336

IEEE TRANSACTIONSON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 28, NO. 2, MARCHJAPRIL1992

Harmonic and Transient Overvoltage Analyses

.
in Arc Furnace Power Systems
S . R. Mendis, Member, IEEE, and D. A. Gonzilez, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract-This paper presents guidelines for analyzing harmonics and transient overvoltages generated by arc furnaces.
Computer simulation techniques for creating accurate models
for the analysis of arc furnace power systems are also discussed.
A set of guidelines for computer simulations to determine the
operation of arc furnaces and their effect on industrial distribption systems will aid power systems engineers in performing
detailed analyses. This will also improve the planning of system
analyses studies and help to achieve better results effectively.
Simulation guidelines are outlined in detail to assist the power
systems engineer in performing a complete and accurate study
of arc furnace power systems. These guidelines can be applied to
melting and ladle furnace applicatioqs. General practices and
designs encountered in arc furnace power systems are discussed.
Possible solutions to common problems associated with arc
furnace power systems are also discussed. Discussions of shunt
capacitor bank arrangements, harmonic filter design, ferroresonance, virtual current chopping, the use of surge capacitors, and
surge arresters are also included.

I. INTRODUCTION

OWER SYSTEM studies can provide engineers with

useful information on the performance of future, or
existing systems during normal and abnormal operating conditions. A power system analysis of arc furnace facilities is
considered for a variety of reasons. The objectives of a
particular study depend on the concerns to be addressed by
the study. System studies can be categorized into two areas:

1) A major area of interest is preliminary analysis before a

major installation at an arc furnace facility. Reasons to
perform power system analyses in this area are as
follows:

The power system design of a new arc furnace

shop: This will include verifying the design, operation, or equipment rating to help determine optimum
design and to avoid overspending.

Expansion of an existing arc furnace facility such

as installing an additional furnace: This includes
analysis of any modifications or additions to modernize or evaluate equipment in an old system.

Replacement of existing arc furnace transformers.

Addition of capacitor banks at furnace to meet
requirementsfor power factor and reactive power
generation,
Paper IPSD 90-7, approved by the Power Systems Engineering Committee
of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1990
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Annual Technical Conference,
Detroit, MI, April 29-May 3, 1990.
S. R. Mendis is with the Systems Engineering Group, Cooper Power
Systems, Franksville, WI.
D. A. Gonzaez is with the Components and Protective Eqpipment Plant,
Cooper Power Systems, Pewaukee, WI.
IEEE Log Number 9104094.

2) Another type of analysis is postmortem work after an

equipment failure due to suspected high transient overvoltages and/or harmonic problems. This area of analysis is more complex as the exact cause of the failure is
generally not known until the analysis is complete.
This paper concentrates only on the analysis of transient
overvoltages and harmonics generated by arc furnaces. Methods of measurement are not considered. Short circuit and
power flow studies are not dealt with. But it should be noted
that transient overvoltage and harmonic analyses may involve
short circuit and/or power flow studies as preliminary work.
For example, if a capacitor sizing study is performed, a
power factor and power flow analysis will have to be performed before the harmonic and/or transient overvoltage
analysis to determine capacitor sizes. Filters may also be
designed in a capacitor sizing study to eliminate harmful
resonant conditions. In this case the design of the filter bank
could be an iterative process to optimize the capacitor size
while filtering unwanted harmonics [l]. It is the function of
the engineer to investigate and assess the parameters of the
system to determine precisely the correct approach to
the power system analysis study.
Guidelines are developed to handle power system analyses
in arc furnace applications using the available computing
tools in the industry today. The guidelines developed are a
result of numerous power system studies performed for
a variety of arc furnace facilities. They are not intended to
suggest or recommend certain design and/or operating practices and philosophies in arc furnace installations. This paper
also discusses some of the tools available for harmonic and
transient overvoltage analyses and their capabilities in general.
11. SIMULATIONS
Once the need for power system analysis is established the
objectives of the study will be defined. This will enable
the engineer to identify the types of analyses required to
achieve the necessary goals. Usually, the studies needed are
easily determined from the desired objective of correcting
problems being experienced. But in some cases the sources of
unexplained equipment failures will be determined with field
measurements.
The types of analyses in an arc furnace facility can vary
from short circuit studies and protective device coordination
to complex transient overvoltage analysis. Typical types of
analyses performed on arc furnace installations are short
circuit analysis, protective device coordination, power
flow analysis, power factor analysis, flicker analysis,
harmonic analysis, and transient overvoltage analysis.

