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Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

Leuven, Belgium, 4-6 July 2011


G. De Roeck, G. Degrande, G. Lombaert, G. Muller (eds.)
ISBN 978-90-760-1931-4

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Ambient vibration instrumental investigations on full scale structures


Ion Vlad1, Mihnea Vlad1
Romanian National Center for Earthquake Engineering and Vibrations, TUCEB, 124 Lacul Tei, sector 2, Bucharest, Romania
email: vlad@dial.kappa.ro, mihnel@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: The ambient vibration tests describe the linear behavior of structures, since the amplitudes of vibration are small.
They can be used also to describe the linear behavior of damaged structures and can help to perform more accurate structural
models of analysis in the design process of strengthening. Therefore, the development of instrumental methods for in-situ
measurement of full-scale partially damaged structures is of considerable interest. The ambient vibration investigations are
performed for use in health monitoring and in structural control studies within the technical assessment of different kinds of
structures. During the past ten years, the Romanian National Center for Earthquake Engineering and Vibration (RNCEEV) has
performed many ambient vibration tests on new and old buildings, chimney stacks and dams. An ambient vibration test during
the demolition of two wings of an old building is also presented on short in the paper. It is intended to present the results of
some of these investigations and to show how these can be used in the technical assessments of existing structures. Finally, as
Dr. Gary C. Hart pointed out, perhaps the most important reason for measuring full-scale structure response is that it records
the real motion of the building, and therefore, documents what really happened and not just what the computer structural model
of analysis says happened.
KEY WORDS: Ambient vibration; Seismic noise; Damage detection; Eigencharacteristics of vibration; Full-scale experiments.
1

INTRODUCTION

The main concern of the present paper is the dynamic testing


of full-scale structures from the point of view of knowledge
needed for earthquake-resistant design. The structural models
of analysis used in the design process of buildings and
engineering structures are idealizations conceived to
represent the response of real structures to loads generated by
strong earthquakes. The most sophisticated and brilliant
structural analysis methods are easily defeated by poor,
inaccurate, or inappropriate data. Professor Mete A. Sozen, in
a summary of a talk about the importance of the structural
analysis entitled A Way of Thinking, has stated: Today,
ready access to versatile and powerful software enables the
structural engineer to do more and think less.
In order to develop a better understanding of the earthquake
motions of buildings and engineering structures it is desirable
to have experimental measurements of the actual motions and
of stresses and strains which occur during strong earthquakes.
Information of this kind is difficult to obtain, as in most
locations earthquakes are infrequent and strong motions occur
at large time intervals.
System identification using ambient vibration measurement
presents a challenge requiring the use of special identification
techniques, which can deal with very small magnitudes of
ambient vibration contaminated by noise without the
knowledge of input forces.
The structural models of analysis of buildings and
engineering structures can be verified by conducting full scale
ambient and forced vibration experiments. Both of these can
be used to identify the dynamic characteristics of a structural
system, i.e. eigenfrequencies of vibration, damping ratio and
mode shapes.

The beginning of the ambient and forced vibration tests of


structures dates 1936 and is due to the U.S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey for determining the fundamental periods of
vibration for some high-rise buildings, and 1937 for
determining the fundamental periods of vibration of some
bridges [1].
A procedure for obtaining information on the physical
properties of the buildings and engineering structures was to
perform dynamic measurements while the structure was
excited into motion by a shaking machine installed in the
structure and which exerted dynamic forces upon it. The
forced vibration tests required large forces to produce useful
(larger) response amplitudes of full-scale structures. The
vibration exciter (the shaker) was usually located on the top of
the building. This led to more prominent excitation of the
modes of vibration that had large amplitudes at the higher
levels of the structures. The paths of waves propagating
through the structure are different from those in case of
earthquake ground shaking, ambient noise, or wind excitation,
and cautious interpretation of the results is required to take
such differences into account [2], [3].
The ambient vibration tests describe the linear behavior of
buildings and engineering structures, since the amplitudes of
vibration are small. When a structure is behaving linearly, the
maximum response will depend on the fundamental
eigenperiod of vibration and on the magnitude of the actual
damping. An advantage of the ambient vibration over the
forced vibration instrumental investigations is that usually
only light equipment and smaller number of operators are
required. An excellent literature review on the subject of
ambient vibration testing which illustrates the state-of-the-art
in the application of the ambient vibration method was written

