OBJECTIVES

describe the basic steps in the operation of the following types of

motors:
repulsion motor
Compensated repulsion motor
repulsion start, induction run motor
repulsion-induction motor
REPULSION MOTOR
A repulsion motor basically consists of the following parts:
Laminated stator core with one winding. This winding is similar to the
main or running winding of a split-phase motor. The stator usually is
wound with four, six, or eight poles.
Rotor consisting of a slotted core into which a winding is placed. The rotor
is similar in construction to the armature of a dc motor. Thus, the rotor is
called an armature. The coils which make up this armature winding are
connected to a commutator. The commutator has segments or bars
parallel to the armature shaft.
Carbon brushes contacting with the commutator surface. The brushes are
held in place by a brush holder assembly mounted on one of the end
shields. The brushes are connected together by heavy copper jumpers.
The brush holder assembly may be moved so that the brushes can make
contact with the commutator surface at different points to obtain the
correct rotation and maximum torque output. There are two types of brush
arrangements:
1. Brush riding the brushes are in contact with the commutator surface
at all times.
2. Brush lifting the brushes lift at approximately 75 percent of the rotor
speed.
Two cast steel end shields. These shields house the motor bearings and
are secured to the motor frame.

Two bearings supporting the armature shaft. The bearings center the
armature with respect to the stator core and windings. The bearings may
be sleeve bearings or ball bearing units.
Cast steel frame into which the stator core is pressed.
Operation of a Repulsion Motor
The connection of the stator winding of a repulsion motor to a singlephase line causes a field to be developed by the current in the stator
windings. This stator field induces a voltage and a resultant current in the
rotor windings. If the brushes are placed in the proper position on the
commutator segments, the current in the armature windings will set up
proper magnetic poles in the armature.
These armature field poles have a set relationship to the stator field
poles. That is, the magnetic poles developed in the armature are set off
from the field poles of the stator winding by about 15 electrical degrees.
Furthermore, since the instantaneous polarity of the rotor poles is the
same as that of the adjacent stator poles, the repulsion torque created
causes the rotation of the motor armature.
The three diagrams show the importance of the brushes being in the
proper position to develop maximum torque. In fig.1A, no torque is
developed when the brushes are placed at right angles to the stator
poles. This is due to the fact that the equal induced voltages in the two
halves of the armature winding oppose each other at the connection
between the two sets of brushes. Since there is no current in the
windings, flux isn't developed by the armature windings.
In 1B, the brushes are in a position directly under the center of the stator
poles. A heavy current exists in the armature windings with the brushes in
this position, but there is still no torque. The heavy current in the armature
windings sets up poles in the armature. However, these poles are
centered with the stator poles and a torque isn't created either in
a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

fig.1 Repulsion motor operation: a. No torque created, equal voltage

values oppose each other (soft neutral); b. No torque even though current
value in armature is high (hard neutral); c. clockwise rotation; brushes in
correct position.

In 1C, the brushes have shifted from the center of the stator poles 45
electrical degrees in a clockwise direction. Thus, magnetic poles of like
polarity are set up in the armature. These poles are 45 electrical degrees
in a clockwise direction from the stator pole centers. A repulsion torque is
created between the stator and the rotor field poles of like polarity. The
torque causes the armature to rotate in a clockwise direction. A repulsion
machine has a high starting torque, with a small starting current, and a
rapidly decreasing speed with an increasing load.
The direction of rotation of a repulsion motor is reversed if the brushes
are shifted electrical degrees from the stator field pole centers in
a clockwise direction. As a result, magnetic poles of like polarity are set
up in the armature. These poles are 45 electrical degrees in a clockwise
direction from the stator pole centers. Repulsion motors are used
principally for constant-torque applications, such as printing-press drives,
fans, and blowers.
REPULSION START, INDUCTION RUN MOTOR
A second type of repulsion motor is the repulsion start, induction run
motor. In this type of motor, the brushes contact the commutator at all
times. The commutator of this motor is the more conventional axial form.
A repulsion start, induction run motor consists basically of the following
parts:
Laminated stator core. This core has one winding which is similar to the
main or running winding of a split-phase motor.
Rotor consisting of a slotted core into which a winding is placed.
The coils which make up the winding are connected to a commutator. The
rotor core and winding are similar to the armature of a dc motor. Thus, the
rotor is called an armature.
Centrifugal device.
a. In the brush-lifting type of motor, there is a centrifugal device which lifts
the brushes from the commutator surface at 75 percent of the rated
speed. This device consists of governor weights, a short-circuiting
necklace, a spring barrel, spring, push rods, brush holders, and brushes.
Although high in first cost, this device does save wear and tear on

brushes, and runs quietly. fig 3 is an exploded view of the armature, radial
commutator, and centrifugal device of the brush-lifting type of repulsion
start, induction run motor.
b. The brush-riding type of motor also contains a centrifugal device which
operates at 75 percent of the rated speed. This device consists of
governor weights, a short-circuiting, necklace, and a spring barrel. The
commutator segments are short circuited by this device, but the brushes
and brush holders are not lifted from the commutator surface.

