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The force distribution labeled (c) in the figure above shows how ETABS assumes that the
F11
forces vary linearly along the length of the shell element between the calculated
F11force values at
the element nodes for graphical plotting purposes only
The figure below illustrates the positive directions for shell element internal forces F11,
F22, F12
V13and V23
Note that these shell element internal forces are forces per unit length acting
on the midsurface of the shell element. ETABS only reports the value of these forces at
the
shell element corner points.
Page 2 of 10Output Convention for Shell Element Internal Forces
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The figure below illustrates the positive direction for shell element principal forces,
Fmax and Fmin.
It also illustrates the positive direction for the shell element maximum transverse shear
force, Vmax.
Page 3 of 10Output Convention for Shell Element Internal Forces05-092011mk:@MSITStore:C:\Prog
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For values of V13and V23at any angle, the maximum transverse shear stress, V-Max,
can be
calculated as: The figure below illustrates the positive directions for shell element
internal moments
M11, M22and M12
. Note that these shell element internal moments are moments per unit length acting on
the
midsurface of the shell element. ETABS only reports the value of these moments per
unit length at
the shell element corner points.
Page 4 of 10Output Convention for Shell Element Internal Forces
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Use the right hand rule to determine the sense of the moments shown in the figure
above.
The figure below illustrates the positive direction for shell element principal moments,
Mmax and
Mmin. Page 5 of 10Output Convention for Shell Element Internal Forces05-092011mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\Computers%20and%20Structures\ETABS%2...
z
Shell Element Internal Stresses
The basic shell element stresses are identified as S
11
,S
22
,S
12
,S
13
, and S
23
. You might expect
that there would also be an S
21
, but S
21
is always equal to S
12
, so it is not actually necessary to
report S
21
.S
ij
stresses (where i can be equal to 1 or 2 and j can be equal to 1, 2 or 3) are stresses
that occur on face i of an element in direction j. Direction j refers to the local axis
direction of the
shell element. Thus S
11
stresses occur on face 1 of the element (perpendicular to the local 1 axis)
and are acting in the direction parallel to the local 1 axis (that is, the stresses act
normal to face 1).
As another example, S
12
stresses occur on face 1 of the element (perpendicular to the local 1 axis)
and are acting in the direction parallel to the local 2 axis (that is, the stresses act
parallel to face 1,
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like shearing stresses). The figure below shows examples of each of these basic types of
shell
stresses. ETABS reports internal stresses for shell elements at the four corner points of
the
appropriate face of the element. For example, refer to Figure "a" below. On the positive
1 face
internal stresses are reported by ETABS at points A, B, C and D.
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Shell internal stresses are reported for both the top and the bottom of the shell element.
The top
and bottom of the element are defined relative to the local 3-axis of the element. The
positive 3-axis
side of the element is considered to be the top of the element. Thus in Figure "a" above,
internal
stresses at the top of the element include stresses at the joints labeled A and C and
internal
stresses at the bottom of the element include stresses at the joints labeled B and D. The
Figure
below clearly illustrates the points where ETABS reports the shell element internal stress
values.
The transverse shear stresses calculated by ETABS (S
13
and S
23
) are average values. The actual
transverse shear stress distribution is approximately parabolic; it is zero at the top and
bottom
surfaces and has its maximum or minimum value at the midsurface of the element.
ETABS reports
the average transverse shear value. An approximation to the maximum (or minimum)
transverse
shear stress would be 1.5 times the average shear stress.
The figure below illustrates the positive directions for shell element internal stresses S
11
,S
22
,S
12
,
S
13
and S
23
. Also shown are the positive directions for the principal stresses, S-Max and S-Min,
and the positive directions for the maximum transverse shear stresses, S-Max-V.
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