A Practical Guide To Free Energy

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy
Devices
Author: Patrick J. Kelly
Free-energy devices: Moving Pulsed Systems
Note: If you are not at all familiar with basic electronics, yo

easier to understand this chapter if you read chapter 12 firs
There are three categories of pulsed system and we will co

in turn. These are drive-pulsed systems, energy-tapping p
systems and gravity free-energy pulsing systems. Here w
systems where an electrical pulse is used to cause the dev
operate by creating a temporary magnetic field caused by e
current flowing through a coil or electromagnet as it is ofte
Many of these systems are rather subtle in the way that the
One very well-known example of this is
The Adams Motor. The late Robert Adams, an electrical e

New Zealand designed and built an electric motor using pe
magnets on the rotor and pulsed electromagnets on the fra
motor. He found that the output from his motor exceeded
power by a large margin (800%).
The diagram of his motor intended to show the basic opera

is shown here:
If a motor is built like this, then it will most certainly work bu

reach 100% efficiency let alone exceeding the 100% mark.
a specific configuration which is hardly ever publicised that
performance figures can be achieved. While Robert has sh
different configurations, in order to avoid confusion I will de
explain just one of them. I am indebted to several of Rober
and colleagues for the following information and I should lik
my thanks to them for their help and support in bringing yo
information.
First and foremost, high performance can only be achieved

clever use of power collection coils. These coils need to be
accurately and their power collection restricted to just a ver
operation by connecting them to, and disconnecting them f

output circuit at just the right instant so that the back EMF g
when the current draw stops, actually contributes to the dri
rotor, speeding it on it's way and raising the overall efficien
motor/generator as a whole.
Next, the shape of the magnets used is important as the le

proportion of the magnet alters the pattern of it's magnetic
direct opposition to the diagram shown above, the magnets
much longer than their width (or in the case of cylindrical m
much longer than their diameter).
Further, a good deal of experimentation has shown that the

shape of the electromagnets and pick-up coils has a major
the performance. The cross-sectional area of the core of th
coils should be four times that of the cross-sectional area o
permanent magnets in the rotor. The reverse is true for the
drive coils as their cores should have a cross-sectional are
quarter of the rotor magnet cross-sectional area.
Another point which is almost never mentioned is the fact t

gains will not be achieved unless the drive voltage is high.
should be 48 volts but the higher the voltage, the greater th
gain, so voltages in the 120 volts (rectified US mains voltag
volts (rectified mains voltage elsewhere) should be conside
Neodymium magnets are not recommended for drive volta
120 volts.
This is one of Robert's test circuits:
Notice that the cores of the "generator" pick-up coils are ve

wider than the cores of the drive coils. Also notice the prop
magnets where the length is much greater than the width o
The four generator windings are mounted on a single disc
to be moved through an angle to find the optimum operatin
before being locked in position and the two drive coils are m
separately and held clear of the disc. Notice also that the p
coils are much wider compared to their length than the driv
This is a practical feature which is explained in greater deta
The DC input is shown passing through Robert's custom-m
contactor switch which is mounted directly on the shaft of t

motor/generator. This is a mechanical switch which allows
On / Off ratio, which is known as the "Mark/Space Ratio" o
period is of particular interest, the "Duty Cycle". Robert Ada
that when the motor is running and has been adjusted to it
performance, then the Mark/Space ratio should be adjuste
the On period and ideally get it down to about 25% so that
quarters of the time, the input power is actually switched of
various ways of achieving this switching while still having a
turn on and turn off of the power.
Robert considered mechanical switching of the drive curren

very good option although he was not opposed to using the
power a transistor to do the actual switching and so reduce
through the mechanical contacts by a major factor. His rea
preference for mechanical switching are that it gives very s
switching, needs no electrical power to make it operate and
current to flow in both directions. The current flow in two di
important because Robert produced various ways of gettin
to feed current back into the driving battery, allowing it to d
for long periods without lowering its voltage hardly at all. H
method of switching is shown here:
This switching gear operates as follows: The timing disk is

securely to the drive shaft of the motor and its position is se
electrical switch-on occurs when the rotor magnet is exactl
the drive coil core. Adjustment of that timing is done by loo
locking nut, rotating the disc very slightly and clamping the
position again. A spring washer is used to keep the assemb
the device is running. The disc has a star-shaped piece of
set into its surface and two silver-tipped, copper arm "brush
across the surface of the copper star.
One of these two brushes is fixed in position and slides acr

copper star near the drive shaft, making a permanent elect
connection to it. The second brush slides alternatively on th
conducting surface of the disc and then over the conductin
copper. The second brush is mounted so that its position c
adjusted and, because the copper arms taper, that alters th
"On" time to the "Off" time. The actual switching is achieve
flowing through the first brush, through the copper arm and
the second brush. The brush arms shown in the diagram a
the springiness of the copper arm to make a good brush-to
electrical connection. It might be preferred to use a rigid br
pivot it and use a spring to ensure a very good contact betw
brush and the copper star at all times.
The adjustment of the On to Off time, or "Mark/Space Ratio

Cycle" as the technical people describe it, could perhaps d
description. If the moveable brush is positioned near the ce
disc, then, because of the tapering of the copper arms, the
non-conducting disc that it slides over is shorter and the pa
conducting copper arm with which it connects is longer, as
sliding paths are about the same length, the current is on f
same length as it is off, giving a Mark/Space ratio of about
shown here:
If, instead, the moveable brush is positioned near the outsi

the disc, then because of the tapering of the copper arm, th
shorter and the non-conducting Off path is very much longe
about three times as long as the On path, giving a Mark/Sp
about 25%. As the moveable brush can be positioned anyw
between these two extremes, the Mark/Space ratio can be
value from 25% to 50%.
The two brushes can be on the same side of the drive shaf
opposite sides as shown. One important feature is that the
touch in a position where the disc surface is always moving
away from the brush mounting, causing any drag to be dire
the arm and giving no sideways loading on the brush. The
the device is usually one inch (25 mm) or less.
You will also notice that the output is switched although the
does not give any indication of how or when that switching
You will notice that the diagram has angles marked on it fo
positioning of the pick-up coils, well, an Adams Motor build

