mali ...............................4.9
Georgia .........................4.8
Honduras ......................4.8
Uruguay ........................4.8
Namibia.........................4.8
Nepal ............................4.8
Guatemala ....................4.8
China.............................4.8
Hungary ........................4.8
Guyana..........................4.8
Armenia ........................4.8
Costa Rica.....................4.8
Israel .............................4.7
Panama .........................4.7
Estonia ..........................4.7
Nicaragua ......................4.7
Bulgaria .........................4.7
India ..............................4.7
Bahrain..........................4.7
Canada ..........................4.7
Vietnam.........................4.7
SD
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.3
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
0.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
United Kingdom............4.6
Kyrgyz Republic ............4.6
Norway .........................4.6
Denmark .......................4.6
Mongolia .......................4.5
Tajikistan .......................4.5
Argentina ......................4.5
El Salvador ....................4.5
Philippines ....................4.5
Burkina Faso .................4.4
Turkey ...........................4.4
Taiwan, China................4.4
Nigeria ..........................4.3
Peru ..............................4.3
Slovenia ........................4.2
Colombia.......................4.1
Netherlands ..................4.1
Sweden ........................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.0
Algeria...........................4.0
Malawi ..........................4.0
United States................4.0
Azerbaijan .....................3.9
Albania ..........................3.9
Belgium ........................3.9
Korea, Rep. ...................3.9
Benin ............................3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.9
Zimbabwe .....................3.8
Italy ...............................3.8
Chile..............................3.8
Brazil .............................3.8
Czech Republic .............3.7
Latvia ............................3.7
Luxembourg .................3.7
Japan ............................3.6
Slovak Republic ............3.6
Finland ..........................3.6
Serbia and Montenegro..3.5
Lesotho.........................3.5
Suriname ......................3.5
Poland ...........................3.5
Pakistan ........................3.5
Ethiopia .........................3.4
Romania........................3.4
Lithuania .......................3.4
Moldova ........................3.4
Angola...........................3.4
Germany .......................3.4
Bangladesh ...................3.2
Ecuador.........................3.1
Ukraine .........................3.1
Cameroon .....................3.1
Chad .............................2.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.8
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.8
Kuwait...........................2.7
Russian Federation .......2.6
Paraguay .......................2.6
Bolivia ...........................2.6
Burundi .........................2.5
Venezuela .....................2.4
MEAN: 4.5
SD
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.3
1.4
1.4
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
26
26
28
29
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
37
38
39
39
39
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
49
49
49
49
53
54
54
54
54
58
59
59
59
62
HARD DATA
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
62
64
64
64
67
68
69
69
69
69
73
73
73
73
77
78
78
78
78
82
82
82
85
85
85
85
85
90
91
91
91
94
94
94
94
94
99
99
101
101
103
103
105
105
105
108
109
110
111
112
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Finland ...................................3.1
Benin .....................................3.0
Latvia .....................................3.0
Lithuania ................................3.0
United Kingdom ....................2.9
Brazil......................................2.8
Peru .......................................2.7
Poland....................................2.7
Russian Federation................2.7
Thailand .................................2.7
Denmark................................2.5
El Salvador.............................2.5
Korea, Rep.............................2.5
Luxembourg ..........................2.5
Argentina ...............................2.4
Botswana ..............................2.3
Ethiopia..................................2.3
Uganda ..................................2.3
Zimbabwe..............................2.3
Germany................................2.2
Netherlands ...........................2.2
Sweden .................................2.2
Bangladesh............................2.1
Israel......................................2.1
Nicaragua...............................2.1
Slovak Republic .....................2.1
Zambia...................................2.1
Colombia ...............................2.0
Burkina Faso..........................1.9
Pakistan .................................1.9
United Arab Emirates ............1.9
Cameroon..............................1.7
Malaysia ................................1.7
Mali........................................1.7
Suriname ...............................1.7
Taiwan, China ........................1.7
Croatia ...................................1.4
Vietnam .................................1.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.3
Malawi...................................1.3
Kuwait ...................................1.2
Lesotho .................................1.2
Algeria ...................................1.1
Angola ...................................1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina........1.1
India.......................................0.9
Burundi ..................................0.7
Turkey....................................0.6
South Africa...........................0.5
Nigeria ...................................0.3
Armenia .................................n/a
Azerbaijan ..............................n/a
Georgia ..................................n/a
Kazakhstan.............................n/a
Kyrgyz Republic .....................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Moldova.................................n/a
Mongolia................................n/a
Morocco ................................n/a
Mozambique..........................n/a
Serbia and Montenegro.........n/a
Tajikistan ................................n/a
SOURCE: World Travel & Tourism Council, Tourism Satellite Accounting Research 2006
5.02
397
398
5.03
Does your country carry out effective marketing and branding to attract inbound tourists? (1 = no, tourism marketing is nonexistent or
completely ineffective, 7 = yes, tourism marketing is excellent and is very effective in attracting tourists)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
60
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.2
SD
1.1
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.7
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
0.7
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Nigeria ..........................4.3
Germany .......................4.3
Turkey ...........................4.2
Luxembourg .................4.2
Colombia.......................4.2
Finland ..........................4.1
Belgium ........................4.1
Philippines ....................4.1
Hungary ........................4.1
Nepal ............................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................4.1
Guyana..........................4.0
Argentina ......................4.0
El Salvador ....................4.0
Chile..............................3.9
Sweden ........................3.9
Czech Republic .............3.9
Japan ............................3.8
Benin ............................3.8
Mozambique .................3.8
Bulgaria .........................3.8
Latvia ............................3.7
Brazil .............................3.7
Poland ...........................3.7
Slovenia ........................3.6
Tajikistan .......................3.6
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.6
Kazakhstan....................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.5
Armenia ........................3.5
Italy ...............................3.4
Algeria...........................3.4
Lithuania .......................3.4
Georgia .........................3.4
Suriname ......................3.4
Serbia and Montenegro..3.3
Ethiopia .........................3.3
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.3
Malawi ..........................3.3
Zimbabwe .....................3.3
Ecuador.........................3.2
Lesotho.........................3.2
Ukraine .........................3.2
Pakistan ........................3.2
Bahrain..........................3.2
Slovak Republic ............3.1
Moldova ........................3.1
Mongolia .......................3.1
Romania........................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.8
Russian Federation .......2.8
Cameroon .....................2.7
Angola...........................2.6
Kuwait...........................2.6
Bangladesh ...................2.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.6
Chad .............................2.5
Albania ..........................2.5
Bolivia ...........................2.4
Paraguay .......................2.4
Burundi .........................2.3
Venezuela .....................2.0
MEAN: 4.2
SD
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.9
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
HARD DATA
Poland..................................10.0
Malaysia ................................9.0
Spain......................................9.0
Austria ...................................8.0
Canada...................................8.0
China .....................................8.0
Egypt .....................................8.0
France....................................8.0
Germany................................8.0
Greece...................................8.0
India.......................................8.0
Thailand .................................8.0
Tunisia ...................................8.0
Turkey....................................8.0
Bulgaria..................................7.0
Czech Republic......................7.0
Ireland....................................7.0
Italy........................................7.0
Korea, Rep.............................7.0
Switzerland............................7.0
United Arab Emirates ............7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
Argentina ...............................6.0
Australia.................................6.0
Brazil......................................6.0
Finland ...................................6.0
Indonesia ...............................6.0
Japan .....................................6.0
Kenya.....................................6.0
Malta .....................................6.0
Mexico...................................6.0
Morocco ................................6.0
Romania ................................6.0
Russian Federation................6.0
Bolivia ....................................5.0
Cambodia ..............................5.0
Costa Rica .............................5.0
Croatia ...................................5.0
Cyprus ...................................5.0
Guatemala .............................5.0
Hungary .................................5.0
Israel......................................5.0
Peru .......................................5.0
South Africa...........................5.0
Sri Lanka................................5.0
Tanzania .................................5.0
United States ........................5.0
Chile ......................................4.0
Dominican Republic ..............4.0
Ecuador .................................4.0
Estonia...................................4.0
Ethiopia..................................4.0
Georgia ..................................4.0
Guyana ..................................4.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................4.0
Jordan....................................4.0
Lithuania ................................4.0
Luxembourg ..........................4.0
Mongolia................................4.0
Nepal .....................................4.0
Portugal .................................4.0
Singapore ..............................4.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
HARD DATA
5.04
399
Data Tables
Pillar 6
Air transport infrastructure
401
402
6.01
Passenger air transport in your country is (1 = infrequent, limited and inefficient, 7 = as frequent, extensive, and efficient as the worlds
best)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.5
Singapore......................6.9
Germany .......................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.7
Netherlands ..................6.6
France ...........................6.5
United Kingdom............6.5
United Arab Emirates ...6.5
Japan ............................6.4
Denmark .......................6.3
Finland ..........................6.3
United States................6.2
Barbados.......................6.0
Iceland ..........................6.0
Switzerland ...................6.0
Australia ........................6.0
Malaysia........................6.0
Canada ..........................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
Norway .........................5.9
Taiwan, China................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
South Africa ..................5.8
Spain .............................5.7
Portugal ........................5.7
El Salvador ....................5.7
Israel .............................5.7
Austria ..........................5.7
New Zealand.................5.7
Chile..............................5.6
Ireland ...........................5.6
Thailand ........................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................5.5
Jamaica.........................5.5
Dominican Republic......5.5
Qatar .............................5.4
Greece ..........................5.4
Bahrain..........................5.4
Luxembourg .................5.3
Mauritius.......................5.3
Malta.............................5.3
Latvia ............................5.2
Panama .........................5.2
Azerbaijan .....................5.1
Estonia ..........................5.1
Czech Republic .............5.1
India ..............................5.1
Kuwait...........................5.0
Jordan ...........................5.0
Tunisia...........................5.0
Kenya ............................5.0
Namibia.........................4.9
Cyprus ..........................4.9
Colombia.......................4.9
Turkey ...........................4.7
Mexico ..........................4.7
Egypt ............................4.7
Brazil .............................4.6
Zambia ..........................4.6
Pakistan ........................4.6
Slovenia ........................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.6
Lithuania .......................4.5
SD
0.3
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Hungary ........................4.5
Ethiopia .........................4.5
Morocco .......................4.5
Guatemala ....................4.4
Italy ...............................4.4
Costa Rica.....................4.3
Russian Federation .......4.3
Croatia ..........................4.2
Ecuador.........................4.2
Kazakhstan....................4.1
Indonesia ......................4.1
Moldova ........................4.1
Sri Lanka .......................4.1
Philippines ....................4.0
Honduras ......................4.0
Gambia .........................3.9
Venezuela .....................3.9
Cambodia......................3.9
Nicaragua ......................3.8
Vietnam.........................3.8
Slovak Republic ............3.8
Argentina ......................3.8
Armenia ........................3.8
Poland ...........................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Tanzania ........................3.7
China.............................3.7
Romania........................3.6
Algeria...........................3.5
Bulgaria .........................3.5
Mozambique .................3.5
Nigeria ..........................3.5
Georgia .........................3.4
Uganda .........................3.3
Peru ..............................3.3
Nepal ............................3.3
Angola...........................3.3
Madagascar ..................3.2
Uruguay ........................3.2
Serbia and Montenegro..3.2
Albania ..........................3.1
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.1
Guyana..........................3.0
Ukraine .........................3.0
Paraguay .......................3.0
Bolivia ...........................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.9
Tajikistan .......................2.9
Burkina Faso .................2.9
Mongolia .......................2.8
Malawi ..........................2.8
Mali ...............................2.7
Zimbabwe .....................2.6
Benin ............................2.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.5
Mauritania .....................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Bangladesh ...................2.5
Burundi .........................2.4
Cameroon .....................2.2
Lesotho.........................2.2
Chad .............................2.1
MEAN: 4.5
SD
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.6
0.8
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.9
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions), August 2005 and February 2006 average
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Jamaica .............................121.7
Jordan................................108.6
Costa Rica .........................105.2
Panama..............................104.8
Kazakhstan ..........................93.8
Romania ..............................88.3
Barbados .............................83.6
Tunisia .................................82.4
Ethiopia................................80.0
Algeria .................................66.2
Iceland .................................63.9
El Salvador...........................58.7
Bolivia ..................................54.1
Bulgaria................................51.3
Guatemala ...........................45.4
Azerbaijan ............................44.9
Trinidad and Tobago.............44.6
Malta ...................................41.6
Serbia and Montenegro.......40.1
Tanzania...............................39.7
Angola .................................39.6
Nepal ...................................37.8
Latvia ...................................36.0
Armenia ...............................34.8
Madagascar .........................33.9
Croatia .................................33.2
Cambodia ............................32.8
Namibia ...............................32.3
Cameroon............................27.5
Kyrgyz Republic...................25.9
Lithuania ..............................23.0
Mozambique........................22.7
Zimbabwe............................22.3
Uruguay ...............................21.2
Slovak Republic ...................20.6
Mali......................................20.4
Honduras .............................19.5
Uganda ................................18.5
Luxembourg ........................17.5
Nicaragua.............................17.3
Estonia.................................16.6
Suriname .............................16.0
Zambia.................................15.0
Georgia ................................14.8
Mongolia..............................14.3
Slovenia ...............................13.5
Paraguay..............................11.1
Benin ...................................11.1
Albania.................................11.0
Tajikistan ..............................10.0
Mauritania..............................9.5
Guyana ..................................7.9
Burkina Faso..........................7.6
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.4
Moldova.................................7.0
Chad ......................................6.7
Malawi...................................6.3
Botswana ..............................3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina........3.1
Burundi ..................................1.7
Gambia ..................................1.6
Lesotho .................................0.2
6.02
403
404
6.03
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Luxembourg ........................81.5
Norway ................................66.8
New Zealand .......................66.0
Ireland..................................40.9
Iceland .................................39.4
Switzerland..........................38.0
Malta ...................................37.9
Qatar....................................31.3
Bahrain ................................28.9
United States ......................28.9
Trinidad and Tobago.............26.0
Sweden ...............................26.0
Finland .................................24.7
Denmark..............................20.3
United Arab Emirates ..........19.8
Australia...............................19.3
Belgium ...............................17.2
Singapore ............................17.2
Cyprus .................................17.0
United Kingdom ..................16.3
Austria .................................16.3
Netherlands .........................13.8
France..................................13.0
Spain....................................12.8
Zimbabwe............................10.7
Mauritius .............................10.4
Greece...................................9.6
Germany................................9.5
Portugal .................................9.1
Jamaica .................................8.9
Canada...................................8.9
Israel......................................8.3
Panama..................................7.9
Malaysia ................................7.3
Kuwait ...................................7.1
Italy........................................6.8
El Salvador.............................6.6
Costa Rica .............................6.6
Slovenia .................................6.6
Mongolia................................6.3
Estonia...................................6.3
Chile ......................................5.2
Japan .....................................5.0
Latvia .....................................4.8
Colombia ...............................4.4
Suriname ...............................4.3
Botswana ..............................4.3
Czech Republic......................4.3
Croatia ...................................4.1
Brazil......................................3.5
Hungary .................................3.2
Argentina ...............................3.1
Lithuania ................................2.9
Uruguay .................................2.8
Jordan....................................2.8
South Africa...........................2.8
Mexico...................................2.7
Namibia .................................2.7
Macedonia, FYR ....................2.3
Russian Federation................2.3
Bolivia ....................................2.3
Tunisia ...................................1.9
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Poland....................................1.9
Thailand .................................1.6
Turkey....................................1.5
Algeria ...................................1.4
Morocco ................................1.4
Paraguay................................1.3
Ecuador .................................1.2
Madagascar ...........................1.2
Albania...................................1.1
Peru .......................................1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina........1.0
Azerbaijan ..............................1.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.0
Armenia .................................0.9
Romania ................................0.9
Bulgaria..................................0.9
Moldova.................................0.9
Ukraine ..................................0.8
Kenya.....................................0.7
Mauritania..............................0.7
Indonesia ...............................0.7
China .....................................0.6
Tajikistan ................................0.6
Sri Lanka................................0.6
Kazakhstan ............................0.6
Guatemala .............................0.5
Philippines .............................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.4
Zambia...................................0.4
Vietnam .................................0.4
Georgia ..................................0.4
Guyana ..................................0.4
Ethiopia..................................0.4
Mozambique..........................0.4
Angola ...................................0.4
Malawi...................................0.4
Taiwan, China ........................0.3
Slovak Republic .....................0.3
Pakistan .................................0.3
Cameroon..............................0.3
India.......................................0.2
Burundi ..................................0.2
Burkina Faso..........................0.1
Tanzania .................................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Benin .....................................0.1
Nicaragua...............................0.1
Chad ......................................0.1
Nigeria ...................................0.1
Mali........................................0.1
Bangladesh............................0.0
Dominican Republic ..............0.0
Uganda ..................................0.0
Barbados................................n/a
Cambodia...............................n/a
Egypt .....................................n/a
Gambia ..................................n/a
Honduras ...............................n/a
Hong Kong SAR.....................n/a
Korea, Rep.............................n/a
Serbia and Montenegro.........n/a
Venezuela ..............................n/a
Airport density
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
26
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
53
55
56
56
58
59
60
61
61
HARD DATA
Iceland ...............................330.3
Paraguay............................138.3
Bolivia ................................120.2
Suriname ...........................105.0
Namibia ...............................67.0
Guyana ................................64.0
Botswana ............................51.8
United States ......................50.2
Canada.................................40.4
Guatemala ...........................37.6
Costa Rica ...........................37.1
Argentina .............................33.7
Panama................................33.4
Zimbabwe............................33.2
Nicaragua.............................32.2
New Zealand .......................28.7
Bulgaria................................28.6
Lithuania ..............................28.4
Finland .................................28.3
Sweden ...............................28.2
Chile ....................................22.8
Colombia .............................22.8
Australia...............................22.3
Brazil....................................22.2
Norway ................................22.0
Cyprus .................................21.8
Estonia.................................21.8
Latvia ...................................21.8
Kazakhstan ..........................20.7
Angola .................................20.5
Uruguay ...............................18.7
Russian Federation..............18.0
Denmark..............................17.9
Mexico.................................17.3
Mongolia..............................16.5
South Africa.........................16.4
Honduras .............................16.0
Ecuador ...............................15.3
Croatia .................................15.1
Venezuela ............................14.5
Ukraine ................................14.0
Lesotho ...............................13.8
United Arab Emirates ..........13.7
Jamaica ...............................12.8
Czech Republic....................11.7
El Salvador...........................10.9
Kyrgyz Republic...................10.1
Zambia...................................9.7
Ireland....................................9.0
Switzerland............................8.7
Peru .......................................8.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................8.3
Israel......................................8.1
Mozambique..........................8.1
France....................................7.9
Mauritania..............................7.8
United Kingdom ....................7.8
Tajikistan ................................7.7
Greece...................................7.5
Slovenia .................................7.0
Austria ...................................6.7
Germany................................6.7
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
64
66
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
73
75
75
77
78
79
80
81
81
83
84
85
86
87
87
89
90
91
91
91
94
95
95
97
98
98
100
101
101
103
104
104
104
104
108
109
110
111
111
111
114
115
116
116
118
118
120
121
121
123
124
HARD DATA
Kenya.....................................6.5
Georgia ..................................6.4
Madagascar ...........................6.4
Azerbaijan ..............................6.3
Slovak Republic .....................6.3
Portugal .................................6.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina........6.1
Bahrain ..................................5.8
Trinidad and Tobago...............5.6
Armenia .................................5.4
Chad ......................................5.2
Moldova.................................5.2
Malaysia ................................4.9
Mauritius ...............................4.9
Qatar......................................4.6
Hungary .................................4.4
Luxembourg ..........................4.3
Algeria ...................................4.2
Belgium .................................4.1
Serbia and Montenegro.........4.1
Spain......................................3.9
Korea, Rep.............................3.7
Barbados ...............................3.6
Dominican Republic ..............3.4
Malawi...................................3.3
Tanzania .................................3.3
Poland....................................3.2
Albania...................................3.1
Jordan....................................3.0
Kuwait ...................................3.0
Tunisia ...................................3.0
Philippines .............................2.9
Cameroon..............................2.8
Indonesia ...............................2.8
Romania ................................2.7
Mali........................................2.5
Malta .....................................2.5
Burkina Faso..........................2.4
Italy........................................2.3
Singapore ..............................2.3
Morocco ................................1.9
Nepal .....................................1.7
Taiwan, China ........................1.7
Thailand .................................1.7
Turkey....................................1.7
Netherlands ...........................1.6
Cambodia ..............................1.5
Japan .....................................1.4
Egypt .....................................1.1
Ethiopia..................................1.1
Uganda ..................................1.1
Burundi ..................................1.0
Pakistan .................................0.8
Benin .....................................0.7
Sri Lanka................................0.7
Gambia ..................................0.6
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.6
Nigeria ...................................0.5
China .....................................0.4
India.......................................0.4
Vietnam .................................0.3
Bangladesh............................0.1
6.04
405
406
6.05
Number of airlines with scheduled flights originating in country, August 2005 and February 2006 average
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
40
42
43
44
45
45
47
47
47
50
51
51
53
54
54
54
57
57
59
59
61
61
HARD DATA
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
64
66
66
68
69
69
71
72
72
74
75
75
77
77
77
80
81
81
81
84
85
86
87
88
88
88
91
91
91
94
94
94
97
97
97
97
97
102
103
104
104
106
107
107
109
110
111
111
111
114
114
116
117
117
117
120
121
122
122
124
HARD DATA
Jordan..................................21.5
Nigeria .................................20.5
Serbia and Montenegro.......20.5
Jamaica ...............................20.0
Kazakhstan ..........................20.0
Chile ....................................19.5
Bangladesh..........................19.0
Cambodia ............................19.0
Ecuador ...............................18.5
Croatia .................................18.0
Tajikistan ..............................18.0
Costa Rica ...........................17.5
Mali......................................15.5
Trinidad and Tobago.............15.5
Georgia ................................15.0
Guatemala ...........................15.0
Tanzania...............................15.0
Panama................................14.5
Cameroon............................14.0
Latvia ...................................14.0
Lithuania ..............................14.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................13.5
Algeria .................................13.0
Mauritius .............................12.5
Nepal ...................................12.0
Barbados .............................11.5
Estonia.................................11.5
Uganda ................................11.5
Albania.................................11.0
Benin ...................................11.0
Zambia.................................11.0
Ethiopia................................10.5
Macedonia, FYR ..................10.5
Zimbabwe............................10.5
Bolivia ..................................10.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina......10.0
Luxembourg ........................10.0
Malta ...................................10.0
Uruguay ...............................10.0
Honduras ...............................9.5
Slovenia .................................9.0
Mozambique..........................8.5
Slovak Republic .....................8.5
El Salvador.............................8.0
Angola ...................................7.5
Nicaragua...............................7.5
Burkina Faso..........................7.0
Moldova.................................6.5
Madagascar ...........................6.0
Malawi...................................6.0
Mongolia................................6.0
Iceland ...................................5.5
Namibia .................................5.5
Burundi ..................................5.0
Gambia ..................................4.5
Guyana ..................................4.5
Mauritania..............................4.5
Paraguay................................4.0
Chad ......................................3.5
Botswana ..............................3.0
Suriname ...............................3.0
Lesotho .................................1.0
Does the air transport network in your country offer you good connections to the overseas markets that offer your business greatest
potential? (1 = no, not at all, 7 = yes, to all of my key business markets)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Germany .......................6.9
Singapore......................6.8
Netherlands ..................6.8
United Kingdom............6.8
Hong Kong SAR............6.7
United Arab Emirates ...6.6
France ...........................6.6
Denmark .......................6.6
Finland ..........................6.5
Iceland ..........................6.4
Japan ............................6.4
Israel .............................6.3
Canada ..........................6.3
United States................6.3
Switzerland ...................6.3
Chile..............................6.3
South Africa ..................6.2
Australia ........................6.2
New Zealand.................6.2
Spain .............................6.1
Austria ..........................6.1
Norway .........................6.1
Sweden ........................6.1
Malaysia........................6.1
Jamaica.........................6.1
Panama .........................6.0
Ireland ...........................6.0
Bahrain..........................6.0
Dominican Republic......6.0
El Salvador ....................6.0
Belgium ........................5.9
Jordan ...........................5.8
Czech Republic .............5.8
India ..............................5.8
Portugal ........................5.8
Barbados.......................5.8
Korea, Rep. ...................5.8