0093-9994/92$03 .OO 0 19921EEE

MENDIS AND GONZALEZ: HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE ANALYSES

This paper emphasizes the harmonic and transient overvoltage analysis.

A typical arc furnace system is shown in Fig. 1. The key
characteristics are a power factor of around 0.7 lagging, with
frequent switching of the arc furnace transformer on the
order of 50 times a day. Line voltage fluctuations occur due
to the random load changes on the system. These changes are
more severe during the initial meltdown of the furnace
charge. The circuit conditions at the furnace electrodes can
vary between open circuit and short circuit.

337

Maln T r a n s f o r m e r

\t

Furnace Transformer

200-8OOV

C,rcult Breaker

I
t,9

12 t o 35KV

'

Lable

Vacuum
SwNtch

t o 230KV

I
Lead Impedance

A r c Furnace

Fig. 1. Typical arc furnace system diagram

Current
L
L
!

A . Harmonics Analysis
The use of loads with nonlinear characteristics, such as arc
furnaces, result in harmonic voltage and current generation.
Of the many types of arcing devices on the power system
today, arc furnaces may be the most notorious harmonicproducers because they have great capacity lumped together
in one place. It has been found that the arc at the electrode
tips is basically a voltage clamp with a trapezoidal shape
waveform [2]. A theoretical arc furnace voltage and current
waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
Under unbalanced conditions of electrode arcing, there
could be significant amounts of third harmonic and its multiples. Also, fifth and seventh harmonics that occur under
balanced conditions could increase under unbalanced arcing
conditions. Measurements of arc furnace voltage have indicated a varying harmonic output. The recorded fifth harmonic voltage has varied from 8 % , 6%, and 2.5% of the
fundamental voltage during beginning of meltdown, end
of meltdown, and refining, respectively [l]. Also, the fifth
and seventh harmonics could increase significantly during
unbalanced arcing conditions.
Ferromagnetic devices such as transformers in the arc
furnace power system also produce harmonics due to the
nonlinear characteristics. Often, nearly 50% of the magnetizing (exciting) current will be third harmonic. It is also rich in
fifth, seventh, and ninth harmonics. Transformer harmonics
do not normally cause harmonic problems unless the system
is sharply resonant at a significant harmonic. They produce
more harmonics when the voltage rises (at low load levels)
as there is more significant saturation and the magnetizing
current increases [3].
Table I shows an example of an arc furnace harmonic
voltage distortion used in harmonic analysis studies. The
typical values used are considered to be present for long
periods of time. These numbers can be used to determine
system performance, especially when using the total harmonic distortion (THD) as the criterion. The worst case
values are used for short time durations. They can be used
for filter design and failure analysis. All values given in
Table I are based in part on field measured waveforms and
estimates of the worst case harmonic distortion at each
individual harmonic.
The arc furnace load actually looks like a voltage source of
harmonics behind a series of impedance consisting of the
secondary cables to the electrodes. A typical arc furnace
model for a simulation will include the furnace lead impedance
and a constant voltage source behind it at each harmonic of

Voltage
k!

\U
Fig. 2.

Theoretical arc furnace voltage and current waveform.

TABLE I
VOLTAGE
DISTORTIONS
USEDFOR TYPICAL
ARCFURNACE
HARMONIC
ANALYSIS

Harmonic
No.

