Punjab University B.Sc.

Exam Syllabus: Paper: Statistics: Page-1 (Outlines of Test)

Paper A: 75 Marks; Paper B: 75; Paper C: (Practical); 50: Total Marks: 200
Paper A (Syllabi and Courses of Reading) Candidates are required to attempt at least two questions from each Section
(Section I)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (weight 2/10): Meaning of Descriptive and inferential Statistics. Population and sample. Types of
variables, Measurement Scales, Sources of Statistical data in Pakistan. Description of data by frequency tables and graphs. Stem
and Leaf Plots and Box Plots. Measures of Central Tendency A.M, H.M, G.M Mode, Median, Quantities, Properties of Mean with
Proofs. Weighted Arithmetic Mean. Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and Mode. Relative Merits and Demerits of
various averages. Measures of Dispersion: Absolute and Relative Measures, Range, Semi-Inter Quartile Range, Mean Deviation,
Coefficient of Quartile Deviations, Properties of variance and Standard Deviation with Proofs. Standardized Variables. Moments,
moment ratios, Sheppards Correction, Kurtosis and skewness.
INDEX NUMBERS AND TIME SERIES (Weight 2/10): 1-Construction and application of wholesale price Index numbers. Fixed
and chain base methods. Weighted Index Numbers (Lasperyres Passches Fishers Ideal and Marshall-Edgeworth Indices). Tests
for consistency of Index Numbers Construction of Consumer Price Index Numbers. Sensitive Price Indicator.
2- Time Series: Components of a time series. Analysis of time series, Measurement of secular trend and seasonal variations by
various methods. Deseasonalization of data.
SIMPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION (Weight 1/10): Logic of regression and correlation. Scatter diagram, Simple
linear regression model, least square estimators and their properties, standards error of estimate, Meaning and application of linear
correlation coefficient. Properties of correlation coefficient correlation for bi-variable frequency distribution. Meaning derivation
and application of Rank Correlation, Tied ranks.
(Section II)
PROBABILITY (Weight 2/10): Random experiments, Sample Space and events, Counting Techniques, Definitions and axioms of
probability. Basic Laws of Probability. Independence of events. Bayes Theorem (proof not required) and its application.
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE AND DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS (Weight 2/10): Random variable,
Distribution Function, Discrete random variable. Probability distribution of discrete random variable. Joint Distribution of two
discrete random variables, marginal and conditional distribution, mathematical expectation and it properties, mean, variance and
moments. Concept of m.g.f and its properties. Uniform Bernoulli, Binomial, Hyper geometric and Poisson distribution, means,
variance and shape of these distributions and their properties. Application of these distributions with examples from various fields,
Multinomial distribution (only application)
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE AND CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS (Weight 1/10): Continuous
random variables. Probability Distribution of a single continuous random variable, probability density function and distribution
function. Mean, variance and moments of continuous random variables. Uniform and Normal Distributions. Means, Variance and
shape of these distribution and their properties. Application of these distributions. Normal approximation to the Binomial and
Poisson Distribution (only application). Fitting of Normal Distribution by area method. (continued to page 2)
Paper: Statistics: Page-2: PAPER B: Candidates are required to attempt at least two questions from each section
Section I
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION (Weight 2/10): Sampling designs of Simple random, Stratified, Systematic and
Cluster sampling. Judgment and Quota sampling. Random Numbers and their uses in sampling. Advantages of sampling.
Probability and non-probability sampling, sampling and non-sampling errors, calculation of sample of mean, proportion and
variance of simple random samples and stratified random samples. Sampling distributions of a statistic and its standard error.
Distribution of sample mean, sample proportion, difference between two proportions and means. Central limit theorem with
illustration (proof not required).
STATISTICAL INFERENCE (Weight 2/10): Nature of statistical inference, point and interval estimation of parameter, properties
of point estimator, confidence interval and its interpretation. Null and alternative hypothesis, simple and composite hypothesis.
Type I and Type II errors. Level of significance. P-value and power of test (only concept and definition). Acceptance and rejection
regions, one sided and two sided tests for paired and un paired observations. Inference about proportion and difference between
two proportions. Determination of sample size. (Application of Normal distribution and t-distribution)
INFERENCE ABOUT VARIANCE: Introduction and application of chi-square distribution: Interval estimation and test of
hypothesis about population variance (interval estimation for variance-single sample) Introduction and application of Fdistribution: Test of Hypothesis for equality of two variances.
Section II
ANALYSIS OF COUNT DATA (Weight 1/10): Chi-square test of independence, CI Chi-square test of goodness of fit, Chi-square
test of homogeneity.
REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS: Multiple Linear regression with two regressors, Coefficient of multiple
determination, Partial and multiple correlation up to three variables. Inference of simple correlation and regression, partial and
multiple correlation. Interval estimates and tests of hypothesis about parameters, mean prediction and individual prediction.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND BASIC EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: Analysis of variance for one-way classification.
Multiple comparison test, least significant difference and Duncans multiple range test. Basic principles of experimental design.
Complete randomized, randomized complete Block and Latin Square Designs. Descriptions, Layout, Statistical analysis,
advantages and limitations of these designs. Application of these designs (Analysis of all these designs for single Observation in
each Cell).
PAPER C (Practical) Candidates are required to attempt one question from each section
Section I: One question from each section of Paper A should be set.
Section II : One question from each section Paper B should be set.
Each Question of 18 marks i.e. 18 + 18= 36 Marks+ Practical Note Book = 05 Marks+ Viva = 09 Marks Total: 50 Marks