Mexico ..........................5.7
Luxembourg .................5.7
Greece ..........................5.6
Thailand ........................5.6
Mauritius.......................5.6
Qatar .............................5.6
Taiwan, China................5.6
Hungary ........................5.5
Costa Rica.....................5.5
Latvia ............................5.5
Cyprus ..........................5.5
Turkey ...........................5.4
Colombia.......................5.3
Brazil .............................5.3
Malta.............................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Kuwait...........................5.2
Argentina ......................5.2
Zambia ..........................5.2
Tunisia...........................5.1
Guatemala ....................5.1
Kenya ............................5.1
Lithuania .......................5.1
Slovenia ........................5.0
Philippines ....................5.0
SD
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Italy ...............................5.0
Indonesia ......................5.0
Peru ..............................5.0
Morocco .......................4.9
Sri Lanka .......................4.9
Egypt ............................4.9
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.9
Namibia.........................4.9
Pakistan ........................4.8
Venezuela .....................4.8
Azerbaijan .....................4.7
Russian Federation .......4.7
Ethiopia .........................4.7
Vietnam.........................4.7
Slovak Republic ............4.7
Poland ...........................4.6
Nicaragua ......................4.6
Cambodia......................4.5
Tanzania ........................4.5
Romania........................4.5
Kazakhstan....................4.5
Ecuador.........................4.4
Honduras ......................4.4
Croatia ..........................4.3
Mauritania .....................4.3
Algeria...........................4.3
China.............................4.2
Uruguay ........................4.2
Nigeria ..........................4.1
Botswana......................4.0
Mozambique .................4.0
Bangladesh ...................4.0
Moldova ........................3.9
Georgia .........................3.9
Paraguay .......................3.9
Gambia .........................3.9
Bulgaria .........................3.8
Uganda .........................3.8
Nepal ............................3.8
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.7
Guyana..........................3.7
Albania ..........................3.6
Kyrgyz Republic ............3.6
Mali ...............................3.6
Armenia ........................3.6
Malawi ..........................3.6
Madagascar ..................3.6
Ukraine .........................3.6
Tajikistan .......................3.5
Serbia and Montenegro..3.5
Angola...........................3.5
Zimbabwe .....................3.5
Mongolia .......................3.4
Cameroon .....................3.4
Burkina Faso .................3.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.3
Bolivia ...........................3.2
Benin ............................3.0
Lesotho.........................2.7
Suriname ......................2.7
Burundi .........................2.7
Chad .............................2.4
MEAN: 5.0
SD
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
6.06
407
Data Tables
Pillar 7
Ground transport infrastructure
409
410
7.01
Road infrastructure
Roads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as extensive and efficient as the worlds best)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
57
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Singapore......................6.7
France ...........................6.6
Switzerland ...................6.6
Germany .......................6.5
Denmark .......................6.4
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
United States................6.1
Japan ............................6.1
Austria ..........................6.0
Belgium ........................6.0
Netherlands ..................5.9
United Arab Emirates ...5.9
Taiwan, China................5.9
United Kingdom............5.8
Malaysia........................5.7
Canada ..........................5.7
Luxembourg .................5.7
Sweden ........................5.5
Finland ..........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.4
Spain .............................5.4
Cyprus ..........................5.3
Chile..............................5.3
Australia ........................5.2
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Israel .............................5.1
Kuwait...........................5.0
Thailand ........................5.0
Bahrain..........................5.0
Iceland ..........................5.0
El Salvador ....................4.9
Lithuania .......................4.9
Jordan ...........................4.9
South Africa ..................4.8
Namibia.........................4.8
Tunisia...........................4.8
Croatia ..........................4.7
Norway .........................4.5
Barbados.......................4.5
Slovenia ........................4.4
New Zealand.................4.4
Greece ..........................4.3
Mauritius.......................4.2
Italy ...............................4.2
China.............................4.0
Uruguay ........................4.0
Panama .........................4.0
Qatar .............................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.8
Czech Republic .............3.8
Dominican Republic......3.7
Jamaica.........................3.7
Turkey ...........................3.7
Ireland ...........................3.7
Botswana......................3.7
Estonia ..........................3.7
Guatemala ....................3.7
Slovak Republic ............3.7
Hungary ........................3.6
Morocco .......................3.5
Pakistan ........................3.5
Latvia ............................3.4
SD
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.8
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Azerbaijan .....................3.3
Egypt ............................3.3
Argentina ......................3.3
India ..............................3.2
Poland ...........................3.2
Armenia ........................3.2
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.2
Zimbabwe .....................3.1
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.1
Bangladesh ...................3.1
Tanzania ........................3.1
Honduras ......................3.0
Gambia .........................3.0
Malta.............................3.0
Cambodia......................2.9
Guyana..........................2.8
Algeria...........................2.8
Georgia .........................2.8
Sri Lanka .......................2.7
Ecuador.........................2.7
Peru ..............................2.6
Malawi ..........................2.6
Uganda .........................2.6
Philippines ....................2.6
Colombia.......................2.6
Suriname ......................2.6
Mali ...............................2.5
Benin ............................2.5
Vietnam.........................2.5
Nicaragua ......................2.4
Venezuela .....................2.4
Nigeria ..........................2.4
Madagascar ..................2.4
Brazil .............................2.4
Bulgaria .........................2.3
Kazakhstan....................2.3
Ethiopia .........................2.3
Nepal ............................2.2
Kenya ............................2.2
Lesotho.........................2.2
Russian Federation .......2.2
Ukraine .........................2.2
Burkina Faso .................2.2
Burundi .........................2.2
Zambia ..........................2.1
Costa Rica.....................2.1
Tajikistan .......................2.1
Indonesia ......................2.1
Romania........................2.1
Bolivia ...........................2.0
Serbia and Montenegro..2.0
Albania ..........................1.9
Kyrgyz Republic ............1.9
Paraguay .......................1.9
Mozambique .................1.8
Mongolia .......................1.8
Mauritania .....................1.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .1.8
Cameroon .....................1.8
Angola...........................1.7
Moldova ........................1.6
Chad .............................1.4
MEAN: 3.7
SD
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
Railroad infrastructure
Railroads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as extensive and efficient as the worlds best)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 2.9
Switzerland ...................6.8
Japan ............................6.6
France ...........................6.5
Germany .......................6.4
Hong Kong SAR............6.3
Netherlands ..................5.9
Belgium ........................5.7
Denmark .......................5.7
Singapore......................5.7
Finland ..........................5.6
Sweden ........................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.4
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Canada ..........................5.2
United States................5.1
Austria ..........................5.0
Malaysia........................5.0
Spain .............................5.0
Luxembourg .................4.9
United Kingdom............4.8
India ..............................4.7
Australia ........................4.6
Slovak Republic ............4.5
Norway .........................4.4
Tunisia...........................4.4
Portugal ........................4.2
Czech Republic .............4.1
Lithuania .......................4.0
Latvia ............................4.0
Russian Federation .......3.9
Israel .............................3.8
Ukraine .........................3.8
China.............................3.8
Azerbaijan .....................3.8
Namibia.........................3.7
Estonia ..........................3.7
New Zealand.................3.7
Poland ...........................3.7
Pakistan ........................3.6
Thailand ........................3.6
Slovenia ........................3.6
Hungary ........................3.6
South Africa ..................3.5
Greece ..........................3.4
Bulgaria .........................3.3
Kazakhstan....................3.3
Egypt ............................3.3
Botswana......................3.3
Italy ...............................3.2
Morocco .......................3.1
Croatia ..........................3.0
Georgia .........................3.0
Ireland ...........................2.9
Romania........................2.9
Tajikistan .......................2.8
Tanzania ........................2.8
Zimbabwe .....................2.7
Chile..............................2.7
Moldova ........................2.6
Qatar .............................2.6
Sri Lanka .......................2.5
Panama .........................2.5
SD
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
98
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Mongolia .......................2.5
Indonesia ......................2.4
Mexico ..........................2.4
Argentina ......................2.3
Turkey ...........................2.3
Bangladesh ...................2.3
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.2
Vietnam.........................2.2
Malta.............................2.2
Algeria...........................2.0
United Arab Emirates ...2.0
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.0
Jordan ...........................2.0
Armenia ........................2.0
Burkina Faso .................2.0
Kenya ............................1.9
Kuwait...........................1.9
Mauritania .....................1.8
Brazil .............................1.8
Nigeria ..........................1.8
Malawi ..........................1.8
Mozambique .................1.8
Peru ..............................1.7
Philippines ....................1.7
Cameroon .....................1.7
Mauritius.......................1.6
Mali ...............................1.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .1.6
Serbia and Montenegro..1.6
Bahrain..........................1.6
Zambia ..........................1.6
Bolivia ...........................1.6
Uruguay ........................1.6
Barbados.......................1.5
Cambodia......................1.5
Angola...........................1.5
Iceland ..........................1.5
Suriname ......................1.5
Uganda .........................1.5
Madagascar ..................1.5
Lesotho.........................1.4
Guyana..........................1.4
Costa Rica.....................1.4
Chad .............................1.4
Colombia.......................1.4
Venezuela .....................1.4
Jamaica.........................1.3
Ethiopia .........................1.3
Benin ............................1.3
Guatemala ....................1.3
Gambia .........................1.3
El Salvador ....................1.3
Albania ..........................1.2
Dominican Republic......1.2
Burundi .........................1.2
Trinidad and Tobago ......1.2
Nepal ............................1.2
Ecuador.........................1.1
Honduras ......................1.1
Nicaragua ......................1.1
Paraguay .......................1.0
Cyprus ..........................1.0
MEAN: 2.9
SD
1.2
0.7
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.5
0.9
1.8
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.7
0.8
1.2
0.7
0.8
0.6
1.2
0.8
0.7
1.2
1.3
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.6
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.3
n/a
7.02
411
412
7.03
Port infrastructure
Port facilities and inland waterways in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as developed as the worlds best)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Singapore......................6.9
Netherlands ..................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.6
Germany .......................6.6
Belgium ........................6.4
Denmark .......................6.3
Finland ..........................6.2
Japan ............................6.0
United Arab Emirates ...6.0
France ...........................6.0
Iceland ..........................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
Panama .........................5.7
United States................5.7
Canada ..........................5.6
Norway .........................5.6
New Zealand.................5.5
United Kingdom............5.4
Taiwan, China................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Barbados.......................5.4
Spain .............................5.3
Jamaica.........................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Bahrain..........................5.3
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Australia ........................5.1
Namibia.........................5.0
Israel .............................4.9
Chile..............................4.9
Cyprus ..........................4.8
Mauritius.......................4.8
Tunisia...........................4.8
Malta.............................4.7
Portugal ........................4.7
Thailand ........................4.7
Austria ..........................4.6
Latvia ............................4.6
Luxembourg .................4.6
Greece ..........................4.6
Qatar .............................4.5
South Africa ..................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Honduras ......................4.3
Uruguay ........................4.3
Kuwait...........................4.2
Ireland ...........................4.2
Jordan ...........................4.0
Lithuania .......................4.0
Gambia .........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.8
Morocco .......................3.8
Dominican Republic......3.7
China.............................3.7
Sri Lanka .......................3.7
El Salvador ....................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.6
Guatemala ....................3.5
Poland ...........................3.5
Egypt ............................3.5
India ..............................3.5
SD
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Argentina ......................3.4
Mexico ..........................3.4
Russian Federation .......3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
Czech Republic .............3.4
Tanzania ........................3.4
Cambodia......................3.3
Georgia .........................3.3
Bulgaria .........................3.3
Croatia ..........................3.3
Slovak Republic ............3.3
Kenya ............................3.2
Romania........................3.1
Turkey ...........................3.1
Italy ...............................3.1
Algeria...........................3.1
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.1
Hungary ........................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................3.0
Colombia.......................2.9
Nigeria ..........................2.8
Ecuador.........................2.8
Venezuela .....................2.7
Botswana......................2.7
Philippines ....................2.7
Brazil .............................2.7
Vietnam.........................2.7
Kazakhstan....................2.6
Mozambique .................2.6
Guyana..........................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Paraguay .......................2.5
Benin ............................2.5
Angola...........................2.5
Indonesia ......................2.4
Bangladesh ...................2.4
Mauritania .....................2.4
Nicaragua ......................2.3
Madagascar ..................2.3
Costa Rica.....................2.3
Cameroon .....................2.2
Serbia and Montenegro..2.2
Peru ..............................2.2
Albania ..........................2.0
Burundi .........................1.9
Lesotho.........................1.9
Uganda .........................1.9
Zambia ..........................1.9
Burkina Faso .................1.8
Macedonia, FYR ...........1.8
Malawi ..........................1.7
Mongolia .......................1.6
Tajikistan .......................1.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .1.5
Kyrgyz Republic ............1.5
Moldova ........................1.5
Chad .............................1.4
Ethiopia .........................1.4
Mali ...............................1.4
Nepal ............................1.3
Bolivia ...........................1.3
Armenia ........................1.1
MEAN: 3.7
SD
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.0
0.9
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.5
Does your countrys national transport network (domestic flights, buses, trains, taxis, etc.) offer efficient, accessible transportation to a
wide range of travelers to key business centers and tourist attractions within your country? (1 = no, not at all, 7 = yes, it is equal to the
best in the world)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Germany .......................6.8
Switzerland ...................6.7
Hong Kong SAR............6.7
France ...........................6.6
Singapore......................6.6
Japan ............................6.6
Denmark .......................6.4
Netherlands ..................6.3
Finland ..........................6.3
Austria ..........................6.2
United States................6.2
Sweden ........................6.2
Canada ..........................6.1
Iceland ..........................6.1
Belgium ........................6.1
United Kingdom............6.1
Spain .............................6.0
Taiwan, China................5.9
Israel .............................5.9
Norway .........................5.9
Australia ........................5.8
Czech Republic .............5.8
Malaysia........................5.8
New Zealand.................5.7
Portugal ........................5.6
Chile..............................5.6
Korea, Rep. ...................5.6
Turkey ...........................5.5
Greece ..........................5.4
United Arab Emirates ...5.4
Thailand ........................5.4
India ..............................5.3
Estonia ..........................5.3
Luxembourg .................5.2
Barbados.......................5.2
Latvia ............................5.2
Tunisia...........................5.1
Bahrain..........................5.0
Lithuania .......................5.0
Brazil .............................4.9
Kuwait...........................4.9
Jordan ...........................4.9
Croatia ..........................4.9
Egypt ............................4.8
Azerbaijan .....................4.8
Hungary ........................4.8
Slovenia ........................4.8
Mexico ..........................4.8
Qatar .............................4.7
Morocco .......................4.6
Malta.............................4.6
Italy ...............................4.6
Jamaica.........................4.6
Russian Federation .......4.6
Ireland ...........................4.6
South Africa ..................4.6
Slovak Republic ............4.6
Argentina ......................4.5
Kazakhstan....................4.5
Mauritius.......................4.5
Costa Rica.....................4.5
Colombia.......................4.5
SD
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.3
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.6
0.7
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
SD
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.6
7.04
413
Data Tables
Pillar 8
Tourism infrastructure
415
416
8.01
Hotel rooms
Number of hotel rooms per 100 population, 2004 or most recent year available
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Cyprus ...................................5.5
Malta .....................................5.0
Austria ...................................3.6
Greece...................................3.2
Iceland ...................................2.6
Barbados ...............................2.2
Switzerland............................1.9
Spain......................................1.8
Croatia ...................................1.8
Italy........................................1.8
Luxembourg ..........................1.6
Ireland....................................1.5
United States ........................1.5
Norway ..................................1.4
Japan .....................................1.2
Canada...................................1.2
Tunisia ...................................1.1
Bahrain ..................................1.1
Estonia...................................1.1
Bulgaria..................................1.1
Sweden .................................1.1
Germany................................1.1
Finland ...................................1.0
Australia.................................1.0
United Kingdom ....................1.0
France....................................1.0
Portugal .................................1.0
Czech Republic......................1.0
United Arab Emirates ............1.0
Singapore ..............................0.9
Mauritius ...............................0.9
Costa Rica .............................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.8
Denmark................................0.8
Slovenia .................................0.8
Israel......................................0.7
Dominican Republic ..............0.7
Slovak Republic .....................0.7
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.6
Hungary .................................0.6
Belgium .................................0.6
Malaysia ................................0.6
Netherlands ...........................0.6
Thailand .................................0.6
Uruguay .................................0.6
New Zealand .........................0.5
Mexico...................................0.5
Qatar......................................0.5
Serbia and Montenegro.........0.5
Panama..................................0.5
Romania ................................0.5
Peru .......................................0.5
Argentina ...............................0.5
Trinidad and Tobago...............0.5
Latvia .....................................0.4
Jordan....................................0.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................0.3
Chile ......................................0.3
Venezuela ..............................0.3
Ecuador .................................0.3
Turkey....................................0.3
Suriname ...............................0.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Honduras ...............................0.3
Lithuania ................................0.3
Morocco ................................0.3
Armenia .................................0.2
Bolivia ....................................0.2
Poland....................................0.2
Georgia ..................................0.2
Egypt .....................................0.2
Botswana ..............................0.2
Kuwait ...................................0.2
Malawi...................................0.2
Guatemala .............................0.1
Namibia .................................0.1
Albania...................................0.1
Algeria ...................................0.1
Colombia ...............................0.1
Indonesia ...............................0.1
Korea, Rep.............................0.1
Russian Federation................0.1
Azerbaijan ..............................0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina........0.1
South Africa...........................0.1
Guyana ..................................0.1
Taiwan, China ........................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Vietnam .................................0.1
Sri Lanka................................0.1
Nicaragua...............................0.1
Cambodia ..............................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Tanzania .................................0.1
Paraguay................................0.1
Kazakhstan ............................0.1
Nepal .....................................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.1
El Salvador.............................0.1
Ukraine ..................................0.1
Moldova.................................0.1
Angola ...................................0.1
Madagascar ...........................0.1
Zambia...................................0.0
Zimbabwe..............................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Philippines .............................0.0
Mali........................................0.0
Mozambique..........................0.0
Benin .....................................0.0
Pakistan .................................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
India.......................................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
Ethiopia..................................0.0
Bangladesh............................0.0
Brazil ......................................n/a
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Burundi ..................................n/a
Cameroon ..............................n/a
Gambia ..................................n/a
Kenya.....................................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Mongolia................................n/a
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
HARD DATA
Australia.................................7.0
Austria ...................................7.0
Belgium .................................7.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina........7.0
Brazil......................................7.0
Canada...................................7.0
Costa Rica .............................7.0
Croatia ...................................7.0
Cyprus ...................................7.0
Czech Republic......................7.0
Dominican Republic ..............7.0
France....................................7.0
Germany................................7.0
Greece...................................7.0
Hungary .................................7.0
Ireland....................................7.0
Italy........................................7.0
Jordan....................................7.0
Kuwait ...................................7.0
Latvia .....................................7.0
Lithuania ................................7.0
Malta .....................................7.0
Poland....................................7.0
Portugal .................................7.0
Qatar......................................7.0
Slovak Republic .....................7.0
Slovenia .................................7.0
South Africa...........................7.0
Spain......................................7.0
Switzerland............................7.0
Turkey....................................7.0
United Arab Emirates ............7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
United States ........................7.0
Argentina ...............................6.0
Bahrain ..................................6.0
Bulgaria..................................6.0
Denmark................................6.0
Estonia...................................6.0
Finland ...................................6.0
Iceland ...................................6.0
Israel......................................6.0
Luxembourg ..........................6.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................6.0
Mauritius ...............................6.0
Mexico...................................6.0
Morocco ................................6.0
Netherlands ...........................6.0
New Zealand .........................6.0
Norway ..................................6.0
Romania ................................6.0
Russian Federation................6.0
Serbia and Montenegro.........6.0
Sweden .................................6.0
Chile ......................................5.0
El Salvador.............................5.0
Guatemala .............................5.0
Guyana ..................................5.0
Madagascar ...........................5.0
Nicaragua...............................5.0
Panama..................................5.0
Peru .......................................5.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
55
55
55
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
121
121
121
121
HARD DATA
Thailand .................................5.0
Tunisia ...................................5.0
Venezuela ..............................5.0
Albania...................................4.0
Benin .....................................4.0
Botswana ..............................4.0
Colombia ...............................4.0
Egypt .....................................4.0
Honduras ...............................4.0
India.......................................4.0
Indonesia ...............................4.0
Jamaica .................................4.0
Japan .....................................4.0
Kenya.....................................4.0
Korea, Rep.............................4.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.0
Malaysia ................................4.0
Moldova.................................4.0
Mozambique..........................4.0
Namibia .................................4.0
Pakistan .................................4.0
Paraguay................................4.0
Philippines .............................4.0
Singapore ..............................4.0
Suriname ...............................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago...............4.0
Ukraine ..................................4.0
Uruguay .................................4.0
Zimbabwe..............................4.0
Azerbaijan ..............................3.0
Bolivia ....................................3.0
Cameroon..............................3.0
Ecuador .................................3.0
Kazakhstan ............................3.0
Mali........................................3.0
Nigeria ...................................3.0
Sri Lanka................................3.0
Tanzania .................................3.0
Zambia...................................3.0
Algeria ...................................2.0
Angola ...................................2.0
Armenia .................................2.0
Burkina Faso..........................2.0
China .....................................2.0
Gambia ..................................2.0
Georgia ..................................2.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................2.0
Lesotho .................................2.0
Malawi...................................2.0
Mauritania..............................2.0
Bangladesh............................1.0
Barbados ...............................1.0
Burundi ..................................1.0
Chad ......................................1.0
Ethiopia..................................1.0
Mongolia................................1.0
Taiwan, China ........................1.0
Uganda ..................................1.0
Cambodia ..............................0.0
Nepal .....................................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
Vietnam .................................0.0
8.02
417
418
8.03
Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) accepting Visa credit cards per million population, 2006
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
115
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Kazakhstan ........................115.7
Jordan................................109.6
Azerbaijan ............................94.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina......85.6
Venezuela ............................83.5
Serbia and Montenegro.......82.7
Namibia ...............................82.0
Morocco ..............................74.1
Tunisia .................................73.9
Moldova...............................65.2
Albania.................................60.6
Jamaica ...............................57.0
Uruguay ...............................55.7
Indonesia .............................52.1
Georgia ................................48.2
Bolivia ..................................47.0
Guatemala ...........................39.9
Peru .....................................38.1
Sri Lanka..............................37.1
Nicaragua.............................34.0
Paraguay..............................30.8
El Salvador...........................30.7
China ...................................28.8
Macedonia, FYR ..................27.0
Egypt ...................................25.8
Armenia ...............................24.7
Ecuador ...............................23.3
Honduras .............................17.9
India.....................................16.0
Zimbabwe............................13.4
Vietnam ...............................13.2
Mozambique........................12.8
Kenya...................................11.6
Turkey..................................10.2
Mongolia................................9.6
Philippines .............................8.8
Zambia...................................5.4
Tajikistan ................................5.1
Gambia ..................................3.3
Nepal .....................................3.3
Burkina Faso..........................3.2
Cambodia ..............................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.5
Malawi...................................2.2
Cameroon..............................1.5
Benin .....................................1.3
Uganda ..................................0.9
Pakistan .................................0.8
Bangladesh............................0.5
Madagascar ...........................0.4
Mali........................................0.1
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Algeria ...................................0.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Burundi ..................................n/a
Chad ......................................n/a
Ethiopia..................................n/a
Lesotho..................................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
Tanzania .................................n/a
Data Tables
Pillar 9
ICT infrastructure
419
420
9.01
In your country, companies use the Internet extensively for buying/selling goods and services and for interaction with customers
(1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.8
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Costa Rica.....................3.8
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.7
Egypt ............................3.7
Qatar .............................3.7
Jordan ...........................3.7
Kuwait...........................3.6
Kenya ............................3.6
Kazakhstan....................3.6
Colombia.......................3.6
Mauritania .....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Uganda .........................3.5
China.............................3.5
Dominican Republic......3.5
Sri Lanka .......................3.5
Honduras ......................3.4
Venezuela .....................3.4
Romania........................3.4
Nigeria ..........................3.4
Bahrain..........................3.3
Tajikistan .......................3.3
