Air Diffusion Designing for Comfort

Occupant Comfort
Air Diffusion Selection
ADPI Air Diffusion Performance index

Ventilation Effectiveness
Induction Room Space Induction

Design Criteria ISO7730 ASHRAE 55p

Design & Selection Software
Products

Occupant Comfort

Comfort Limits ASHRAE Standard 55-92 and ISO 7730-94

ADPI Air Diffusion Performance Index / Comfort Index

When is a person comfortable?

A person is thermally comfortable when their
body heat loss equals their heat production
without them sensing any changes in
temperature.

Body Heat Loss or Gain

Heat Loss or Gain can occur through:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

transfer of heat across a body

transfer from a body to its surroundings
transfer through electromagnetic waves
sweat

Personal Comfort Variables

- Clothing
- Activity
- Metabolic rate

Space Comfort Variables

- Dry

bulb temperature

- Relative humidity

- Air velocity
- Noise

ASHRAE Definition of Comfort

Fangers comfort index or PMV.
ASHRAE
Defines
Comfort

ASHRAE Definition of Comfort

ASHRAE/ISO 7730 standard defines comfort as:
- Maintaining a temperature of 22.8 25C
- Relative humidity of 25 60%

- Maximum velocity within the occupied zone of

0.25 m/s Cooling & 0.15m/s Heating

Effect of Air Motion on Comfort

The percentage of dissatisfied occupants at the Neck Region.

Effect of Air Motion on Comfort

The percentage of dissatisfied occupants at the Ankle Region.

Design Criteria ISO7730-ASHRAE 55P-APDI

Thermal

Resistance of Clothing - Clo Value

Provided
sufficientPhysical
heatingActivity
& cooling
Metabolic there
Rate isOccupants
to meet the thermal and humidity control
Air Temperature Optimum Operative Temperature
requirements,
comfort is almost completely a
Air Velocity
Mean
Space
Velocity
function
of the
space
air distribution.
S.A. Mumma, Ph.D P.E., Fellow ASHRAE
Relative
Mean

Humidity

Radiant Temperature

Air Diffusion Selection

Air Distribution
Air Diffusion Design & Selection

Defining the Occupied Space

Terminal Velocity
Terminal Velocity Tv 0.25

.75 m/s

7.3 m

11.3 m

.50 m/s .25 m/s

15.6m

Free Expansion
A free jet will expand at 22.
Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Laminar, induction
increases
Exit velocity with initial
induction

Laminar, induction
increases
Laminar/Turbulent,
maximum Room induction

Hot and Cold Jets

If the supply air is warmer than the room temperature, it will rise.
However if the supply air is cooler than the room air, it will drop.

General Rule: Distance @ T0.25 is effected at 2% per Degree

Example 50C Delta T Heating

10%
T 0.25
Throw@0.25m/s
General Rule: Distance @T 0.25 is effected at 2% per Degree

Considerations
With overhead heating, the air slows down and turns
upwards at roughly 0.50 to 0.75m/s.

0.5 to 0.75m/s

Considerations
Furniture against wall

Air Diffusion Mistakes

Colliding jets

ADPI Air Diffusion Performance Index

ADPI Effective Draft Temperature

Effective Draft Temperature is calculated by:

q = (t x - tc )- 8(Vx - 0.15)
where :
q = effective draft temperature (K)
t x = local jet dry-bulb temperature (C)
tc =
Vx =

control room dry-bulb temperature (C)

local jet centreline velocity (m/s)

ADPI & Effective Draft Temperature

The ADPI is the percentage of locations where
measurements are taken which have an:

Acceptable _ Effective Draft Temperature.

Total number of q within acceptance
Total number of values measured

100

An acceptable value for Effective Draft Temperature is

within -1.70 and +1.10, with a velocity of less than 0.35m/s

ASHRAE Definition of Comfort PMV

Comfort as a function of air velocity and temperature.