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

and published in 2000 in the ISET Journal of Earthquake


Technology [2]. The authors showed that the use of ambient
vibration tests essentially started in 1970. Of 87 example
papers quoted, 77% describe the use of ambient vibration
measurements to test buildings, dams, nuclear power plants,
chimneys etc. and the remaining 23% describe the ambient
vibration tests on bridges.
2

A STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DEFINITION [4]

Any building or engineering structure has a structural system.


In Figure 1 the structural system of a building is presented.
Generally, a structural system has the following distinct
components: a superstructure, a substructure and a structure of
foundation. The structural system rests on a massive of earth
known as foundation medium. The ensemble of a structural
system of a construction and its foundation medium forms
what may be called a total structural system.

Figure 1. Structural system of a building.


Any dynamic action, including the ambient one, induces into a
structure a vibratory motion. During an earthquake ground
motions occur in a random fashion in all directions. When a
structure is subjected to ground motions during an earthquake,
it responds in a vibratory fashion. The severity of the stresses
and strains induced in the structure will depend upon the
intensity of the earthquake and the physical properties of the
building. The behaviour of the structure will depend upon
such factors as size, shape, mass, stiffness, and energy loss.
These factors make difficult the problem of analyzing the
motion of buildings during earthquakes. Since it is impossible
to accurately predict the characteristics of the ground motions
that may occur at any given site, it is not possible to evaluate
the complete behaviour of a structure when subjected to very
severe seismic motions.
During a strong earthquake the total structural system
associated to a structure starts to vibrate and, as a consequence
of the foundation medium flexibility, its period T n,1 can be
significantly longer than the building fixed-base fundamental
period of vibration, Tn,1. The lengthening of T n,1 during an
earthquake excitation is often interpreted to result from
changes in Tn,1 alone. When the changes in T n,1 result mostly
from changes in Tr and TH (periods associated with rigid-body
rocking and horizontal translation of the structure), the degree
of nonlinearity in the structural response is overestimated, and

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the observed ductility, drifts and energy absorption capacity


of the structural system can be erroneously interpreted [5].
3

AMBIENT VIBRATION CHARACTERIZATION

The Earths surface is in a nearly continuous state of agitation.


This motion provides the low amplitude, irregular wave
pattern, known as seismic noise that constitutes the normal
background of oscillation of seismograms.
The microseismic background at any given site on the Earth
is comprised of energy generated from multiple simultaneous
sources. The energy arrives at the site from several directions
in the form of mixed wave types, propagating in different
ways. In addition, the energy is relatively continuous with
time and in many cases of very low level. The result is a
phenomenon that is very difficult to successfully model and
quantitatively analyze.
The source of the seismic noise can be classified into two
major subdivisions: those that result from mankinds activities
(cultural noise) and those that occur naturally (microseism).
The term cultural noise is used to describe any seismic
noise associated with man or man-made machinery: operation
of power plants, factories, trains and highways. Cultural noise
is in principal avoidable, although it is often impractical to site
stations at sufficient distances away from cities or highways.
These activities create vibrations in the Earth surface that can
propagate for quite large distances to appear as cultural noise.
Cultural noise is primarily confined to the short period
interval of the spectrum (period less than 1.0 s) due to the
inherent mechanical properties of most machines (finite
physical and relatively high rotational speed of most
equipment). Noise of this type tends to attenuate quite rapidly
with distance.
The other sources of the Earth noise are those that occur
naturally, called microseisms. Early seismographs were strong
motion instruments, showing little or no response to week
earthquakes or microseisms. Probably the first discussion and
the naming of microseisms can be traced back in 1874. The
history of the search for the origin of microseisms is
extensive, and new results appear periodically in literature.
However, enough is known to formulate a fundamentally
sound picture of the sources of the microseismic background
between 0.01 and 1000 s. The following explanation of the
origin of the microseismic background in the authors
interpretation might have as starting point the earthquakes.
As it is known, earthquakes are caused by tectonic forces that
press the lithosphere until it breaks. These forces are present
day and night and are also the cause of microseisms. Thats
why microseisms are always present everywhere, and come at
a particular site from many different directions. Since every
part of the Earths lithosphere is in struggle with the
squeezing forces, it becomes source for microseisms.
A definition of the microseism can be given as follows: a
continuous ground motion constituting the background noise
at a particular site for any dynamic/seismic measurement.
Microseisms with periods shorter than about 1.0 s are usually
caused by artificial sources such as traffic and machinery.
In conclusion, ground at a particular site is continuously in a
state of low amplitude motion due to various natural and
cultural disturbing factors. Ambient vibrations have a random
nature and cover a relatively wide band of frequencies.