Worst Case
(% of fundamental)

Typical
(% of fundamental)

17
29
7.5
10
3.5
8
2.5
5

5
20
3
10
1.5

6
1
3

concern. Usually, harmonics up to the ninth will be considered. In this model the lead impedance is highly critical as
it has a large voltage drop across it. Typically it will be in
the range of 3-6 mO with an X / R ratio of within 6-10 [I].
Fig. 3 shows an arc furnace harmonic model.
Harmonic analysis i s considered by many industrial facilities as the arc furnace technology is improving. Many steel
melt shops are incorporating ladle arc refineries [2]. Another
reason for interest in harmonic analysis is the application of
shunt capacitors to control power factor requirements.
Although capacitors do not generate harmonics, their interaction with other devices in the system could create dangerous resonant conditions. Also, many loads on the system
today are very sensitive to harmonic distortions [4]. Constant
distortion can also result in increases in motor losses and
cause heating. Transformers, switchgear, and capacitors may
experience excessive heating. Also, fuses, protective relays,
metering devices, and power electronic equipment could have
misoperations due to harmonics.
Presently, most harmonic analyses are performed with the
aid of personal computer programs. Modeling techniques
used in digital harmonic studies are usually conservative.
Worst case scenarios are analyzed to account for extreme
conditions. Generally, this type of method would be suffi-

338

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL.28, NO. 2, MARCHfAPW 1992

Lead Impedance

3 000

v,

without filter

It'
I

2 a00

Arc

furnace
Transformer

Harmonic

Secondary Bus

Source
-

Fig. 3.

1.200

Arc furnace harmonic model.

New re ona ce below the tuned frequency

0 600

cient for most arc furnace applications. These digital computer programs have the capability of modeling very large
systems and use the personal computer efficiently. The
advantages of using a digital computer program to perform
harmonic simulations are [5] as follows:
0

0
0

Harmonic problems can be solved without extensive

field measurements.
The industry standards can be implemented or user
defined limits can be used.
Total harmonic distortion (THD), I-T product, and other
quantities may be computed.
System response throughout the entire system can be
determined before applying new loads or equipment.
Multiple harmonic sources can be modeled.
Multiphase, unbalanced solutions can be performed.
Graphical output such as frequency scans, waveform
plots, root locus plots, and 3-D plots can be obtained
easily. A frequency scan plot for a distribution circuit is
shown in Fig. 4.

Several different cases can be checked very quickly and

analyzed with a PC-based harmonic program. A frequency
scan shown in Fig. 4, will aid the systems engineer in
determining resonant frequencies. This will also aid in harmonic filter design and unbalance detection of capacitor unit
outages.
A typical set of data needed to conduct a detailed harmonic
analysis is given below.
0
0

System one-line diagram

utility short circuit capacity and X / R ratio for three
phase and single-line-to-ground faults
transformer impedances, winding connections, rating,
taps
voltage and kvar ratings of power factor capacitors or
actual capacitance
information on any installed utility capacitors in the
vicinity of the industrial plant
lengths and configurations of major lines and cables
description of types of loads connected to the system
writeup of operating procedures of the system.

If a detail model of the arc furnace installation is required,

harmonic measurements are recommended. These measurements can be made with commercially available PCbased harmonic monitors and microprocessor-based handheld
harmonic meters.

J
0

000
0

ilter

uned to the 2.7th harmonic

lo

6
Har.O"IC

12

14

16

Nu.brr

Fig. 4. Frequency scan plot for a distribution circuit.