Mali ...............................3.3
Nepal ............................3.3
Bulgaria .........................3.3
Tanzania ........................3.2
Greece ..........................3.2
Ukraine .........................3.2
Ecuador.........................3.2
Armenia ........................3.2
Guyana..........................3.2
Burkina Faso .................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Serbia and Montenegro..3.1
Nicaragua ......................3.1
Bangladesh ...................3.1
Mongolia .......................3.1
Georgia .........................3.0
Gambia .........................3.0
Madagascar ..................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................3.0
Mauritius.......................3.0
Malawi ..........................2.9
Benin ............................2.9
Bolivia ...........................2.9
Zambia ..........................2.9
Suriname ......................2.9
Morocco .......................2.8
Botswana......................2.8
Vietnam.........................2.8
Ethiopia .........................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.7
Mozambique .................2.7
Lesotho.........................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.7
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.7
Angola...........................2.6
Albania ..........................2.6
Moldova ........................2.5
Cameroon .....................2.4
Burundi .........................2.3
Algeria...........................2.2
Chad .............................1.9
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.5
2.5
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
Internet users
Internet users per 100 population, 2004 or most recent year available
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Iceland .................................77.0
Sweden ...............................75.5
Malta ...................................75.3
Korea, Rep...........................65.7
Australia...............................65.3
United States ......................63.0
Finland .................................63.0
United Kingdom ..................62.9
Canada.................................62.4
Netherlands .........................61.6
Luxembourg ........................59.0
Singapore ............................56.1
Barbados .............................55.4
Taiwan, China ......................53.8
New Zealand .......................52.6
Estonia.................................51.2
Denmark..............................50.4
Hong Kong SAR ..................50.3
Japan ...................................50.2
Czech Republic....................50.0
Italy......................................49.8
Slovenia ...............................48.0
Austria .................................47.5
Switzerland..........................47.2
Israel....................................46.6
Germany..............................42.7
Slovak Republic ...................42.3
France..................................41.4
Belgium ...............................40.2
Jamaica ...............................39.9
Norway ................................39.4
Malaysia ..............................38.6
Cyprus .................................36.9
Latvia ...................................35.4
Spain....................................33.2
United Arab Emirates ..........31.9
Ireland..................................29.6
Croatia .................................29.5
Lithuania ..............................28.1
Portugal ...............................28.0
Chile ....................................27.9
Hungary ...............................26.7
Costa Rica ...........................23.5
Kuwait .................................23.5
Poland..................................23.3
Qatar....................................22.2
Bahrain ................................21.3
Uruguay ...............................21.0
Romania ..............................20.8
Guyana ................................18.9
Greece.................................17.8
Argentina .............................16.1
Bulgaria................................15.9
Mauritius .............................14.6
Turkey..................................14.1
Mexico.................................13.4
Trinidad and Tobago.............12.2
Brazil....................................12.2
Morocco ..............................11.7
Peru .....................................11.6
Thailand ...............................11.3
Russian Federation..............11.1
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
n/a
HARD DATA
Jordan..................................10.7
Moldova.................................9.5
Panama..................................9.5
Dominican Republic ..............9.1
Colombia ...............................8.9
El Salvador.............................8.9
Venezuela ..............................8.8
Tunisia ...................................8.4
South Africa...........................7.9
Ukraine ..................................7.8
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.7
Mongolia................................7.6
China .....................................7.2
Vietnam .................................7.1
Zimbabwe..............................6.9
Suriname ...............................6.8
Indonesia ...............................6.5
Guatemala .............................6.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina........5.8
Egypt .....................................5.6
Philippines .............................5.3
Kyrgyz Republic.....................5.2
Azerbaijan ..............................4.9
Ecuador .................................4.7
Kenya.....................................4.6
Armenia .................................3.9
Bolivia ....................................3.9
Namibia .................................3.7
Botswana ..............................3.5
Georgia ..................................3.5
Gambia ..................................3.4
India.......................................3.2
Honduras ...............................3.2
Algeria ...................................2.6
Kazakhstan ............................2.6
Paraguay................................2.5
Lesotho .................................2.4
Albania...................................2.3
Nicaragua...............................2.2
Zambia...................................2.1
Sri Lanka................................1.4
Nigeria ...................................1.4
Benin .....................................1.4
Pakistan .................................1.3
Angola ...................................1.2
Cameroon..............................1.0
Tanzania .................................0.9
Uganda ..................................0.7
Mozambique..........................0.7
Madagascar ...........................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.5
Mauritania..............................0.5
Mali........................................0.5
Burkina Faso..........................0.4
Chad ......................................0.4
Malawi...................................0.4
Burundi ..................................0.4
Cambodia ..............................0.3
Bangladesh............................0.2
Ethiopia..................................0.2
Tajikistan ................................0.1
Serbia and Montenegro.........n/a
SOURCE: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2005; national sources
9.02
421
422
9.03
Telephone lines
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
59
61
62
HARD DATA
Luxembourg ........................79.8
Sweden ...............................71.5
Switzerland..........................71.0
Germany..............................66.2
Iceland .................................65.0
Denmark..............................64.5
Canada.................................64.3
United States ......................60.6
Taiwan, China ......................59.6
Australia...............................58.6
Greece.................................57.8
United Kingdom ..................56.4
France..................................56.0
Korea, Rep...........................55.3
Hong Kong SAR ..................54.4
Cyprus .................................51.8
Malta ...................................51.6
Barbados .............................50.1
Ireland..................................49.8
Netherlands .........................48.4
Norway ................................47.2
Japan ...................................46.6
Austria .................................46.2
New Zealand .......................46.1
Belgium ...............................46.0
Finland .................................45.4
Italy......................................44.8
Israel....................................43.7
Singapore ............................43.2
Croatia .................................42.7
Spain....................................41.5
Slovenia ...............................40.7
Portugal ...............................40.3
Hungary ...............................35.4
Bulgaria................................35.1
Estonia.................................34.0
Czech Republic....................33.6
Serbia and Montenegro.......32.9
Poland..................................31.9
Costa Rica ...........................31.6
Uruguay ...............................30.9
Mauritius .............................28.7
Latvia ...................................28.5
Russian Federation..............27.5
United Arab Emirates ..........27.3
Bahrain ................................26.7
Turkey..................................26.5
Qatar....................................25.7
Ukraine ................................25.2
Macedonia, FYR ..................25.2
Trinidad and Tobago.............24.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina......24.0
China ...................................24.0
Lithuania ..............................23.8
Brazil....................................23.5
Slovak Republic ...................23.2
Argentina .............................22.8
Chile ....................................21.5
Moldova...............................20.3
Romania ..............................20.3
Kuwait .................................19.5
Suriname .............................18.6
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
74
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
118
119
120
120
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Malaysia ..............................17.4
Mexico.................................17.2
Colombia .............................17.1
Kazakhstan ..........................16.2
Armenia ...............................15.3
Jamaica ...............................14.6
Egypt ...................................13.5
Georgia ................................13.5
El Salvador...........................13.4
Guyana ................................13.4
Venezuela ............................12.8
Azerbaijan ............................12.3
Vietnam ...............................12.3
Ecuador ...............................12.2
Tunisia .................................12.1
Panama................................11.9
Jordan..................................11.0
Thailand ...............................11.0
Dominican Republic ............10.7
South Africa.........................10.4
Guatemala .............................8.9
Albania...................................8.3
Kyrgyz Republic.....................8.2
Botswana ..............................8.0
Peru .......................................7.4
Algeria ...................................7.1
Bolivia ....................................7.0
Namibia .................................6.4
Mongolia................................5.6
Honduras ...............................5.6
Sri Lanka................................5.1
Paraguay................................4.7
Indonesia ...............................4.5
Morocco ................................4.4
Philippines .............................4.2
India.......................................4.1
Nicaragua...............................3.8
Tajikistan ................................3.8
Pakistan .................................3.0
Gambia ..................................2.9
Zimbabwe..............................2.7
Lesotho .................................2.1
Nepal .....................................1.7
Mauritania..............................1.3
Benin .....................................1.0
Kenya.....................................0.9
Zambia...................................0.8
Nigeria ...................................0.8
Malawi...................................0.8
Mali........................................0.7
Angola ...................................0.7
Ethiopia..................................0.6
Bangladesh............................0.6
Burkina Faso..........................0.6
Cameroon..............................0.6
Tanzania .................................0.4
Mozambique..........................0.4
Burundi ..................................0.3
Madagascar ...........................0.3
Uganda ..................................0.3
Cambodia ..............................0.3
Chad ......................................0.2
SOURCE: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2005; national sources
Data Tables
Pillar 10
Price competitiveness in the
T&T industry
423
424
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ........................99.9
United Arab Emirates ..........98.5
Qatar....................................98.4
Bahrain ................................98.3
Lesotho ...............................98.3
India.....................................97.7
Malaysia ..............................97.1
Greece.................................96.1
Indonesia .............................95.6
Thailand ...............................95.6
Barbados .............................94.8
Taiwan, China ......................94.2
Philippines ...........................93.6
Ireland..................................93.3
Botswana ............................92.4
Bulgaria................................91.2
Panama................................90.8
Spain....................................90.7
Turkey..................................89.6
China ...................................89.4
Cyprus .................................89.3
Hong Kong SAR ..................89.2
Jordan..................................89.1
Mozambique........................88.4
Zambia.................................88.4
Italy......................................88.3
Korea, Rep...........................88.1
Ethiopia................................87.6
Egypt ...................................87.4
Tajikistan ..............................87.4
Estonia.................................87.3
Sweden ...............................87.2
Singapore ............................87.0
Armenia ...............................86.7
Latvia ...................................86.3
Vietnam ...............................86.0
Mongolia..............................85.9
Hungary ...............................85.4
Croatia .................................85.4
Algeria .................................85.3
Belgium ...............................85.1
Nepal ...................................84.9
Germany..............................84.7
Madagascar .........................84.6
Norway ................................83.7
Finland .................................83.4
Serbia and Montenegro.......83.1
Poland..................................82.7
Macedonia, FYR ..................82.2
Russian Federation..............82.1
Malawi.................................82.0
Albania.................................81.8
Portugal ...............................81.6
Slovenia ...............................81.2
Burundi ................................81.2
Zimbabwe............................81.0
Lithuania ..............................80.2
Switzerland..........................80.1
Israel....................................78.8
Japan ...................................78.4
Morocco ..............................78.1
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
n/a
HARD DATA
Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to official exchange rate, 2005
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
El Salvador.............................0.1
Zimbabwe..............................0.1
Burundi ..................................0.1
Gambia ..................................0.2
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Ethiopia..................................0.2
Nepal .....................................0.2
Uganda ..................................0.2
Bangladesh............................0.2
Vietnam .................................0.2
India.......................................0.2
Guyana ..................................0.2
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.2
Philippines .............................0.2
China .....................................0.2
Nicaragua...............................0.2
Ukraine ..................................0.2
Mozambique..........................0.2
Paraguay................................0.3
Tajikistan ................................0.3
Malawi...................................0.3
Lesotho .................................0.3
Sri Lanka................................0.3
Indonesia ...............................0.3
Pakistan .................................0.3
Madagascar ...........................0.3
Thailand .................................0.3
Egypt .....................................0.3
Azerbaijan ..............................0.3
Mongolia................................0.3
Burkina Faso..........................0.3
Tunisia ...................................0.3
Armenia .................................0.3
Argentina ...............................0.3
Moldova.................................0.3
Macedonia, FYR ....................0.3
Colombia ...............................0.4
Mali........................................0.4
Bulgaria..................................0.4
Bolivia ....................................0.4
Morocco ................................0.4
Mauritius ...............................0.4
Honduras ...............................0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina........0.4
Cameroon..............................0.4
Chad ......................................0.4
Kenya.....................................0.4
Namibia .................................0.4
Georgia ..................................0.4
South Africa...........................0.4
Algeria ...................................0.4
Costa Rica .............................0.4
Kazakhstan ............................0.4
Tanzania .................................0.4
Dominican Republic ..............0.4
Malaysia ................................0.4
Jordan....................................0.5
Peru .......................................0.5
Uruguay .................................0.5
Russian Federation................0.5
Albania...................................0.5
Brazil......................................0.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Benin .....................................0.5
Romania ................................0.5
Botswana ..............................0.5
Lithuania ................................0.5
Slovak Republic .....................0.5
Guatemala .............................0.5
Latvia .....................................0.5
Taiwan, China ........................0.5
Nigeria ...................................0.6
Ecuador .................................0.6
Chile ......................................0.6
Estonia...................................0.6
Poland....................................0.6
Turkey....................................0.6
Hungary .................................0.6
Panama..................................0.6
Barbados ...............................0.6
Czech Republic......................0.6
Angola ...................................0.7
Serbia and Montenegro.........0.7
Zambia...................................0.7
Croatia ...................................0.7
Malta .....................................0.7
Mexico...................................0.7
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.7
Slovenia .................................0.8
Israel......................................0.8
Korea, Rep.............................0.8
Bahrain ..................................0.8
Venezuela ..............................0.8
Trinidad and Tobago...............0.9
Greece...................................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.9
Portugal .................................0.9
Singapore ..............................0.9
Cyprus ...................................0.9
United States ........................1.0
Canada...................................1.0
United Arab Emirates ............1.0
Spain......................................1.0
Italy........................................1.0
New Zealand .........................1.0
Luxembourg ..........................1.1
Germany................................1.1
Austria ...................................1.1
Australia.................................1.1
Belgium .................................1.1
France....................................1.1
Japan .....................................1.1
Finland ...................................1.2
Ireland....................................1.2
United Kingdom ....................1.2
Netherlands ...........................1.2
Sweden .................................1.3
Denmark................................1.4
Iceland ...................................1.5
Qatar......................................1.5
Norway ..................................1.5
Switzerland............................1.5
Kuwait ...................................1.6
Mauritania..............................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
SOURCE: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (April 2006), International Financial Statistics Online; World Bank, World Development
Indicators 2006
425
426
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.5
Bahrain..........................6.1
Hong Kong SAR............6.0
United Arab Emirates ...5.9
Kuwait...........................5.9
Qatar .............................5.8
Iceland ..........................5.7
Singapore......................5.6
Slovak Republic ............5.5
Luxembourg .................5.3
Ireland ...........................5.2
Indonesia ......................5.1
Malaysia........................5.0
Estonia ..........................5.0
Mauritania .....................5.0
Switzerland ...................5.0
Botswana......................4.7
Mauritius.......................4.7
Tunisia...........................4.6
Cyprus ..........................4.6
Taiwan, China................4.6
India ..............................4.4
Thailand ........................4.4
Nigeria ..........................4.4
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.3
United Kingdom............4.2
El Salvador ....................4.2
South Africa ..................4.2
Cambodia......................4.1
Paraguay .......................3.9
Chile..............................3.9
United States................3.9
Algeria...........................3.9
Pakistan ........................3.9
Austria ..........................3.8
Angola...........................3.8
Egypt ............................3.8
Guatemala ....................3.8
Latvia ............................3.7
Netherlands ..................3.7
Philippines ....................3.6
Azerbaijan .....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Barbados.......................3.6
Gambia .........................3.6
Nepal ............................3.6
China.............................3.6
Costa Rica.....................3.6
Bangladesh ...................3.6
Japan ............................3.5
Jordan ...........................3.5
Georgia .........................3.5
Norway .........................3.5
Tanzania ........................3.4
Vietnam.........................3.4
Bolivia ...........................3.4
Portugal ........................3.4
Burkina Faso .................3.4
Israel .............................3.3
Ethiopia .........................3.3
Malta.............................3.3
New Zealand.................3.2
Lithuania .......................3.2
SD
1.4
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.7
1.1
0.9
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Morocco .......................3.2
Poland ...........................3.2
Spain .............................3.2
Canada ..........................3.2
Armenia ........................3.2
Honduras ......................3.1
Madagascar ..................3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Venezuela .....................3.1
Korea, Rep. ...................3.1
Sri Lanka .......................3.1
Mexico ..........................3.1
Germany .......................3.1
Greece ..........................3.0
Kazakhstan....................3.0
Tajikistan .......................3.0
Hungary ........................3.0
Australia ........................3.0
Ecuador.........................3.0
Peru ..............................2.9
Turkey ...........................2.9
Mali ...............................2.9
Croatia ..........................2.9
Malawi ..........................2.9
France ...........................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ...........2.8
Czech Republic .............2.8
Albania ..........................2.8
Jamaica.........................2.8
Dominican Republic......2.8
Panama .........................2.8
Russian Federation .......2.7
Uruguay ........................2.7
Mozambique .................2.7
Burundi .........................2.6
Bulgaria .........................2.6
Serbia and Montenegro..2.6
Finland ..........................2.5
Ukraine .........................2.5
Slovenia ........................2.5
Zimbabwe .....................2.5
Uganda .........................2.5
Moldova ........................2.5
Kenya ............................2.5
Guyana..........................2.5
Romania........................2.4
Colombia.......................2.4
Nicaragua ......................2.4
Chad .............................2.4
Suriname ......................2.4
Cameroon .....................2.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .2.3
Mongolia .......................2.3
Denmark .......................2.2
Sweden ........................2.2
Argentina ......................2.2
Benin ............................2.2
Italy ...............................2.2
Zambia ..........................2.1
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.1
Belgium ........................2.1
Brazil .............................1.5
MEAN: 3.5
SD
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
0.9
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
7
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
23
26
27
27
29
30
30
30
33
34
34
36
37
38
38
40
40
40
43
43
45
46
46
46
49
49
49
49
53
53
55
56
56
58
58
60
61
61
HARD DATA
Venezuela ..............................2.0
Egypt ...................................10.0
Algeria .................................15.0
Qatar....................................16.0
Azerbaijan ............................18.0
Indonesia .............................18.0
Bahrain ................................19.0
Jordan..................................19.0
Malaysia ..............................22.0
Kuwait .................................24.0
Trinidad and Tobago.............24.0
Ecuador ...............................27.0
United Arab Emirates ..........28.0
Angola .................................29.0
Vietnam ...............................32.0
Bangladesh..........................34.0
Philippines ...........................34.0
Colombia .............................36.0
Thailand ...............................37.0
Kazakhstan ..........................38.0
Tunisia .................................39.0
Bolivia ..................................40.0
New Zealand .......................41.0
Pakistan ...............................41.0
Sri Lanka..............................41.0
Ethiopia................................42.0
China ...................................43.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................43.0
Ukraine ................................44.0
Mexico.................................45.0
Nigeria .................................45.0
Russian Federation..............45.0
Panama................................48.0
Brazil....................................49.0
Nepal ...................................49.0
Suriname .............................50.0
Paraguay..............................51.0
Singapore ............................55.0
Taiwan, China ......................55.0
Armenia ...............................56.0
Costa Rica ...........................56.0
Mauritius .............................56.0
Jamaica ...............................57.0
United States ......................57.0
El Salvador...........................58.0
Argentina .............................59.0
Mauritania............................59.0
Tajikistan ..............................59.0
Botswana ............................61.0
Cambodia ............................61.0
Dominican Republic ............61.0
Guyana ................................61.0
Barbados .............................62.0
India.....................................62.0
Guatemala ...........................63.0
Chile ....................................64.0
Nicaragua.............................64.0
Namibia ...............................65.0
Zimbabwe............................65.0
Honduras .............................66.0
Georgia ................................67.0
Mongolia..............................67.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
63
65
66
67
68
69
69
71
71
73
73
75
75
77
78
78
78
81
82
82
84
85
86
86
88
88
88
91
92
92
94
94
96
97
98
98
100
100
102
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
109
111
112
113
113
115
116
116
118
119
120
120
122
123
n/a
HARD DATA
Canada.................................68.0
Lesotho ...............................68.0
Morocco ..............................70.0
Uruguay ...............................71.0
Benin ...................................72.0
Gambia ................................73.0
Kenya...................................76.0
Peru .....................................76.0
Madagascar .........................79.0
Mozambique........................79.0
Israel....................................80.0
South Africa.........................80.0
Australia...............................83.0
Cameroon............................83.0
Tanzania...............................87.0
Iceland .................................88.0
Malawi.................................88.0
Uganda ................................88.0
Bulgaria................................89.0
Latvia ...................................90.0
Mali......................................90.0
Romania ..............................91.0
Macedonia, FYR ..................92.0
Burkina Faso........................94.0
Estonia.................................94.0
Cyprus .................................95.0
Japan ...................................95.0
Korea, Rep...........................95.0
Serbia and Montenegro.......95.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina......97.0
Malta ...................................97.0
Luxembourg ........................98.0
Zambia.................................98.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Chad ..................................101.0
Albania...............................102.0
Lithuania ............................102.0
Belgium .............................107.0
Czech Republic..................107.0
Burundi ..............................108.0
Portugal .............................108.0
Poland................................109.0
Spain..................................110.0
Slovenia .............................111.0
Turkey................................112.0
Croatia ...............................113.0
Austria ...............................119.0
Slovak Republic .................119.0
Finland ...............................121.0
Hungary .............................122.0
Greece...............................123.0
Netherlands .......................123.0
France................................125.0
Germany............................129.0
Ireland................................129.0
Italy....................................131.0
Denmark............................135.0
Sweden .............................137.0
Switzerland........................137.0
Norway ..............................144.0
United Kingdom ................160.0
Moldova.................................n/a
SOURCE: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, International Fuel Prices 2005
427
Data Tables
Pillar 11
Human resources
429
430
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Cambodia ..........................136.6
Madagascar .......................133.5
Lesotho .............................131.1
Guyana ..............................129.5
Uganda ..............................125.4
Malawi...............................124.9
Russian Federation............122.9
Slovenia .............................122.8
Suriname ...........................120.0
Argentina ...........................118.0
China .................................117.6
Indonesia ...........................117.0
Ecuador .............................116.9
Cameroon..........................116.8
Portugal .............................116.2
India...................................116.2
El Salvador.........................114.4
Nepal .................................113.9
Peru ...................................113.9
Bolivia ................................113.5
Guatemala .........................113.2
Honduras ...........................113.0
Philippines .........................112.4
Panama..............................112.2
Nicaragua...........................112.2
Dominican Republic ..........112.0
Costa Rica .........................111.8
Algeria ...............................111.7
Kenya.................................111.3
Colombia ...........................111.3
Israel..................................110.2
Paraguay............................110.0
Tunisia ...............................109.9
Mexico...............................109.2
Kazakhstan ........................109.2
Uruguay .............................109.0
Bangladesh........................108.9
Hong Kong SAR ................108.1
Spain..................................107.7
Netherlands .......................107.4
Barbados ...........................107.0
United Kingdom ................106.5
Romania ............................106.5
Ireland................................106.5
Morocco ............................105.9
Austria ...............................105.9
Korea, Rep.........................105.1
Venezuela ..........................105.1
South Africa.......................105.0
France................................104.8
Bulgaria..............................104.8
Botswana ..........................104.5
Mongolia............................104.4
Albania...............................104.0
Bahrain ..............................104.0
Belgium .............................103.9
Chile ..................................103.7
Mauritius ...........................102.8
Australia.............................102.8
Malta .................................102.4
Switzerland........................102.3
Trinidad and Tobago...........102.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
68
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
109
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Czech Republic..................101.9
New Zealand .....................101.7
Qatar..................................101.7
Greece...............................101.6
Italy....................................101.4
Canada...............................101.0
Namibia .............................101.0
Denmark............................101.0
Taiwan, China ....................101.0
Armenia .............................100.9
Iceland ...............................100.9
Tanzania.............................100.9
Egypt .................................100.7
Finland ...............................100.5
Japan .................................100.4
Germany............................100.2
Estonia.................................99.9
Tajikistan ..............................99.9
Serbia and Montenegro.......99.8
Luxembourg ........................99.4
Nigeria .................................99.2
Sweden ...............................99.1
Slovak Republic ...................99.1
United States ......................99.0
Norway ................................98.9
Poland..................................98.9
Benin ...................................98.9
Zambia.................................98.8
Thailand ...............................98.5
Jordan..................................98.2