ADPI Effective Draft Temperature

Air Diffusion Performance Index

Effective draft temperature, q = (t x - tc ) - 8(Vx - 0.15)
tc
1700mm
1100mm
600mm
100mm

q1

q100
tx and Vx

ADPI Air Diffusion Performance Index

Effective draft temperature, q = (t x - tc ) - 8(Vx - 0.15)
Room Temp = 220C
30 Test points at 0.1m/s, 20C
35 points at 0.2m/s, 21C
20 points at 0.3m/s, 22C
15 points at 0.4m/s, 22C

so if

30 points = -1.6
35 points = -1.4
20 points = -1.2
15 points = -2

ADPI = 85

q1 = (t x - tc ) - 8(Vx - 0.15)
= (20 - 22 ) - 8(0.1 - 0.15)
= -1.6
q 2 = -1.4
q 3 = -1.2
q 4 = -2
30 35 20
ADPI =
30 35 20 15
= 0.85
= 85%

Air Diffusion Performance Index Selection Guide

35-160

Air Diffusion Performance Index Ratio

Throw distance at
terminal velocity
0.25m/s

T0.25
L

Characteristic
room length

Terminal Velocity Tv 0.25

11.3 m

.75 m/s

7.3 m

.50 m/s .25 m/s

15.6

Characteristic Room Length L

Characteristic room length for various Air Diffusion Products

Diffuser Type

Characteristic Length (L)

High Sidewall Register

Distance to wall perpendicular to jet

Circular Ceiling Diffuser

& Swirl Diffusers

Distance to closest wall or intersecting air jet

Sill Grille
Ceiling Slot Diffuser
Light Troffer Diffusers
Perforated, Louvered
Ceiling Diffusers

Length of room in direction of flow

Distance to wall or mid plane between outlets
Distance to mid plane between outlets plus
distance from ceiling to top of occupied zone
Distance to wall or mid plane between outlets

ADPI Selection Example

Example Mapping Throw

6m

2.7 m

A consulting engineer is selecting a diffuser for the room above.

The room requires 250 l/s at an NC no greater than 35.

Example Mapping Throw

1.5 m

3m

1.5 m

2.7 m

0.4 m

0.4 m

They selected 2 x CFP600/12, with 125l/s for each. Total air quantity 250l/s, with
a throw of 2.9m @ 0.25m/s. An NC value of 14.

Will the occupants be comfortable?

Example Using ADPI

ADPI range @ 130W/m2 for 80 target - ratio = 0.5 1.5
1.5m

3m

1.5m

2.7m

0.4m

0.4m

T0.25 2.9
=
= 1.93
ADPI calculation =
L
1.5

Example Mapping Throw

If our selection 1 x CFP600/24 Radial Swirl diffuser.

Total volume 250l/s - Throw 3.1m @0.25m/s - NC = 26

Will the occupants be comfortable?
3m

2.7 m

3m

Example Using ADPI

ADPI range @ 130W/m2 for 80 target - ratio = 0.5-1.5

3m

3m

2.7 m

T0.25 3.1
=
= 1.03
ADPI calculation =
L
3

ADPI Selection

T0.25
L

ADPI Selection

T0.25
L

ADPI Selection

ADPI Design Expectations

APDI - Ensures proper Selection, Application and
Deployment of Air Diffusion Equipment
High APDI equates to High
Air Change Effectiveness (ACE) Value

ADPI Method is suitable for heating at <100C T

ADPI method is effective for CAD (as low 50C)

Cold Air Distribution Design Manual TR-106715 Research Project 3280-39)

Ventilation Effectiveness

Ventilation Effectiveness Air Change

Effectiveness (ACE)
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 129-1997
ASHRAE Fundamentals F25-1997

Principally it is an evaluation of effective

mixing of the Supply/Outdoor
with Room/ Space Air

Induction

Induction, High Induction & Induction Ratios

High Induction means High Exit Velocity

High Induction means High Pressure

Higher pressure offsets (CAD) Design Savings
High Induction = Smaller Air flows or more
Diffusers or more Noise

Induction, High Induction & Induction Ratio

Room
Air Induction
Equationpublished method
There
is no accepted
Qx

Vo
induction
ratio of an
Vx
Qo
individual
diffusion
product

for determining
the
Induction
Ratio Q =
=
C

Qo:= Supply volume m3/s

Vo = Primary
Qx:= Induction
volume atAir
Distance
Induction
Air / Induced
C
Qx = Qo XRatio
Vx
Vo: = Discharge Velocity m/s
Vx: = Velocity at distance m/s
C: = Entrainment
Coefficient
Temperature Measurements
of Primary
1.4 for infinite slots and 2.0
Air, Discharge Air and
Induced
Airjets
for round
free axial
Where:

