Lecture no.

4 Specific Actions

Presentation Outline
Common actions
Specific actions
Wind, snow and temperature control

Loads

Actions are a set of forces (loads) acting on a

structure, or/and deformations produced by
temperature, settlement or earthquakes.
Actions are classified by:
(1) Variation in time:
(a) permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight,
fittings, ancillaries and fixed
equipment,
(b) variable actions (Q), e.g. imposed loads,
wind actions or snow loads,
(c) accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions or
impact from vehicles.

(2) Spacial variation:

(a) fixed actions, e.g. self-weight for
structures sensitive to self-weight,
(b) free actions which result in different
arrangement of actions, e.g. movable
imposed loads, wind actions and snow
loads.

Types of loads
Dead Loads- (loads that are always there)
vertical, unchanging, the weight of the material, part
of the structure. (floors, beams, roofs, decks, beams,
superstructure, lumber, concrete, plumbing materials)

Types of loads (cont.)

Live Loads- includes static
and dynamic loading.
-static includes weight
and
pressure
from
equipment,
stored
products,
livestock
-dynamic results from
dynamic
(moving)
equipment and livestock

Live Loads
Live design loads are based on expected use of a
building. Live loads may be concentrated, uniform,
stationary, moving and impacting
ExampleFloor load for the stall (trad. - staul,

grajd), barn (trad. - opron, din

americ.=grajd pt. cai)

Load for the slotted floor

Load for individual slat
Loads imposed by grain in storageThe floor load is determined by multiplying the
volume by the density. Loads imposed in storage may be
similar to fluids.

Live Loads-Straw bales

Live Loads- live stock

Live Loads
Racks with mushrooms
and salt pork

Live Loads-Casks arrangements

Live Loads

Types Of Loads cont.

Environmental Loads- wind,
snow,
earthquake, or meteorological factors can be
estimated from weather service records.

Types of Loads on Buildings

Dead loads
(weight of building materials and
all permanent partitions and
permanent equipment)
Live loads
Loads from use & occupancy of
the building (static or dynamic
loads)
Environmental loads
Wind, snow, earthquake, earth
and hydrostatic pressure

Determining Snow Loads

STAS 10101/21-92
Snow loads are vertical applied on the exposed elements. The
nominal values of snow loads (pz) could be evaluated by
multiplying the following parameter:

where:

gz
czi
ce

p czi ce g z
n
z

- the weight of snow layer [kN/m2];

- the crowding coefficient that includes the effect of roof
slope;
- the sensibility coefficient depending on the profile shapes
of roofs (ex: shed roofs or multilevel pitched ones) that
favour nonuniform accumulation liable to wind exposure
and slide off on adjacent areas

Determining Snow Loads

According to EN 1991-1-3-2003, Eurocode 1 Part 1-3: General
actions-Snow loads i CR 1-1-3-2005 Cod de Proiectare.
Evaluarea aciunii zpezii asupra construciilor

sk i CeCt s0,k
where:

i
Ce
Ct
s 0k

is
is
is
is

the
the
the
the

snow load shape coefficient;

exposure coefficient;
thermal coefficient;
characteristic value of snow load on the ground.

T/2

T/2

Sasm

Sasc

Sasm

T/2

T/2

L/2

L/2

Nsm
Msm=Nsm e1
Nsme2

L/2

L/2

Nsc

Nsm
Msm
Nsme2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Balanced snow load

Unbalanced snow load caused by wind
Increased load in valleys
Increased load for lower roof
Added load from sliding snow
Drift load behind obstruction
Change of slope
Sheltered conditions (not wind-swept)
Load adjusted for slope

An engineers task is to protect humans, animals, crops,

property and the environment with structurally sound,
functional, but cost effective, designs. He/she must consider
many types of loading and must still make certain that the building
serves its function properly.
Farm buildings commonly require engineering design for specific
structural components (plates, post/stud sizes, bracing, footing
sizes, etc.).

Determining Wind Loads

STAS 10101/20-91
Wind load is an interesting phenomenon resulting from the interaction
between enviroment and obstacles: the wind generates aerodynamic training
forces (in its direction) and uplift forces (transverse), while constructions
modify wind speed and directions.
The nominal value of wind loads (pv), as equivalent static pressure are
calculated by multiplying basic wind pressure (gv) and the factors: , ch, cn.

p nv cni ch ( z ) g v

cni

ch

- dynamic factor (- trad. coeficient de rafal);