forum ID of "Maimariati" who achieved a Coefficient Of Per
1,223, found that the optimum switching for his motor is On
degrees and Off at 44.7 degrees. That tiny 2.7 degree part
turn gives a substantial power output and cutting the outpu
at that point causes the back EMF of the coils to give the ro
substantial additional boost on its way. His input power is 2
his output power is 33.78 kilowatts
Now for some practical details. It is suggested that a good

power pick-up coils can be determined by using the paper
This is done by taking one of the permanent magnets used
and measuring the distance at which that magnet just begi
end of a 32 mm (1.25 inch) paper clip off the table. The opt
of each coil from end to end is exactly the same as the dist
which the paper clip starts to lift.
The core material used in the electromagnets can be of va

types including advanced materials and alloys such as So
'Metglas'. The power pick-up coil proportions are important
electromagnet becomes less and less effective as its lengt

and eventually, the part furthest from the active end can ac
hindrance to the effective operation. A good coil shape is o
would not expect, with the coil width being, perhaps 50% g
the coil length:
Contrary to what you would expect, the device draws in en

local environment better if the end of the pick-up coil farthe
rotor is left unaffected by any other part of the device and t
applies to the magnet facing it. That is, the coil should have
one end and nothing at the other end, that is, no second ro
the coil. The speed at which the voltage is applied to, and r
from, the coils is very important. With very sharp voltage ris
additional energy is drawn from the surrounding environme
field. If using transistor switching, then the IRF3205 FET ha
found to be very good and a suitable driver for the FET is t
MC34151.
If using a Hall-effect semiconductor to synchronise the timi

UGN3503U which is very reliable, then the life of the Hall-e
is much improved if it is provided with a 470 ohm resistor b
the positive supply line, and a similar 470 ohm resistor betw
the negative line. These resistors in series with the Hall-eff
effectively float it and protect it from supply-line spikes".
Here, two electromagnets are driven by the battery via Rob

commutator which is mounted on the rotor shaft. Some of t
recommendations given by Robert are the opposite of wha
expect. For example, he says that a single rotor constructio
be more electrically efficient that one where several rotors
on a single shaft. Robert is against the use of reed switche
recommends making one of his commutators.
At one stage, Robert recommended the use of standard tra

shims for constructing the cores of the electromagnets. Thi
advantage that matching bobbins for holding the coil windin
readily available and can still be used for pick-up coils. Late
swung towards the use of solid cores from the old PO Serie
telephone relays and eventually said that electromagnet co
be solid iron.
The diagrams presented by Robert show the magnets loca

rim of the rotor and pointing outwards. If this is done, then
that the magnets in the rotor are firmly attached on at least
six faces and the possibility of using a ring of non magnetic
such as duct tape around the outside should be considered
of construction also lends itself to streamlining the rotor by
completely solid construction, although it might be remarke
motor would run better and more quietly if it were enclosed
which had the air pumped out of it. If that is done, then ther
air resistance and because sound can't pass through a vac
operation is bound to result.
While this may sound a bit complicated, there is no reason

be. All that is needed is two discs and one central disc whic
thickness of the magnets, with slots cut in it, the exact size
magnets. The assembly starts with the lower disc, magnets
disc. These are glued together, probably with epoxy resin,
holds the magnets securely on four faces as shown here:
Here, the magnets are attached on the lower face, the righ
faces, and the unused pole face, and when the upper disc
the upper faces are also secured and there is the minimum
turbulence when the rotor spins:
There is a "sweet spot" for the positioning of the power pick

it will usually be found that this is two or three millimeters a
rotor. If that is the case, then there will be room for an oute
duct tape on the rim of the rotor to provide additional protec
the failure of the magnet attachment method.
High-power versions of the motor/generator need to be enc
metal box which is earthed as they are quite capable of ge

substantial amount of high frequency waves which can dam
equipment such as oscilloscopes and create TV reception
There would probably be an improvement in performance a
reduction in sound if the box was airtight and had the air pu
it. If that is done, then there will be no air resistance as the
and since sound does not pass through a vacuum, quieter
possible.
Experienced rotor builders do not like the radial magnets s

construction because of the stresses on the magnet attach
rotational speeds are reached. It should not need to be sai
obviously a major requirement to keep your hands well awa
rotor when the motor is running as it is perfectly possible to
by the high-speed movement if you are careless. Please re
this presentation must not be considered to be a recomme
you build or use any device of this nature and it must be st
this text, in common with the entire contents of this eBook,
to be for information purposes only and no representations
warranties are implied by this presentation. Should you dec
construct, test or use any device, then you do so entirely a
risk and no liability attaches to anybody else if you sustain
injury or property damage as a result of your own actions.
Because of the mechanical stresses caused during rotation

experienced constructors feel that the magnets should be e
the rotor as shown here where they are kept well clear of th
rotor which is made from a tough material. This is so that th
of the material prevents the magnets breaking loose and b

dangerous high-speed projectiles, which at best would des
electromagnets and at worst could injure someone quite ba
It needs to be remembered that the proportions of the mag

the magnet length to be more than the diameter, so in case
where circular magnet faces are to be used, the magnets w
cylindrical and the rotor needs to have a significant thickne
depend on the magnets which are available locally. The ma
be a tight push-fit in their holes and securely glued in place
Robert Adams has used this construction style as well. How

arrangement like this is used, then there will be a substanti
pull on the rotor as it reaches the electromagnet core, tend
magnets out of the rotor.
It is important that the rotor should be perfectly balanced a

minimum amount of bearing friction possible. This calls for
construction and either roller or ball bearings. The construc
shown above has the distinct advantage that it has an ope
the magnet and the coils and this is believed to facilitate th
environmental energy into the device.
It may be my ignorance showing here, but I have a problem

version. The difficulty as I see it is that the magnet/core pu
subsequent drive thrust when the coil is powered, form a "t
couple" as they both try to rotate the axle in the same direc
places a substantial loading on the axle bearings, usually a
the radius of the rotor being greater than the distance from
the axle bearings. This load will be in the tens of kilograms
will be applied and reversed perhaps forty times per secon
appears like a vibration load and is directly opposed to the