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Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

4
4.1

AMBIENT VIBRATION APPLICATIONS


Structural monitoring of a new building

The instrumental investigations of the dynamic characteristics


of a new office building, during different stages of its
construction, are presented in this paragraph.
The architectural project established that this new building
should have, in the horizontal plane, the shape of an
equilateral triangle, having the sides of 50 m. In each of the
three peaks of the triangle structural cores (A1, A2 and A3)
were placed, each of them being realized with structural
reinforced concrete walls.
The office building has a dual type structural system,
consisting of a reinforced concrete subsystem and a steel
subsystem.
The superstructure of the building, of composite type, has
two different parts:
a reinforced concrete structural subsystem formed by the
three structural cores placed in the peaks of the equilateral
triangle, their main role being that of assuring the lateral
strength of the building to the seismic loadings;
a steel structural subsystem, having a structural role
mainly towards the gravity loadings, and assuring the
transmission of the horizontal seismic loadings to the
three resistant and rigid vertical reinforced concrete cores.
The substructure of the building and its foundation structure
has a unitary concept able to ensure the base fix jointing of the
vertical structural elements (the columns and the structural
cores).
The main stages of the ambient vibration measurements
were carried out after the construction of the reinforced
concrete structural cores (the first three tests), after the
construction of the steel structural subsystem (the fourth test)
and after the complete finishing of the office building. The
principal goals of these investigations were that of verifying
the accuracy of the structural models of analysis of the three
reinforced concrete cores after their individual construction by
steel sliding formwork, after the achievement of the steel
structural subsystem and after the complete erection of the
office building [6]. A complete modern Kinemetrics data
acquisition system was used and alternative settings of sensors
(SS-1 Ranger seismometers) were performed during all above
mentioned stages.
The structural analysis of this office building was performed
using the ETABS and ANELISE 2D software.
In what concerns the structural models of analysis with
finite elements, by using ETABS, a natural period for the
fundamental mode of vibration equal to 0.4024 s (Figure 2)
was obtained, and by using ANELISE 2D a value equal to
0.4270 s was obtained.
The examination of the natural period for the fundamental
mode of vibration for the structural core (A1), based on
recording of its vibrations (T1 = 0.43 s), shows that the structural
models of analysis conceived for each software were correctly
calibrated. In Figure 3 it is shown how the 3 SS-1 Ranger
seismometers recording velocities were positioned at the top
level of each core, in separate configurations corresponding to
the first three stages, and Figure 4 presents samples of the
time domain and the corresponding amplitude Fourier spectra.

Figure 2. First eigenmode of vibration.

Figure 3. The first three stages of ambient vibrations tests.

Figure 4. First stage (core A1). Ambient vibration testing.


Time domain and amplitude Fourier spectra representations.