Kyrgyz Republic...................98.0
Vietnam ...............................98.0
Hungary ...............................97.9
Cyprus .................................97.7
Sri Lanka..............................97.7
Macedonia, FYR ..................97.7
Lithuania ..............................97.2
Azerbaijan ............................96.8
Kuwait .................................96.5
Zimbabwe............................96.0
Jamaica ...............................95.3
Georgia ................................95.1
Mozambique........................94.9
Ukraine ................................94.8
Moldova...............................94.4
Mauritania............................94.1
Croatia .................................94.0
Singapore ............................94.0
Turkey..................................93.3
Malaysia ..............................93.0
Latvia ...................................92.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina......92.0
United Arab Emirates ..........83.8
Pakistan ...............................82.1
Gambia ................................81.4
Burundi ................................79.9
Ethiopia................................77.0
Chad ....................................71.0
Mali......................................63.8
Burkina Faso........................53.0
Angola....................................n/a
Brazil ......................................n/a
Gross secondary education enrollment rate, 2004 or most recent year available
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Australia.............................148.6
Denmark............................124.2
Spain..................................119.1
Netherlands .......................118.8
Norway ..............................115.6
Iceland ...............................114.6
New Zealand .....................114.4
Ireland................................111.6
France................................110.6
Barbados ...........................110.1
Finland ...............................109.4
Belgium .............................108.9
Uruguay .............................106.0
Malta .................................105.3
Canada...............................105.0
United Kingdom ................104.5
Sweden .............................102.6
Bulgaria..............................102.1
Brazil..................................102.0
Japan .................................101.6
Austria ...............................100.9
Germany............................100.0
Slovenia ...............................99.8
Italy......................................99.1
Argentina .............................99.0
Bahrain ................................98.8
Taiwan, China ......................98.2
Lithuania ..............................98.1
Estonia.................................98.1
Kazakhstan ..........................98.1
Singapore ............................98.0
Cyprus .................................97.7
Qatar....................................96.8
Poland..................................96.7
Portugal ...............................96.7
Latvia ...................................96.6
Hungary ...............................96.5
Greece.................................96.3
Czech Republic....................95.7
Luxembourg ........................94.9
United States ......................94.8
Slovak Republic ...................94.2
Switzerland..........................93.4
Russian Federation..............92.9
Ukraine ................................92.9
Israel....................................92.7
Peru .....................................91.6
Armenia ...............................91.4
Korea, Rep...........................90.9
South Africa.........................90.0
Kuwait .................................89.9
Mongolia..............................89.5
Chile ....................................89.1
Bolivia ..................................88.5
Serbia and Montenegro.......88.5
Jamaica ...............................88.1
Croatia .................................88.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................88.0
Jordan..................................87.4
Egypt ...................................87.1
Philippines ...........................85.9
Mauritius .............................85.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Romania ..............................85.1
Hong Kong SAR ..................84.9
Macedonia, FYR ..................84.1
Trinidad and Tobago.............83.8
Azerbaijan ............................83.1
Moldova...............................82.8
Sri Lanka..............................82.5
Georgia ................................82.3
Tajikistan ..............................81.8
Tunisia .................................81.3
Algeria .................................80.7
Mexico.................................79.7
Turkey..................................79.2
Albania.................................78.0
Thailand ...............................77.3
Botswana ............................75.1
Colombia .............................74.5
Costa Rica ...........................73.5
Vietnam ...............................73.5
Suriname .............................73.0
China ...................................72.5
Venezuela ............................72.0
Panama................................70.2
Malaysia ..............................70.0
Dominican Republic ............68.4
United Arab Emirates ..........66.4
Honduras .............................65.5
Paraguay..............................65.0
Indonesia .............................64.1
Nicaragua.............................63.7
Ecuador ...............................61.1
El Salvador...........................60.4
Namibia ...............................58.0
India.....................................53.5
Bangladesh..........................51.0
Guatemala ...........................48.6
Kenya...................................48.0
Morocco ..............................47.6
Gambia ................................46.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina......45.0
Cameroon............................43.8
Nepal ...................................43.0
Lesotho ...............................36.4
Zimbabwe............................36.0
Nigeria .................................34.6
Cambodia ............................29.4
Malawi.................................28.9
Ethiopia................................27.8
Pakistan ...............................27.2
Benin ...................................25.9
Zambia.................................25.8
Mali......................................22.3
Mauritania............................20.2
Uganda ................................18.6
Chad ....................................15.1
Burundi ................................12.1
Burkina Faso........................12.1
Mozambique........................10.8
Tanzania .................................7.5
Angola....................................n/a
Guyana...................................n/a
Madagascar ...........................n/a
SOURCE: UNESCO, Institute for Statics; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; national sources
431
432
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Finland ..........................6.0
Singapore......................6.0
Iceland ..........................5.9
Switzerland ...................5.8
Denmark .......................5.6
Ireland ...........................5.5
Hong Kong SAR............5.4
Belgium ........................5.4
Taiwan, China................5.4
Malaysia........................5.2
Tunisia...........................5.1
Australia ........................5.1
Austria ..........................5.1
Canada ..........................5.0
United States................5.0
Barbados.......................5.0
Norway .........................5.0
Netherlands ..................4.9
Japan ............................4.9
Qatar .............................4.9
New Zealand.................4.8
Israel .............................4.8
Indonesia ......................4.7
Sweden ........................4.7
India ..............................4.7
Cyprus ..........................4.7
France ...........................4.6
Malta.............................4.6
United Kingdom............4.5
Czech Republic .............4.5
Estonia ..........................4.4
United Arab Emirates ...4.4
Germany .......................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Latvia ............................4.4
Luxembourg .................4.3
Kenya ............................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................4.1
Zimbabwe .....................4.1
Costa Rica.....................4.1
Thailand ........................4.1
Hungary ........................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ...........4.0
Jordan ...........................4.0
Lithuania .......................3.9
Serbia and Montenegro..3.9
Ukraine .........................3.9
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.9
Slovak Republic ............3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.8
Romania........................3.8
Slovenia ........................3.8
Croatia ..........................3.8
Russian Federation .......3.7
Gambia .........................3.7
Colombia.......................3.7
Botswana......................3.7
Portugal ........................3.7
Zambia ..........................3.6
Greece ..........................3.6
Philippines ....................3.6
Kuwait...........................3.5
SD
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
SD
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.8
1.0
In your country, specialized research and training services are (1 = not available, 7 = available from world-class local institutions)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Germany .......................6.1
Japan ............................6.1
United Kingdom............6.0
Switzerland ...................6.0
United States................6.0
Finland ..........................5.9
Netherlands ..................5.8
Sweden ........................5.8
Belgium ........................5.8
Israel .............................5.6
Denmark .......................5.6
France ...........................5.6
Canada ..........................5.6
Austria ..........................5.3
Norway .........................5.2
Australia ........................5.2
Singapore......................5.1
Hong Kong SAR............5.1
Iceland ..........................5.1
Czech Republic .............5.0
Taiwan, China................5.0
Malaysia........................4.9
Ireland ...........................4.9
Indonesia ......................4.8
New Zealand.................4.8
Estonia ..........................4.8
Italy ...............................4.8
India ..............................4.7
Korea, Rep. ...................4.7
South Africa ..................4.7
Chile..............................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Tunisia...........................4.6
Croatia ..........................4.5
Spain .............................4.4
Hungary ........................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Portugal ........................4.4
Poland ...........................4.4
Costa Rica.....................4.3
Turkey ...........................4.3
United Arab Emirates ...4.3
Argentina ......................4.3
Romania........................4.3
Slovak Republic ............4.2
China.............................4.2
Mexico ..........................4.2
Lithuania .......................4.2
Kenya ............................4.2
Latvia ............................4.1
Luxembourg .................4.1
Serbia and Montenegro..4.0
Kuwait...........................4.0
Tanzania ........................4.0
Guatemala ....................3.9
Jamaica.........................3.9
Qatar .............................3.9
Morocco .......................3.9
Greece ..........................3.9
Nigeria ..........................3.9
Uganda .........................3.9
Jordan ...........................3.9
SD
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
0.9
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
108
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Peru ..............................3.9
Uruguay ........................3.8
Cyprus ..........................3.8
Thailand ........................3.8
Kazakhstan....................3.7
Azerbaijan .....................3.7
Russian Federation .......3.7
Colombia.......................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.6
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.6
Panama .........................3.6
El Salvador ....................3.5
Philippines ....................3.5
Vietnam.........................3.5
Barbados.......................3.5
Mongolia .......................3.5
Egypt ............................3.5
Bulgaria .........................3.5
Nicaragua ......................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.4
Pakistan ........................3.4
Honduras ......................3.4
Mauritius.......................3.4
Ukraine .........................3.4
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.3
Malta.............................3.3
Dominican Republic......3.3
Ecuador.........................3.3
Burkina Faso .................3.3
Venezuela .....................3.3
Mali ...............................3.2
Moldova ........................3.2
Cambodia......................3.1
Bahrain..........................3.1
Cameroon .....................3.1
Benin ............................3.1
Madagascar ..................3.1
Algeria...........................3.0
Botswana......................3.0
Bolivia ...........................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.9
Armenia ........................2.9
Malawi ..........................2.9
Tajikistan .......................2.9
Georgia .........................2.8
Paraguay .......................2.8
Zimbabwe .....................2.8
Ethiopia .........................2.6
Mozambique .................2.6
Gambia .........................2.6
Guyana..........................2.5
Nepal ............................2.5
Suriname ......................2.5
Chad .............................2.5
Lesotho.........................2.5
Albania ..........................2.5
Namibia.........................2.4
Bangladesh ...................2.4
Mauritania .....................2.2
Angola...........................2.2
Burundi .........................2.2
Zambia ..........................2.2
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.2
433
434
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.8
Switzerland ...................6.1
Denmark .......................5.9
Japan ............................5.9
Sweden ........................5.9
Austria ..........................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.7
Germany .......................5.7
Finland ..........................5.6
United States................5.6
Norway .........................5.5
Iceland ..........................5.4
Singapore......................5.4
Belgium ........................5.4
Luxembourg .................5.4
Ireland ...........................5.4
United Kingdom............5.3
Malaysia........................5.3
Korea, Rep. ...................5.2
Taiwan, China................5.2
Australia ........................5.1
Hong Kong SAR............5.1
France ...........................5.1
Israel .............................5.1
Canada ..........................5.0
New Zealand.................5.0
South Africa ..................4.9
Estonia ..........................4.8
India ..............................4.8
Czech Republic .............4.7
Thailand ........................4.6
Costa Rica.....................4.5
Slovenia ........................4.4
Mauritius.......................4.4
Chile..............................4.4
Philippines ....................4.3
Tunisia...........................4.3
United Arab Emirates ...4.3
Brazil .............................4.2
Turkey ...........................4.2
Indonesia ......................4.2
Spain .............................4.0
Latvia ............................4.0
Lithuania .......................4.0
Malta.............................4.0
Slovak Republic ............4.0
Kuwait...........................3.9
Mexico ..........................3.9
Poland ...........................3.8
Barbados.......................3.8
Zimbabwe .....................3.8
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.8
Greece ..........................3.8
Hungary ........................3.8
Jamaica.........................3.8
Portugal ........................3.8
Kenya ............................3.7
Qatar .............................3.7
Panama .........................3.7
Bahrain..........................3.7
Jordan ...........................3.6
Croatia ..........................3.6
Italy ...............................3.6
SD
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.3
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
El Salvador ....................3.6
Namibia.........................3.6
Nigeria ..........................3.5
Peru ..............................3.5
Colombia.......................3.5
Botswana......................3.5
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.5
Cyprus ..........................3.4
Vietnam.........................3.4
Argentina ......................3.4
Guatemala ....................3.4
Uganda .........................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................3.4
China.............................3.4
Mauritania .....................3.3
Mozambique .................3.3
Kazakhstan....................3.3
Uruguay ........................3.3
Romania........................3.3
Venezuela .....................3.3
Egypt ............................3.3
Mongolia .......................3.2
Morocco .......................3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Tanzania ........................3.1
Gambia .........................3.1
Cambodia......................3.1
Dominican Republic......3.1
Pakistan ........................3.1
Lesotho.........................3.1
Honduras ......................3.1
Azerbaijan .....................3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.0
Georgia .........................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Algeria...........................3.0
Russian Federation .......2.9
Ukraine .........................2.9
Madagascar ..................2.9
Moldova ........................2.9
Armenia ........................2.8
Ecuador.........................2.8
Nicaragua ......................2.7
Burkina Faso .................2.7
Angola...........................2.7
Benin ............................2.7
Suriname ......................2.7
Tajikistan .......................2.7
Albania ..........................2.7
Cameroon .....................2.7
Bulgaria .........................2.6
Paraguay .......................2.6
Bangladesh ...................2.6
Bolivia ...........................2.5
Mali ...............................2.5
Nepal ............................2.4
Ethiopia .........................2.4
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.4
Serbia and Montenegro..2.3
Burundi .........................2.2
Chad .............................1.8
Zambia ..........................1.7
MEAN: 3.8
SD
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
The hiring and firing of workers is (1 = impeded by regulations, 7 = flexibly determined by employers)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Zambia ..........................5.9
Singapore......................5.9
Mauritania .....................5.7
Switzerland ...................5.7
Azerbaijan .....................5.7
Iceland ..........................5.6
Kazakhstan....................5.6
Denmark .......................5.4
Kyrgyz Republic ............5.4
Dominican Republic......5.3
United States................5.2
Mongolia .......................5.2
Hong Kong SAR............5.1
Uganda .........................5.1
Slovak Republic ............5.1
Georgia .........................5.1
Russian Federation .......5.1
Albania ..........................5.0
Nigeria ..........................5.0
Ukraine .........................4.8
El Salvador ....................4.8
Tajikistan .......................4.8
United Arab Emirates ...4.7
Guyana..........................4.6
Bangladesh ...................4.6
Pakistan ........................4.6
Taiwan, China................4.6
Guatemala ....................4.5
Gambia .........................4.5
Kenya ............................4.5
Qatar .............................4.5
Tunisia...........................4.5
United Kingdom............4.5
Burundi .........................4.5
Israel .............................4.4
Moldova ........................4.4
Cameroon .....................4.4
Nicaragua ......................4.4
Benin ............................4.4
Mali ...............................4.3
Kuwait...........................4.3
Costa Rica.....................4.3
Bolivia ...........................4.3
Canada ..........................4.3
Vietnam.........................4.2
Madagascar ..................4.2
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.2
Estonia ..........................4.2
Morocco .......................4.2
China.............................4.2
Jamaica.........................4.2
Latvia ............................4.2
Armenia ........................4.1
Croatia ..........................4.1
Honduras ......................4.1
Tanzania ........................4.1
Macedonia, FYR ...........4.0
Colombia.......................4.0
Malaysia........................4.0
Barbados.......................4.0
Serbia and Montenegro..4.0
Chile..............................4.0
SD
1.8
1.0
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.7
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.7
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.7
0.9
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.3
435
436
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 4.8
Kuwait...........................6.3
Ireland ...........................6.0
Georgia .........................6.0
Slovak Republic ............6.0
Armenia ........................5.9
Singapore......................5.9
Nicaragua ......................5.8
Albania ..........................5.7
El Salvador ....................5.7
Dominican Republic......5.7
Luxembourg .................5.7
Zambia ..........................5.6
United Kingdom............5.6
Indonesia ......................5.6
Finland ..........................5.5
Paraguay .......................5.5
Uganda .........................5.5
Portugal ........................5.5
Peru ..............................5.5
United Arab Emirates ...5.5
Iceland ..........................5.5
Mauritania .....................5.5
Qatar .............................5.4
Hong Kong SAR............5.4
Chile..............................5.4
Switzerland ...................5.4
Egypt ............................5.4
India ..............................5.4
Uruguay ........................5.4
Czech Republic .............5.3
Guyana..........................5.3
Norway .........................5.3
Jamaica.........................5.3
Nigeria ..........................5.3
Burkina Faso .................5.3
Azerbaijan .....................5.2
Benin ............................5.2
Malaysia........................5.2
Mali ...............................5.2
Argentina ......................5.1
Morocco .......................5.1
Spain .............................5.1
United States................5.1
Costa Rica.....................5.1
Gambia .........................5.0
Suriname ......................5.0
Bolivia ...........................5.0
Serbia and Montenegro..5.0
Colombia.......................5.0
Latvia ............................4.9
Tanzania ........................4.9
Denmark .......................4.9
Honduras ......................4.9
Mexico ..........................4.9
Cameroon .....................4.9
Italy ...............................4.8
Greece ..........................4.8
Germany .......................4.8
Moldova ........................4.8
Burundi .........................4.8
Tunisia...........................4.8
Cambodia......................4.8
SD
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
107
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Vietnam.........................4.8
Guatemala ....................4.8
Pakistan ........................4.8
Hungary ........................4.7
Turkey ...........................4.7
New Zealand.................4.7
Tajikistan .......................4.7
France ...........................4.7
Angola...........................4.7
Macedonia, FYR ...........4.7
China.............................4.6
Brazil .............................4.6
Taiwan, China................4.6
Japan ............................4.6
Estonia ..........................4.5
Lithuania .......................4.5
Madagascar ..................4.5
Belgium ........................4.5
Netherlands ..................4.5
Australia ........................4.4
Jordan ...........................4.4
Thailand ........................4.4
Mongolia .......................4.4
Slovenia ........................4.4
Sweden ........................4.4
Kenya ............................4.4
Croatia ..........................4.4
Kyrgyz Republic ............4.4
Bulgaria .........................4.3
Malta.............................4.3
Cyprus ..........................4.3
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.3
Israel .............................4.3
Romania........................4.3
Ethiopia .........................4.2
Canada ..........................4.2
Barbados.......................4.2
Venezuela .....................4.2
Ukraine .........................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................4.2
Poland ...........................4.2
Philippines ....................4.1
Ecuador.........................4.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .4.1
Bahrain..........................4.0
Mauritius.......................4.0
Russian Federation .......4.0
Panama .........................3.9
Kazakhstan....................3.9
Austria ..........................3.9
Chad .............................3.8
Lesotho.........................3.8
Bangladesh ...................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Algeria...........................3.7
Korea, Rep. ...................3.7
Malawi ..........................3.7
Mozambique .................3.4
South Africa ..................3.3
Nepal ............................3.0
Zimbabwe .....................2.9
Namibia.........................2.6
MEAN: 4.8
SD
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.9
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.4
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 1549 years, 2003 or most recent year available
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
47
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
62
HARD DATA
Azerbaijan............................<0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....<0.1
Bulgaria ...............................<0.1
Croatia.................................<0.1
Cyprus.................................<0.1
Egypt...................................<0.1
Hong Kong SAR ..................<0.1
Japan...................................<0.1
Jordan .................................<0.1
Korea, Rep. .........................<0.1
Kuwait .................................<0.1
Macedonia, FYR..................<0.1
Mauritius .............................<0.1
Mongolia .............................<0.1
Philippines...........................<0.1
Qatar ...................................<0.1
Romania ..............................<0.1
Slovak Republic...................<0.1
Slovenia...............................<0.1
Sri Lanka .............................<0.1
Taiwan, China......................<0.1
Tajikistan .............................<0.1
Tunisia .................................<0.1
Turkey .................................<0.1
Albania...................................0.1
Algeria ...................................0.1
Armenia .................................0.1
Australia.................................0.1
Bolivia ....................................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Czech Republic......................0.1
Finland ...................................0.1
Georgia ..................................0.1
Germany................................0.1
Hungary .................................0.1
Indonesia ...............................0.1
Ireland....................................0.1
Israel......................................0.1
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.1
Lithuania ................................0.1
Morocco ................................0.1
New Zealand .........................0.1
Norway ..................................0.1
Pakistan .................................0.1
Poland....................................0.1
Sweden .................................0.1
United Arab Emirates ............0.2
Bahrain ..................................0.2
Belgium .................................0.2
Denmark................................0.2
Greece...................................0.2
Iceland ...................................0.2
Kazakhstan ............................0.2
Luxembourg ..........................0.2
Malta .....................................0.2
Moldova.................................0.2
Netherlands ...........................0.2
Nicaragua...............................0.2
Serbia and Montenegro.........0.2
Singapore ..............................0.2
United Kingdom ....................0.2
Austria ...................................0.3
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
62
62
62
62
62
62
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
78
78
78
78
82
82
82
82
82
82
88
88
90
90
90
93
93
95
96
96
98
98
98
101
102
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Bangladesh............................0.3
Canada...................................0.3
Chile ......................................0.3
Ecuador .................................0.3
Mexico...................................0.3
Uruguay .................................0.3
France....................................0.4
Malaysia ................................0.4
Portugal .................................0.4
Switzerland............................0.4
Vietnam .................................0.4
Italy........................................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.5
Paraguay................................0.5
Peru .......................................0.5
Costa Rica .............................0.6
Latvia .....................................0.6
Mauritania..............................0.6
United States ........................0.6
Argentina ...............................0.7
Brazil......................................0.7
Colombia ...............................0.7
El Salvador.............................0.7
Spain......................................0.7
Venezuela ..............................0.7
India.......................................0.9
Panama..................................0.9
Estonia...................................1.1
Guatemala .............................1.1
Russian Federation................1.1
Gambia ..................................1.2
Jamaica .................................1.2
Ukraine ..................................1.4
Barbados ...............................1.5
Thailand .................................1.5
Dominican Republic ..............1.7
Madagascar ...........................1.7
Suriname ...............................1.7
Honduras ...............................1.8
Benin .....................................1.9
Mali........................................1.9
Guyana ..................................2.5
Cambodia ..............................2.6
Trinidad and Tobago...............3.2
Angola ...................................3.9
Uganda ..................................4.1
Burkina Faso..........................4.2
Ethiopia..................................4.4
Chad ......................................4.8
Nigeria ...................................5.4
Burundi ..................................6.0
Kenya.....................................6.7
Cameroon..............................6.9
Tanzania .................................8.8
Mozambique........................12.2
Malawi.................................14.2
Zambia.................................16.5
Namibia ...............................21.3
South Africa.........................21.5
Zimbabwe............................24.6
Lesotho ...............................28.9
Botswana ............................37.3
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2006, World Health Report 2006; national sources
437
438
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Albania...................................0.0
Australia.................................0.0
Austria ...................................0.0
Bahrain ..................................0.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Belgium .................................0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina........0.0
Bulgaria..................................0.0
Canada...................................0.0
Croatia ...................................0.0
Cyprus ...................................0.0
Czech Republic......................0.0
Denmark................................0.0
Egypt .....................................0.0
Estonia...................................0.0
Finland ...................................0.0
France....................................0.0
Germany................................0.0
Greece...................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0
Hungary .................................0.0
Iceland ...................................0.0
Ireland....................................0.0
Israel......................................0.0
Italy........................................0.0
Japan .....................................0.0
Jordan....................................0.0
Kuwait ...................................0.0
Latvia .....................................0.0
Lesotho .................................0.0
Lithuania ................................0.0
Luxembourg ..........................0.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................0.0
Malta .....................................0.0
Mongolia................................0.0
Netherlands ...........................0.0
New Zealand .........................0.0
Norway ..................................0.0
Poland....................................0.0
Portugal .................................0.0
Qatar......................................0.0
Romania ................................0.0
Russian Federation................0.0
Serbia and Montenegro.........0.0
Singapore ..............................0.0
Slovak Republic .....................0.0
Slovenia .................................0.0
Spain......................................0.0
Sweden .................................0.0
Switzerland............................0.0
Tunisia ...................................0.0
Ukraine ..................................0.0
United Arab Emirates ............0.0
United Kingdom ....................0.0
United States ........................0.0
Chile ......................................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.1
Kazakhstan ............................0.1
Moldova.................................0.1
Morocco ................................0.2
Argentina ...............................0.3
Armenia .................................0.9
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Algeria ...................................1.0
Trinidad and Tobago...............1.2
El Salvador.............................1.3
Uruguay .................................1.6
Mauritius ...............................1.8
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.9
Korea, Rep.............................2.3
China .....................................3.1
Mexico...................................3.2
Jamaica .................................5.2
Azerbaijan ..............................5.7
Georgia ..................................6.2
Paraguay..............................11.6
Turkey..................................12.9
Malaysia ..............................22.4
Dominican Republic ............26.5
South Africa.........................29.9
Costa Rica ...........................30.0
Nepal ...................................37.3
Bangladesh..........................38.8
Vietnam ...............................46.0
Philippines ...........................54.6
Sri Lanka..............................55.0
Thailand ...............................59.5
Pakistan ...............................81.5
Tajikistan ..............................87.5