balanced" rotor operation being sought. The radial magnet
generally shown by Robert Adams does not have any of th
loading at all because the coils are exactly opposite each o
their loads cancel each other out exactly. The choice is, of
the builder and his assessment of the advantages and disa
the different styles of construction.
When getting ball-race bearings for an application like this,

aware that "closed" bearings such as these are not suitable
supplied:
This is because this type of bearing is usually packed with

grease which completely destroys its free motion, making i
bearing than a simple hole-and-shaft arrangement. Howev
this, the closed or "sealed" bearing is popular as the magn
attract dirt and dust and if the device is not enclosed in a s
necessary for the high power versions, then having the sea
considered to be an advantage. The way to deal with the g
packing is to soak the bearing in an isopropyal solvent clea

remove the manufacturer's grease, and then, when it has d
lubricate the bearing with two drops of a high quality thin oi
intended to house the motor/generator in an earthed, seale
then an alternative type of bearing which might be suitable
design like this:
especially if the air is removed from the box. Some constru

to use ceramic bearings which are supposed to be immune
supplier is here but as with everything else, these choices
made by the builder and will be influenced by his opinions.
I'm not sure where it came from, but here is a circuit diagra
transistor drive and the return of the back EMF of the drive
driving power supply. Using this method, about 95% of the
can be returned, lowering the current draw enormously:
The diode feeding the power back to the supply is a Schott

because of it's high-speed operation. It needs to be able to
peak pulse power and so should be one of the more robus
this circuit does not have is the very important switching on
coils circuit. Another strange item is the way that the FET s
arranged with two sensors rather than one and with an add
battery. While it must be admitted that the current draw of t
should be very low, there still does not seem to be much re
a second power supply. One other peculiarity in this diagra
positioning of the drive coils. With them offset as shown, it
of them being at an angle relative to the rotor magnets. It is
clear if this is an advanced operating technique or just poo
am inclined to assume the latter although I have no eviden
other than the circuit design and the low quality of the origi
which had to be improved considerably to arrive at the diag
above.
The coil generator output should be fed into a capacitor be
passed to whatever equipment is to be powered by the dev

because the energy is being drawn from the local environm
not conventional energy. Storing it in a capacitor converts i
normal version of electrical power, a feature which has also
mentioned by Don Smith and by John Bedini although thei
quite different in operation.
The DC resistance of the coil windings is an important facto

overall resistance should be either 36 ohms or 72 ohms for
set of coils, whether they are drive coils or power pick-up c
can be wired in parallel or in series or in series/parallel. So
with four coils, the DC resistance of each coil could be 18 o
series-connected, 288 ohms for parallel connected, or 72 o
connection in series/parallel where two pairs of coils in seri
wired in parallel.
To help with assessing the wire diameter and length which

use, here is a table of some of the common sizes in both A
Gage and Standard Wire Gauge:
So far, we have not discussed the generation of the timing

popular choice for a timing system is to use a slotted disc m
the rotor axle and sensing the slots with an "optical" switch
"optical" part of the switch is usually performed by UV trans
reception and as ultra violet is not visible to the human eye
the switching mechanism as "optical" is not really correct. T
sensing mechanism is very simple as commercial devices
available for performing the task. The sensor housing conta
UV LED to create the transmission beam, and a UV depen
to detect that transmitted beam.
Here is an example of a neatly constructed timing mechan

Ron Pugh for his six-magnet rotor assembly:
This device happens to be one which is supplied here unde

product code number : OP-5490-14327-00. As the slotted d
one of the slots comes opposite the sensor and allows the
pass through to the sensor. That lowers the resistance of th
device and that change is then used to trigger the drive pu
whatever length of time the slot leaves the sensor clear. Yo
the balanced attachment method used by Ron to avoid hav
unbalanced rotor assembly. There can be two timing discs,
drive pulses and one for switching the power pickup coils in
the circuit. The slots in the power pick-up timing disk will be
as the switch-on period is only about 2.7 degrees. For a six
diameter disc where 360 degrees represents a circumferen
18.85 inches (478.78 mm) a 2.7 degree slot would be only
(3.6 mm) wide. The arrangement for an axial magnet rotor
be like this:
So to recap, the things which are necessary for getting an

output into the serious bracket are:
1.A performance of COP>1 can only be achieved if there
pick-up coils.
2.The rotor magnets need to be longer than they are wid

ensure the correct magnetic field shape and the rotor m
perfectly balanced and have bearings as low-friction as
3.The face area of the rotor magnets needs to be four tim

the drive coil cores and one quarter the area of the cor
power pick-up coils. This means that if they are circula
drive coil core diameter needs to be half the diameter o
and the magnet diameter needs to be half the diamete
pick-up core. For example, if a circular rotor magnet is
across, then the drive core should be 5 mm across and
core 20 mm across.
4.The drive voltage needs to be a minimum of 48 volts a

a good deal higher than that.
5.Do not use neodymium magnets if the drive voltage is
volts.
6.The drive coils should not be pulsed until they are exac
with the rotor magnets even though this does not give
rotor speed.
7.Each complete set of coils should have a DC resistanc

ohms or 72 ohms and definitely 72 ohms if the drive vo
volts or higher.
8.Collect the output power in large capacitors before usin

equipment.
If you want the original drawings and some explanation

operation of the motor, then two publications from the l
Adams can be bought from www.nexusmagazine.com
prices are quoted in Australian dollars, making the boo
more expensive than they actually are.
Here is a really impressive collection of well-informed p

material on building and using an Adams motor with de
sensors and how they work, core materials and their p
and how to locate the "sweet spot" - very highly recom
site.
In 1999, two Australian men, John Christie and Ludwig