Punjab University BA ECONOMICS Syllabus (A & B Papers)

Page - 1
(Outlines of Test)
Paper
Paper

A:
B:

Basic
Micro

Mathematics
and
Economics
and
Total Marks:

Micro
Economics
Economic
Development
200

of

Pakistan

100
100

(Syllabi and Courses of Reading)

PAPER - A: BASIC MATHEMATICS AND MICRO ECONOMICS
Section I : BASIC MATHEMATICS
1.FUNCTIONS
AND
EQUATIONS:
(i)
Functions:
Relation
vs
Function
Variable,
Constants
and
Parameters
Types of Functions: Linear and Non-Linear, Exponential and Logarithmic, Graphical representation of Functions. Examples from
Micro
and
Macro
Economics.
(ii) Equations: Equation vs Identities. Solution of Linear, Quadratic and Simultaneous Equations. Equilibrium Analysis in
Economics, Partial Market Equilibrium, Linear and Quadratic Models, Equilibrium in National Income
2.DERIVATIVES:
The concepts of Derivative. The concepts of Limit and it relevance to Derivatives. Slope vs Elasticity of Function. Rules of
Differentiation: A constant, A power, Sum-Difference, Product and quotient Function Rule, The derivation of Marginal Quantities
in Economics, The calculation of Elasticity of Demand and supply.
3.MAXIMA
AND
MINIMA
OF
FUNCTION:
Optimum values vs Extreme Relative Maxima and Minima, Point of Inflexion, Criteria for Relative Maxima and Minima. First
order condition and second order condition, Constrained Optimization, Problems of optimization in Economics. Profit, Utility and
Revenue Maximization, Cost Minimization. The Equilibrium of Consumer and a Firm, The least Cost Combination of Inputs.
Section II: MICRO ECONOMICS
1.THE
NATURE
AND
IMPORTANCE
OF
MICRO
ECONOMICS:
Basic problems of Micro Economic Theory. The Determination of Output composition. The Allocation of Resources. The
Distribution of the Product and Maintenance and Expansion to the Productive Capacity of the Economy. Market Economy and the
Treatment of Basic Economic Problems. The relative importance of Market Mechanism in Capitalism. Socialism and Islamic
Economic System.
2.THE
THEORY
OF
CONSUMER
BEHAVIOUR:
The Utility Theory of Consumer Behaviour. Indifference Curies, Analysis Indifference Curves and Marginal rate of Substitution,
Consumer Equilibrium, Income Substitution and Price Effect of a Normal, Inferior and Giffen Good, Derivation of Demand Curve
from Price-Consumption Curve. Revnaled Preference Theory. Price Income and Cross Elasticities of Demand and their
Measurement.
3.THE
THEORY
OF
PRODUCTION,
COSTS
AND
REVENUES:
The Concept of Production Function, Iso-quant and Iso-Cost Curves. Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution. Optimal
Combination of Resources. The Cost and Revenues of a Firm.
4.
THE
THEORY
OF
FIRM
BEHAVIOUR
AND
MARKET
ORGANIZATION:
(a)
Perfect
Competition:
Assumption of Perfect Competition. Equilibrium of a Firm and Industry during Short and Long Periods. Short and long Period
Supply
Curve
of
a
Firm
and
Industry.
MONOPOLY:
The Nature and Extent of Monopoly, short-run and Long-run Equilibrium under Pure Monopoly. Dumping and Price
Discrimination.
Welfare
effects
of
Monopolies.
(b)
Imperfect
Competition:
Monopolistic Composition and its Main Characteristics. Short-run and Long-run Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition.
Pricing and Output Determination under Obigopoly. Price Leadership and Cartels. Inefficiencies due to imperfect Competition.
5.
PRICING
AND
EMPLOYMENT
RESOURCES:
The Marginal Productivity Theory of Resource Pricing. The Modern Theory of Resource pricing and Employment. The input
Demand Curve of Firm with One Variable Resource. The Demand Curve of a Firm with Several Variable resources. The Market
Demand Curve. The Supply Curve of Resources. Resources Pricing under perfect Competition, Monopoly and Monopsony.
NOTE:
In paper A four questions will be set from Section I and six questions from Section- II. The candidates will be required to
attempt five questions, selecting two from Section I and three questions from Section II.