1) Harmonic Distortion: How much harmonic distortion

is acceptable to the system with arc furnace applications is
addressed in IEEE Standard 519. This standard is widely
used as a guideline for the generated harmonics in arc
furnace power systems. Tables II and III give the proposed
harmonic levels recommended by the IEEE standard 519
(update) E61.
2 ) Filter Design: Unwanted harmonic currents could be
prevented from flowing through the power system by diverting them through a low-impedance shunt path [l]. The shunt
filter is an effective way of minimizing voltage distortion
caused by arc furnace operations. The most practical and less
expensive solution is to use a single-tuned or a high-pass
filter. The engineer will have to consider alternative filter
designs before making a final decision on the configuration
of the filter. Existing capacitor banks could be converted to
filter banks by adding series reactors to detune harmful
resonant conditions in the system. A detailed description of
harmonic filter design is contained in ref. [l]. An unbalanced
detection scheme to detect individual capacitor unit outages
should also be included as a part of the filter design.
3) Shunt Capacitor Bank Arrangements: The main cause
for harmonic problems in arc furnace operations is the interaction of power factor correction capacitors with the inductive reactance of the system. A typical set of shunt capacitor
bank arrangements is shown in Fig. 5 .
A sample waveform of a capacitor voltage with a resonance at fifth harmonic is shown in Fig. 6. Experience has
shown that a capacitor bank selected for an industrial system
on the basis of economics will frequently resonate with the
source impedance around the fifth harmonic. Arc furnace
operations are characterized by substantial fifth harmonic
generation. Fig. 7 shows a line voltage waveform with a fifth
harmonic filter designed.

B. Transient Overvoltage Analysis

Unlike harmonics, which are a steady-state phenomena,
transient overvoltages are, as their name implies, transient in
nature. Harmonic problems, as described in Section 11-A, can
be analyzed using either steady-state or transient methods.
Transient modeling usually requires more computer time and

MENDIS AND GONZALEZ: HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE ANALYSES

TABLE I1
HARMONIC
CURRENT
LIMITSFOR NONLINEAR
LOADSAT
THE POINT-OF-COMMON-COUPLING
WITH OTHER LOADS,
AT VOLTAGES
OF 2.4-69 KV

i""

Harmonic Order (odd harmonics)

< 20
20-50
50-100

10.0
100-1ooo 12.0

> IO00

15.0

2.0
3.5
4.5
5.5
7.0

1.5
2.5
4.0
5.0
6.0

0.6
1.o
1.5

2.0
2.5

5.0
8.0
12.0
15.0

0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.4

1 t S h " " t

-j-

<I1 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<3535<hTHD

4.0
7.0

7
>

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion

(% of fundamental)

Isc/Il

339

;.a;ctov

1:

Fig. 5 . Typical set of shunt capacitor bank arrangements in an arc furnace

facility.

20.0

Notes: 1) Even harmonics are limited to 24% of the odd harmonic limits.
2) I,, = maximum short circuit current at PCC. I, = maximum load
current (fund frequency) at PCC.
3)For PCC's from 69 to 138 kV, the limits are 50% of the above limits. A
case-by-case evaluation is required for PCC's of 138 kV and above.

TABLE 111
HARMONIC
VOLTAGE
LIMITSFOR POWERPRODUCERS
(PUBLIC
UTILITIES
OR
COGENERATION)
AT PCC
Harmonic Voltage Distortion
(% of fundamental)
2.3-69 kV
69-138 kV
Maximum
individual harmonic
Total harmonic
distortion (THD)