- aerodynamic factor (building shape) for each wind component is less
than 1.0 (+) for pressure, and (-) for suction; it represents a fraction
between the static pressure (pv) on the construction and basic wind
pressure (gv) far away in the most unfavourable position;
- exposure factor is greater than 1.0 function of tzpe and the altitude of
placement, sheltered or unsheltered ones, inside or outside town, at the
altitude of 10.0 m or more;

cn1

cn2 cn1

cn2
cn3

+0,8

h1

cn3

cn3

0,8

bhala

cn3
lhala

Wind action (NP082-04 and Eurocode 1 part 4)

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces at the level z should be
obtained from following expression:

w z q ref c e ( z ) c p

where:
qref

is the peak velocity pressure

ce(z)

is the reference height for the internal pressure

cp

is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure

lhala

lhala

Determining of the temperature changes

Temperature changes are equivalent induced loads statically allied, if the
resulting deflections (dilatations, shrinkages) are not permitted by
supports;

Linear deformations of tension or compression (l) are design by the

multiplication of following parameters:
l = *L*t

where:

- the linear dilatation factor (ex. b = 0,012mm/mC, coeficient

de dilatare termic a betonului )
L
-the length of the member or the distance on the pattern between
element and nonmoving point;
t
- the nominal drop (the difference of ) temperature.

Temperature (ex. model)

Mm

EI

F=???

Design values of actions

STAS 10101/0A-77 table no.6
The actions are combined according to
the following symbolic
expressions:
- for ultimate limit states
- fundamental load combinations
- special load combinations
- for serviceability limit states

G , j Gk , j i Q ,i Qk ,i

Gk , j i Qk ,i
G

k, j

where:
= the partial factors or load factors;
= the combination factors;
G = the permanent actions;
Q = the variable actions;
A = the accidental actions.

Ak ,l
Qk , i

Bazele proiectrii structurilor

Indicativul CR0-2005

Load Transfer in Structure

Snow, Rain, Wind
and Construction load
Roof + Dead load

Floor loads

Slab + Dead load

Beam + Dead load

Wind load

Column + Dead load

Foundation

Wall load

Building Design Concepts, Loads,

Building Codes
1.
2.
3.
4.

Functional design criteria for farm buildings

Classification of buildings
Loads on buildings
Building codes

Readings:
Chapters 1 and 6

I. Functional Design Criteria For Farm

Buildings

Design Concepts
Effectiveness:
Will the building do the job it was built to do?
Efficiency:
Will the building do the job at a reasonable cost?
Versatility:
Will the building meet a variety of needs?
Permanence:
Will the building resist the wear and tear it will be subjected to for
its expected lifetime?
Expandability:
Will the building adapt easily to a larger production system?
Economy:
Will the capital and operating costs be kept to a minimum?

Structural Design

Selection of structural members and materials

Loads Resistance

Ensure strength, stiffness, and stability of

structural members.

Load Estimating

kg/m2
Beef/dairy cattle

490

Calves to 135kg (trad.viei)

245

Swine (trad.porc)

170-340

Dwelling

200

(trad. Locul ngrdit, staul)

Modern mushroom building in Italy

Life cycle of agricultural buildings

According to Romanian Law (HG no.964, 23 Dec., 1998)
Fixed active
(trad.Active fixe)

Ligespan in years (trad.

Durata de viata)

Farm Building (Cladire agrozootehnica)

30

Light Agric. Building (trad. Baraci, magazii,

soproane, cabane)

10

Silo

30-35

Greenhouses (steel or alum. Structures with

glass claddings)

30

Light grenhouses (temporary structures)

Life cycle of agricultural buildings

According to BS 5502-22:2003, Code of practice for
design,construction and loading

BS 5502-22:2003, Code of practice for design,construction

and loading

Code of practice for design, construction and loading

Code of practice for design, construction and loading

Code of practice for design, construction and loading

Building Codes, Facilities Standards

International Codes
Eurocodes 1, 2, 3, 5; British Standards Collection BS5502
National codes
Ordin Nr.76 din 23 Mai 1979 -Normativ sanitar veterinar privind amplasarea,
proiectarea si sistematizarea obiectivelor zootehnice si de industrie alimentara
Calculul i alctuirea elementelor structurale din beton, beton armat i beton
precomprimat, STAS 10107/0-90
Ordin nr.76 privind aprobarea Normei sanitare veterinare care stabileste
standardele minime pentru protectia porcilor 31 aug 2005

Test Questions
1. Type of static and dynamic live loads. Examples of
live loads
2. Variable loads for agriculture buildings?
3. Why temperature loads are so important?
4. Which are permanent loads for agriculture
buildings?
5. The scheme of loads transfer in a building situated
in rural zones?
6. Life cycle of agricultural buildings according to
Romanian Standards. Is this possible to extent the
life cycle?

"A good structural engineering design must be

judged on three criteria: minimum use of materials,
minimum cost, and maximum aesthetic expression
(with satisfactory performance)"

Thank You