Punjab University BA Paper ECONOMIC SYLLABUS

Page - 2
PAPER B: MACRO ECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN
Section I : MACRO ECONOMICS
1.A FRAME-WORK FOR MACRO ECONOMICS
Macro Economics vs Micro Economics. Macro Economic Problems: Unemployment, Inflation and Growth.
2.DETERMINATION OF NATIONAL INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT (Two sector Economy)
(i) The Classical Theory Employment:
Says Law of Markets. Aggregate Demand and the Quantity Theory of Real Wage Function. Classical Macro Economic System,
its Diagramatic representation. Keynesian Critique of Classical system.
(ii) Keynesian Theory of Income and Employment:
Equilibrium Level of National Income: Saving and Investment Approach: Consumption and Investment Approach. Relation
Between Investment and Income. Investment Multiplier. Inflationary and Deflationay Gaps and Full Employment level.
3. DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL INCOME (Two Sector Economy)
(i) Consumption:
Comsumption and Saving Function. Keynesian Psychological Law of consumption. Determinants of Consumption. Explanation of
Observed Relationship between consumption and Income: Relative Income, Permanent Income and Life Theories of
Consumption.
(ii) Investment:
Investment and Capital Determinants of Investment, Marginal Efficiency Capital (MEC) and Marginal Efficiency of Investment
(MEI). Optimal Level Investment. The Principles of Acceleration.
4. GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN THE GOODS AND MONEY MARKET
The Derivation of IS Function in the Goods Market. The Slope and Position and its curve. The derivation of LM Function in the
Money Market. The Demand and Supply of Money. The interest Rate. The Slope and Position of LM Curve. Simultaneous
Equilibrium in the goods and Money Market. Adjustment towards Equilibrium.
5. FLUCTUATION IN NATIONAL INCOME:
Business Cycles and their main Features. Interaction of Multiplier and Accrator. Counter-Cyclical Measures.
6. MONETARY INFLUENCE ON INCOME DETERMINATION
Monetary Policy: Its Nature, Objectives and Instruments. Influence of Policy on Income Determination (by affecting c+I+G).
Money and Inflation Stagflation
7. FISCAL POLICY AND INCOME DETERMINATION
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INCOME DETERMINATION
Theory of Comparative Advantage. Classical and Ohlin Theory. Balance of Payments. Disequilibrium and Adjustment Policies.
Devaluation and Revaluation, Depreciation and Appreciation of Exchange Rate. Determination of National Income in a Four
Sector Economy. The Foreign Trade Multiplier and changes in the level of Income.
Section II: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN
1.THE CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Main Features of Developing Economy with Special Reference to Pakistan
2.AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
Relative Importance of Agricultural and Industrial Sectors in the Economic Development of Pakistan.
3.ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PLANNING
Need and Role of Development Planning. Market Imperfections and Price Distortion, Short Term, Medium Term and long term
Plans. Formulation of Objective, Targets and Strategy in Development Planning.
4. ECONOMIC PLANNING IN PAKISTAN
Planning Machinery in Pakistan. Justification of Economic Planning in Pakistan. Factors Probibitive in Effective Planning in
Pakistan. Main Contours and Critical Evaluation of the Last Year Plan (Seventh Five Year Plan) with reference to its Strategies,
Objectives, Targets and Achievements, Role of Annual Planning in Economic Development.
5. RESOURCES MOBILIZATION FOR PLANNED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
(i) Financial Resources:
Domestic and Foreign Resources of Pakistan. Extent Pakistans Dependence on Foreign and Debt Servicing Problem.
(ii) Human Resources:
Human Resource Mobilization in Pakistan. The Need and Role of Man Power Planning.
NOTE:
In Paper B six question will be set from Section 1 and four questions from Section II. The candidates will be required to
attempt five questions, selecting three question from Section I and two questions from Section - II