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Keywords
Abstract
Germination percentage
Chitosan
Pretreatment
Seedling vigour
Seed priming is a pre-sowing strategy for influencing seedling development by modulating pre-germination
metabolic activity prior to emergence of the radicle and generally enhances germination rate and plant
performance. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed priming on the germination and
seedling growth of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Seeds were treated by priming with chitosan solutions of 0,
0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% for 3 h (untreated dry seeds were taken as control). The results showed
that each priming treatment had increased the germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigour
index, seed length and weight of shoot and root compared with control. Priming with 0.05 up to 0.2%
concentrations of chitosan produced the highest germination and seedling growth compared with control.
Therefore, it seems that seed priming with chitosan low concentration could be used for improving
germination and seedlings growth of anise.
1.
Introduction
Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is belonging to Apiaceae family and widely cultivated for fruit and essential oil. Anise is native to Mediterranean
region and cultivated under field conditions in a vast number of countries, especially in Southern Europe and Southeast Asia, but also in the
United States, China and Chile [6]. Today, this plant use due to the antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidtaive effect on human
health [10].
Several approaches including hardening, seed priming, seed soaking and seed coating have been employed to precondition seeds in order to
improve germination and seedling growth of various seeds [3]. Seed priming treatments have been employed to accelerate germination, seedling
growth and yield in most seeds under normal and stress conditions [2]. The priming-induced increase in the rate of seed germination has been
associated with the initiation of germination-related processes [22], repair processes [21] and increase in various free radical scavenging
enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase have also been demonstrated [9].
chitosan that is a linear -(1,4)-glucosamine polymer produced by deacetylation of chitin and is an important structural component of several
plant fungi cell walls [16]. In agriculture, chitosan has been used in seed, leaf, fruit and vegetable coatings, as fertilizer and in controlled
agrochemical release, to increase plant productivity [15], to protect plants against microorganisms [7] and to stimulate plant growth [8]. Zhou et
al. [24] suggested that chitosan increase the energy of germination and germination percentage in peanut. In maize, seed priming with two
different acidic chitosan solutions improved the germination and seedlings growth [19]. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of
different priming treatments on germination and seedling growth of anise.
2.
Methodology
100
N
where n: number of germinated seed on the seventh day and N: number of seeds.
Germination rate was calculated according to the formulae of Ramana et al. [17].
Rate of germination =
...
29
Effects of Priming Treatments on Germination and Seedling Growth of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(5), No (3), September, 2016.
3.
The results demonstrated that the effect different priming treatments were significant for germination percentage, germination rate, seedling
vigour index, length and weight of shoot and root (Table 1).
3.1 Germination percentage and rate
The present study indicates that priming treatments significantly increased germination percentage and rate compared with control (Fig. 1).
Germination percentage and rate increased with chitosan concentration increment up to 0.2%. Whereas, this parameters decreased at 0.5%
chitosan concentration. The lowest germination percentage and rate observed in control (Fig. 1) results were reported by Shao et al. [19] who
observed that seed treated with chitosan increased the germination percentage of maize seedling. Chandrkrachang [4] reported that chitosan
priming could increase the germination rate of cucumber, chili, pumpkin, and cabbage. Katchadat [11] found low chitosan concentration could
increase the germination percentage of soybean seed. However, the high dose concentration of chitosan might be toxic to the seeds.
90
Germination percentage
80
70
bc
ab
bc
ab
bc
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Control
12
Germination rate
10
8
a
b
Control
a
b
6
4
2
0
0.01% Ch 0.05% Ch 0.1% Ch 0.2% Ch 0.5% Ch
Treatments
Figure 1. Effect of priming different treatments on seed germination percentage and rate of of anise.
Ch= Chitosan. Means in each column followed by similar letter(s) are not significantly different at 5%
probability level, using LSD test.
Batool Mahdavi *
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(5), No (3), September, 2016.
600
a
Seedling vigour index
500
ab
400
cd
cd
bc
de
300
200
100
0
Control
2.5
a
2
c
1.5
bc
bc
b
bc
1
0.5
0
Control
0.2% Ch
0.5% Ch
Treatments
7
a
6
bc
5
4
abc
ab
bcd
cd
3
2
1
0
Control
Figure 3. Effect of priming different treatments on length and dry weight of shoot of anise.
Ch= Chitosan. Means in each column followed by similar letter(s) are not significantly different at 5%
probability level, using LSD test.
30
31
Effects of Priming Treatments on Germination and Seedling Growth of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(5), No (3), September, 2016.
4.5
ab
bc
abc
ab
bc
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Control
2
a
1.8
1.6
1.4
bcd
1.2
1
bc
ab
cd
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Control
0.2% Ch
0.5% Ch
Treatments
Figure 4. Effect of priming different treatments on length and weight of root of anise.
Ch= Chitosan. Means in each column followed by similar letter(s) are not significantly different at 5%
probability level, using LSD test.
4.
Conclusion
The results showed that seed priming with chitosan improved the germination of anise seed and improved seedling growth. Priming with 0.05 up
to 0.2% concentrations of chitosan produced the highest germination and seedling growth compared with control. However, further studies are
needed to determine effects of chitosan in germination of anise.
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Batool Mahdavi *
32
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