Indonesia .............................98.9
Nicaragua...........................122.5
Honduras ...........................146.7
Panama..............................159.2
Bolivia ................................165.7
India...................................167.2
Venezuela ..........................178.1
Ecuador .............................224.2
Guatemala .........................253.1
Brazil..................................254.2
Colombia ...........................260.3
Peru ...................................292.2
Kenya.................................389.3
Cambodia ..........................505.4
Ethiopia..............................799.5
Botswana .......................1,245.4
Suriname ........................1,906.6
Nigeria ............................2,103.6
Cameroon.......................2,900.0
Tanzania..........................3,000.0
Guyana ...........................3,773.3
Chad ...............................4,767.9
Mauritania.......................5,979.4
Mali.................................6,226.4
Zimbabwe.......................9,562.4
Angola ..........................10,139.1
Burkina Faso.................11,894.5
Madagascar ..................12,151.7
Benin ............................12,172.5
Gambia .........................17,340.0
Zambia..........................18,964.0
Namibia ........................22,204.1
Malawi..........................24,180.7
Mozambique.................26,919.9
Burundi .........................26,993.9
Uganda .........................47,842.7
SOURCE: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, World Malaria Report 2005; WHO Regional Offices; UNFPA, State of World Population 2005;
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; UNDP, Human Development Report 2006; national sources
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Iceland ...................................2.1
Sweden .................................3.4
United States ........................3.6
Norway ..................................4.1
Canada...................................4.2
Cyprus ...................................4.3
Malta .....................................4.6
Jordan....................................5.0
Italy........................................5.6
Switzerland............................5.7
Australia.................................5.8
Denmark................................6.2
Netherlands ...........................6.3
Germany................................6.3
Finland ...................................7.0
Israel......................................7.0
Jamaica .................................9.2
United Kingdom ....................9.2
Ireland....................................9.3
Luxembourg ..........................9.4
France....................................9.8
Belgium ...............................10.5
Austria .................................10.8
New Zealand .......................10.8
Czech Republic....................11.2
Barbados .............................12.3
Trinidad and Tobago.............12.4
Costa Rica ...........................15.3
Chile ....................................15.8
Slovenia ...............................16.8
Greece.................................17.0
Spain....................................19.8
Slovak Republic ...................23.4
Tunisia .................................24.0
United Arab Emirates ..........25.9
Hungary ...............................29.7
Kuwait .................................29.8
Albania.................................30.7
Poland..................................31.9
Uruguay ...............................32.8
Macedonia, FYR ..................33.6
Portugal ...............................34.8
Egypt ...................................34.9
Bulgaria................................36.1
Japan ...................................39.4
Singapore ............................40.8
Mexico.................................43.2
Panama................................44.7
Turkey..................................44.8
Estonia.................................49.2
Bahrain ................................49.8
Serbia and Montenegro.......49.8
Venezuela ............................52.3
Argentina .............................53.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina......53.4
Algeria .................................53.9
Croatia .................................65.0
Lithuania ..............................66.5
Latvia ...................................71.5
Taiwan, China ......................74.1
El Salvador...........................74.5
Colombia .............................74.7
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
HARD DATA
Qatar....................................76.6
Brazil....................................76.7
Hong Kong SAR ..................77.0
Nicaragua.............................80.2
Georgia ................................89.3
Azerbaijan ............................89.6
Sri Lanka..............................90.9
Honduras .............................97.0
Suriname .............................97.7
Armenia ...............................98.2
Morocco ............................105.2
Paraguay............................106.8
Guatemala .........................107.3
Dominican Republic ..........117.6
Korea, Rep.........................124.6
Malaysia ............................132.7
Mauritius ...........................135.4
Kyrgyz Republic.................136.6
Benin .................................142.3
Ukraine ..............................150.8
Kazakhstan ........................160.3
Russian Federation............160.3
Guyana ..............................185.4
Romania ............................187.9
Ecuador .............................196.3
Thailand .............................207.7
Mongolia............................208.9
Moldova.............................213.9
Peru ...................................216.0
China .................................221.1
Cameroon..........................227.4
Vietnam .............................231.8
Nepal .................................256.7
Indonesia ...........................275.2
Tajikistan ............................276.8
Bolivia ................................289.8
Angola ...............................309.9
India...................................312.2
Pakistan .............................328.7
Gambia ..............................328.7
Madagascar .......................351.2
Burkina Faso......................365.1
Bangladesh........................435.4
Philippines .........................463.3
Tanzania.............................478.6
Malawi...............................500.9
Mauritania..........................502.4
Nigeria ...............................531.3
Ethiopia..............................533.2
Lesotho .............................544.0
Botswana ..........................552.8
Burundi ..............................563.7
Chad ..................................565.7
Mali....................................577.9
Namibia .............................585.7
Mozambique......................635.1
Uganda ..............................646.4
South Africa.......................669.9
Zimbabwe..........................672.6
Zambia...............................707.3
Cambodia ..........................708.7
Kenya.................................888.4
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2006, World Health Report 2006, Global Report 2006; national sources
439
440
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
24
24
24
24
24
29
29
29
29
29
29
35
36
36
36
39
39
39
39
39
39
45
45
45
45
49
49
49
49
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
HARD DATA
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
53
53
53
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
75
75
75
78
79
79
79
79
83
83
83
83
83
83
89
89
89
89
93
93
93
96
96
96
99
99
101
102
102
104
104
106
107
108
108
110
111
111
111
114
114
114
117
117
119
119
121
121
121
124
HARD DATA
Paraguay..............................72.0
Romania ..............................72.0
Tunisia .................................72.0
Algeria .................................71.0
El Salvador...........................71.0
Jordan..................................71.0
Latvia ...................................71.0
Morocco ..............................71.0
Peru .....................................71.0
Sri Lanka..............................71.0
Turkey..................................71.0
Vietnam ...............................71.0
Brazil....................................70.0
Thailand ...............................70.0
Trinidad and Tobago.............70.0
Nicaragua.............................69.0
Armenia ...............................68.0
Egypt ...................................68.0
Guatemala ...........................68.0
Philippines ...........................68.0
Dominican Republic ............67.0
Honduras .............................67.0
Indonesia .............................67.0
Moldova...............................67.0
Suriname .............................67.0
Ukraine ................................67.0
Azerbaijan ............................65.0
Bolivia ..................................65.0
Mongolia..............................65.0
Russian Federation..............65.0
Guyana ................................63.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................63.0
Tajikistan ..............................63.0
Bangladesh..........................62.0
India.....................................62.0
Pakistan ...............................62.0
Kazakhstan ..........................61.0
Nepal ...................................61.0
Mauritania............................58.0
Gambia ................................57.0
Madagascar .........................57.0
Cambodia ............................54.0
Namibia ...............................54.0
Benin ...................................53.0
Kenya...................................51.0
Cameroon............................50.0
Ethiopia................................50.0
Uganda ................................49.0
Burkina Faso........................48.0
South Africa.........................48.0
Tanzania...............................48.0
Chad ....................................46.0
Mali......................................46.0
Nigeria .................................46.0
Burundi ................................45.0
Mozambique........................45.0
Lesotho ...............................41.0
Malawi.................................41.0
Angola .................................40.0
Botswana ............................40.0
Zambia.................................40.0
Zimbabwe............................36.0
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Report 2006; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006; national sources
Data Tables
Pillar 12
National tourism perception
441
442
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Barbados .............................31.5
Cyprus .................................24.5
Croatia .................................23.8
Albania.................................22.9
Mongolia..............................22.0
Luxembourg ........................19.8
Georgia ................................19.3
Mauritius .............................18.6
Jamaica ...............................18.4
Malta ...................................17.2
Bahrain ................................15.6
Dominican Republic ............15.2
Bulgaria................................14.2
Mozambique........................13.9
Hong Kong SAR ..................13.9
Ukraine ................................12.5
Cambodia ............................12.4
Greece.................................12.3
Jordan..................................12.0
Malaysia ..............................11.9
Estonia.................................11.8
Malawi.................................11.5
Singapore ............................11.0
Tanzania...............................10.5
Austria .................................10.3
Thailand .................................9.6
Moldova.................................9.5
Morocco ................................8.9
Honduras ...............................8.8
Costa Rica .............................8.7
Denmark................................8.6
Belgium .................................8.6
New Zealand .........................8.3
Tunisia ...................................8.3
Argentina ...............................7.9
Kuwait ...................................7.8
Iceland ...................................7.6
Slovenia .................................7.5
Hungary .................................7.3
Turkey....................................7.2
Panama..................................7.2
Portugal .................................6.9
Spain......................................6.6
Guyana ..................................6.5
Madagascar ...........................6.1
Egypt .....................................5.8
Armenia .................................5.7
Ireland....................................5.5
Kazakhstan ............................5.4
Czech Republic......................5.3
Sweden .................................5.2
Switzerland............................5.1
Netherlands ...........................5.1
Slovak Republic .....................5.0
South Africa...........................4.7
Lesotho .................................4.7
Indonesia ...............................4.7
Guatemala .............................4.3
Suriname ...............................4.3
Ecuador .................................4.3
El Salvador.............................4.2
Uruguay .................................4.2
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Russian Federation................4.0
Germany................................4.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.0
Norway ..................................3.9
France....................................3.9
Trinidad and Tobago...............3.8
United Kingdom ....................3.7
Australia.................................3.6
Nicaragua...............................3.6
Italy........................................3.6
Lithuania ................................3.2
Latvia .....................................3.2
Colombia ...............................3.2
Sri Lanka................................3.1
Kenya.....................................3.1
China .....................................3.0
Israel......................................3.0
Burundi ..................................2.8
Korea, Rep.............................2.8
Bolivia ....................................2.8
Canada...................................2.7
Peru .......................................2.7
Romania ................................2.6
Finland ...................................2.6
Ethiopia..................................2.6
Benin .....................................2.6
Poland....................................2.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina........2.5
Mexico...................................2.2
Chile ......................................2.1
Philippines .............................2.0
Azerbaijan ..............................1.9
Nigeria ...................................1.8
Brazil......................................1.4
India.......................................1.3
Paraguay................................1.2
United States ........................1.2
Venezuela ..............................1.1
Angola ...................................1.0
Algeria ...................................0.7
Japan .....................................0.7
Bangladesh............................0.6
Pakistan .................................0.4
Tajikistan ................................0.4
Botswana...............................n/a
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Cameroon ..............................n/a
Chad ......................................n/a
Gambia ..................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Mali........................................n/a
Mauritania..............................n/a
Namibia..................................n/a
Nepal .....................................n/a
Qatar......................................n/a
Serbia and Montenegro.........n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Uganda ..................................n/a
United Arab Emirates ............n/a
Vietnam .................................n/a
Zambia ...................................n/a
Zimbabwe..............................n/a
Are foreign travelers and in particular tourists welcome in your country? (1 = no, citizens in my country do not welcome foreign travelers
and tourists, 7 = yes, my countrys citizens are open and welcome foreign travelers and tourists)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 6.3
SD
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.6
1.1
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.8
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Finland ..........................6.4
Tajikistan .......................6.4
Tanzania ........................6.4
Vietnam.........................6.4
Jordan ...........................6.4
Albania ..........................6.4
Moldova ........................6.4
Italy ...............................6.3
Kazakhstan....................6.3
Colombia.......................6.3
Israel .............................6.3
Chile..............................6.3
Tunisia...........................6.3
Romania........................6.3
Burundi .........................6.3
Paraguay .......................6.3
El Salvador ....................6.3
Namibia.........................6.2
Slovenia ........................6.2
Japan ............................6.2
Bangladesh ...................6.2
Suriname ......................6.2
Nigeria ..........................6.2
Madagascar ..................6.2
Kyrgyz Republic ............6.2
Mozambique .................6.1
Bahrain..........................6.1
Peru ..............................6.1
Cameroon .....................6.1
Ecuador.........................6.1
Bulgaria .........................6.1
Qatar .............................6.1
Argentina ......................6.1
Botswana......................6.0
Guatemala ....................6.0
Panama .........................6.0
Trinidad and Tobago ......6.0
Hungary ........................6.0
United States................6.0
Honduras ......................6.0
Mongolia .......................6.0
Slovak Republic ............6.0
Lithuania .......................6.0
Egypt ............................5.9
Algeria...........................5.9
Czech Republic .............5.9
Latvia ............................5.9
Zimbabwe .....................5.9
Korea, Rep. ...................5.9
China.............................5.8
Lesotho.........................5.8
Ukraine .........................5.8
Luxembourg .................5.7
Chad .............................5.7
Bolivia ...........................5.6
Angola...........................5.6
Russian Federation .......5.4
Pakistan ........................5.3
Kuwait...........................5.3
France ...........................5.2
Venezuela .....................5.1
Poland ...........................4.9
MEAN: 6.3
SD
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.1
1.6
1.4
0.7
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
443
444
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 5.4
Turkey ...........................6.5
South Africa ..................6.4
Mauritania .....................6.4
Azerbaijan .....................6.4
Indonesia ......................6.3
Kazakhstan....................6.3
United Arab Emirates ...6.3
Argentina ......................6.2
Armenia ........................6.2
Italy ...............................6.1
Greece ..........................6.1
Tajikistan .......................6.1
France ...........................6.1
Austria ..........................6.1
Namibia.........................6.1
Malaysia........................6.1
Costa Rica.....................6.0
Tunisia...........................6.0
Barbados.......................6.0
Georgia .........................6.0
India ..............................6.0
Portugal ........................6.0
Spain .............................6.0
New Zealand.................6.0
Zambia ..........................5.9
Croatia ..........................5.9
Estonia ..........................5.9
Thailand ........................5.9
Jordan ...........................5.9
Slovak Republic ............5.9
Kyrgyz Republic ............5.9
Guatemala ....................5.9
Switzerland ...................5.9
Panama .........................5.8
Uruguay ........................5.8
Sri Lanka .......................5.8
Israel .............................5.8
Iceland ..........................5.8
Slovenia ........................5.8
Brazil .............................5.8
Bulgaria .........................5.8
Dominican Republic......5.8
Mali ...............................5.7
Morocco .......................5.7
Cyprus ..........................5.7
Moldova ........................5.7
Benin ............................5.7
Czech Republic .............5.7
Malta.............................5.7
Mauritius.......................5.6
Cambodia......................5.6
Jamaica.........................5.6
Tanzania ........................5.6
Russian Federation .......5.6
Philippines ....................5.6
Lithuania .......................5.6
Kenya ............................5.6
Macedonia, FYR ...........5.5
Canada ..........................5.5
Chile..............................5.5
Ukraine .........................5.5
Mongolia .......................5.5
SD
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Colombia.......................5.5
Ecuador.........................5.5
Taiwan, China................5.5
Burkina Faso .................5.4
Hong Kong SAR............5.4
Luxembourg .................5.4
Romania........................5.4
Mexico ..........................5.3
Nicaragua ......................5.3
Burundi .........................5.3
Madagascar ..................5.3
Nepal ............................5.3
Zimbabwe .....................5.3
Malawi ..........................5.2
Cameroon .....................5.2
Latvia ............................5.2
Egypt ............................5.2
Australia ........................5.2
Peru ..............................5.2
Serbia and Montenegro..5.2
Germany .......................5.2
Ireland ...........................5.2
Honduras ......................5.2
Botswana......................5.1
Albania ..........................5.1
Belgium ........................5.1
Uganda .........................5.1
United States................5.1
Algeria...........................5.0
Lesotho.........................5.0
Chad .............................5.0
Suriname ......................5.0
Netherlands ..................5.0
Guyana..........................5.0
United Kingdom............4.9
Mozambique .................4.9
Trinidad and Tobago ......4.9
Singapore......................4.9
Ethiopia .........................4.9
Nigeria ..........................4.8
Bolivia ...........................4.8
Bahrain..........................4.8
El Salvador ....................4.7
Japan ............................4.6
Gambia .........................4.6
Qatar .............................4.5
Sweden ........................4.4
Paraguay .......................4.4
Finland ..........................4.4
Bangladesh ...................4.4
Pakistan ........................4.4
Denmark .......................4.4
Poland ...........................4.3
Venezuela .....................4.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .4.3
Hungary ........................4.2
Angola...........................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................4.1
Norway .........................4.1
China.............................3.9
Vietnam.........................3.9
Kuwait...........................3.5
MEAN: 5.4
SD
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.9
Data Tables
Pillar 13
Natural and cultural resources
445
446
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
15
15
15
19
20
21
21
21
24
24
24
24
24
24
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
55
55
55
55
55
60
60
60
HARD DATA
Italy......................................43.0
Spain....................................39.0
China ...................................33.0
Germany..............................32.0
France..................................30.0
United Kingdom ..................27.0
India.....................................26.0
Mexico.................................26.0
Russian Federation..............23.0
United States ......................20.0
Brazil....................................17.0
Australia...............................16.0
Greece.................................16.0
Sweden ...............................14.0
Canada.................................13.0
Japan ...................................13.0
Poland..................................13.0
Portugal ...............................13.0
Czech Republic....................12.0
Peru .....................................10.0
Belgium .................................9.0
Bulgaria..................................9.0
Turkey....................................9.0
Argentina ...............................8.0
Austria ...................................8.0
Ethiopia..................................8.0
Hungary .................................8.0
Morocco ................................8.0
Tunisia ...................................8.0
Algeria ...................................7.0
Egypt .....................................7.0
Indonesia ...............................7.0
Korea, Rep.............................7.0
Netherlands ...........................7.0
Norway ..................................7.0
Romania ................................7.0
South Africa...........................7.0
Sri Lanka................................7.0
Tanzania .................................7.0
Bolivia ....................................6.0
Colombia ...............................6.0
Croatia ...................................6.0
Finland ...................................6.0
Pakistan .................................6.0
Serbia and Montenegro.........6.0
Slovak Republic .....................6.0
Switzerland............................6.0
Chile ......................................5.0
Israel......................................5.0
Panama..................................5.0
Philippines .............................5.0
Thailand .................................5.0
Vietnam .................................5.0
Zimbabwe..............................5.0
Denmark................................4.0
Ecuador .................................4.0
Lithuania ................................4.0
Mali........................................4.0
Nepal .....................................4.0
Armenia .................................3.0
Bangladesh............................3.0
Costa Rica .............................3.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
HARD DATA
Cyprus ...................................3.0
Georgia ..................................3.0
Guatemala .............................3.0
Jordan....................................3.0
Kenya.....................................3.0
Malta .....................................3.0
New Zealand .........................3.0
Uganda ..................................3.0
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Venezuela ..............................3.0
Albania...................................2.0
Estonia...................................2.0
Gambia ..................................2.0
Honduras ...............................2.0
Ireland....................................2.0
Kazakhstan ............................2.0
Latvia .....................................2.0
Madagascar ...........................2.0
Malawi...................................2.0
Malaysia ................................2.0
Mauritania..............................2.0
Mongolia................................2.0
Nigeria ...................................2.0
Suriname ...............................2.0
Azerbaijan ..............................1.0
Bahrain ..................................1.0
Benin .....................................1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina........1.0
Botswana ..............................1.0
Cambodia ..............................1.0
Cameroon..............................1.0
Dominican Republic ..............1.0
El Salvador.............................1.0
Iceland ...................................1.0
Luxembourg ..........................1.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.0
Mauritius ...............................1.0
Moldova.................................1.0
Mozambique..........................1.0
Nicaragua...............................1.0
Paraguay................................1.0
Slovenia .................................1.0
Uruguay .................................1.0
Zambia...................................1.0
Angola ...................................0.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Burkina Faso..........................0.0
Burundi ..................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0
Jamaica .................................0.0
Kuwait ...................................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Lesotho .................................0.0
Namibia .................................0.0
Qatar......................................0.0
Singapore ..............................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.0
Tajikistan ................................0.0
Trinidad and Tobago...............0.0
United Arab Emirates ............0.0
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Chad ......................................0.0
Switzerland............................0.1
Mali........................................0.1
Cambodia ..............................0.1
Sweden .................................0.1
France....................................0.1
Iceland ...................................0.1
Denmark................................0.1
Norway ..................................0.1
Austria ...................................0.1
Burkina Faso..........................0.2
Netherlands ...........................0.2
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.2
Japan .....................................0.2
Italy........................................0.2
United Kingdom ....................0.2
Uganda ..................................0.2
Cameroon..............................0.2
Belgium .................................0.2
Spain......................................0.2
Mozambique..........................0.2
Germany................................0.2
Ireland....................................0.2
Finland ...................................0.2
Luxembourg ..........................0.2
Tanzania .................................0.2
Albania...................................0.2
Costa Rica .............................0.2
Portugal .................................0.2
Namibia .................................0.3
Guatemala .............................0.3
New Zealand .........................0.3
Uruguay .................................0.3
El Salvador.............................0.3
Burundi ..................................0.3
Zambia...................................0.3
Barbados ...............................0.3
Benin .....................................0.3
Peru .......................................0.3
Cyprus ...................................0.3
Malawi...................................0.3
Serbia and Montenegro.........0.3
Greece...................................0.3
Slovenia .................................0.3
Angola ...................................0.3
United States ........................0.3
Botswana ..............................0.4
Mauritius ...............................0.4
Canada...................................0.4
Madagascar ...........................0.4
Paraguay................................0.4
Brazil......................................0.4
Nepal .....................................0.4
Sri Lanka................................0.4
Malta .....................................0.4
Panama..................................0.4
Kenya.....................................0.4
Israel......................................0.4
Mexico...................................0.4
Bangladesh............................0.4
Singapore ..............................0.4
Australia.................................0.4
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Hungary .................................0.4
Colombia ...............................0.4
Croatia ...................................0.5
Chile ......................................0.5
Korea, Rep.............................0.5
Lithuania ................................0.5
Gambia ..................................0.5
Turkey....................................0.5
Ethiopia..................................0.5
Honduras ...............................0.6
Tunisia ...................................0.6
Ecuador .................................0.6
Morocco ................................0.6
Philippines .............................0.6
Nigeria ...................................0.6
Nicaragua...............................0.6
Argentina ...............................0.6
Georgia ..................................0.7
Slovak Republic .....................0.7
Kuwait ...................................0.7
Bolivia ....................................0.7
United Arab Emirates ............0.7
Indonesia ...............................0.7
Czech Republic......................0.8
Algeria ...................................0.8
Pakistan .................................0.8
Jamaica .................................0.9
Dominican Republic ..............0.9
Venezuela ..............................0.9
Poland....................................0.9
Malaysia ................................0.9
Armenia .................................0.9
Romania ................................0.9
Jordan....................................1.0
Thailand .................................1.0
Vietnam .................................1.1
South Africa...........................1.2
Egypt .....................................1.2
Estonia...................................1.2
India.......................................1.3
Bulgaria..................................1.4
China .....................................1.4
Macedonia, FYR ....................1.4
Bahrain ..................................1.4
Guyana ..................................1.4
Mauritania..............................1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina........1.6
Zimbabwe..............................1.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.6
Suriname ...............................1.7
Moldova.................................1.8
Tajikistan ................................2.0
Russian Federation................2.0
Trinidad and Tobago...............2.3
Kazakhstan ............................3.0
Azerbaijan ..............................3.4
Mongolia................................3.8
Ukraine ..................................4.5
Latvia .....................................n/a
Lesotho..................................n/a
Qatar......................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
447
448
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
31
31
34
35
36
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
44
46
47
48
48
50
51
52
53
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
HARD DATA
Venezuela ............................63.8
Dominican Republic ............51.9
Denmark..............................34.0
Austria .................................33.1
Germany..............................32.6
Zambia.................................31.9
Tanzania...............................29.8
Switzerland..........................29.7
New Zealand .......................29.6
United States ......................25.9
Uganda ................................24.6
Costa Rica ...........................23.0
Panama................................21.7
United Kingdom ..................20.8
Indonesia .............................20.6
Guatemala ...........................20.0
Chile ....................................18.9
Taiwan, China ......................18.9
Botswana ............................18.5
Cambodia ............................18.5
Ecuador ...............................18.3
Nicaragua.............................17.8
Ethiopia................................16.9
Czech Republic....................16.1
Israel....................................15.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................15.0
Netherlands .........................14.2
Thailand ...............................13.9
Namibia ...............................13.6
Sri Lanka..............................13.5
Australia...............................13.4
Bolivia ..................................13.4
Latvia ...................................13.4