Holyoake Swirl Diffusers Series CFP

CFP - 600/24
Aeff: 0.1110m2
Veff: 0.7-3m/s
Air Flow: 75-300L/S
Pa: 2-13
NC <10-30

CFP - 600/20
Aeff: 0.0925m2
Veff: 0.5-3m/s
Air Flow: 50-250L/S
Pa: 6-12
NC 12-26

CFP - 600/12
Aeff: 0.0555m2
Veff: 0.5-3m/s
Air Flow: 25-150L/S
Pa: 2-18
NC <10-20

Flexible Volume range suitable for VAV Systems

High Mixing Turbulent Radial Swirl Air Pattern Good induction
Low Pressure - Low Noise
High Range VAV Blade Design and Turbulent Radial Mixing

Induction, Room Induction - Room Induction Ratios Q

Air Volume 200L/S = 2.16m/s Exit Velocity

Swirl Diffuser

Air Volume100L/S = 1.08m/s Exit Velocity

Swirl Diffuser

Tv@0.25m/s

Tv@0.20m/s

3456 L/S

1080 L/S
CFP/600/20

(Figure 9)

(Figure 8)

Room Induction Ratio Q = 17.28

Air Volume 200L/S = 2.16m/s Exit Velocity

Room Induction Ratio Q = 10.8

Air Volume100L/S = 1.08m/s Exit Velocity

Swirl Diffuser

Swirl Diffuser

Tv@0.15m/s

5760 L/S
(Figure 11)

Room Induction Ratio Q = 28.8

Tv@0.10m/s

2160 L/S
(Figure 10)

Room Induction Ratio Q = 21.6

Design Criteria ISO7730 ASHRAE 55P

PVM Predicted Mean Vote - PPD

Design Criteria ISO7730-ASHRAE 55P-APDI

Thermal

Resistance of Clothing - Clo Value

Metabolic

Rate Occupants Physical Activity

Air

Temperature Optimum Operative Temperature

Air

Velocity Mean Space Velocity

Relative
Mean

Humidity

Radiant Temperature

Thermal Comfort Considerations & Obligations

Design to a Predetermined PMV-PPD
As a function of: Clothing, Metabolic Rate. Air temp, Radiant Temp, Velocity, Humidity

<6% PD

<10% PD

<15% PD

Establish Optimum Operative Temperature Range

<6% PD

<10% PD

<15% PD

Establish the draft rating DR PD (mean velocity)

encompassing: Local Air Temperature, Local air velocity, local turbulence intensity

<15% PD

<20% PD

<25% PD
0.62

DR = (34 - ta )(v - 0.05)

(0.37 v Tu 3.14)

Thermal Comfort Considerations & Obligations

Determine Ventilation rate for Perceived

Indoor Air Quality as a result of Occupant numbers and Building Materials
<15% PD

<20% PD

<30% PD

Establish your Ventilation rate for Air Quality

as a result of Occupant numbers and Building Materials
<15% PD <20% PD <30% PD

Confirm Design Ventilation Effectiveness

Green Star requires Veff 0.95

Thermal Comfort Considerations & Obligations

Establish required Flow Rate for Thermal Design

in accordance with optimal operating temperature

Ensure Acoustics meet Environment standards

Category (A)

Category (B)

Category (C)

Establish and Confirm ADPI Rating >80

Effective Draft Temperature : local temperature, room average temperature, local velocity

q = (tx - tc ) - 8(Vx - 0.15)

Calculation for PMV for resultant PPD

Design & Selection Software

Air Distribution Design Program

ADE:5.4

Products

Architectural Louvers

CSDF Fixed Pattern Linear Slot

CSD-P Flangeless Linear

LF1200 Flangeless Extruded

Linear Bar Diffuser

Thankyou for Listening

Predicted Mean Vote Percentage Dissatisfied

P. Ole Fanger
Director, Professor, D.Sc.
International Centre for Indoor
Environment and Energy
Technical University of Denmark,
Building 402
DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.