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Procedia Computer Science 59 (2015) 577 583

International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence (ICCSCI 2015)

Batik image classification using treeval and treefit as decision tree

function in optimizing content based batik image retrieval
Abdul Haris Rangkuti1, Zulfany Erlisa Rasjid2, DJunaidi Santoso3
1,2.3
School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Email : rangku2000@binus.ac.id, rangku2000@gmail.com, zulfany@binus.ac.id, djunaidi@binus.ac.id

ABSTRACT
This research is to increase the percentage of similarity and to increase the speed of the retrieval of characteristic of batik image which is the
texture and shape. In order to obtain an optimal result, the classification process is performed using a decision tree with treeval and treefit
function, where the value used is the result of the image feature extraction. For this image extraction, the values that originate from the
approximation coefficient that uses the wavelet transform method deubecheuss level 2 and invariant movement. The research is performed on 7
types of pattern and 225 images. The result using 5 types of batik patterns namely lereng, parang, kawung, nitik and truntum using 20 test data
on each pattern, has a similarity percentage above 80 - 85 percent. For 2 other patterns which is mega mendung and ceplok using 10 data on
each pattern, has a similarity percentage above 30 40 percent only. Based on the result, further research is required to using other methods
and functions.

2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
(ICCSCI
2015).
Intelligence
(ICCSCI 2015)
Keywords : Batik, treeval, treefit, approximation coefficient, Wavelet Transform, Invariant moment ,

1. Background
In order to support the development of Indonesias culture especially in preserving batik cloth, it is necessary to perform
researches that is related to the batik pattern characteristic. Batik is a cultural heritage not because of the batik itself but because
of the art in making the batik. The occurrence of the problem in claiming the batik culture is partly caused by the lack of
arwareness of our nation on the importance of the batik culture preservation. To prevent this problem from happening, it is
required to have a complete documentation on Indonesias batik. In existing research on Batik image retrieval, currently it is
based on colour and shape characteristic and only a few research is using shapae and texture characteristic. In fact, all batik
patterns have symbolic meaning that contains information of the batik image, especially on its shape and texture characteristic.
For that reason this research is using an approach involving two extraction features of Batik Image Retrieval (BIR). 19-21,
Content Based Batik Image Retrieval is an approach for image retrieval based on the information contained in the Batik image
itself such as colour, shape and the texture of the image. CBIR comprises of the following steps, preprocess, pattern extraction,
indexing and image retrieval24,17.
An image retrieval system is a system to retrieve information in a form of an image by measuring the similarity precentage of
the image query that is input by the user and the image stored in the database13,15,16. The problem in content based searching

1877-0509 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence (ICCSCI 2015)
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.551

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Abdul Haris Rangkuti et al. / Procedia Computer Science 59 (2015) 577 583

system is to find a feature that can represent unique characteristic of the image, so that it can be used accurately to identify
images. The visual feature that can be extracted from the image data are texture, colour and shape [16]. In relation to the batik
image, the texture feature is an important feature because of the ornaments on the batik cloth can be seen as a different texture
composition. This research however, is also focused on the shape and colour feature of the batik image [18][20..21]. The main
focus of this research on batik image retrieval system is to obtain an optimal result in obtaining a pattern similarity which is more
relevant to the intented image. Therefore this research will be developed not only to find the texture feature but also the shape
similarity through the concept of CBIR on batik image27,28.
Some research has been performed by developing a retrieval system, based on contents of Batik image, some using the
Generalized Hogh Transform method to identify a specific pattern in a batik image 25. In earlier research it is also developed a
retrieval system concept based on Kodebook which is developed using keyblock structure to encode and decode a batik image
[28]. An image retrieval concept based on the batik image content that has a specoal characteristic on the image using filter logGabor and colour histogram has also been developed.
1.1 Scope of the Research
The scope of this research is :
A. The research object is focused on 7 batik pattern which is ceplok, lereng, parang, nitik, truntum, kawung, and mega
mendung. This research is focused on the texture and shape characterisic. In the retriecal process, classification process is
performed first using the treefit function to generate the decision tree and the treeval function to form the classification. The
research object is batik image which is in a form of an image database and image query with the following specification:
having a jpg format and 200 x 200 pixel in size, and the image that is input or used as the image query can be an image with
no specific sized.
1.2 Objectives and Benefits
The objective of this research is:
1. To develop an accurate image classification method in order to be able to increase the capability in performing batik
image processing.
2. To increase the accuracy and speed in the batik image processing by performing classification process using tree fit and
treeval functions.
3. To facilitate the batik image retrieval processing from image query that has been grouped into classes based on pattern
characteristic in the form of a decision tree using treeval function.
The benefits of this research is as follows:
A. By developing a method for image extraction and classification, the accuracy of the image retrieval based on
characteristic will be increased.
B. The result of this research is expected to obtain a high accuracy and high performance of the batik recognition process.

