PREFACE

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic,"wrote

ARTHUR C. CLARKE. Today, we can drive in a voice activated car, get our
clothes washed and dried in a washing machine with in minutes, and read the
temperature and air pressure from our wrist watch .A musical greeting card has
more computing power than NASA'S lunar Lander had in 1969. Thousand of
people have embedded processors beneath their skin, as pacemaker or hearing aids.
It is the embedded technology that makes all this possible. Embedded system not
only sit in our microwave ovens but also help drive our cars, giving us directions to
follow entertainment through our journey, keeping us connected with anyone
across the globe and even warning us of potential danger. And is not far off when
you'll have a car similar to what JAMES BOND drives!
Embedded technology plays a key role not only in consumer electronics but also
in much safety critical application like avionics, space, railways and transport,
process control and medicine. But complexity creates problems too. A faulty
microprocessor or software may prove to be a costly affair. Your favorite song on
the MP3 player may sing a different tune. A car can go up in flames if spark plugs
misfire. Even the Boeing aircraft may go off course. Fingers are then pointed at the
system developer or software engineer for writing a code that is not robust. It's
imperative for embedded application to be much more reliable than their desktop
counterparts.

Introduction to Embedded Systems

The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software
additional electrical & mechanical parts.
A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the
system design and to provide flexibility.
Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is
present.
Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a
microprocessor) within their implementation
These are Real-time systems process events.These events occur on
external inputs cause other events to occur as outputs. Minimizing
response time is usually a primary objective, or otherwise the entire
system may fail to operate properly.
Therefore Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (Real-Time
Operating System)
It is an Operating Systems with the necessary features to support a RealTime System
Real-Time System
A system where correctness depends not only on the correctness of the
logical result of the computation, but also on the result delivery time. It
responds in a timely, predictable way to unpredictable external stimuli
arrivals.
The real Time Systems can be further divided into two types:
Soft Real-Time System
Compute output response as fast as possible, but no specific
deadlines that must be met.
Hard Real-Time System
Output response must be computed by specified deadline or system
fails.

Programmi
ng

Embed
ded
&
Real
Time
System
s

Logical/Dig
ital
Design

Computer
Systems
Organization

Embedded
Systems
DSP
Advance
d
Digital
Design
(Synthesi
s)

VLSI/ASI
C
&
SoC
Design

Control
System
s

Programming Languages Used in New Embedded

Designs
`
90.0%
80.0%

1998-1999
1999-2000

70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Assembly

C++

Java

Other

Micro Controllers Trend in the Embedded Systems

100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
4-bit

8-bit

16-bit

32-bit

64-bit Special

Application of embedded systems in

sphere of life
Consumer electronics
Telecommunication
Automobile
Medical instrumentation
Industrial control equipment
Defense
Communication satellite
Data communication
Internet appliances

Introduction to microcontroller
A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip, or, if you prefer, a single-chip
computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the
device might be used to control objects, processes, or events. Another term to
describe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller and
its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.
You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of things these days. Any device that
measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information is a candidate for
putting a microcontroller inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in
automobilesjust about every car manufactured today includes at least one
microcontroller for engine control, and often more to control additional systems in
the car. In desktop computers, you can find microcontrollers inside keyboards,
modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test equipment, microcontrollers make
it easy to add features such as the ability to store measurements, to create and store
user routines, and to display messages and waveforms. Consumer products that use
microcontrollers include cameras, video recorders, compact-disk players, and
ovens. And these are just a few examples.
Microcontroller Basics
A microcontroller is similar to the microprocessor inside a personal computer.
Examples of microprocessors include Intels 8086, Motorolas 68000, and Zilogs
Z80. Both microprocessors and microcontrollers contain a central processing unit,
or CPU. The CPU executes instructions that perform the basic logic, math, and
data-moving functions of a computer. To make a complete computer, a
microprocessor requires memory for storing data and programs, and input/output

(I/O) interfaces for connecting external devices like keyboards and displays. In
contrast, a microcontroller is a single-chip computer because it contains memory
and I/O interfaces in addition to the CPU. Because the amount of memory and
interfaces that can fit on a single chip is limited, microcontrollers tend to be used in
smaller systems that require little more than the microcontroller and a few support
components. Examples of popular microcontrollers are Intels 8052 (including the
8052-BASIC, which is the focus of this book), Motorolas 68HC11, and Zilogs
Z8.