> 138 kV
0

3 .O

1.5

1 .O

5.0

2.5

1.5

expertise but can give more accurate results as arc furnace

characteristics, which are nonlinear in nature, can be modeled
more accurately.
If more exact modeling of arc furnaces is needed, a
transient overvoltage analysis should be performed. There
are a variety of tools available today for performing transient
analyses. The digital transients programs, ATP (Alternative
Transient Program), which can be run on a PC and EMTP
(Electro Magnetic Transient Program), which requires a
main frame computer, are just two of the available programs.
The advantage of digital simulations is the availability of
the hardware and software necessary to perform them. Data
files on the power system under study can be stored for
future reference. If changes occur in the system in the future,
digital simulations can be performed easily taking those
changes into account with the stored data. The main drawback in using digital transient programs is the amount of time
it takes to perform simulations and analyze the output data,
especially if multiple event statistical switching simulations
are needed.
Another tool for transient analyses is the TNA (Transient
Network Analyzer). The TNA is an analog computer with an
electronic arc model of the arc furnace. The major advantage
of the TNA is its operation in "real time," i.e., switching on
the TNA takes the same time as switching on the actual
system. This significantly reduces the time necessary to
perform simulations and obtain output data especially if
statistical switching simulations are needed. Transient analysis is performed to check for potential transient overvoltage

IO

15
11-

Fig. 6.

20

25

IO

IM5etl

Voltage waveform without a filter.

10 000

000

In

rl
U

-6 000

8 000

Fig. 7. Voltage waveform with a fifth harmonic filter.

conditions during arc furnace transformer and capacitor bank

switching.
A typical set of data needed to conduct a transient overvoltage analysis (switching transients, ferroresonance, virtual
current chopping, etc.) is given below.
System one-line diagram
utility short circuit capacity and X / R ratio for threephase and single line-to-ground faults
arc furnace and stepdown transformer short-circuit
impedance, saturation characteristics, tap ratios, ratings,
and bushing and winding capacities
impedance or conductor data for all lines and buswork

340

IEEE TRANSACTIONSON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 28, NO. 2, MARCHJAPRIL1992

ratings and types of all breakers and switches

ratings and types of all surge arresters
sizes of all surge capacitors
0 voltage and kvar ratings of power factor capacitors
0 ratings of reactors
writeup of operating procedures of the arc furnace power
system.
1) Switching of Capacitor Banks: Transient problems
with the switching of power factor correction capacitor banks
often result from high inrush currents during energization or
discharging stored energy through other system components
during a switching operation. Severe switching transients can
result in eventual failure of equipment such as transformers,
capacitors, cables, and surge arresters.
Capacitor switching at arc furnace circuits can create high
overvoltages. Dynamic overvoltages can result when energizing an arc furnace transformer and a capacitor bank simultaneously. This sustained overvoltage can contain enough
energy to damage transformers, capacitors, and surge
arresters. A sample waveform of a dynamic overvoltage
condition is shown in Fig. 8.
The following conditions should also be evaluated in a
transient overvoltage study [7]: switch restrikes and prestrikes, surge arrester duty, magnification of transient overvoltages, inrush currents, and induction motors. Ref. [7]
describes each of these conditions in detail.
2) Vacuum Switching: Vacuum switches are used extensively in arc furnace power systems due to the operating
characteristics of these installations and the maintenance requirements of the switches. Low maintenance, long operating
life, and the absence of any exhaust make vacuum switches
well suited for highly repetitive switching operations such as
those found on arc furnace power systems [8].
These switches have the capability of chopping currents,
that is, abruptly and prematurely interrupting the current
prior to its reaching a natural current zero. If the circuit
involved is highly inductive (i.e., transformer magnetizing
current), this chopping can generate a very high overvoltage
that is independent of the system voltage. When current is
chopped, magnetic energy will be trapped in the transformer
core. This trapped energy is proportional to the magnetizing
inductance and of a considerable value, although the magnetizing current is small. Because the inductive current has no
path to flow through the switch and cannot stop flowing
instantaneously, it will flow through the transformer capacitance on the load side of the switch. The energy is then
transferred from the magnetic field to the electric field of the
capacitance resulting in a transient overvoltage.
Surge capacitors are sometimes used to control the magnitude of the voltage transient produced by chopping magnetizing currents [9]. These surge capacitors are connected from
each high-voltage terminal of the furnace transformer to
ground. The surge capacitors discharge stored magnetic
energy of the transformer core when the vacuum switch
opens without any load connected to the furnace transformer.
3) Ferroresonance: Ferroresonance is another major concern in arc furnace power systems. Ferroresonance is a
special type of series resonance involving the capacitance of a
0

PU

-2.41..