fig. 3 An exploded view of a radial commutator and centrifugal brushlifting device for a repulsion start, Induction run motor Commutator. The
brush-lifting type of motor has a radial-type commutator (3). The brushriding type of motor has an axial commutator (4).
Brush holder assembly.
a. The brush holder assembly for the brush-lifting type of motor is
arranged so that the centrifugal device can lift the brush holders and
brushes clear of the commutator surface.
b. The brush holder assembly for the brush-riding type of motor is the
same as that of a repulsion motor.
End shields, bearings, and motor frame. The parts are the same as those
of a repulsion motor.

Operation of the Centrifugal Mechanism

Refer to figure 4 to identify the components of the centrifugal mechanism.
The operation of this device consists of the following steps. As the
push rods of the centrifugal device move forward, they push the spring
barrel forward. This allows the short-circuiting necklace to make contact
with the radial commutator bars thus are all short circuited. At the same
time, the brush holders and brushes are moved from the commutator
surface. As a result, there is no unnecessary wear on the brushes and the
commutator surface and there are no objectionable noises caused by the
brushes riding on the radial commutator surface.

fig. 4 An exploded view of a short-circuiting device for a brush-riding,

repulsion start, induction run motor
The short-circuiting action of the governor mechanism and the
commutator segments converts the armature to a form of squirrel-cage
rotor and the motor operates as a single-phase induction motor. In other
words, the motor starts as a repulsion motor and runs as an induction
motor.
In the brush-riding type of motor, all axial commutators is used. The
centrifugal mechanism ( 4) consists of a number of copper segments
which are held in place by a spring. This device is placed next to the
commutator. When the rotor reaches 75 percent of the rated speed, the
centrifugal device short circuits the commutator segments. The motor
then will continue to operate as an induction motor.

Operation of a Repulsion Start, Induction Run Motor

The starting torque is good for either the brush-lifting type or the brushriding type of repulsion start, induction run motor. Furthermore, the speed
performance of both types of motors is very good since they operate as
single-phase induction motors.
Because of the excellent starting and running characteristics for both
types of repulsion start, induction run motors, they were used for a variety
of industrial applications, including commercial refrigerators,
compressors, and pumps.
The direction of rotation for a repulsion start, induction run motor is
changed in the same manner as that for a repulsion motor, that's , by
shifting the brushes past the stator pole center 15 electrical degrees.
The symbol in figure 5 represents both a repulsion start, induction run
motor and a repulsion motor.
Many repulsion starts, induction run motors are designed to operate on
115 volts or 230 volts. These dual-voltage motors contain two stator
windings. For 115-volt operation, the stator windings are connected in
parallel; for 230-volt operation, the stator windings are connected in
series. The diagram in figure 6 represent a dual-voltage, repulsion start,
induction run motor. The connection table shows how the leads of the
motor are connected for either 115-volt operation or 230-volt operation.
These connections also can be used for dual-voltage repulsion motors.

fig. 5 Schematic diagram symbol of a repulsion start, induction run motor

and a repulsion motor. ill. 6Schematic diagram of a dual-voltage,
repulsion start, induction run motor.

REPULSION-INDUCTION MOTOR
The operating characteristics of a repulsion-induction motor are similar to
those of the repulsion start, induction run motor. However, the repulsioninduction motor has no centrifugal mechanism. It has the same type of
armature and commutator as the repulsion motor, but it has a squirrelcage winding beneath the slots of the armature.

fig. 7 An armature of a repulsion-induction motor: slots for regular

winding; squirrel-cage winding.
fig. 7 shows a repulsion-induction motor armature with a squirrel-cage
winding. One advantage of this type of motor is that it has no centrifugal
device requiring maintenance. The repulsion-induction motor has a very
good starting torque since it starts as a repulsion motor. At start up, the
repulsion winding predominates; but, as the motor speed increases, the
squirrel-cage winding is used most. The transition from repulsion to
induction operation is smooth since no switching device is used. In
addition, the repulsion-induction motor has a fairly constant speed
regulation from no load to full load because of the squirrel-cage winding.
The torque-speed performance of a repulsion-induction motor is similar to
that of a dc compound motor.
A repulsion-induction motor can be operated on either 115 volts or 230
volts. The stator winding has two sections which are connected in parallel
for 115-volt operation, and in series for 230-volt operation. The markings
of the motor terminals and the connection arrangement of the leads is the
same as in a repulsion start, induction run motor.
The symbol in figure 5 also represents a repulsion-induction motor (as
well as a repulsion start, induction run motor and a repulsion motor.)