2. SUPPORTING OF THEORY
2.1 Treefit and Treval Decision Tree
Treefit (x,y) function is to create a decision tree to predict the response y which is predicted by the x value. x can be a marix
with a value for prediction. y is also a vector used as a response of n or an array of character that contain class name n and it is
based on value in the x column.
Treeval function is used to create the classification or regression from the decision tree produced by the treefit function,
including a matrix X on the prediction value. In order to classify and perform regression based on the creator value (yfit), which
is based on the response from one point to obain the prediction valu, and the classification treebased on the class number where
tree is to relate the point with the ith data (X(i)) and convert a number of points into class name4.
2.2 Invariant Moment
To identify an object in an image, segmentation process frequently has problems with regards to the objects position, object
rotation and changes in the objects scale. Changes or rotation in position, different sizes of objects, whether it is small or large
causes error in identifying that particular object. Moment is able to represent an object in many ways such as area, position,
orientation and other defined parameters. The purpose using this method is to obtain invariant moments from all objects from a
Batik image. Every Batik image will have 7 values of invariant moments. All 7 (seven) value of invariant moments will be used
for identification process 10,20,21.

2.3 Texture and Shape Characteristic Calculation

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At this step, texture feature extraction using type debecheus 2 wavelet transform method in order to obtain decomposition on
each Batik image making use of subband LL. In order to obtain an optimal feature extraction, several texture characteristic is
such as mean, standard deviation, entropy, correlation, contrast, energy and skewness is used on each Batik image. The
representation of the image characteristic is as follows:
Mean : Shows the dispersion of an image including the determination of gray intensity.
Energy : Image characteristic resulted from the image decomposition is obtained by calculating the energy contained in each
subband.
Entrophy : Basically, entropy is performed to measure the diversity and the intensity of the image. Entropy resulted from
wavelet can be regarded as the characteristic of an image. Entropy shows the variety of the measurement of shapes. Large
entropy value for images with uniform degree of gray transition and small value if the image structure varies.
Standard Deviation : Shows the grey intensity distribution.
All characteristics will be calculated for each Batik image, resulting in 4 (four) characteristic value related to each Batik image.
It is expected that with these 4 characteristic values, extraction process can be more accurate and optimal including to facilitate
the classification process that will be used in the next step1,2,20,21,29.
2.4

Collection and Selection of Batik Image

There are 2 rules in the selection of Batik image; the image condition and the image pattern. For the Batik Image selected to
be analysed, it is important to have a clear shape and texture, whereas for image pattern to be analysed, there are 12 types of
Batik image patterns. The collection of the Batik images is performed by several ways such as Batik image acquisition from the
internet, direct from digital photo and from magazines related to Batik images. The Batik images collected will be converted into
jpg extension, at the same time performing resizing and mormalization. This process is performed in order to obtain the
dimension which is easy to view visually and accurately processed by the system, either 200 x 200 or 300 x 300.
3. Research Framework

Collecting
And Selecion of
Image batik

Preprocessing

Feature
Extraction

Feataure Extraction
using texture
Collectiong and
Selection of Batik
Image

Classification

Measurement
Similarity

Image Classification
Using Treefit and
Treeval Fuction
(Decision Tree)

Preprocessing using
graylevel dan Canny
Detection

Class of Baitk Image

Feataure Extraction
using Shape

Measurement Of
Image Similarity

Input of batik Image

Result of Batik
Image Similarity

Figure 1. Research Framework : Classification Process using Treeva and treefit as function Decision Tree
3.1 Pre processing
3.1.1 Grayscale Process
Grayscale process is the process to convert colored images to become a grayscaled image. Basically a color image consists of
3 layers which is R- layer, G-layer and B-layer. The grayscale process will convert 3 layers R, G dan B to become 1 layer and the
result will be a grayscaled image. In this image there are no colors, having only the degree of grayness. To convert the color
image that has r, g and b to grayscale color with a value s. The conversion can be performed by averaging r, g and b. Therefore
there will be no more colored image, all are grayscale images.