Fig. 8.

"

'

'

'

'

'

" "

Sample dynamic overvoltage waveform. Transformer L - G voltage.

cable or surge capacitors and the nonlinear inductance of a

transformer. Such a resonant circuit can result in sustained
overvoltages and subject equipment such as surge arresters
and furnace transformers to excessive stress.
The use of surge capacitors in arc furnace power systems
can lead to ferroresonant overvoltages. For example, if a
vacuum switch has a leaky bottle (circuit isolation is not
achieved) while it is in the open position, surge capacitors
will be in series with one or more furnace transformer
windings. The potential for ferroresonance will be high. The
waveform in Fig. 9 shows the transformer winding voltage
for a ferroresonant condition caused by surge capacitors and
a leaky vacuum bottle.
Surge capacitors alone may not be sufficient enough to
control transient overvoltages in an arc furnace circuit. Surge
arresters connected from transformer primary terminals to
ground would provide additional protection when the arc
furnace transformer is switched unload [lo]. Some transformer manufacturers approve the omission of surge capacitors on their equipment if properly rated metal oxide surge
arresters are installed.
Ferroresonance can be controlled or minimized by removing the surge capacitors and applying metal oxide surge
arresters at the furnace transformers. However, if
surge capacitors are in the system, an alarm and trip circuit could provide protection against a hung-pole situation
which could cause ferroresonance.
4) Virtual Current Chopping : Virtual current chopping
can occur when an arc furnace is deenergized under load
followed by a reignition. Vacuum switches have the ability to
interrupt current at the first current zero after contacts part,
even though the contacts may have not traveled a distance
sufficient to withstand the transient recovery voltage (TRV)
across the switch. A reignition may occur in this case if the
rate-of-rise of the TRV is sufficiently high. If this occurs, a
high-frequency current will flow through the surge capacitors
(surge capacitors provides a low-impedance path for the
current on the load side of the vacuum switch), and be
superimposed on the normal 60-Hz current. This highfrequency current can force an early current zero making it
appear similar to a current chop. This current chopping can
produce a voltage surge large enough and at a frequency that
can make surge arresters operate or cause failure on the
furnace transformer windings.
A waveform for virtual current chopping is shown in
Fig. 10. In this case the arc furnace transformer is deenergized under load. Virtual current chopping occurs on phase
B. The resulting line-to-line voltage transient is significant.

MENDIS AND GONZALEZ: HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE ANALYSES

34 1

111

+.e8

-+.e8

4.08

-t.w
t.tx

-10.88

I . . . . I . .

&. . .

. . I . . . . I . . . .

I . . . . I . . . _ I . . . . I .

Fig. 10. Virtual current chopping. Transformer L-L voltage.

-+.IC

Fig. 9.

Transformer winding voltage for an arc furnace facility.

Ferroresonance phenomenon.

The removal of surge capacitors along with the application of

metal oxide surge arresters connected from line to ground
will limit line-to-ground voltages, but additional arresters
may be required, connected between transformer terminals to
limit the line-to-line voltage imposed across the windings.
Noninductive damping resistors used in series with the
surge capacitors can reduce the transient overvoltage by
making the reignition current nonperiodic, Fig. 11 shows a
system configuration using damping resistors in an arc furnace facility. The drawback in this method is that if a resistor
or a capacitor fails and a resistor burns open, the transformer

would be left without any surge capacitor protection. Tests

have also shown that the use of filter reactors with the power
factor correction capacitors in arc furnace power systems
produce results similar to that of using damping resistors with
surge capacitors. Fig. 12 shows a system configuration using
filter reactors in an arc furnace facility.
111. CONCLUSIONS

A set of guidelines for power system studies in arc furnace

facilities will help power systems engineers perform detailed
analyses of such facilities.
Harmonic analysis and transient overvoltage analysis aid in
determining solutims to common problems associated with
arc furnace facilities. When performing these studies, engineers should consider all possible scenarios in association

342

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 28, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 1992

Fig. 11. Use of damping resistors with surge capacitors.