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

Similar results for the other two structural cores (A2) and (A3)
were instrumentally obtained. In the fourth stage of the
instrumental investigations (after the construction of the steel
structural subsystem), a shortening of the fundamental eigenperiod
of vibration was observed (0.41 s) and, finally, after all floor
structures (steel deck type) and curtain walls were mounted,
the overall fundamental eigenperiod of vibration of the office
building was essentially in the same range [7]. In Figure 5
location of sensors during the final stage are presented.

4.2

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Ambient vibration testing in case of existing buildings

The building under discussion is one of the eight bodies


pertaining to the Emergency Hospital Bucharest designed in
1967, known as body C2, having nine levels (basement,
ground floor and seven floors) and an irregular L-shaped plan
configuration, as seen in Figure 7 [8].

Figure 7. View of the North-East wing of body C2.

Figure 5. Location of sensors during the final stage.


Samples of the time domain and amplitude Fourier spectra
representations are presented in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Final stage. Ambient vibration testing; velocities.


Time domain and amplitude Fourier spectra representations.

The structural system of the building consists of cast-inplace reinforced concrete moment resisting frames, with infilled walls of unreinforced masonry. The floors are typically
reinforced concrete two-ways slabs which extent to concrete
frame beams. The beam spans are different in the two wings
of the L-shaped building, with reasonable dimensions able to
support the gravity loading (depths on the order of 40 to 60
cm). The cross-section of the columns, adapted for the
particular in-plan shape of this building, varies. The
unreinforced masonry is used for constructing external
structural walls and internal partition walls.
The foundation system of the building consists of two
subsystems, each located under the two individual wings:
a system of individual footings made of plain concrete
and reinforced concrete blocks interconnected by
foundation beams for one wing;
foundations type colonnade filled with concrete also
interconnected by foundation beams, for the other wing.
A technical assessment of the building was necessary to be
carried out as the hospital has been severely damaged during
the March 4th, 1977 Vrancea earthquake. The technical
assessment showed high values for the fundamental
eigenperiods of vibration on both directions, being known that
in the design process, the computed periods are likely to be
longer than those of the actual structure.
The main objectives of the instrumental investigations
carried out before retrofitting the C2 building, were related
to the following aspects:
establishing of modal dynamic characteristics from
ambient vibration tests (eigenperiods, damping);
identification of possible elastic and/or inelastic
discontinuities induced by cumulative damage;
pointing out the vulnerable potential zones to future
seismic actions;
dynamic characterization of the structural properties of
the whole building, with the intent to diagnose its own
dynamic identity.

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

The acquisition of the experimental data was also achieved


with six SS-1 Ranger seismometers, widely recognized as
excellent short-period field instruments and a VSS-3000, a
fully portable acquisition system designed for ambient and
forced vibration field measurements (Kinemetrics). The
location and orientation of the sensors, installed at the last
floor, is presented in Figure 8.
Typical time domain velocities and corresponding
amplitude Fourier spectra are shown in Figure 9.

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the fundamental eigenperiod on the longitudinal direction


of measurement was T1,L = 0.53 s, while the fundamental
eigenperiod on the transversal direction of measurement
was T1,T = 0.49 s;
the fundamental eigenshape (vibration deformation
pattern, as shown in Figure 10);
the values of the fraction of critical damping obtained by
specific processing pertained to the interval 35%;
the asymmetrical shape in plan of the building led to
significant rotational motions and modal coupling
(T1,TORSION = 0.36 s);
the reinforced concrete floors of the building resulted to
be stiff and strong enough to distribute lateral loads in the
floor to the lateral load resisting elements;
the building presented a high degree of flexibility on both
directions.

Figure 8. Body C2 (upper floor). Location of sensors before


retrofitting the hospital wing.

Figure 10. Body C2. Fundamental shape of vibration, before


retrofitting the hospital wing (transversal direction).

Figure 9. Body C2. Ambient vibration testing; velocities.