France..................................13.3
Poland..................................12.3
Zimbabwe............................12.1
Estonia.................................11.8
Burkina Faso........................11.5
Mongolia..............................11.5
Benin ...................................11.4
Canada.................................11.3
Malawi.................................11.2
Lithuania ..............................10.7
Colombia .............................10.2
Mexico.................................10.2
Egypt .....................................9.7
Finland ...................................9.3
Chad ......................................9.1
Sweden .................................9.1
Nepal .....................................8.9
Spain......................................8.5
Mozambique..........................8.4
Kenya.....................................8.0
Russian Federation................8.0
Italy........................................7.9
China .....................................7.8
Armenia .................................7.6
Croatia ...................................7.5
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.1
Hungary .................................7.0
Korea, Rep.............................6.9
Japan .....................................6.8
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
62
64
65
65
65
68
68
70
71
71
73
73
73
76
77
78
79
80
81
81
81
84
85
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
97
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
106
108
109
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
HARD DATA
Norway ..................................6.8
Brazil......................................6.7
Angola ...................................6.6
Argentina ...............................6.6
Portugal .................................6.6
Azerbaijan ..............................6.4
Honduras ...............................6.4
Peru .......................................6.1
Slovenia .................................6.0
Trinidad and Tobago...............6.0
Burundi ..................................5.7
Malaysia ................................5.7
Philippines .............................5.7
South Africa...........................5.5
India.......................................5.2
Algeria ...................................5.0
Pakistan .................................4.9
Romania ................................4.7
Bulgaria..................................4.5
Cameroon..............................4.5
Singapore ..............................4.5
Madagascar ...........................4.3
Tajikistan ................................4.2
Ukraine ..................................3.9
Albania...................................3.8
Mali........................................3.7
Vietnam .................................3.7
Greece...................................3.6
Paraguay................................3.5
Jordan....................................3.4
Nigeria ...................................3.3
Kazakhstan ............................2.7
Gambia ..................................2.3
Georgia ..................................2.3
Ireland....................................1.7
Mauritania..............................1.7
Turkey....................................1.6
Kuwait ...................................1.5
Moldova.................................1.4
Bangladesh............................0.8
Morocco ................................0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina........0.5
El Salvador.............................0.4
Tunisia ...................................0.3
Uruguay .................................0.3
Lesotho .................................0.2
United Arab Emirates ............0.0
Bahrain...................................n/a
Barbados................................n/a
Belgium .................................n/a
Cyprus ...................................n/a
Guyana...................................n/a
Hong Kong SAR.....................n/a
Iceland ...................................n/a
Jamaica..................................n/a
Luxembourg ..........................n/a
Malta......................................n/a
Mauritius................................n/a
Qatar......................................n/a
Serbia and Montenegro.........n/a
Slovak Republic .....................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
In your country, companies that harvest or process natural resources such as food, forest, or fishery products (1 = rarely concern
themselves with the degradation of ecosystems, 7 = frequently take steps to preserve the ecosystems they depend on)
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Finland ..........................6.3
Iceland ..........................6.3
Sweden ........................6.0
Germany .......................6.0
Austria ..........................5.9
Switzerland ...................5.9
New Zealand.................5.9
Norway .........................5.9
Luxembourg .................5.8
Netherlands ..................5.8
United Kingdom............5.6
Denmark .......................5.5
Australia ........................5.5
Japan ............................5.4
Canada ..........................5.4
Belgium ........................5.3
United States................5.2
France ...........................5.2
Ireland ...........................5.1
Tunisia...........................5.1
South Africa ..................4.9
Malaysia........................4.9
Chile..............................4.9
Portugal ........................4.8
Czech Republic .............4.8
Singapore......................4.8
Estonia ..........................4.7
Slovak Republic ............4.7
Slovenia ........................4.7
Uruguay ........................4.6
Spain .............................4.6
Israel .............................4.6
Namibia.........................4.5
United Arab Emirates ...4.5
Costa Rica.....................4.5
Mauritius.......................4.5
Taiwan, China................4.3
Hungary ........................4.3
Hong Kong SAR............4.3
Poland ...........................4.3
Qatar .............................4.2
Brazil .............................4.2
Zimbabwe .....................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................4.2
Latvia ............................4.2
Thailand ........................4.1
Cyprus ..........................4.1
Greece ..........................4.1
Italy ...............................4.0
Lithuania .......................4.0
Croatia ..........................3.9
Jamaica.........................3.9
India ..............................3.9
Barbados.......................3.8
Malta.............................3.8
Botswana......................3.8
Mali ...............................3.8
Burkina Faso .................3.7
Guatemala ....................3.7
Gambia .........................3.7
Peru ..............................3.7
Madagascar ..................3.7
SD
0.7
0.6
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
SCORE
Mauritania .....................3.7
El Salvador ....................3.6
Nigeria ..........................3.6
Colombia.......................3.6
Kuwait...........................3.6
Turkey ...........................3.6
Tajikistan .......................3.5
Sri Lanka .......................3.5
Argentina ......................3.5
Kenya ............................3.5
Jordan ...........................3.5
Mexico ..........................3.4
Philippines ....................3.4
Kazakhstan....................3.4
Benin ............................3.4
Egypt ............................3.4
Lesotho.........................3.3
Tanzania ........................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago ......3.3
Uganda .........................3.3
Bahrain..........................3.3
Venezuela .....................3.3
China.............................3.3
Honduras ......................3.3
Romania........................3.3
Dominican Republic......3.2
Algeria...........................3.2
Panama .........................3.2
Macedonia, FYR ...........3.2
Malawi ..........................3.2
Nepal ............................3.2
Azerbaijan .....................3.1
Pakistan ........................3.1
Ecuador.........................3.1
Morocco .......................3.0
Ukraine .........................3.0
Vietnam.........................3.0
Guyana..........................3.0
Mozambique .................3.0
Moldova ........................3.0
Bolivia ...........................3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .3.0
Bulgaria .........................3.0
Cambodia......................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic ............2.9
Nicaragua ......................2.9
Indonesia ......................2.9
Cameroon .....................2.8
Serbia and Montenegro..2.8
Georgia .........................2.7
Russian Federation .......2.7
Angola...........................2.7
Burundi .........................2.6
Suriname ......................2.5
Armenia ........................2.5
Ethiopia .........................2.5
Bangladesh ...................2.5
Paraguay .......................2.3
Chad .............................2.3
Albania ..........................2.2
Mongolia .......................2.2
Zambia ..........................1.9
MEAN: 3.9
SD
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
0.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
449
450
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
49
50
51
52
52
52
52
52
52
58
59
59
59
59
HARD DATA
Austria ...................................7.0
Bahrain ..................................7.0
Belgium .................................7.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina........7.0
Bulgaria..................................7.0
Canada...................................7.0
Croatia ...................................7.0
Cyprus ...................................7.0
Czech Republic......................7.0
Denmark................................7.0
Estonia...................................7.0
Finland ...................................7.0
France....................................7.0
Germany................................7.0
Greece...................................7.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................7.0
Hungary .................................7.0
Iceland ...................................7.0
Ireland....................................7.0
Israel......................................7.0
Italy........................................7.0
Japan .....................................7.0
Kuwait ...................................7.0
Latvia .....................................7.0
Lithuania ................................7.0
Luxembourg ..........................7.0
Macedonia, FYR ....................7.0
Moldova.................................7.0
Mongolia................................7.0
Netherlands ...........................7.0
New Zealand .........................7.0
Norway ..................................7.0
Poland....................................7.0
Qatar......................................7.0
Romania ................................7.0
Russian Federation................7.0
Serbia and Montenegro.........7.0
Slovak Republic .....................7.0
Slovenia .................................7.0
Spain......................................7.0
Sweden .................................7.0
Switzerland............................7.0
Taiwan, China ........................7.0
Ukraine ..................................7.0
United Arab Emirates ............7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
United States ........................7.0
Uruguay .................................7.0
Argentina ...............................6.8
Costa Rica .............................6.4
Venezuela ..............................6.4
Armenia .................................6.3
Azerbaijan ..............................6.3
Georgia ..................................6.3
Korea, Rep.............................6.3
Kyrgyz Republic.....................6.3
Morocco ................................6.3
Mexico...................................6.1
Albania...................................5.5
Australia.................................5.5
Bangladesh............................5.5
Barbados ...............................5.5
RANK COUNTRY/ECONOMY
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
119
120
120
120
120
120
HARD DATA
Chile ......................................5.5
Dominican Republic ..............5.5
Egypt .....................................5.5
Jamaica .................................5.5
Jordan....................................5.5
Kazakhstan ............................5.5
Lesotho .................................5.5
Malta .....................................5.5
Mauritius ...............................5.5
Portugal .................................5.5
Singapore ..............................5.5
Trinidad and Tobago...............5.5
Tunisia ...................................5.5
Turkey....................................5.5
Tajikistan ................................5.2
Algeria ...................................5.0
Vietnam .................................4.8
Botswana ..............................4.8
Namibia .................................4.6
South Africa...........................4.2
El Salvador.............................4.0
Guatemala .............................4.0
Honduras ...............................4.0
Madagascar ...........................4.0
Nicaragua...............................4.0
Paraguay................................4.0
Zambia...................................4.0
Mauritania..............................3.9
China .....................................3.7
Panama..................................3.6
Sri Lanka................................3.5
Brazil......................................3.4
Nepal .....................................3.3
Suriname ...............................3.1
Colombia ...............................3.0
Ecuador .................................3.0
India.......................................2.9
Peru .......................................2.9
Indonesia ...............................2.7
Thailand .................................2.6
Angola ...................................2.5
Burundi ..................................2.5
Cambodia ..............................2.5
Ethiopia..................................2.5
Gambia ..................................2.5
Guyana ..................................2.5
Kenya.....................................2.5
Malawi...................................2.5
Malaysia ................................2.5
Mozambique..........................2.5
Nigeria ...................................2.5
Pakistan .................................2.5
Philippines .............................2.5
Tanzania .................................2.5
Uganda ..................................2.5
Zimbabwe..............................2.5
Bolivia ....................................1.6
Benin .....................................1.0
Burkina Faso..........................1.0
Cameroon..............................1.0
Chad ......................................1.0
Mali........................................1.0
SOURCE: World Economic Forum calculation based on World Health Organization International Travel and Health 2006
4.03
4.04
Visa requirements
Visitor Visa Requirements Index, 2006
This index was constructed based on visitor visa requirements
of each country for visitors from a set of 10 countries from different continents and with a high degree of tourism travel,
namely Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. A value of 0 (100) on the index means that the country
requires a visa for visitors from all (none) of the countries mentioned above. The data were obtained from each countrys
respective embassy or consulate website.
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
1.05
Physician density
Physician density per 1,000 population, 2004 or most recent
year available
This variable measures the number of physicians per 1,000 people in the country. The World Bank defines physicians as graduates of any faculty of medicine who are working in the country
in any medical field (practice, teaching, research).
Source: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics
2006, World Health Report 2006
5.04
451
6.02
9.02
6.03
6.04
Airport density
Number of airports per million population, 2005
8.03
8.02
Telephone lines
Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants, 2004
8.01
9.03
452
6.05
Internet users
Internet users per 100 population, 2004 or most recent year
available
is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the primary
education level. Primary education provides children with basic
reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics
453
Jennifer Blanke
Jennifer Blanke is Associate Principal and Senior
Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at
the World Economic Forum. She has written and lectured
extensively on issues related to national competitiveness.
Previously, from 1998 to 2001, she was Senior
Programme Manager responsible for developing the
Business, Management and Technology section of the
World Economic Forums Annual Meeting in Davos.
Before joining the Forum, Dr Blanke worked for a number
of years as a Management Consultant for Eurogroup,
Mazars Group in Paris, France, where she specialized in
banking and financial market organization. Blanke
obtained a Masters of International Affairs from Columbia
University and an MA and a PhD in International
Economics from the Graduate Institute of International
Studies (Geneva).
Thea Chiesa
Thea Chiesa is Associate Director and Head of Aviation,
Travel and Tourism at the World Economic Forum. She
has a background in business development and strategic
planning in the Aerospace/Telecom industry, having spent
nine years working with Telespazio both as part of
Telecom Italia and Finmeccanica. At the Forum she has
developed an expertise in the Travel & Tourism industry,
having headed the community for four years. Coupled
with her background in advanced communications systems, Ms Chiesa has developed a passion for the Travel
& Tourism industry, and she is currently working with key
government and industry leaders in developing strategies
and implementing innovative projects in the field of T&T
competitiveness and traveler information-sharing as well
as rebranding campaigns. Ms Chiesa has a BSc in
Management from Boston College and a Masters in
International Relations from Boston University. She is currently a World Economic Forum Global Leadership Fellow.
Brad Corrodi
Brad Corrodi is Managing Partner at Rosetta Marketing
Group, where he is responsible for Travel and Leisure
industries. Rosettas work in the travel industry has been
primarily in noncommodity sectors such as Tours,
Cruises and Hospitality, where its quantitatively derived
consumer segmentation and merchandising techniques
have demonstrated the greatest impact on marketing and
sales effectiveness. Mr Corrodi has been helping leading
travel companies anticipate and respond to the turbulent,
dynamic evolution of the industry for nearly 20 years.
Previously, during his 12 years as a strategy consultant
with Booz Allen Hamilton, he worked with leading airlines, GDSs, cruise lines, agencies, hospitality companies,
operators, and retailers on a wide range of commercial
455
456
Maurice Flanagan
Maurice Flanagan is Executive Vice Chairman, Emirates
Airline & Group. Mr Flanagan Joined BOAC (the predecessor of British Airways) in 1953 as a trainee after commissioned service in the Royal Air Force as a navigator.
He worked in a variety of posts worldwide, and returned
to the United Kingdom in 1965 as a Route Planning
Manager. He became a member of British Airways senior management in 1974. In 1978, Mr Flanagan left British
Airways to become Managing Director of Dnata, of the
government of Dubai, and then of Emirates when the airline was launched in 1985. He was made CBE in the
Queens Birthday Honours List in 2000 in recognition of
his contribution to community relations in the United Arab
Emirates and for services to aviation. Flanagan holds a
Bachelor of Arts, is an Hon. Fellow of the Royal
Aeronautical Society, a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical
Society, and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of
Logistics & Transport.
Stephan Gross
Stephan Gross is a Senior Associate in Booz Allen
Hamiltons Munich office. Since joining the firm in 1999,
he has been particularly active in top management consulting for clients in the aviation and logistics industry
around the globe, especially on strategic assignments,
such as re-organization, operational improvement, and
turnaround projects. Dr Gross has worked particularly
with clients in Europe and the Middle East on regulatory
issues related to strategic transformation and privatization
projects to support the competitiveness of state-owned
incumbents in liberalized markets. Prior to joining Booz
Allen Hamilton, he worked for a New Zealand-based merchant bank as an analyst in the corporate finance division
with a focus on the Australasian infrastructure and utility
sector. There he was responsible for evaluating publicly
traded shares and was involved in due diligence work as
a basis for bids on Australian airport privatizations. Dr
Gross holds a BSc (Honors) from Northeastern University
in Boston, an MBA from the University of Reutlingen in
Germany, and a PhD from the University of Leipzig,
Germany, where he focused on the impact of vertical and
horizontal integration of publicly listed corporations.
Thierry Geiger
Thierry Geiger is an Economist with the Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
His responsibilities include construction and computation
of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various
projects and studies. His main areas of expertise are
econometrics and international trade. Mr Geiger holds a
BA in Economics from the University of Geneva with a
specialization in monetary and financial economics, and
an MA in Economics from the University of British
Columbia, in Vancouver. Prior to joining the Forum, he
completed several internships, notably at the World Trade
Organization, Caterpillar Inc., and leading banks. During
his studies, he was a Member of the Board of Junior
Entreprise Genve. He is also Co-founder of Procab
Studio S.A., an IT company based in Geneva.
John Kester
John Kester is Chief of the Market Intelligence &
Promotion Department at the World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO), where he has worked since 1999. He is
involved in the preparation of the yearly Tourism Market
Trends series of regional reports, and has contributed to
Richard R. Miller
Richard R. Miller is Executive Vice President at the World
Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). From its inception in
1991, he has played a principal role in shaping and directing the organization, policy agenda, research program,
communications, and membership services for the
WTTC. Mr Miller currently directs the Travel & Tourism
Satellite Accounting Research Program, a research partnership with Oxford Economic Forecasting (OEF) to operationalize and implement the new international standard
for Travel & Tourism economics. This effort is designed to
help countries fulfill the United Nations call for Travel &
Tourism Satellite Accounting and provide both the public
and private sectors with vital economic information for
intelligent policy and business decisions. In his 17 years
with the WTTC, Mr Miller has traveled worldwide speaking on the topic of Travel & Tourism economics. He has
produced more than one hundred research reports
focused on the economics of Travel & Tourism. Prior to
joining the WTTC, Mr Miller served as management consultant with Deloitte & Touche in New York. As a member
of the firms Travel & Leisure Industry practice, Mr Miller
directed a number of Travel & Tourism consulting projects, including the Strategic Plan for Tourism for the State
of Hawaii, the feasibility study for Chicagos new
Cominski Park, a strategic industry assessment for computer-maker Unisys, and a competitive analysis of JFK
Airport. Mr Miller has a Masters degree in Business
Administration from Southern Methodist University in
Dallas and a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics
from the University of Oklahoma.
Marilyn Carlson Nelson
Marilyn Carlson Nelson is Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer of Carlson. Forbes magazine has regularly selected Ms Nelson as one of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful
Women. She is on the World Economic Forums
International Business Council, and in 2004 she cochaired the Forums Annual Meeting in Davos,
Switzerland. She recently completed a presidential
appointment as Chair of the National Womens Business
Council, an advisory council to the President and
Congress of the United States, and is currently Vice Chair
of the U.S. Travel and Tourism Advisory Board. She
recently received the National Business Travel
Associations highest honorthe Icon Awardfor a
career of leadership in the business travel industry. In
October 2006, H.E. Jean-David Levitte, French
Ambassador to the United States, presented Ms Nelson
with a French national honor created by Napoleon
Bonaparte: Chevalier (Knight) in the French Lgion
dHonneur. Ms Nelson was also named one of
Americas Best Leaders by U.S. News and World
Report. She is a past national chair of the Travel Industry
Association of America, has served as a delegate to the
White House Conference on Tourism, and was on the
Board of the U.S. National Tourism Organization. She is
currently on the Singapore Tourism Board. Outside her
industry Ms Nelson serves on the boards of Exxon Mobil
Corporation, the Mayo Clinic Foundation, and the
Committee to Encourage Corporate Philanthropy.
Brian Pearce
Brian Pearce is Chief Economist of International Air
Transport Association (IATA). An economist with over 20
years of international experience in several industries, he
was formerly Head of Global Economic Research at UBS
Warburg and Chief Economist at Ernst & Young. Prior to
joining IATA, Mr Pearce was involved in the UK Air
Transport White Paper and in the discussion and design
of policies to influence aviations impact on the environment. He also advised on the financial sectors role in promoting good corporate governance and responsibility, and
directed the initiative launched by the UK Prime Minister
at the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
Before that he was Head of Global Economic Research at
the investment bank SBC Warburg (now UBS), in Tokyo
and then London. During this time he published extensively on international financial and economic issues and
advised private and public sector clients in over 20 countries. As Chief Economist at Ernst & Youngs economic
forecasting consultancy, the ITEM Club, he worked with
the UK Treasurys and other econometric models to analyze public policy and forecast global economic prospects.
He was frequently called on by television, radio and the
press to comment on government economic policy.
Jrgen Ringbeck
Jrgen Ringbeck is a Senior Partner, Senior Vice
President, and a Member of the Board of Directors of
Booz Allen Hamilton based in Dsseldorf. He heads the
Global Commercial Transportation Practice, the group that
includes all Booz Allen Hamiltons consulting activities in
the transportation industries, such as airlines, tourism
operators, postal and logistics companies, and railways.
Before becoming Partner of Booz Allen Hamilton, Dr
Ringbeck was Partner of McKinsey & Company, where
he was Co-leader of the Transportation Group. In total he
has more than 18 years in top-level management consulting. Dr Ringbeck holds a Diploma in Mathematics from
the University of Mnster and a PhD in Economics from
the University of Osnabrck. Before starting his career as
a Management Consultant, he worked as a University
Assistant and Guest Professor at the University of
Toronto. Dr Ringbeck is author of several business books
(including the US business bestseller Do IT Smart) and
numerous publications in business strategy and IT management. He has also received several awards for his
work from major institutions, including the Marketing
Science Institute (Cambridge USA).
Geoffrey Weston
Geoffrey Weston currently holds the post of Vice
President Cargo at Royal Jordanian Airlines. He joined the
airline in 2004 as Head of Planning and Network
Development. Prior to his work at Royal Jordanian, Mr
Weston spent over 10 years as a strategy consultant and
interim manager. He worked for many years at Bain &
Company in their Latin American practice, based in
Mexico City. Mr Weston holds a degree from Oxford
University.
President of the Arab Air Carriers Organization and is currently a Member of the IATA Board of Governors. He is a
Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and holds an
MSc in Air Transport Management from Cranfield.
457
Acknowledgments
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the following organizations
for their invaluable support of this Report.
Booz Allen Hamilton has been at the forefront of management consulting for businesses and
governments for more than 90 years. Providing consulting services in strategy, operations,
organization and change and information technology, Booz Allen is the one firm that helps clients
solve their toughest problems, working by their side to help them achieve their missions.
Booz Allen is committed to delivering results that endure.
With more than 18,000 employees on six continents, the firm generates annual sales of
over US$3.7 billion. Booz Allen has been recognized as a consultant and employer of choice.
In 2005 and in 2006, Fortune magazine named Booz Allen one of The 100 Best Companies to
Work For, and for the past eight years, Working Mother magazine has ranked the firm among
its 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers.
To learn more about the firm, visit Booz Allens web site at www.boozallen.com. To learn
more about the best ideas in business, visit www.strategy-business.com, the web site for
strategy+business, a quarterly journal sponsored by Booz Allen.
Carlson is a global leader in the hotel, restaurant, business and leisure travel, and marketing
industries.
Among the names in the Carlson family of brands and services are: Regent International
Hotels, Radisson Hotels & Resorts, Park Plaza Hotels & Resorts, Country Inn & Suites By
Carlson, Park Inn hotels, Regent Seven Seas Cruises, T.G.I. Fridays and Pick Up Stix
restaurants, Carlson Wagonlit Travel, Cruise Holidays, All Aboard Travel, Cruise Specialists,
Fly4less.com, Cruise Deals.com, Results Travel, Carlson Destination Marketing Services, Carlson
Leisure Travel Services, SeaMaster Cruises, SinglesCruise.com, CW Government Travel,
Carlson Marketing, Peppers & Rogers Group, and Gold Points Reward Network.
Based in Minneapolis, Carlsons brands and services employ about 190,000 people in more
than 150 countries.
Visit our website at www.carlson.com.
Emirates Airline & Group operates 101 wide-bodied aircraft (including 9 freighters) to 87 international destinations. The fleet will expand to over 150 aircraft by 2012, and will include 43
A380sthe largest order for this aircraft placed by any airline. Although owned by the government of Dubai, Emirates receives no subsidy of any kind and no protection against competition
in its home market.
As well as Emirates and Dnata, the Group includes the tour operator Emirates Holidays; the
Dubai destination management company Arabian Adventures; the conservation-based Emirates
Al Maha Desert Resort; and Mercator, an air transport and travel software business. Dnatas original airport handling and travel agency businesses continue to flourish. The Group, which has
26,900 staff, has a 43.6 percent equity stake in Sri Lankan Airlines, with a management contract.
Dnata is the largest and most influential non-airline travel business in the Middle East and
West Asia region, providing all ramp, cargo, and passenger handling at Dubai International
Airport; ground handling operations in Singapore; and joint ventures at airports in Pakistan, Iran,
Sudan, and the Philippines. Dnata also has a travel agency division supplying wholesale and retail
travel products and travel-related computer services.
459
Acknowledgments
The International Air Transport Association (IATA), founded in April 1945, is the prime vehicle for
inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure, and economical air services. Today
IATA represents 250 airlines comprising 94 percent of international scheduled air traffic.
Qatar Airways is one of the worlds fastest-growing airlines, achieving unprecedented growth
averaging 35 percent year on year.
It relaunched in 1997 under the guidance and vision of His Highness Sheikh Hamad Bin
Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar, whose mandate was clearto create a premium quality airline that
would excel in service and set industry standards, which others could only admire with envy.
Qatar Airways excels in leadership and innovationit was the first in the world to pass
the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Operational Safety Audit with a maximum
100 percent compliance in 2003.
Ten years on, under the leadership of Chief Executive Officer Akbar Al Baker, Qatar Airways
has developed into an award-winning business, achieving a Five Star ranking for superior levels
of service both in the air and on the ground.
Today, Qatar Airways operates more than 70 scheduled routes worldwide with a modern
fleet of more than 50 all-Airbus aircraft.
460
Royal Jordanian Airlines was established in 1963 upon the initiative of his late Majesty King
Hussein, and has been flying continuously ever since. With a fleet of 25 aircraft, Royal Jordanian
flies to over 50 destinations, serving the widest network of international airports in the Middle
East and Arab World of any airline. Based in Amman, the airline also serves Europe, Asia, and
the United States. With three destinations in the United States, Royal Jordanian also has the
most extensive coverage of the United States of any Middle Eastern airline. It was the first airline in the Middle East invited to join one of the three global airline alliances, and will become
part of oneworld in early 2007.
Restructured over the past few years, Royal Jordanian operates as a public shareholding
company with no support (direct or indirect) from the Jordanian government. It is on track for
privatization of the core business in 2007, with most of the auxiliary businesses already spun
off successfully. Royal Jordanian has generated a net profit since 2004. Its recent strategy has
created a strong regional network, which supports His Majesty King Abdullahs vision of Amman
positioning itself as a regional hub.
Silversea is a cruise company reflecting generations of maritime and travel experience. In the
early 1990s, the Lefebvre family of Rome, former owners of Sitmar Cruises, conceived and
organized a unique cruise company pledging to build and operate the highest-quality ships in the
ultra-luxury segment.
Silversea launched its first ship, Silver Cloud, in 1994, followed by Silver Wind in 1995, Silver
Shadow in 2000, and the newest ship, Silver Whisper in 2001. The fleet was purpose-built for
the ultra-luxury market, establishing a new class of smaller, intimate vessels that could slip into
more exotic ports off the beaten path. These elite vessels were specifically designed for fewer
guests, more space, and the highest levels of personalized service, delivered by Italian officers
and European staff.
Taking the company into the future is Albert Peter, Silverseas Chief Executive Officer. Since
taking the leadership reins in June 2001, Mr. Peter has steered the company to a steady course
of high customer satisfaction, financial stability, and new product innovation.
Swiss International Air Lines is Switzerlands national airline, serving 69 destinations around the
world from its Zurich hub and from Basel and Geneva international airports. Operating a fleet of
69 aircraft, SWISS is a key player within the Lufthansa Group and the global Star Alliance.
SWISS will remain true to its mission of providing quality air services that link Switzerland with
Europe and the world.
People who fly with SWISS should always feel at home. And, with its core values of
personal care, Swiss hospitality, and quality down to the finest detail, SWISS will
continue to maintain its high market profile as Switzerlands national airline, committed at all
times to providing first-class service on board and on the ground.
Acknowledgments
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations in the
field of tourism and the leading international organization for the sector. The UNWTO serves as a
global forum for tourism policy issues and practical source of tourism know-how.