Fig. 12. Use of reactors with power factor correction capacitors.

with furnace operations. A combination of protection schemes

can be applied, and each case should be analyzed individually.
Careful planning and proper operating practices along with
system analyses will help in avoiding troublesome conditions
on the circuit. Power system analysis studies of furnace
facilities will increase system reliability and help keep
operations trouble free.

REFERENCES
D. A. GonzPlez and J. C. McCall, Design of filters to reduce
harmonic distortion in Industrial power systems, IEEE Trans.
Industry Applications, vol. IA-23, no. 3, pp. 504-511.
121 W. S. Vilcheck and D. A. Gonzalez, Measurements and simulations-combined for state-of-the-art harmonic analysis, in Proc.
IEEEfiAS Conf. Rec. I988 Ann. Mtg., part 11, Oct 1988, pp.
1530-1534.
[3] Electric Power Systems Harmonics Design Guide, McGraw-Edison
Power Systems, Sept. 1987.
[I]

[41 W. E. Reid and K. J. Petrus, Harmonics and capacitors in the power

system, in Proc. Pacsfic Coast Elect. Assoc. Eng. Operating
Conf. (Los Angeles, CA), Mar. 1985.
[5] V-HARMTMUsers Manual-Power Systems Harmonics Simulation and Analysis Program, May 1988.
[6] Update of Harmonic Standard IEEE-519, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power
Systems, paper no. PCIC-88-7.
[7] W. S. Vilcheck and D. A. Gonzalez, Guidelines for applying shunt
capacitors on industrial power systems, in Proc. I&CPS Conf.
(Denver, CO), May 1985.
[8] A. N. Greenwood, D. R. Kurtz, and J. C. Sofianek, A guide to the
application of vacuum circuit breakers, IEEE Trans. Power App.
Syst., vol. PAS-90, no. 4, pp. 1589- 1597, July/Aug. 1971.
[9] A. H. Moore and T. J. Blalock, Extensive field measurements
support new approach to protection of art furnace transformers against
switching transients, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-94,
no. 2, Mar./Apr. 1975.
[IO] Cooper Power Systems Distribution System Protection Manual.

S. R. Mendis (M87) received the B.S.E.E. degree from Gannon University, Erie, PA, and the
M.S.E.E. degree from Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, MI.
He is a Senior Power Systems Engineer in the
Systems Engineering Group of Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, where he performs a variety of power system analysis studies, primarily for
industrial power systems including harmonics,
transients, power flow, short circuit and coordination. motor startine.
, and flicker. He is also an
instructor in the Coowr Power Systems Overcurrent Protection, Power
Quality, and Harmonics Workshops.
Mr. Mendis is the current Chairman of the Power Quality Subcommittee
of the Industry Applications Society.

D. A. Gonzalez (SM88) received the B.S.E.E.

degree from the University of Puerto RicoMayaguez and the M.S.E.P.E. degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
He is the Manager, Overcurrent Protective
Equipment, at the Components and Protective Equipment Plant of Cooper Power Systems,
Pewaukee, WI. He has marketing responsibilities
for fusing equipment, fault indicators, and underground surge arresters. He is also an instructor in
Cooper Power Systems Overcurrent Protection
Workshop. From 1973 to 1982, he was employed by the Puerto Rico
Electric Power Authority. In 1983, he joined the Systems Engineering Group
of Cooper Power Systems in Canonsburg, PA. While there, he performed
specialized systems studies in the areas of harmonics and transients. Before
leaving the group, he was responsible for the marketing and development of
the Power VerdictTM software series and the industrial studies section.