Time domain and corresponding amplitude Fourier spectra
representations, before retrofitting the hospital wing.
After performing the entire program of instrumental
investigations the following results were obtained:

Thus, the analysis of the recorded data emphasized a wide


frequency content characterizing the recorded signals, a clear
indication that the existing building did not have a steady
dynamic identity.
The strengthening solution concept consisted of the
shortening of the computed fundamental eigenperiods of
vibrations, together with the increasing of the strength
capacity of the building. An adequate strengthening on both
directions of the existing structural system, doubled by a new
additional structural system, appeared to be the only rational
solution to be adopted.
Considering all technical aspects that were emphasized
during the technical assessment, together with the ownerimposed restriction for the undisturbed continuity of the hospital
activity, a set of technical solutions were adopted as follows:
the introduction of reinforced concrete structural walls
with coupling beams, disposed along the perimeter of the
existing building, as well as the introduction of one
structural wall at the interior, on the transversal direction;
these walls are connected together with the existing
structural system by installing epoxy resins chemical
connectors at the floor beam levels, and sometimes on the
columns;

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Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

the addition of an extension on the N-E corner of the


building (a new wing), connected with the existing
structural system of the building; two more reinforced
concrete structural walls were placed in this part of the
building with the intent to improve the general capacity
and structural stiffness of the new building, on both its
directions.

After the strengthening of body C2 the objectives of the


instrumental evaluation of the building were similar to the
above mentioned ones, though additional tasks were
considered:
the verification of the accuracy of the results obtained in
the numerical investigation of the structural model of
analysis used in the design;
the identification of dynamic structural properties of the
entire building;
the verification of the joint work (the connection)
between the existing and the new structural systems;
the elimination the initial deficiencies of the building
(shape and structural configuration) generated by the
initial layout.
The locations and the orientations of the sensors were similar
with those employed in the investigation of the old body
building. For the new extension, new locations were
established for the seismic sensors, one of the layouts being
shown in Figure 11. The new fundamental eigenperiods, on
the longitudinal and transversal directions of measurement,
are T1,L = 0.39 s and T1,T = 0.34 s, respectively. Some samples
of the outcome obtained during the numerical processing of
the records are given in Figure 12 (with red line old
retrofitted building; with blue line the new extension).
Figure 12. Body C2 (retrofitted building). Samples of
velocity records and corresponding Fourier amplitude spectra.
Table 1. Body C2. Fundamental eigenvalues, before and
after retrofitting, from ambient vibration testing.

Direction
Old
building
Figure 11. Body C2 (upper floor). Location of sensors after
performing the strengthening by extension.
As it can be observed, before strengthening the records put to
evidence a large frequency band, after the strengthening
process the records showed a narrow band of frequencies, so
one can speak of an elastic and homogeneous behavior on
both directions, in ambient vibration conditions. The obtained
frequencies and mode shapes were determined for small
amplitude vibrations and, therefore, indicate the structural
behavior in the range of linear response.
In Table 1 the evolution of the fundamental eigenperiods/
eigenfrequencies of vibration after performing the complex
instrumental program, before and after the retrofitting of the
building, is synthetically presented.

New
retrofitted
building

L
T
Torsion
L
T
Torsion

Fundamental eigenvalues
Eigenfrequency Eigenperiod
(Hz)
(s)
1.90
0.53
2.05
0.49
2,80
0.36
2.62
0.38
3.07
0.33

As a conclusion, the instrumental investigations confirmed the


validity of the structural model of analysis, and quantified the
efficiency of the design process.
4.3

Ambient vibration testing in case of engineering


structures

This paragraph focuses on the instrumental investigations


carried out in view of identifying the eigencharacteristics of a
250 m high reinforced concrete chimney stack, erected by
using sliding forms [4].