In the year 2006, UNWTO celebrated a twofold anniversary: 60 years of international work
in favor of tourism, travel, and development, and its 30th anniversary in Spain. The organization
plays a central role within the UN System in promoting the development of responsible,
sustainable, and universally accessible tourism within the framework of the Millennium
Development Goals.
The UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism,
with a view to ensuring that member countries, tourist destinations, and businesses maximize
the positive economic, social, and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while
minimizing its negative social and environmental impacts.
In 2007, the UNWTOs membership is comprised of 150 countries, 7 territories, and more
than 300 Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism
associations, local tourism authorities, and civil society.
Visa is a private, membership association jointly owned by more than 20,000 member financial
institutions around the world. The organization is dedicated to connecting those members, their
cardholders, and their merchant clients through the worlds largest electronic payments network.
Visa products allow buyers and sellers to conduct commerce with ease and confidence in
both the physical and virtual worlds. And, with 1.46 billion cards in circulation that generate more
than US$4.3 trillion in global sales, as well as unsurpassed acceptance in more than 170 countries
and more than 24 million locations worldwide, the reach and popularity of Visa-branded cards is
nearly universal.
Visa is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and has six regions and a corporate
headquarters. For more information, visit www.corporate.visa.com.
461
The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is the global business leaders forum for Travel &
Tourism. Its Members are the Chairmen and Chief Executives of 100 of the worlds foremost
organizations, representing all regions of the world and all sectors of the industry.
Travel & Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries, employing approximately 230
million people and generating over 10 percent of world GDP. As the voice of the global private
sector, WTTC works together with governments to raise awareness of the economic and social
importance of our industry across the world. WTTCs extensive economic researchTourism
Satellite Accountingprovides public and private sector decision makers with estimates and
forecasts for the direct and indirect impacts of Travel & Tourism activity. The research identifies
Travel & Tourisms contribution to capital investment, exports, gross domestic product, and jobs
for more than 174 countries across the world.
Mexico
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2005..........................................................................103.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,958.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2005 .............................................768.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2005 ..............................10,186
Real GDP growth (percent), 2005...................................................................3.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2006); IMF, World Economic Outlook Online
Database (April and September 2006 editions); national sources
20072016
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
270
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007 Index......................................................................................................49
Score
(17 scale)
4.4
4.5
5.1
4.3
3.5
5.0
4.7
3.6
3.9
3.6
3.6
2.7
4.2
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.
Rank/124
COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGES
Rank/124
Mexico
Environmental regulation
2.02 Clarity and stability of environmental regulations ..............51
2.01 Stringency of environmental regulation .............................49
Environmental regulation
2.03 Government prioritization of sustainable T&T ....................43
Tourism infrastructure
Tourism infrastructure
ICT infrastructure
9.03 Telephone lines...................................................................64
9.01 Extent of business Internet use .........................................56
9.02 Internet users .....................................................................56
Human resources
11.01
11.11
11.04
11.05
11.10
Human resources
11.03
11.02
11.06
11.08
11.07
271
Mexico
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................108.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,958.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................840.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................11,369
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
252
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................55
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................71
4.2
4.3
4.6
4.2
3.6
4.2
4.9
3.6
3.8
3.3
4.0
2.7
4.4
4.6
5.0
4.7
5.4
4.6
4.4
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
Mexico
253
La Participacin de Mxico en
la industria turstica mundial y su
comprensin como un fenmeno econmico y social.
2
3
4
5
Panorama general
El turismo hoy en da es una de las actividades econmicas que posee el mayor crecimiento en el mundo. De igual forma, es la actividad que tiene una
inuencia decisiva en el crecimiento econmico y desarrollo de un pas, pues
impacta el desarrollo urbano y medioambiental de muchas zonas, tanto locales
como nacionales.
Este tipo de caractersticas coloca a las actividades relacionadas con las
distintas prcticas tursticas y los servicios en una situacin de auge econmico, en virtud de que para muchos pases o regiones se convierte en una de las
principales actividades econmicas, por lo que durante la segunda mitad del
siglo pasado hasta la actualidad, este sector se ha convertido en un fenmeno
econmico, social y ambiental destacable.1
Las Naciones Unidas, a travs de su Organizacin Mundial del Turismo
(OMT), conrma las ideas antes mencionadas, pues lo considera un sector de
servicios que impulsa ampliamente una gran parte del sector productivo, y por
otro lado, es un enorme generador de divisas. El turismo representa hoy en
da un elemento de vital importancia para los pases en vas de desarrollo, pues
segn la OMT, el turismo internacional fue capaz de exportar casi 2 mil millones
de dlares cada da.2
1
325
La demanda del turismo depende fuertemente de las condiciones econmicas en los grandes mercados generadores. Cuando las economas crecen,
los niveles en el ingreso disponible usualmente tambin aumentan y, de forma
relativa, una parte de este ingreso ser gastado en turismo, en particular para el
caso de las economas emergentes. Por el otro lado, en una situacin de poco
o bajo crecimiento econmico, por lo comn resultar en una reduccin del
gasto en turismo.
De manera general, y como se puede observar en la Grca 1, el crecimiento de llegadas del turismo internacional sobrepasa signicativamente el
resultado del crecimiento econmico como medida del producto interno bruto (PIB). En aquellos aos cuando el crecimiento econmico mundial estuvo
por encima del 4%, el crecimiento en volumen del turismo tendi a ser mayor
y, por otro lado, cuando el PIB cay por debajo del 2 %, el crecimiento del turismo tendi a ser menor. Cuando el PIB registr un crecimiento del 3.5%, el
turismo creci en promedio 1.3 veces ms rpido que el PIB. Para el periodo
comprendido desde 1975-2000, el turismo aument a una tasa promedio del
4.6% anual.
Sin embargo no todo ha sido bonanza para el sector turstico, por lo que
ha tenido que sortear todo tipo de factores externos que lo impactan directa-
Grca 1
326
327
de enorme potencial para que el desarrollo exitoso del sector turismo se vuelva uno de los ejes de desarrollo del pas. El desarrollo acelerado a nivel mundial implica que la demanda por servicios tursticos se incrementar de forma
considerable en los aos venideros. Finalmente, el incremento en la poblacin
pensionada en los pases industrializados implica una proporcin cada vez
mayor de individuos de elevados recursos socioeconmicos con inters por
realizar largos viajes a destinos atractivos.
Sin embargo, al igual que en otros mbitos, el mismo fenmeno de globalizacin lleva a que el viajero, tanto nacional como extranjero, tenga mayores
opciones. As como la tecnologa de la informacin facilita adquirir informacin y realizar la planeacin de un viaje en nuestro pas, lo hace tambin para
otros destinos. Los menores costos de transportacin area permiten a nuestros visitantes tradicionales tener acceso a destinos ms alejados. Ello implica
que, al igual que en otros mbitos de la actividad econmica, las oportunidades
y retos que representa la integracin mundial debe resolverse mediante polticas pblicas decididas.
El sector debe ser reconocido como una pieza clave en el desarrollo econmico del pas. Asimismo, se debe garantizar que el crecimiento del sector
respete los entornos naturales, culturales y sociales. Es justamente la riqueza
de Mxico, en trminos de una cultura, enorme diversidad climtica, belleza
orogrca, fauna y ora endmicas, y su sociedad vibrante y abierta lo que
atrae y diferencia a nuestro pas de otras naciones del mundo.
El papel del sector como detonante del crecimiento local implica que el
desarrollo de infraestructura y de servicios debe incluir aquellos orientados a
dotar de capacidades a la poblacin local. Slo de esa forma puede consolidarse una mejora en el bienestar de las poblaciones locales que les permita ser
partcipes plenas del proceso de desarrollo.
Objetivo 12
Hacer de Mxico un pas lder en la actividad turstica a travs de la diversicacin de sus mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la
competitividad de las empresas del sector, de forma que brinden un servicio
de calidad internacional.
328
Mxico necesita resolver problemticas internas que no han permitido un mayor crecimiento del turismo y sobre todo de los benecios
directos e indirectos que puede implicar para mejorar las condiciones
de vida de su poblacin en las zonas de inters turstico: existe una
oportunidad para replantear el modelo de desarrollo del turismo sobre
la base de lo que ya se ha hecho y experimentado, pero principalmente
para dirigir mejor los esfuerzos de los programas actuales de desarrollo regional.
Uno de los mayores retos es la concurrencia de las polticas pblicas.
La problemtica de concurrencia involucra a cuando menos 14 organismos pblicos entre secretaras y entidades descentralizadas que
estn vinculados bsicamente con aspectos de inversin en infraestructuras y equipamientos, seguridad pblica y de uso y conservacin
del patrimonio natural y cultural. La falta de coordinacin, la duplicidad de esfuerzos, as como los vacos de regulacin jurdica, son temas
que es necesario resolver. En esta problemtica tambin se incluye a
estados y municipios, a la iniciativa privada y al sector social.
Es necesario actualizar el marco regulatorio de la actividad turstica
en temas ambientales, laborales, de inversin, de salud e higiene y de
igualdad de gnero, entre otros, que contribuyan a elevar la competitividad y la sustentabilidad ambiental, econmica y social de los proyectos tursticos.
Vase el PND.
Secretara de Turismo (Sectur) 2007-2012, Programa Sectorial de Turismo, 2007-2012,
en: http://www.sectur.gob.mx/oic/PST2007-2012.pdf
7
329
Mxico requiere incorporarse al concierto mundial del turismo mediante la aplicacin de polticas pblicas que permitan consolidar y
ampliar su capacidad de desarrollo de manera sustentable y compensatoria, y cuyos resultados sean comparables con indicadores mundiales.
De esta forma podr contribuir de manera creciente y sostenida a la
generacin del PIB nacional, podr crear los empleos mejor remunerados que la poblacin requiere y se constituir como un factor real para
el desarrollo del pas.
330
Mejora Regulatoria.
Este programa se estructura sobre la base de los diagnsticos y avances existentes en las actividades de la Secretara de Turismo Proyecto
Nacional de Facilitacin Turstica y quedar vinculado a los procesos
de revisin y eventual publicacin de una nueva Ley General de Turismo y los cambios que implica a otras disposiciones legales y normativas aplicables.
Inversin Pblica en Infraestructura y Equipamiento.
Este programa reconoce la responsabilidad del Fondo Nacional de
Fomento al Turismo y se vincula con el Programa Nacional de Infraestructura 2007-2012, pero no se limita a l. El programa implica
la consolidacin del diagnstico de necesidades de infraestructura y
equipamiento, de acuerdo con los objetivos de desarrollo regional e
integracin de oferta competitiva.
Financiamiento y Asistencia Tcnica.
El Programa Instrumental de Financiamiento y Asistencia Tcnica integrar los recursos disponibles para el desarrollo del turismo en las
entidades pblicas nacionales, de cooperacin internacional, organismos privados y otras organizaciones no gubernamentales. El programa establecer las reglas de operacin considerando las orientaciones
del Programa Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 y con apego a los criterios de fomentar la competitividad integral de la oferta turstica, la
maximizacin equilibrada de los benecios econmicos, ambientales
y sociales.
Regionalizacin de Acciones e Instrumentos.
Este programa ser el referente para la reingeniera de las instancias
federales de turismo. De igual manera atender el criterio de impulsar
el carcter horizontal, colaborativo y participativo de las iniciativas de
331
Establecer la estructura bsica del Sistema de Evaluacin del Desempeo (SED) y sus principales componentes:
I. Evaluacin para resultados de las polticas pblicas y programas
presupuestarios.
II. Promover la eciencia y ecacia institucional mediante un programa de mejoramiento de la gestin pblica de mediano plazo,
para modernizar y mejorar la prestacin de los servicios pblicos.
De acuerdo con lo dispuesto por la Presidencia de la Repblica y
las entidades globalizadoras de la administracin pblica federal,
la Secretara de Turismo y sus entidades sectorizadas debern ob-
332
servar la administracin por resultados, para cumplir con oportunidad y eciencia las metas y objetivos previstos en el Programa
Sectorial de Turismo 2007-2012 y sus respectivos programas presupuestarios anuales.
Para ello, el proceso de programacin-presupuestacin se deber realizar bajo el enfoque de gestin para resultados que:
I. Usa informacin del desempeo para mejorar la toma de decisiones.
II. Incluye herramientas de planeacin estratgica, uso de modelos lgicos, monitoreo y evaluacin de los resultados.
Los principios en que se basa la gestin por resultados se aplican a cualquier nivel: nacional, sectorial, regional, institucional, de
programa, de proyecto y actividades del sector pblico, bajo los
cinco principios siguientes:
a) Centrar las decisiones en los resultados: que el foco de atencin y la toma de decisiones se mantengan siempre en los
resultados en todas las etapas del proceso presupuestario: planeacin, programacin, presupuestacin, ejercicio, control,
seguimiento, evaluacin y rendicin de cuentas.
b) Alinear la planeacin estratgica, la programacin, el monitoreo y la evaluacin con los resultados: estos elementos deben
disearse y alinearse dinmicamente para apoyar el logro de
los resultados.
c) Mantener la medicin e informacin sencillas: los sistemas de
informacin y de indicadores deben estar orientados a resultados, ser factibles de recopilar, susceptibles de comprar, oportunos, de bajos costo y sencillos de utilizar.
d) Gestionar para, no por resultados: signica concentrarse en
los resultados y efectos deseados, y no solamente en los insumos y procesos requeridos para su consecucin. Lo anterior
implica un cambio en la visin de cmo debe realizarse la gestin pblica.
333
334
Iniciativas
1. Iniciativa que reforma el artculo 25 de la Ley Federal de Turismo
Datos generales.
- Presentada por la diputada Irma S. Figueroa Romero del Partido
Revolucionario Institucional.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Propuestas.
- El Consejo de Promocin Turstica de Mxico incorporar a las
pequeas y medianas empresas para que otorguen servicios en los
10
OCDE,
335
336
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el senador Ral Paredes Vega del Partido Accin
Nacional.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Propuestas.
- Incluir dentro de la ley los concepto de turismo nutico, turista
nutico, prestador de servicios de turismo nutico, embarcacin
nutica y marina nutica.
- Creacin de un captulo que regule el turismo nutico no solamente de destinos litorales sino de aguas interiores como lagos,
esteros, lagunas y ros.
- La Secretara de Turismo planear, fomentar y difundir los programas para fortalecer el turismo nutico.
- La Federacin, Estados y Municipios se encargarn de la seguridad, trnsito y vigilancia, permisos, licencias, asesora y capacitacin de las personas fsicas o morales de ejerzan el turismo
nutico.
- Enumeracin de las actividades del turismo nutico.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por la diputada Beatriz Mojica Morga del Partido de la
Revolucin Democrtica.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Propuestas.
- Concepto de turismo sustentable.
- Utilizacin de tecnologa para proteger el medio ambiente, as
como fomentar conductas para la preservacin del mismo y obtener un aprovechamiento de recursos naturales.
- Declaracin de lo que es espacio turstico saturado.
- Los estados y los municipios elaborarn y ejecutarn programas
de desarrollo turstico sustentable.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Inelvo Moreno lvarez del Partido de
la Revolucin Democrtica.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
337
Propuestas.
- La Secretara de Turismo promover la celebracin de acuerdos de
coordinacin con las entidades federativas y los municipios a ms
tardar el ltimo da de febrero de cada ao.
338
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Xavier Alvarado Villazn del Partido
Verde Ecologista de Mxico.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Propuestas.
El fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo otorgar crditos en moneda nacional o extranjera a las pequeas y medianas empresas para
la construccin, ampliacin o remodelacin de instalaciones tursticas
que contribuyan al fomento de la actividad turstica.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Ral Pia Horta del Partido Verde
Ecologista de Mxico.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Propuestas.
- El Servicio Nacional de Estadstica comprenda normas y lineamientos para el desarrollo de la informacin estadstica turstica.
- El Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica en
coordinacin con la Secretara de Turismo y el Banco de Mxico
medir el impacto econmico a efecto de llevar la estadstica de la
actividad turstica.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Jorge Legorreta Ondorica del Partido
Verde Ecologista de Mxico.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
339
Propuestas.
- La Secretara de Turismo con opinin de la Secretara de Economa dictar reglas para que las pequeas y medianas empresas
puedan participar para el otorgamiento de crditos, las cuales se
publicarn a ms tardar el 30 de noviembre y empezarn a partir
del 1 de enero del ao siguiente.
340
Datos generales.
- Presentada por la diputada Irma Figueroa Romero del Partido de
la Revolucin Democrtica.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Turismo.
Propuestas.
- Adicin de un captulo denominado de la Obligacin de no contaminar los destinos tursticos.
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el Congreso del estado de Sonora.
- Turnada a la Comisin de Transportes.
Propuestas.
- Establecer que tratndose de caminos por cuyo trnsito se cobre
cuota, tarifa o que bajo cualquier concepto implique pago alguno
por parte de los usuarios, con independencia de si se encuentran
concesionados, deber destinarse para su mantenimiento, reparacin y conservacin, cuando menos un monto anual equivalente
al 35 % de los ingresos generados por dicho concepto en el ao
inmediato anterior.
- El incumplimiento a lo antes sealado podr ser motivo de revocar la concesin o permiso para construir, operar, explotar, conservar y mantener los caminos y puentes federales.
341
342
Datos generales.
- Presentada por el diputado Alejandro Enrique Delgado Oscoy, del
Partido Accin Nacional.
- Turnada a las comisiones unidas de Transporte y Marina.
Propuestas.
- Incluir los conceptos de instalaciones menores y servicios auxiliares.
- Facultar al capitn de puerto, para vigilar y asegurar los recintos
portuarios, reforzando la coordinacin entre las autoridades del
Resumen de propuestas
Gerardo Ferrando Bravo
Director General de Singlar, S.A. de C.V.
Actualmente, existe una concentracin del turismo en la zona sur-sureste del
pas, pero el norte tambin tiene un gran potencial de desarrollo. Singlar es una
empresa de Fonatur encargada de administrar las escalas nuticas del Proyecto
Mar de Corts.
La regin del Mar de Corts concentr el 43% de la inversin privada
nacional en turismo en el 2006. El proyecto de Mar de Corts ha estado muy
ligado a la ley ambiental.
343
344
En materia carretera se encuentra la ampliacin de la carretera en Los Cabos en Baja California y la carretera de Mitla hacia el Istmo de Tehuantepec,
entre otras.
En aeropuertos se desarrollar un sistema de calicacin de los aeropuertos por parte de los usuarios, para brindar un mejor servicio a mejores tarifas.
Existen proyectos de nuevos aeropuertos, como en la Riviera Maya y en Ensenada, mientras que en Puerto Peasco, Sonora, ya est en proceso.
En puertos se inauguraron en Puerto Vallarta dos posiciones de atraque
para cruceros y se crearn otros en Guaymas, Mazatln y ms en Puerto Vallarta.
Respecto a la iniciativa para modicar los artculos 47 y 48 de la Ley de
Caminos y Puentes de Autotransporte Federal presentada por el PRI:
En lo referente al artculo 47 para permitir que automviles modicados puedan prestar tambin servicio federal, debe precisarse que
tambin deben cumplir con las medidas de seguridad para transitar
por las carreteras federales. Debe haber mayor apertura al acceso tanto
en puertos como en aeropuertos de ms participantes de transportes.
Respecto al artculo 48 para incluir una nueva categora de turismo
llamada turismo interior, considera que ya est reejada en el Reglamento de la Ley dentro de la parte de turismo de excursin, por tanto,
no es necesario incluirla.
Es necesario atraer turismo de Estados Unidos que tiene un alto poder adquisitivo.
Se est trabajando con la Secretara de Turismo en la sealizacin turstica.
Los aeropuertos no son los ms caros del mundo, de acuerdo con la
Organizacin Mundial de Turismo (OMT).
Se tiene bastante apertura en los cielos mexicanos, a travs de los
acuerdos bilaterales.
345
Silvia Hernndez
Directora General de Estrategia Pblica Consultores
Debe impulsarse un turismo no slo que compita sino que adems sea competitivo. La competitividad tiene dos elementos: un ambiente de competencia
y de sustentabilidad.
En el 2006 Mxico ocupaba el octavo lugar en recepcin de turismo, de
acuerdo con la Organizacin Mundial de Turismo. No obstante, est por abajo
en la recepcin de divisas por turismo, ubicndose entre el lugar 12 y el 14.
Por tanto, es necesario aumentar la calidad del turismo. Mxico est ofreciendo turismo barato, que atrae mucha gente, pero menos dinero.
Adems, Mxico est perdiendo posiciones en el turismo por sus retos
de sustentabilidad. Por ejemplo, el turismo que est dispuesto a pagar ms,
est pendiente de que los desarrollo tursticos no impliquen daos ecolgicos,
entre otras cosas.
En el turismo lo importante es la cadena de valor del destino turstico, no
los sectores aislados como el hotel, la infraestructura, etc. Adems, cada destino turstico debe preguntarse a qu mercado se va a servir.
Para el turismo competitivo es necesaria la participacin tanto del gobierno como del sector privado. Es necesaria la promocin y el marketing.
Debe facilitarse la creacin de empresas en el sector, eliminando los trmites y permisos excesivos.
346
2. Superestructura turstica. Alineacin de procesos, objetivos, programas, estrategias y lneas de accin. Coordinacin de la Secretara de
Turismo, Fonatur, Consejo de Promocin Turstica. Una Secretara
de Turismo ms fuerte, ejecutora y no slo gestora.
3. Promocin Turstica. Existe inequidad entre la inversin turstica nacional e internacional, ya que se dedica slo el 20% a la promocin
nacional. Existe baja productividad de la inversin turstica ya que por
cada turista en Mxico se invierten 7 dlares, lo cual es muy alto a nivel
mundial. Adems, existe baja productividad de nuestro dlar promocional, ya que cada dlar invertido genera muy pocos recursos con
relacin a otros destinos tursticos en el mundo.
4. Formacin y capacitacin de recursos humanos. Que el sector educativo forme a personas a nivel tcnico, tal como se requiere en el sector
turstico, y no slo a nivel superior.
5. Servicios Tursticos. Programa Integral de Fomento a Pymes y desarrollo de cadenas productivas. Creacin de una Sociedad Financiera
de Objeto Mltiple (Sofom) para el nanciamiento de la modernizacin de instalaciones, equipamiento y sistemas de operacin. Fomentar el sistema de certicacin.
6. Transportacin Area. Tenemos los servicios aeroportuarios ms caros del mundo y muy altas tarifas a ciudades del interior.
7. Turismo carretero de internacin y nacional. Se ha dado prioridad al
turismo de sol y playa y se ha descuidado el turismo carretero. Crear
servicios relacionados con el turismo carretero: sealizacin, paradores, etctera. Mejorar las condiciones de las centrales de autobuses. Se
proponen diez ejes carreteros.
8. Sistema Nacional de Informacin Turstica. Internet, mapas, folletos,
videos, fotografas.
9. Cultura turstica. Campaa nacional, cartilla turstica escolar, premio
nacional a la conciencia turstica, municipios tursticos.
10. Turismo Fronterizo.
Un plan nacional de desarrollo a 6 aos, no es suciente para el turismo.
Debe fortalecerse a la Secretara de Turismo como un rgano rector.
347
348
Debilidades:
Retos:
Propuestas:
349
350
351
Contenido
Competitividad y desarrollo de productos tursticos
Introduccin
1. Una mirada a las estadsticas de la Organizacin Mundial del
Turismo.
2. El Enfoque.
3. Qu es la Competitividad Turstica?
4. Cmo puede ser competitivo el sector turstico mexicano?
5. Qu es un negocio turstico?
Conclusiones
Competitividad y Desarrollo
de Productos Tursticos
I INTRODUCCIN
1. UNA MIRADA A LAS
ESTADSTICAS DE LA OMT1
Cada vez que analizamos el negocio turstico o requerimos efectuar algn diagnstico
sectorial, recurrimos a cuantificar la totalidad de turistas que nos visitan. Pareciera que
entendemos que nuestro pas es competitivo internacionalmente por poseer un lugar importante
en un nmero de llegadas internacionales; sin embargo, el volumen puede ser un indicador
falaz de crecimiento. El verdadero indicador es el beneficio generado. Perseguir cantidades no
constituye un pecado, pero el volumen no es la clave de las utilidades. No debe entenderse que
los conceptos de cantidad y utilidad son antagnicos, lo que resulta contraproducente es
trastocar el sentido del negocio. La finalidad de los negocios tursticos es tener utilidades, el
volumen es su multiplicador.
Sentado este principio, permtase un pequeo anlisis al respecto, considerando una
perspectiva de turismo mundial. La siguiente tabla muestra las estadsticas de la Organizacin
Mundial de Turismo en cuanto al nmero de llegadas internacionales durante el perodo 19902003 en los 15 pases con mayor afluencia.
RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES1
MILES DE LLEGADAS
PAS
INTERNACIONALES
% DE PARTICIPACIN
%
VARIACIN
LUGAR
19
90 2003
1
1
Francia
1990
52.4
2003*
75.0
2003*/02
-2.6
Espaa
34.0
51.7
-1.0
2
4
3
4
Estados Unidos
Italia
39.3
26.6
41.2
39.6
-5.3
-0.5
12
China
10.4
32.9
-10.4
Reino Unido
18.0
24.7
Austria
19.0
8
9
8
9
Mxico
Alemania
10
10
5
19
TMAC
1990
11.4
2003*
10.9
7.4
7.5
3.11%
8.5
5.8
6.0
5.7
9.26%
2.2
4.8
2.2
2.46%
3.9
3.6
19.1
2.5
3.3
2.8
17.1
17.0
18.7
18.4
-5.1
2.4
0.04%
0.69%
0.61%
3.7
4.1
2.7
2.7
Canad
15.2
17.5
-12.9
1.09%
3.7
2.5
11
12
Hungra
Hong Kong (china)
20.5
6.5
15.7
15.5
-1.0
-6.2
-2.03%
6.91%
1.4
4.4
2.3
2.2
13
13
Grecia
8.8
13.9
-1.5
3.58%
1.9
2.0
27
14
Polonia
3.4
13.7
-1.9
11.32%
0.7
1.9
15
Turqua
13.3
4.3
4.95%
1.6
1.9
2.8%
3.28%
0.36%
* Datos preliminares
MUNDIAL
Con en el documento: Datos Esenciales. Edicin 2004, Organizacin Mundial del Turismo.
2003
1
2
PAS
MILLONES USD
% DE PARTICIPACIN
% CAMBIO
TMAC
MUNDIAL
Estados Unidos
Espaa
1990
43.0
18.6
2003*
64.5
41.8
2003*/02
-3.3
23.6
3.17%
6.43%
1990
16.3
7.0
2003*
12.33
8.0
Francia
20.1
37.0
13.1
4.81%
7.6
7.1
Italia
16.4
31.2
16.2
5.01%
6.24
6.0
Alemania
14.4
23.0
21.2
3.67%
5.42
4.4
Reino Unido
13.7
22.8
10.7
4.00%
5.22
4.3
25
China
2.2
17.4
-14.6
17.24%
0.84
3.3
Austria
13.4
14.1
25.2
0.39%
5.09
2.7
21
Turqua
3.2
13.2
10.9
11.52%
1.22
2.5
24
9
10
11
Grecia
Canad
2.5
6.3
10.7
10.5
10.0
-1.0
11.83%
4.01%
0.98
2.4
2.0
2.0
15
12
Australia
4.0
10.3
20.2
7.55%
1.55
1.96
10
13
Mxico
5.4
9.4
6.8
4.36%
2.07
1.7
14
Suiza
9.3
18.2
1.7
15
Pases Bajos
9.2
20.0
1.7
2. EL ENFOQUE
Lo anterior nos obliga a reflexionar sobre las razones de esta prdida de ritmo de
crecimiento en los beneficios derivados del turismo internacional; de esta prdida de
competitividad. Un anlisis de turismo domstico nos conducira a similares conclusiones.
Por qu algunos pases tienen xito y otros fracasan en la competencia internacional
por el turismo? Esta pregunta bien pudiera ser la ms frecuente que se formula actualmente en
el sector. Las respuestas son cruciales para las empresas y los destinos que deben competir en
mercados crecientemente internacionales.
Reconocida la importancia de la competitividad como acelerador del bienestar y
desarrollo de los pueblos, ha despertado una gran cantidad de debates sobre el tema. Se le ha
visto como un fenmeno de orden macroeconmico engendrado por variables tales como la
depreciacin del tipo de cambio, la disminucin del inters bancario y dficits pblicos. Pero
estos supuestos causales no son determinantes, pues pases como Japn, Italia o Corea, han
disfrutado niveles de vida rpidamente crecientes a pesar de sus dficits presupuestarios; lo
mismo sucede con pases como Alemania y Suiza a pesar de la apreciacin de su moneda y de
los altos tipos de inters, como en Italia y Corea. Algunos sostienen que la competitividad est
en funcin de la abundancia de la mano de obra y de su bajo costo. Pero Alemania, Suiza,
Suecia y Japn han prosperado a pesar de sus altsimos niveles salriales y de los largos
periodos de escasez de oferta de mano de obra.
Michael Porter. La Ventaja Competitiva de las Naciones. Vergara Editores. Buenos Aires, 1991 p.47
Eulogio Bords.VII Reunin Nacional de Municipios Tursticos. La contribucin del Municipio en la consolidacin de
la Competitividad Turstica. Guaymas, Sonora, junio 19-21, 1997.
Producto
Turstico
Empresas lderes
Red de Proveedores
Infraestructura Econmica
3. QU ES LA COMPETITIVIDAD TURSTICA?
Se debe entender a la Competitividad Turstica como:
tab
ad
li d
ibi
ten
Re
n
Componentes sustantivos en el
concepto de competitividad
So s
il id
ad
Competitividad
Comparabilidad
Pero Qu es la rentabilidad?
10
La aparicin de competidores
La aparicin de sustitutos
El poder de negociacin frente a la demanda
El poder de negociacin sobre los factores
La rivalidad entre las empresas del sector de referencia
Concepto de Desarrollo Sostenible. XVII Congreso Internacional Interamericano de Turismo. OEA, Abril de 1997.
San Jos, Costa Rica, S/p.
11
12
2,000
1,550
621
702
1,018 1,602
2000(p)
2010(p) 2020(p)
2000(p)
2010(p)
2020(p)
22.4
13.46
621
20.8
2000(p)
32.64
51.2
2010(p) 2020(p)
2000(p)
2010(p)
2020(p)
13
6. QU ES UN NEGOCIO TURSTICO?
Podramos definirlo como una relacin de intercambio fundamental en el principio del
valor por el dinero, esto es, la satisfaccin de la necesidad a cambio de un precio. Dicho de
otra manera, es una forma de lucrar al satisfacer determinadas necesidades humanas
relacionadas con el ocio y el desplazamiento.
Encuesta a Hogares 1997, SECTUR, Cuenta Satlite del Turismo en Mxico, SECTUR-INEGI, 1998.
14
Un turista desea experimentar el rafting y otro desea el sol y la playa. Las necesidades
son distintas, por lo tanto, son diferentes negocios. En el turismo hay muchos negocios.
Para Eulogio Bordas existen diez mbitos de negocios tursticos muy diferentes y que
podemos apreciar en el siguiente cuadro:
m b ito d e N e g o c io
T u ris m o
Q u bu sca?
F is io l g ic o
D e s c a n s o , ttrr a n q u ilid a d , r e la x , r e c u p e r a c i n .
S e g u r id a d
P r o te c c i n , e s ta r s e g u r o .
S a lu d
R e c u p e r a c i n d e la s a lu d .
S o c ia liz a c i n
S e n t ir s e m ie m b r o d e g r u p o s , a filia c i n .
D iv e r s i n
G o z a r , d a r r ie n d a s u e lta a lo s s e n t id o s .
E stim a
D e s c u b r im ie n to
D e s c u b r im ie n to , a p r e n d e r , d is c u tir , e x p lo r a r .
A u to r r e a liz a c i n
Logros.
E d u c a c i n
10
S a tis fa c c i n a la s n e c e s id a d e s d e a fe
f e c to .
A p render.
E s ta r e n c o n ta c to c o n la b e lle z a , p la c e r e s t tic o .
E st t ic a
Bords indica adems que cada uno de esos negocios tursticos puede ser, a su vez,
desagregado de acuerdo con las caractersticas de ese mbito de negocio, lo que da origen a
una buena cantidad de mercados. Por ejemplo, considera que el Turismo Fisiolgico puede
desagregarse en funcin de algunas conductas para ejercerlo. Esto puede ser ejemplificado en
el siguiente diagrama de mercados de este tipo de negocio turstico:
A v e n tu rism o
T re k k in g / ra n d o n e s
S a fa ris fo to g r fico s
B ird w aac
c h in g
Buceo
R u tta
a s d e a v e n ttu
u ra
E st tic a
A n ti - stre ss
D o lc e fa rn ie n te e n p la y a
C lu b e s d e v a c a c io n e s
A g ro tu rism o
E sta r e n fo rm a
C ru c e ro s d e p la c e r
C o n se rv a d u rism
ris m o
15
O so Y ogi
P a n te ra R o sa
R e la x T o t a l
P a s iv o y d o m in a d o
G ru p a l
P o c o s o f ist ic a d o
P a t o D o n a ld
M u y a c t iv o lig h t
A c tiv o y d o m in a n te
In d iv id u a l (m ic r o -g r u p o )
M u y s o fis tic a d o
x it o
x it o
E n t o r n o a g r a d a b le
A lo ja m ie n t o f u n c io n a l
B u e n p r e c io
E n t o r n o so fis tic a d o
A lo j a m ie n t o s u p e r io r
A c tiv id a d e s d e s ta t u s
U n n e g o c io
S e d e s g lo s a
e n v a rio s
m b it o s d e
n e g o c io s
C a d a n e g o c io
io
e s d e sg lo sa d o
e n v a rio s
m e rc a d os
U n n e g o c iio
o
1 0 b iitt o s d e n e g o c i o
2 0 0 m e rca d o
3 ,00 0 se g m e n to s
16
Y lu e g o e n
se g m e n to s
Y c a d a se g m e n to
r e q u ie r e
d if e r e n t e s c o s a s
Los costos sociales y econmicos de hacer caso omiso a las consideraciones aqu
mostradas son verdaderamente impactantes. El riego es la supervivencia de los negocios
tursticos mexicanos. Existe una diferencia sustancial entre estar alerta y estar aletargado. El
ser competitivo radica en una actitud estratgica y en profundo sentido de innovacin
tecnolgica para el desarrollo de ventajas comerciales en cualquier mercado.
17
CONCLUSIONES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Una empresa o destino es competitivo cuando es capaz de manejar las dificultades que
las fuerzas competitivas le van imponiendo.
8.
El negocio turstico no existe: Lo que s existe es una gran cantidad de negocios que
combinan un mercado, un producto y una tecnologa.
9.
10.
18
garantizando que el crecimiento del sector respete los entornos naturales, culturales y sociales. Para lograr lo anterior, es necesario atender lo siguiente:
1. Una promocin suficiente y adecuada en el mercado estadounidense, y en
particular en los pases de Europa, Latinoamrica y Asia, donde la penetracin ha sido mnima.
2. Oferta diversificada de atractivos tursticos, como el turismo de aventura,
entre otros, y contar con infraestructura adecuada para estos desarrollos.
3. Paquetes promocionales para la poblacin de alto poder adquisitivo, para
ser competitivos frente al costo que representan otros destinos en el
exterior.
4. Simplificacin administrativa. Para construir y operar un hotel se deben
efectuar mltiples trmites ante autoridades locales y federales.
5. Los destinos tursticos carecen de una infraestructura adecuada para el
reciclaje, disposicin y tratamiento de residuos slidos y aguas residuales.
6. Esquemas de financiamiento a largo plazo y costos competitivos de la
banca comercial a los desarrolladores de proyectos tursticos.
Impulso al ecoturismo
Para resolver la problemtica del sector se debe no slo consolidar la oferta
turstica existente sino que es preciso aumentarla a travs de la diversificacin de
sus mercados, productos y destinos, as como del fomento a la competitividad de
las empresas del sector, de forma que brinden un servicio de calidad internacional,
adems de aumentar en 35% el nmero de visitantes internacionales al ao, tal y
Turismo:Laindispensablecompetitividad
Ken Robinson*
CentrodeComercioInternacional,
ForumdeComercioInternacionalNo.1/2003
Disponibleenwww.forumdecomercio.org
El turismo es un sector clave, cuya promocin permite incrementar los ingresos en
divisas. De ah que los encargados de la estrategia nacional deban actuar a la vez con
optimismoyprudencia.
El turismo est cambiando. Hace apenas una generacin, poca gente viajaba al
extranjero,ycuandolohaca,susdestinoseransitiosfamiliaresyporlogeneraldefcil
acceso; a los lugares ms alejados solan ir en grupo. Hoy, el turista es ms exigente,
planificaporssolosusvacacionesyhacesusreservas;esloquelosexpertosenturismo
llamanunviajerolibreeindependiente.
Casi todos los pases han reconocido el potencial del turismo y tratan de aumentar el
nmero de visitantes extranjeros, para incrementar as sus exportaciones de servicios.
Hasta hace unos cinco aos, las pocas estrategias de turismo se centraban en la venta.
Peroinclusolaadopcindeunmtodobienestructuradoparapromoverelturismono
bastaparaconstituirunaestrategiaadecuada.
Cmogestionarelaceleradocrecimientodelturismo
Seestimaquepara2020elnmerodeviajerosinternacionalessetriplicar.Ydndeir
toda esta gente? La capacidad de los destinos ms populares es limitada, y tampoco
abundan los lugares aptos para un desarrollo turstico intensivo que podra arruinar el
entornoque,precisamente,buscanlosvisitantes.
Consideroqueelturismopuedeaportargrandesbeneficios,perotambinmepreocupa
lafaltadeunagestincoordinada. Enmuchoslugarespodemosverlosestragosqueel
turismopuedecausarcuandosloobedecealademanda.Qusepuedehacerparaque
esonoocurra?
Canalizartodaslasaspiracionesenunaestrategiadeturismonacionalnoessuficiente.El
turismo suele concentrarse en unas pocas regiones e incluso en algunas pequeas
localidades sumamente populares, para las que hacen falta planes especficos. Sin
anlisis,planificacin,promocinygestin,laestrategianacionalporssolaresultaintil.
1
Trespreceptos
Hay tres ideas que los planificadores del turismo deben tener presentes desde un
principio:
Losturistasvendrndetodasmaneras,existaonounaestrategianacional.Ahorabien,
serlaclasedeturistasquesedeseaatraerypodrelpasacogerlosadecuadamente,a
findeaumentarlosbeneficiosyminimizarlosproblemasligadosasupresencia?
Los turistas son muy diversos: el mochilero que recorre el mundo a pie no busca lo
mismoqueelempresario,lapersonaqueparteamenudoenvacaciones,elenfermoque
vaaotropasparaseguiruntratamientoolapersonaquevisitaaamigosyfamiliares.
La estrategia de turismo no debe limitarse a la venta; tambin debe ocuparse de la
gestinydeoptimizarlosbeneficiossociales,econmicosyambientalesqueelturismo
puedegenerar.
Unproductoperecedero
Elturismoestambinunproductoaltamenteperecedero.Unproductoindustrialsiempre
puede venderseen el futuro, perola capacidad turstica no ocupada es una prdida de
ingreso irrecuperable. La demanda turstica suele ser estacional, por lo que ajustar la
ofertaalademandaesesencialparaasegurarsuviabilidad.Adiferenciadelaindustria,el
turismo afecta a todos los habitantes de una localidad, y no slo a quienes participan
directamenteenestesector.
Desgraciadamente, pocos pases, regiones y localidades cuentan con estrategias de
turismo coherentes. A diferencia de los pases desarrollados, donde la infraestructura
normativa,socialycomercialofreceuncontextodegestinparaelturismo,enlospases
endesarrollolosprogresosdelturismosuelenserimpulsadosporloscriteriosfinancieros
a corto plazo de los promotores y las empresas multinacionales. ltimamente, la
sostenibilidad ambiental se ha convertido en un factor de gran inters para la
planificacin del turismo local. Igualmente importante es la sostenibilidad cultural y
comunitaria. La popularizacin de la artesana y las tradiciones puede provocar
distorsionespermanentessilaculturalocalseconvierteenunproductomsparaatraer
alosvisitantesextranjeros.
Unenfoqueintegrado
A menudo, la estrategia nacional de turismo se ocupa exclusivamente de los visitantes
extranjeros, y descuida o subestima el valor del turismo nacional. En los pases
desarrolladosconunapoblacinnumerosa,elturismointernosermsimportanteque
elextranjero,tantoen volumencomoenvalor.EnelReinoUnido,destinacinturstica
muyapreciadainternacionalmente,elturismonacionalrepresentaanel80%deltotal.
De hecho, la clientela local puede ser significativa incluso en los pases en desarrollo,
dondegranpartedelainfraestructuratursticadependerdelmercadonacional.
2
Elturismosueleayudaraquelospasesanfitrionesdispongandemediosfinancierospara
mantenersupatrimoniocultural.Ocurretambinquelacontinuidaddelosserviciosde
utilidad pblica y el comercio de detalle esencial para la viabilidad econmica
dependadelosturistas,inclusocuandosugastorepresentaslounapequeapartedel
ingresototal.
Pero qu pasa si la demanda generada por el turismo aumenta y se transforma? Se
construirnnuevasinstalacionesyhotelesmsgrandesparaacogeraunaclientelams
exigente.Algunosdelosestablecimientosmstradicionales,decategoramedia,talvez
aprovechenestademandaparamodernizarseycrecer.Peroesprobablequemuchasde
lasempresasenlossegmentosmediosysobretodoinferioresnologrenbeneficiarsede
estanuevademanda,decaiganyquiebren.
Soluciones
Las respuestas a estos problemas deben buscarse en el anlisis y la planificacin, en la
capacitacin profesional del personal del turismo y en la adopcin de estrategias de
gestin claras, que sean comprendidas por el sector y los organismos oficiales
interesados. Siempre es posible influir en el tipo de turismo extranjero que se quiere
atraer, las caractersticas de sus visitas y el desarrollo de las instalaciones y servicios
apropiadosasusnecesidades.
Esdeverasmuyimportantemejorarlasinstalacionesparaelturismonacionalyvalorizar
estesector,yaquemientrasmsseanlosviajerosqueprefieranrecorrersupropiopas,
mscuantiosossernlosingresosconservadosporlaeconomanacionalyelrendimiento
delasinversiones.
Evitarlafragmentacin
El turismo no es una industria homognea. En realidad, comprende empresas tan
diversas como las compaas areas, navieras, de buses, hoteles y otros albergues,
entretenciones,alquilerdecoches,festivalesyeventos,visitasguiadas,ventadedetalle,
circuitos de recorrido tursticos, etc. Aunque en casi todos los pases las empresas ms
grandessonmiembrosdelasasociacionessectoriales,laindustriatursticaestformada
mayoritariamenteporpequeasymedianasempresas,menosorganizadasodispuestasa
participar. Cmo llevarlas a la mesa de dilogo? Los mtodos abundan, pero, para ser
convincentes y eficaces, todos deben apuntar a la participacin en el proceso de
concepcinyaplicacindeunaestrategia.Sedeberecordarquealgunasdelaspersonas
msimportantesparaelturismotalveznotrabajenenestesector.
Paraelplanificador,ocuparsedetodaslasactividadesrelacionadasconelturismoplantea
variasdificultades,comolaobtencindeestadsticasprecisas.Eltipodeestadsticasque
lasempresasrecopilanenelmarcodelagestincomercialylacontabilidad,ylospasesa
efectos de los controles de entrada en las fronteras, no se presta para la gestin, el
3
fomento y la comercializacin del turismo. En efecto, se tiende a minimizar las cifras
comerciales para el pago de los impuestos, y a inflarlas para afirmar la posicin en el
sector.Porende,lasfuentessectorialesnosonfiables.
LasTICyloscambios
Las tecnologas de la informacin y las comunicaciones (TIC) estn transformando
rpidamente al sector turstico, sobre todo en los niveles de bsqueda, reservas y
administracin, si bien las reservas en lnea son por ahora posibles slo en los grandes
hoteles,lneasareasyoperadores.
Aunque esta tendencia sigue afirmndose, habr que esperar a que la mayor parte del
sector turstico de un pas est conectada a las redes virtuales para aprovechar
plenamentesusbeneficios.Mientras,lasTICsiguenaumentandolarentabilidadyeficacia
delarecopilacinydifusindedatossobrelosresultadosdelsector.
Normasdecalidad
Tenerlagarantadequerecibirnprestacionesdecalidadesesencialparalosturistasy,
por consiguiente, para el xito de toda estrategia turstica. Pero son muy pocas las
empresas, incluso en los pases desarrollados, que imparten a su personal una buena
formacinenmateriadeservicioalaclientela.Estaresponsabilidadnoincumbesloalos
hoteles y su personal. Por ejemplo, la Oficina de Turismo de Marruecos ha auspiciado
telefilmsenhorariosdemayoraudienciaparasensibilizaratodalapoblacinsobrecmo
darunbuentratoalosturistas.
Con frecuencia, los turistas deben escoger, sin apoyo, los servicios que van a comprar.
Todavanoexisteunsistemamundialquepropongaunadescripcinnormalizadadelos
hoteles y otros servicios para visitantes. En muchos pases no hay sistemas nacionales,
poreltemordequestostenganuncostoexcesivo;enrealidad,podranfuncionarpor
autoevaluacin,coninspeccionesencasodequejas.
Elcontroldelacalidadsuponequehayareglas,oquegruposprofesionales,convencidos
desuvalorcomercial,laspromuevanyadopten.
Lapalabrajusta
Los profesionales del turismo no estn familiarizados con la terminologa de la
planificacin de las exportaciones. No obstante, conceptos como cuestiones externas
(borderout), cuestiones perifricas (border) y cuestiones internas (borderin) se
aplicansinproblemaalascaractersticasfsicasdelturismo.Porejemplo,alconsiderarlas
cuestiones externas, los planificadores del sector turstico deben analizar los medios
usados por los visitantes extranjeros para hacer sus reservas: agencias de viajes,
turoperadores o la internet. Estos medios se convierten en metas de comercializacin.
4
Entrelascuestionesperifricasfiguranlaslicencias,visados,procedimientosdeentradae
impuestosalosturistas.Encuantoalascuestionesinternas,stasdebenserprimordiales
para los planificadores. Desarrollar productos idneos, promover una buena gestin,
formaralpersonal,sensibilizaralpblicoycrearunambienteacogedorparalosturistas,
dondequiera que stos vayan, son aspectos tan importantes como la preparacin para
exportarenlaproduccindebienes.
Principalesatractivos
Elplanificadordebeconocerbienlaofertaturstica,ascomoelperfildelosturistasque
llegan al pas y de los visitantes potenciales: categoras de visitantes, duracin de su
estancia,caractersticasdelavisita.Tambindebeconocerlosprincipalesatractivosdel
pas, es decir, los aspectos de la oferta que hacen que los visitantes lo prefieran y
descartenalospasescompetidores.Estoimplicalevantaruninventariodelosrecursos,
instalacioneseinfraestructuras,evalundolosenfuncindesuscualidades,deficiencias,
oportunidades y riesgos, y analizndolos en funcin de criterios polticos, econmicos,
sociales y tecnolgicos. Esto contribuye a determinar lo que los expertos en turismo
llamanelajusteentreelproductoyelmercado.Amenudo,elproductoexistentenose
ajusta totalmente a los mercados potenciales, lo que lleva a improvisar formas de
adecuardichosmercados,envezdeajustarelproducto.
Viene luego la definicin del plan de desarrollo del producto, que comprende los
recursosideales(queelpasnotiene,peronecesitaparaatraerlosmercadosmeta)ylas
alianzas nacionales que mejorarn la situacin del pas. Se trata de modernizar las
instalaciones y tambin los recursos humanos y las ideas. Los grupos ecologistas y
comunitarios cumplen un importante papel en la proteccin del patrimonio cultural, y
puedenformaralianzasconturoperadoresyorganizadoresdecircuitos.Elturismoesun
negociopersonalizado,ylosturistassonsensiblesalacalidaddelaacogidaporpartedel
personaltursticoydelasdemspersonasqueencuentrandurantesuvisita.
Los turistas prefieren visitar lugares seguros y agradables. Pero la llamada
Disneyficacin de los destinos tursticos no es la forma de asegurar los niveles que el
visitante reclama. El turista extranjero ms exigente desea conocer la vida real, la
atmsferaylaculturadelpasquevisita.Deahquelaautenticidadseamuchasvecesun
factordeterminanteparaatraerturistas.
El turismo internacional es un terreno de fuerte competitividad. Pero incluso si los
productossonadecuados,elxitodependerdelapromocincomercial,elanlisisylas
mejoras continuas. En realidad, sin una estrategia, el turismo puede ser un factor
perturbadorytalvezperjudicial.Losbeneficioseconmicos,ambientalesysocialesque
aportaunabuenaestrategiatursticasondemasiadovaliososcomoparaignorarlos.
5
*KenRobinson(krobinsonlrt@aol.com)dirigeunaempresadeconsultoraconunavasta
experiencia en proyectos de desarrollo y gestin del turismo en todo el mundo. Este
artculosebasaensusintervencionesduranteunasesindeintercambiodeideasdurante
elForoEjecutivo
6