Microcontroller History
To understand how microcontrollers fit into the always-expanding world
of computers, we need to look back to the roots of microcomputing.
In its January 1975 issue, Popular Electronics magazine featured an
article describing the Altair 8800 computer, which was the first
microcomputer that hobbyists could build and program themselves. The
basic Altair included no keyboard, video display, disk drives, or other
elements we now think of as essential elements of a personal computer.
Its 8080 microprocessor was programmed by flipping toggle switches on
the front panel. Standard RAM was 256 bytes and a kit version cost
$397 ($498 assembled). A breakthrough in the Altairs usability occurred
when a small company called Microsoft offered a version of the BASIC
programming language for it. Of course, the computer world has
changed a lot since the introduction of the Altair. Microsoft has become
an enormous software publisher, and a typical personal computer now
includes a keyboard, video display, disk drives, and Megabytes of RAM.
Whats more, theres no longer any need to build a personal computer
from scratch, since mass production has drastically lowered the price of
assembled systems. At most, building a personal computer now involves
only installing assembled boards and other major components in an
enclosure. A personal computer like Apples Macintosh or IBMs PC is a
general-purpose machine, since you can use it for many applications
word processing, spreadsheets, computer-aided design, and morejust
by loading the appropriate software from disk into memory. Interfaces to

personal computers are for the most part standard ones like those to
video displays, keyboards, and printers.
But along with cheap, powerful, and versatile personal computers has
developed a new interest in small, customized computers for specific
uses. Each of these small computers is dedicated to one task, or a set of
closely related tasks. Adding computer power to a device can enable it to
do more, or do it faster, better, or more cheaply. For example,
automobile engine controllers have helped to reduce harmful exhaust
emissions. And microcontrollers inside computer modems have made it
easy to add features and abilities beyond the basic computer-to-phoneline interface. In addition to their use in mass-produced products like
these, its also become feasible to design computer power into one-of-akind projects, such as an environmental controller for a scientific study
or an intelligent test fixture that ensures that a product meets its
specifications before its shipped to a customer. At the core of many of
these specialized computers is a microcontroller. The computers
program is typically stored permanently in semiconductor memory such
as ROM or EPROM. The interfaces between the microcontroller and the
outside world vary with the application, and may include a small display,
a keypad or switches, sensors, relays, motors, and so on.
These small, special-purpose computers are sometimes called singleboard computers, or SBCs. The term can be misleading, however, since
the computer doesnt have to be on a single circuit board, and many
types of computer systems, such as laptop and notebook computers, are
now manufactured on a single board.

Block diagram of the 80C51 Microcontroller

Pin Diagram of the 40 Pin DIP package of the 80C51

8051 architecture contains the following:

 8 bit CPU with registers A and B

16 bit program counter(PC) and data pointer(DPTR)
8 bit program status word(PSW)
8 bit stack pointer
Internal ROM of 0(8031) to 4K(8051)
Internal RAM of 128 Bytes
4 register banks 00-1f
16 bytes(bit addressable) 20-2f
80 bytes of general purpose data memory 30-7f
32 I/O pins arranged as four 8 bit ports (P0 P3)
2 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1
Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF
Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IPand IE
2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources
Oscillator and clock circuits

INTRODUCTION TO THE KEIL SOFTWARE

The Keil Software 8051 development tools are listed below. These are
the programs that will perform the following:

Compile C Code
Assemble the assembly source files.
Link & Locate the object modules & the libraries.
Create the HEX files.
Debug the Target Program.

Micro Vision 2 is an interegated development Environment that

Combines
Project management
Source Code Editing
Program debugging.
CSI ANSI: It is an optyimizing c Cross compiler that creates relocatable
object modules from the C code.
ASI Macro Assembler : It assembles the assembly language program
from the source code.
The BL51 linker/locator: It combines relocatable object modules that are
created by the relocatable object6 modules created by the c51 compiler
and the A51 assembler into absolute object module.
The LIB51 library manager combines object modules into libraries that
may be used by the linker.
The OH51 Object HEX converter creates Intel Hex files fro0m the
absolute object module.

The RTX51 real time operating system simpifies the design of the
complex, time critical software projects.