Robert Adams design and patented it, calling it the Lu
patent was issued in 2003 and considering that the 199
Robert Adams and Harold Aspden was in place, it is no
how the Lutec patent could have been issued. Howeve
encouraging to see a successful implementation of Ro
They achieved COP=5 at a net one kilowatt power outp
the major mistake of attempting to manufacture and se
generators which would have cut into the profits of the
companies, and as a result, they no longer offer the un
as I am aware, never sold one. The idea was that thes

modules could be stacked one on top of the other to ge
higher outputs.
Here is a re-worded extract from their patent:

Patent: US 6,630,806
7 Oct 2003
Ludwig Brits and John Christie
System for Controlling a Rotary Device
Abstract
A system for controlling a rotary device, the system com
controller and a rotary device, which has a stator and r
the controller is connected to the rotary device to contr
the rotary device, and wherein the controller is adapted
periodically energise the energising coils of the device
magnetic field of a polarity which induces the rotor to ro
single direction and wherein the controller is switched o
de-energise the energising coil when other forces, bein
other than those resulting from the energising coil, prod

resultant force which induces rotation of the rotor in tha
Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to motors which are used
generating a torque and generators which are used for
electricity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A typical electric motor consists of a stator and rotor. T
of an electric motor is based on the principle that an el
through a conductor produces a magnetic field, the dire
current in an electro-magnetic such as a coil of wire de
location of the magnets poles and like magnetic poles
opposite magnetic poles attract.
The stator which is typically called the field structure es

constant magnetic field in the motor. Typically, the mag
established by permanent magnets which are called fie
and located at equally spaced intervals around the roto
or armature typically consists of a series of equally spa
which are able to be energised to produce a magnetic
north or south poles.
By keeping the coils energised the interacting magneti

rotor and the stator produce rotation of the rotor. To en
rotation occurs in a single direction, a commutator is ty

connected to the windings of the coils of the rotor so as
the direction of the current applied to the coils. If the di
current was not reversed, the rotor would rotate in one
then reverse its direction before a full cycle of rotation
completed.
The above description typifies a DC motor. AC motors

commutators because alternating current reverses its d
independently. For a typical AC motor such as an induc
the rotor has no direct connection to the external sourc
electricity. Alternating current flows around field coils in
and produces a rotating magnetic field. This rotating m
induces an electric current in the rotor resulting in anot
field. This induced magnetic field from the rotor interac
magnetic field from the stator causing the rotor to turn.
An electric generator is effectively the reverse of an ele

Instead of supplying electricity to coils of either the stat
the rotor or armature is rotated by physical forces prod
prime mover. In effect a generator changes mechanic
electrical energy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is aimed at providing an improve
device which operates with improved efficiency compa
conventional rotary devices. The present invention is a
concerned with providing a system for controlling a rota

which is able to generate electrical and/or mechanical
According to the present invention there is provided a s

controlling a rotary device, the system comprising a co
rotary device which has a stator and rotor, wherein the
connected to the rotary device to control rotation of the
device, and with the controller adapted to energise per
least one energising coil of the device to create a magn
polarity which induces the rotor to rotate in a single dire
where the controller is switched off so as to de-energis
energising coil when other forces, being forces other th
resulting from the energised energising coil produce a
force which induces rotation of the rotor in the single d
Preferably the controller is adapted to energise the ene

for a period during which the resultant force from the o
acts to rotate the rotor in the opposite direction, whereb
applied by the energising coil overcomes, being greate
resultant force. The controller is preferably adapted to
de-energise the energising coil before the resultant for
The controller preferably is adapted to switch off to deenergising coil for a period before the resultant force is
allow back EMF induced by other forces to urge the ro
the single direction before the resultant force is zero. P
resultant force excludes forces arising from back-EMF.
The energising coil may be adapted to be energised by
controller through a predetermined angle of a complete

the rotor. Alternatively the energising coil is adapted to
by the controller for a predetermined period of time for
revolution of the motor. Preferably then, each energisin
energised more than once during a single revolution (c
rotor. Each energising coil may be energised each time
force applies a force to the rotor in the opposite directio
energising coil may be energised by a periodic pulse a
controller. The periodic pulses are preferably all of the
Each of the energising coils are energised whenever th

force is in the opposite direction and then for a period l
period during which the resultant force changes from z
maximum and back to zero.
In one embodiment, the stator has at least one energis

rotor may have at least one magnetic field generator w
to generate a magnetic field which interacts with the m
generated by each energising coil when energised, to
to rotate the rotor in one direction. Each energising coi
includes a magnetic interaction method which is adapt
repel or attract the magnetic field generator.
In another embodiment, the magnetic interaction mean

to attract the magnetic field generator. The magnetic in
means may comprise a ferrous body or body of anothe
which is attracted by a magnet. The magnetic field gen
be a permanent magnet. The magnetic interaction mea
an iron core or a permanent magnet. Preferably the ma

generator comprises a permanent magnet, or member
magnet.
The stator preferably comprises a plurality of energisin

spaced around the rotor. Each energising coil is prefer
electromagnet. Preferably each energising coil include
magnetic interaction means through its coil. Preferably
comprises a plurality of evenly spaced magnets.
In one embodiment, the rotor comprises a plurality of e

permanent magnets which may all be of the same pola
evenly spaced magnetic field generators may be energ
simulating magnets. Preferably the poles of the magne
generating means are all the same. The magnetic pole
by energised energising coils may be the same as that
magnetic field generators.
The magnetic field generators for the stator may be pe

magnets. Preferably the rotor has several energising c
commutator. The rotor may be an armature and the sta
field winding. Preferably the rotor magnetic field genera
energised by an external power supply being DC or AC
stator magnetic interaction means may be energised b
operating on AC or DC current.
According to one embodiment the stator includes at lea

induction coil which is adapted to have a current induc
magnetic field generator of the rotor. Each induction co

separate from each energising coil. Each induction coi
an energising coil. Each energising coil may be adapte
connected to an output circuit whereby current induced
energising coil is output to the output circuit.
It is preferred that switching circuitry is adapted to recti