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3.1.2 Edge detection algorithm using Canny

Edge detection is a process to determine the point location which forms the edges of the objects. Edge detection on an image is
a process that form edges from image objects. This method can detect the edges or lines which form image objects and
clarification on the edges. Sobel, Prewitt, Robert, Laplacian of a Gaussian, Canny, and other methods are used to detect the
edges of the images. Canny algorithm has become a standard algorithm to detect edges and used in many researches21,25.
3.2 Feature Ekstraction
The result of existing experiments, starting from grayscale processing, binary and canny processes and the result of invariant
moments calculation is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2 Preprocessing of Parang pattern and Feature Ekstration using Invariant Moment

3.3 Wavelet Transform (Texture Feature Extraction)

Wavelet method is a mathematical function that converts the original image to become an image in the frequency domain,
where further can be divided into different subband frequency component. Each component is studied using resolution which is
according to scale. According to Sydney (1998), Wavelet is a small wave that has the capability to group image energy,
concentrated on a group of small coefficient, whereas the other coefficients only contains a small amount of energy which is
trivial and can be ignored without reducing the Information value. The implementation of concept of wavelet transformation on
the image decomposition is adapted using wavelet character related to the object in study1,7,8,10,20,14. With several researches the
feature extraction on Batik image using wavelet transformation supports the Batik Image Retrieval based on Image features, with
sub image frequency researched focusing on low low subband20,21,14. In general, the process starts from preprocessing until
extraction using the wavelet transform method and followed by calculating the feature parameter on each of the Batik pattern.
The process is shown in Figure 3.

Prerocessing with
grayscale process

Classification
using Treeval and
Treefit as decision
tree fuction

BinerisasI Process

Edge detection

Feature extraction
using wavelet
transform

To calcula te texture
characteristic wh ich It is
the result process from
decomposition process in
LL koeficie nt such as
ene rgy, mean, entroph y
and sta ndard of d eviatio n.

Figure 3. Chart showing the process of Batik image from preprocessing until Feature extraction.
This chart shows the process start from preprocessing to feature extraction process. Preprocessing step started with grayscale
process and binary processing. Then followed by side detection process using the canny algorithm. The next step is feature
extraction process using the deubecheus 2 level 2 type wavelet transform method. Wavelet will perform the image decomposition
by obtaining the subband LL value13,15. The result of the decomposition is the approximation coefficient, which will be followed

Abdul Haris Rangkuti et al. / Procedia Computer Science 59 (2015) 577 583

581

by calculating 4 features in the feature extraaction process. The result of this calculation will beccome the input for the
classification process using treeval dan treefit.
3.4 Decision Tree using Treeval dan Treefit function
f
After obtaining the coefficient resulted from
m the image extraction process using the wavelet transforrm, classification process
is performed using treeval and treefit functioon. The processes are as follows4:
Load coefficient image 1, image 2 ... image n
t = treefit(kls, image n);% Create decision treee
sfit = treeval(t,kls);
% Find class tasks
sfit = t.classname(sfit); % Obtain class neffiicientame
kls(strcmp(sfit, imagen)); % Image Coefficieent placement on each class

The result of experimental

e
from the processing a number
of motive batik image
100
50
0

Figure 4 : The result of Expeeriment using some batik pattern and the output of the expperiment
Comparison of the methods and algorithms of previous studies

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

No Classification

Simplle Classification using FNN

the numberof batik motif stu

udied

Classification using Treeval and

treefit

The average of Accuracy percentage in CBIR process

Figure 5 : Comparison of using some method and algorithm to optimal the CBIR
R

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Abdul Haris Rangkuti et al. / Procedia Computer Science 59 (2015) 577 583

In the figure 4.0 describes the results of experiments on 7 of motive batik image. From Experiment results illustrated, the
percentage accuracy for image retrieval base on the example image. Each pattern has 10 to 12 types of sample images that have
almost the same pattern. In the figure 5.0 describes the results of previous research by the author, the number of batik motif
studied including the results of the percentage accuracy for the CBIR process.
5. Conclusion
Based on the experiments performed, the following can be concluded:
1. The result obtained from the prototype application, the highest precision reached is 90% meaning that the identification of
Batik image is very high. On some image pattern which is more difficult to be identified such as mega mendung and ceplok,
the precision is between 30-40 %. This will be a concern for the researcher to find other methods or concepts that can
increase the similarity percentage.
2. By implementing the treeval and treefit as decision tree function, the process is 0.2-0.3 seconds faster, where previously the
performance is between 0.7 0.8 seconds using the same computer configuration.
3. In the previous study, some retrieval process is performed through classification and some are not. However, classification
using Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) and applying the treeval and treefit functions proved that the result is better.
4. This research will be further concducted in order to identify some images that has a more complex characteristics or shapes
such as recognizing batik pattern, blood cells, and tumor cells.
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