INTRODUCTION TO THE
PROJECT
This project is designed to demonstrate the technology used in the now a
days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed
countries like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped
with the CPU, which controls the train. The train is programmed for the
specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the
train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
In this project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains.
We are using microcontroller 89c51 as CPU. The motion of the train is
controlled by the stepper motor, for displaying message in the train we
are using intelligent LCD display of two lines. The train is designed for
three stations, named as Bodhgaya, Rajgir, Nalanda .the stoppage time is
of 3 sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6sec.there is a
LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers.
There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. UP
path and DOWN path. Before stopping at station the train blows the
buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the
train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when
the emergency situation is over.

So this project gives an illustration of actual modern metro train

controlled through embedded electronics control system.

Implementation: This project is implemented using the following kit

VPL-ET: VPL-ET Embedded trainer has been design by using
Phillips 879C61X2/ microchip PIC16F877/ Motorola 68HC11 Micro
controller. This controller provide in system as well as in application
programming so that one may be able to write program and download
directly in the controller through serial port without removing it from
the system

System Specification
1. CPU: Phillips 879C61X2/ microchip PIC16F877/ Motorola 68HC11
2. 16 x 2 LCD Module (HY1602F4)
3. Six seven segment display
4. Stepper motor controller interface
5. 8 x 8 LED Matrix Display
6. ADC/DAC interface
7. Four data switches
8. Switch array
9. AT 24C16 Serial EEPROM

Interfacing an LCD to the 8051

LCD Operation:
Our project chose LCD over Seven Segment Displays due to
the following reasons:
1)Ease of program of charcters.
2)Ascii Values could be directly sent to the LCD.
3)In built command words to control Display.

PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

PIN
1
2

Symbol
V
V

I/O
---

--

RS

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

R/W
E
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7

I
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O

VCC , VSS , VEE

VCC- provides +5 volt
VSS provides gnd
VEE is used to control LCD contrast

Description
Ground
+5V Power
supply
Power supply
for contrast
control
0 :Command
Reg.
1 : Data Reg.
0: Write1: Read
Enable
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus
8-bit Data Bus

RS ( Register Select )
RS pin is used to select between the two different registers :
DATA register & the
COMMAND register .
RS=0 => Select the command register
RS=1 => Select the data register
R/W ( Read / Write )
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or
read information from it.
R/W =1 => when reading
R/W =0 => when writing
E ( Enable)
The Enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information
presented to its data pins . When data is supplied to data pins ,
a HIGH to LOW pulse must be applied to this pin in order for
the LCD to latch in the data present in the data pins. This pulse
must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.
D0 D7
The 8 bit data pins ( d0 D7) are used to send information
to the LCD or read the content of the LCD internal Register.
To display letters and numbers , we send ASCII codes for
the letter A-Z , a-z & 0-9 to these pins while makin RS = 1.
There are also Instruction Command Codes that can be sent
to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home
position or blink the cursor.

The following table lists the instruction command codes:

Code ( HEX)
1
2
4
6
5
7
8
A
C
E
F
10
14
18
1C
80
C0
38

Command to LCD instuction Register

Clear display screen
Return Home
Decrement Cursor ( shift cursor to Left)
Increment cursor (shift cursor to right )
Shift display right
Shift display left
Display off , Cursor off
Display off , Cursor on
Display on , Cursor off
Display on , Cursor blinking
Display on , Cursor Blinking
Shift cursor position to left
Shift cursor position to right
Shift the entire display to the left
Shift the entire display to the right
Force cursor to beginning of 1 st line
Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line
2 Lines and 5x7 matrix

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

BIBILOGRAPHY
Books:
Title: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System.
Author: Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie
Mazidi.
Publication: Pearson Education.
Title: Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming &
Design.
Author: Raj Kamal
Publication: Tata McGraw Hill
Title: Programming & Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller
Author: Myke Predko
Publication: Tata McGraw Hill
Title: The 8051 Microcontroller
Author: J. H. Ayala
Publication: Eastern Economy Edition
Magazines:
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU, APRIL 2005.
Websites:
SOFTWARE: www.keil.com
Down loader: www.easacademy.com
Reference: www.efymag.com

 Datasheets: www.datasheetarchive.com