induced in the induction coils and that the rectifying oc
before each energising coil is energised by the power s
Preferably current output to the output circuit is adapte
to run an electric device. The controller preferably com
switching circuit which is adapted to connect each ene
an output circuit when no current is generated to energ
energising coil and the controller provides a switching
controller may be a rotary switch with at least one cont
aligned with each magnetic field generator and with at
contact aligned with the permanent magnets of the roto
The rotary switch may have the same number of conta

number of Magnetic field generators; normally being m
contact may have a width that varies with vertical heigh
in width from the top to the bottom. Ideally, the rotary s
comprises adjustable brushes which are able to be mo
The rotary switch and rotor may be located on coaxial
and mounted on a common axial. Preferably the rotor s
mounted in a separate chamber from the rotor.
In one embodiment, each energising coil is positioned
an adjacent magnet when energised. Each energising

adapted to be energised by back-EMF only for a prede
period of each cycle which occurs after current to the e
is switched off.
In a further embodiment, each energising coil is adapte

the magnetic field generator of the rotor. The present in
contemplates a number of variations to the component
the systems described above. For example the current
magnetic field generated, the number of poles of magn
rotor/stator may all vary and accordingly will effect the
switching of the energising coils. The rotary device ma
greater number of magnetic poles generated on the sta
winding than in the rotor/armature or vice versa. In one
embodiment, the number of poles on both of these are
It is preferred that the switching of the energising coils,

controlled by the controller, is adapted to maximise the
back-EMF produced. It is preferred that the energising
effectively provided with a pulsed electric current of mi
duration, which duration is enough to maintain rotation
and produce a desired output of torque or current.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will no
described by way of example only with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which:
Fig.1 shows a cross-sectional front view of a rotary de

control therefore in accordance with a first embodimen
invention;
Fig.2 shows a top view of the controller shown in Fig.1
Fig.3 shows a side view of the controller shown in Fig.
Fig.4A shows a schematic view of a system for contro

device in accordance with the first embodiment of the p
invention;
Fig.4B shows a schematic view of the rotary device sh

in Fig.4A;
Fig.5 shows a graphical representation of force versus

position of permanent magnet M1 of the system shown
Fig.6 shows a series of four graphs of input current ve

movement of each permanent magnet of the system sh
in Fig.4A;
Fig.7 shows a graphical representation of input voltage

current for each coil of the rotary device shown in the s
ofFig.4A;
Fig.8 shows a schematic diagram of variation of natura

attraction versus angular displacement of a rotor havin
permanent magnet and a stator having a single energi
accordance with a second embodiment of the present
Fig.9 shows a graphical representation of magnetic fie

angular displacement in accordance with the second e
the present invention;
Fig.10 shows a graphical representation of induced ind

versus angular displacement of the permanent magnet
accordance with the second embodiment of the presen
and
Fig.11 shows a further graphical representation of indu

electro-magnetic force versus angular displacement of
permanent magnet in accordance with the second emb
the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
As shown in Fig.4A according to the first embodiment

invention a system is provided consisting of a rotor 11
permanent magnets M1, M2, M3, M4 which are evenly
90 with respect to each other. The system includes a
stator 12 consisting of three electromagnet energising
C which are spaced 120 apart from each other.
Each of the coils A, B, C is connected in circuit with a p

of 54 volts and a switch RS1, RS2, RS3. Each of the c
RS2, RS3 are part of a rotary switch 13 having contact
17 which are spaced apart at 90 with respect to an ad

contact.
The rotary switch 13 is provided with contact brushes 1

mounted on an axle 20 which is the same or common
of the rotor 11.
Each of the contacts 14, 15, 16, 17 is specially configu

trapezoidal shape, with the two non-parallel sides cons
straight side 21, and a tapered side 22 which tapers ou
top side 23 to bottom side 24. The result is that each c
increases in a width moving from the top side to the bo
side 24.
The brush 18 is able to be moved vertically relative to t

contacts 14, 15, 16, 17 while the brush 19 is in constan
with the base. Although Fig.1 only shows the rotary
switch 13 having a single series of four contacts 14, 15
the three-coil stator shown inFig.4A, there would in fac
preferably, three contact discs on the axle 20. Each co
would have contacts for a respective one of the coils A
each brush for the other discs would be offset by 30 a
respectively.
A description of the operation of the system shown in F

Fig.4A will now be set forth below. If it is assumed that
magnets M1, M2, M3, M4 are initially aligned as shown
in Fig.4A with magnet M1 opposite one end of coil A, c
energised whenever one of the magnets M1 to M4 is a
opposite it and for a predetermined time after the perm
magnet has passed it.
As shown in Fig.6 coil A is energised by contact RS1 p

electrical connection through the rotary switch 13. This
one of the contacts 14 to 17 being aligned in contact w

At this time, current is applied from the power source V
continues to be applied until the brush 18 is no longer
with one of the contacts 14 to 17.
For the three coil/four pole arrangement of the first em

preferred that the brushes are moved to a vertical posi
the width of each contact is sufficient for each of the sw
RS2 and RS3 to be closed for 12 51 50 of the rotatio
rotor 11. After this time the switches RS1 to RS3 are o
more current is delivered to any one of the coils A to C
current to each of the coils is switched off a back-EMF
each of the coils A to C and then back EMF represente
item Z results in current being maintained in each of th
additional small period of time after the contacts RS1 t
opened. By switching the coilsA to C in the above man
rotor 11 can be induced to rotate with a lower amount o
current to the stator than would be required if current w
constantly to the coils A to C.
Table 1 below shows the resultant force on the rotor 13

positions of the magnets M1 to M4 for angular displace
magnet from 5 to 30.
As shown when the magnets of the rotor 13 are rotated

the resultant force on the rotor changes from a counter
force from 5 to 15 to a clockwise force from 15 to 30
and 30 the resultant force on the rotor is 0 so that if th
magnets of the rotor were aligned in any of these orien
would be no resultant force to urge the rotor either cloc
clockwise.
As shown in Fig.5 a plot of magnitude of resultant forc

the rotor against angular displacement of the rotor sho
sinusoidal curve having a cycle of 30. For a full 360 r
rotor the rotor would experience 12 cycles of variation
force.
What Table 1 and Fig.5 show is that unless an additio

applied to rotate the rotor clockwise or counter-clockwi
will not be able to spin continuously in either direction.