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Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

The number of measuring points was established at the


intermediate bridges along the height of the chimney stack, on
a horizontal radial direction, as shown in Figure 13. The
vibration sources considered were: microseisms combined
with traffic and the in-plant operation of the equipment in the
vicinity of the chimney stack.
The time domain representations (velocities and displacements)
were performed in view of getting an overall image of the
spatial motion of the ensemble chimney stack foundation.
Typical time domain representations and the corresponding
amplitude Fourier spectra are shown in Figures 14 and Figure
15. Long time intervals of time were recorded, thus
contributing to a higher resolution of the results. After
processing and interpreting the data obtained by instrumental
investigations, the values of the eigenfrequencies/eigenperiods
of vibration corresponding to the first five eigenmodes of
vibration were obtained. These measured values are
summarized in Table 2.

Figure 15. Ambient vibration testing; displacements.


Time domain and amplitude Fourier spectra representations.
Table 2. Chimney stack (250 m).
Mode of vibration no.
Eigenfrequency (Hz)
Eigenperiod (s)
Figure 13. General view of a 250 m chimney stack and the
location of the SS1 Ranger seismometers.

Figure 14. Running Fourier spectra representation (+246 m).

Eigenmodes of vibration
1
2
3
4
5
0.24 1.10 2.44 3.03 4.88
4.14 0.91 0.41 0.33 0.20

Considering the spectral composition of the Vrancea


earthquakes (characterized by intermediate focal depths) to
which the amplification of the dominant components
correspond to periods in the range 11.6 s, the chimney stack
in discussion presents a relatively reduced degree of
vulnerability, taking into account the value of the fundamental
eigenperiod of vibration (T1 = 4.16 s).
To this tall chimney stack, the ratios between the first three
eigenperiods of vibration, instrumentally obtained, correspond
to the theoretical established values in the technical literature
(T2 0.25 T1; T3 0.10 T1). Considering the eigenvalues and
the eigenshapes of vibration one can state that, in the actual
technical state, the structural system of the chimney doesnt
show inertial and elastic discontinuities. Figure 16 illustrates
the first three eigenmodes of vibration of the high reinforced
concrete chimney stack, identified by means of instrumental data.

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

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explosion a gravitational collapse mechanism was initiated, which


constituted a second shock applied to the soil, having a much
smaller intensity and being non-simultaneous with the explosions.

Figure 16. Chimney stack. Eigenmodes of vibration.


The instrumental investigations allowed us to assign to the
chimney stack a well-defined dynamic identity, as the
dynamic eigencharacteristics corresponding to its eigenmodes
of vibration pertain to an expected range of results.
4.4

Ambient vibration tests and controlled explosions

RNCEEV has monitored the partial demolition by controlled


explosions of a commercial complex, which consisted in three
main units, separated one from another by aseismic joints (15
cm). RNCEEV has accomplished the dynamic monitoring of
the structural system of the central part, named Body B
(reinforced concrete moment resisting frame type with a
special steel structure dome), during the Body A and Body
C (reinforced concrete moment resisting frame types)
demolition by small controlled explosions (Figure 17).

Figure 18. Dome level: maximum recorded values during the


demolition of Body C.
5

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the ambient vibration measurements has been


proved as a quick, efficient and economic method for the
determination of periods and associated damping. This paper
shows the potentialities of the experimental techniques based
on in situ records, with highly sensitive dynamic sensors
located at well established levels and positions in an existing
structure, which can capture with great accuracy the main
trends of the way the structure is vibrating. These show great
advantages in terms of effectiveness, accuracy and cost.
Besides informing on the eigencharacteristics of a given
building, or an engineering structure, and from this point
allowing some indications on the possible resonant effects
with soil, the knowledge of eigenperiods is of great
importance to calibrate structural models of analysis.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

Figure 17. Photo during the demolition of Body C.


The records have been carried out in the central unit with
dome (that was kept by the owner), taking into account the
following vibration sources: ambient vibrations and vibrations
induced by the explosions during the demolition of the bodies
A and C (Figure 18).
The small controlled explosions had two simultaneous
effects: the destruction of the gravity loadbering of the
structural systems of the lateral bodies, by the collapse of the
columns at the basement level, and the generation of a soil
vibration, similar to an earthquake motion. After each

[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

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