to rotate the rotor clockwise, then the force must overc
counter-clockwise resultant force which occurs from 0
45, 60 to 75 etc through the whole 360 rotation of t
Because each of the coils A to C has an iron core even

coils are not energised the natural magnetic attraction
between each magnet and the iron cores results in eac
to M4 attempting to move in a direction to the closest i
Whenever a magnet is opposite an iron core the magn
is greatest and there is no force applied by that magne
rotor either clockwise or counter-clockwise. Likewise w
magnet is positioned midway between adjacent iron co
also a resultant force of 0 which translates to no resulta
being applied to the rotor to rotate it in either direction
magnet.
As shown in Fig.5 and Table 1, if magnet M1 is moved

clockwise, there is a natural attraction between the ma
iron core of coil A to pull the magnet M1 in a counter-c
direction. If the resultant forces applied by the other ma
sufficient to overcome the attraction between permane
magnet M1 and the iron core of coil A the rotor would s
to move clockwise. However, as shown in Table 1 the
position of the other magnets M2 to M4 results in an o
counter-clockwise resultant force. To overcome the res
it is necessary to produce a pole X at coil A of like pola
magnet M1 and thus push M1 away from coilA.
As shown in Fig.5 the strength of the magnetic repellin

between coil A and magnet M1 must be sufficient to ov
resultant force urging the rotor to move counter-clockw
A current could be applied to the coil A for an angular d

of 15 of magnet M1, but it is preferred that coil A be e
for 12 51 50 angular displacement of magnet M1. By
current to coil A for this period of angular displacemen
amount of current is applied to coil A in order to overco
counter-clockwise resultant force which occurs for 0 to
angular displacement of magnet M1.
Although current can be applied to coil A for longer tha

it has been discovered that by applying current for this
back-EMF is induced in coil A which adds to the repuls
applied to magnet M1 by coil A. Every time one of the
to M4 is aligned with coil A at 0, coil A is energised fo
of angular displacement of that magnet. Thus as show
current ends up being applied to coil A at 0 to 12 51
90 to 102 51 50 and from 180 to 192 51 50 and f
282 51 50.
A similar switching pattern is applied to coils B and C.

coil B is energised when magnet M2 has moved 30 to
moved 42 51 50 and likewise coil C is energised whe
magnet M3 has moved 60 to 72 51 50. It is preferre
rotor has a diameter of 230 mm and that each coil has
of 6.8 ohms
Fig.7 shows a graphical representation of input voltage

current for a coil resistance of 6.8 ohms and for a four
which is 230 mm in diameter. The exact timing sequen

switching coils on and off will vary depending on the pa
the rotary device and the controller. Accordingly by var
voltage, coil resistance and overall impedance of the in
each coil the duration during which a coil must be turne
change. In fact, there are many factors which can chan
sequence of switching the coils on, and some of these
summarised below:
The Stator
The variables include the choice of material used in co
stator iron core, the number of stator iron cores and the
as well as the physical size, section area and shape of
iron cores.
Rotor
The physical size and magnetic strength and shape of
permanent magnetic body as contained in the rotor, the
polarised permanent magnetised bodies being contain
rotor, the positioning and spacing of the same, the use
polarities of permanent magnetic bodies or the use of a
polarities for the permanent magnetic bodies.
Stator Coil
The physical size of the coils being positioned on to the
core, the type of wire used to wind the coils, such as co
aluminium or others. The shape and cross-sectional ar
winding wire, such as round, square, triangular, rectan
others; the number of turns and layers wound on to the

consequent ohms resistance; the method of winding on
holder, single winding, double winding, double winding
direction, double winding opposite direction, left to righ
left, interwoven winding, whether the above examples
wound on to a single coil holder.
Speed of Rotor
This can be controlled by the length of the directed (inp
current (on and cut-off period) and/or the control of the
voltage used to supply the stator coils.
Other variations that may be made to the system includ

following:
a. The coils can be connected in series, parallel, or ser
b. It is only when the north/south arrangements of the
magnets are used in the rotor that even numbers of pe
magnets are necessary, but not necessarily even numb
of stator coils positioned in the stator. Furthermore the
current Supplied to the stator coils in the north south a
above must be synchronised, meaning that the magne
needed in the stator coil(s) must be of corresponding p
stator coil(s), iron core end, which faces the permanen
c. When using permanent magnets which are all of the
polarity, then any number of permanent magnets in the
used providing there is sufficient room to contain them
spacings on the rotor.
d. The spacings between the permanent magnets mus
too close to each other the directed DC current will bec

effective, if too far apart the full potential will not be obt
e. It is possible to have various combinations of perma
and stator coil iron cores similar but not restricted to th
i. Three magnets in the rotor, one to three stator coils c
ii. Five permanent magnets in the rotor, one to five stat
be used.
iii. Nine permanent magnets in the rotor one to three o
coils can be used.
iv. The output varies with each combination.
v. Regardless of the rotor containing even or uneven n
permanent magnets the stator can operate with only on
and stator iron core and still be highly efficient but with
output.
f. The stator and rotor should be made from non magn
like wood, plastic, bronze and similar non-magnetic ma
Although switching is performed in its preferred form b

mechanical rotary switch, it can also be performed by s
electronics or other switching devices. The length of th
for each coil is the physical length ratio. When the brus
contact with the conductive part of the rotary switch an
conductive part. This ratio is referred as the frequency
ratios in one second. The output produced by the rotar
be mechanical and electrical at the same time or may b
electrical or mainly mechanical. The reason for this will
with reference to the second embodiment in which it is
stator has a single energising coil with an iron core and
has a single permanent magnet.
When the rotors permanent magnet is rotated very slo

in the clockwise direction it is possible to determine the
the natural magnetic attraction between the rotors per
magnet and the stators iron core occurs. When the lea
the permanent magnet has reached point A as shown
Natural Magnetic Attraction begins and increases expo
the centre of the permanent magnet is aligned at point
the iron core 30. If the permanent magnet is rotated aw
point B the Natural Magnetic Attraction will be at a max
point B and then decrease exponentially from that max
the trailing edge of the permanent magnet has reached
point C where it then ceases.
When the rotor is moved clockwise at a constant speed

oscilloscope is connected to the stator coil it is possible
the movement of the permanent magnet between poin
point B and then between point B and point C as show
An induced induction curve is then apparent on the osc

and this induced induction produces a sine wave curve
Furthermore the induced induction between point A an
negative going induced induction in this instance and t
induction between point B and point C is a positive goi
induction in this instance. It is also noted that the nega
and positive-going induced induction curves are exactl

but opposite to each other.
When the permanent magnet begins to induce a negat

induction in the stator coil at 0 of the sine wave curve
induction induced is then at 0. At 90 degrees of the sin
curve the induced induction is at a maximum and then
0 when the permanent magnet is aligned with point B,
the sine wave curve, when the permanent magnet star
away from its alignment with point B or is at 180 of the
curve.
When the permanent magnet start to move away from

with point B and is moving towards point C the now po
induced induction is first at 0 at 180 of the sine wave c
a maximum of 270 of the sine wave curve and then ba
360 of the sine wave curve. It should be noted that 0
the sine wave curve are not necessarily the same as p
and pointC for 360 of the sine wave curve. Points A a
determined by the strength of the rotors permanent ma
section area and/or shape of the stator iron core.
The negative-going induced induction between 0 and

sine wave curve produces an electro-magnetic force in
coil and iron core of opposite polarity. The iron core en
rotor is of opposite polarity to the permanent magnet in
instance, as shown in Fig.10. The positive-going induc
between 180 and 360 of the sine wave curve produc
magnetic force in the stator coil and iron core of the sa

the iron core end facing the rotor, being of the same po
permanent magnet in this instance. When the permane
reaches point A the natural magnetic attraction betwee
permanent magnet and the stator iron core is at its min
starts to move toward point B. When the induced induc
also starts to occur at 0 of the sine wave curve, being
between point A and point B, the natural magnetic attr
already increased.
When the permanent magnet is at 0 of the sine wave

moving towards point B or 180 of the sine wave curve
negative-going induced induction in the stator coil is pr
electro-magnetic force (field) in the stator iron core with
core end facing the rotor being of an opposite polarity t
permanent magnet and is at zero effect at 0 of the sin
curve, than to a maximum effect at 90 of the sine wav
then back to zero effect at 180 of the sine wave curve
The permanent magnet is then aligned at point B. The

magnetic attraction force is proportional with the distan
increases exponentially when moving from point A tow
There the stator iron core is fixed and stationary at poin
Accordingly it will be the permanent magnet that move
point B.
For example, if the stator iron core was also a polarise

magnet of the same strength but of opposite polarity to
permanent magnet, the magnetic attraction force would
four times greater because of the distance factor as ex
earlier. Furthermore, this would also occur because of
of the magnetic force between the magnetic north and
arrangement. It follows therefore that the magnetic attr
between the permanent magnet and the iron core end
rotor increases dramatically when the induced inductio
coil produces an electro-magnetic force of the opposite
the stator iron core end facing the rotor as described a
increase follows the sine wave curve starting from 0 to
sine wave and the above effect decreases from 90 ba

the sine wave curve.
A combination curve of the natural magnetic attraction

induced induction in the stator coil, producing an electr
force at the stator iron coil end facing the rotor of oppo
polarity 33 is shown in Fig.10 from 0 to 180. For 180
stator iron coil and rotor of like polarities 34 are shown
permanent magnet is aligned at point B and a direct cu
supplied to the stator coil for only a short period startin
point B then the DC current is applied only long enoug
overcome the natural magnetic attraction between perm
magnet and the stator's iron core end facing the rotor.
DC current as supplied to the stator coil is producing a
at the iron core end facing the rotor and thus is repellin
permanent magnet away from point B towards point C
magnetic attraction has thus changed to natural magne
due to the like-polarity of the stator iron core end facing
The length of the ON period has to be sufficient to ov

natural magnetic attraction and could be as long as un
edge reaches point C where the natural magnetic attra
However there the positive-going induced induction in
as produced by the permanent magnet produces an
electromagnetic force in the stator or iron core end fac
producing a like polarity as the permanent magnet star
of the sine wave curve or point B and zero at that insta
the sine wave curve, it is at a maximum and then ends
360 of the sine wave curve. In other words at 270 of

wave the force is at maximum repulsion and there is in
induction in the stator coil depending on the speed of t
effect of variation on the speed of the rotor is shown by
curves 35 in Fig.11.
As shown in Fig.11 regardless of the speed of the roto

induction in the stator coil is at a maximum at 270 of t
curve.
The ON period can be brought back to the point where
induction is great enough to carry the electromagnetic

through to 360 of the sine wave curve and beyond po
Therefore the greater the rotor speed the shorter the O
the input DC current has to be, due to the high induced
the stator coil as explained earlier. When the ON peri
switched off it is called the cut-off point. From the cut360 of the sine wave curve the repulsion is produced
the induced induction in the stator coil as previously ex
During the ON period, the magnetic repulsion force pro

between the stator iron core at point B and the perman
can be viewed as a combined repulsion force. Some o
produced by natural magnetic repulsion of the perman
and some by the input DC current as supplied to the st
Therefore if the induced magnetic force as produced b
DC current in the stator coil is made equal to that of the
magnet with the same polarity, then half of this repulsio
between the on period and the cut-off point, in this inst
the natural magnetic repulsion of the permanent magn
reaction to the induced magnetic force as supplied by t
current to the stator coil. The input DC current as supp
stator coil produces the magnetic repulsion force and i
outside input to the overall system for total movement
point A and point C.
The total input can be summarised as:

a. The combined natural magnetic attraction and the e
magnetic force as produced by the induced induction in
coil between point A to point B.

b. The combined magnetic repulsion force between the
magnet and the stator iron core facing the rotor during
and the cut-off point.
c. The electro-magnetic repulsion (see induced inducti
explained earlier) between the cut-off point and point C
d. The electro-magnetic repulsion produced by the bac
represented by shaded portion 36 of Fig.11.
In another embodiment of the present invention the sta

coils positioned at 180 with respect to each other and
three permanent magnets spaced at 120 apart. As se
2 below from 0 to 30 the resultant force urges the roto
clockwise. At 30 the resultant force is 0 and from 30 t
resultant force is clockwise. From 90 to 120 the resul
counter-clockwise. This completes a full cycle which is
three times throughout a 360 rotation of the rotor.
With the above configuration of poles and coils, if it is d

move the rotor clockwise, current would need to be sup
coils of the stator to overcome the counter-clockwise fo
whenever this is counter-clockwise, but as explained p
current does not need to be supplied to the coil to ener

for the full period during which the resultant force is co
clockwise.
For convenience and ease of explanation the above em

have been restricted to permanent magnets on the roto
on the stator However the basic concept behind the inv
not change if the permanent magnets are replaced by
are energised to produce the appropriate magnetic pol
Similarly for an AC rotary device a rotating magnetic fie

by the stator winding or by the rotor/armature winding c
similarly be switched to reduce the amount of current r
maintain rotation of the motor in one direction and to m
influence of back-EMF on maintaining rotation of the m
single direction.
The above principles also apply to generators where c

energised to produce a magnetic field. In such a situat
are switched on for a time sufficient to maintain rotation
direction and to maximise the influence of back-EMF w
maintain rotation of the rotor/armature in a single direc
By using the above concept it is possible to produce an

which can be both mechanical and electrical at the sam
Current generated in the stator coil windings can be us
output and likewise the torque generated by the rotor c
to supply a mechanical output. Likewise only one or th
of output may be utilised.
Tewari Paramahamsas Self-Powered Generator

In April 2015, the famous 80-year old Indian scientist T
(www.tewari.org) well-known for his use of the homopo
to produce large volumes of hydrogen for commercial u
announced his successful 20-kilowatt, self-powered ge
design and his corresponding patent application, show
published. Here is a picture of a prototype, which is he
four spring-loaded straps. The coils are held in place in
frame and permanent magnets are spun inside those f
The principle of operation is simple and elegant. The p

conductors are arranged in such a way so that half of t
field generated by the output current (that is, the magn
which opposes the motor spinning the rotor) is in one d
the remaining half is in the opposite direction, cancellin
of the first half. The result is an arrangement where inc
power output has no noticeable effect on the input pow
words, the Lenz Law drag effect has been effectively o
Tewari is due our warmest congratulations for what he
achieved. Being sensible, Tewari does not mention any
20 kilowatts of self-powered output, but instead, puts th
forward as being an improvement in the design of exis
generators and it is most certainly that. Here is his pa
application:
US Patent Application 2015/0084467 A1

2
Inventor: Tewari Paramahams
Reduced Reaction Rotary Alternating Current G
Abstract:
A reduced reaction alternating current generator includ
stator core, a cylindrical rotor within the stator, a freely
coupled to the rotor, a first set of magnets in which the
each magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor and
pole of each magnet is facing the inner surface of the h
core, a second set of magnets in which the north pole
magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor and the s
each magnet is facing the inner surface of the hollow s
and a set of silicon steel pieces coupled to the outer su
rotor comprised of individual silicon steel pieces positio
to and longitudinally in line with each individual magne
first set of magnets and each individual magnet within
set of magnets.
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Michael Faraday discovered the principles of electroma
induction and invented the rotating electrical generator
generator was known as the Unipolar Generator, Acycl
and Disk Generator. This generator operated on the pr

voltage is induced in a conductor in relative motion to a
magnetic field. Moreover, when the conductor is config
closed circuit and is in relative motion with an external
field, a current will be induced to flow through that circu
induced current itself will generate an induced magneti
surrounding the conductor. The direction of the induced
determined by Fleming's right hand rule which states th
magnetic field produced by the current induced in the c
repel the external magnetic field which induced the cur
conductor. As such, the induced magnetic field surroun
conductor and the external magnetic field repel each o
create a torque on the conductor which opposes that c
movement relative to the external magnetic field. Farad
generator and all subsequent generators have in comm
production of this counter or back-torque.
The efficiency of an electrical generator is governed by

and electrical limitations. The mechanical limitations in
windage and friction of the generator's rotor and bearin
electrical limitations include electrical impedance within
windings of the generator as well as the above-describ
back-torque.
A prime mover is attached to a generator so as to caus

of the generator's rotor resulting in the production of ei
or an alternating current within the generator's conduct
back-torque which counters the rotation caused by the
The prime mover may be powered by steam, wind or w

Therefore, the problem with standard generators is tha
efficiency is limited due to back-torque generated as a
current induced within the generator's conductor windin
DEFINITIONS
The following definitions are provided for convenience
to be taken as a limitation of the present invention.
Fleming's Left Hand Rule refers to the effect that when

flows in a conductor and an external magnetic field is a
across that current flow, the conductor will experience
perpendicular to both the external magnetic field and th
the current flow. The Left Hand Rule can be used to re
mutually orthogonal axes using the thumb to represent
mechanical force, the first finger to represent a magne
the middle finger to represent the current, each finger p
right angles to each other.
Synchronous generator refers to an electrical generato

at the same speed as the drive mechanism, also know
synchronous speed. A synchronous generator produce
alternating current and voltage at a frequency proportio
rotation speed and to the number of excitation poles in
generator.
Asynchronous generator refers to an alternating curren

that uses the principles of induction to produce power.
Asynchronous generators operate by mechanically turn

rotor faster than the synchronous speed, giving negativ
Low carbon steel refers to steel containing less carbon

steels. This steel is inherently easier to cold-form due t
ductile nature.
Grain-oriented electrical steel refers to sheet steel use

laminations in power transformers having a silicon leve
less.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the primary purpose of the present invention to ove
above problems by providing a reduced reaction rotatin
current generator providing improvement in efficiency
characteristics not currently available in standard altern
generators.
To accomplish this objective, according to one embodim

present invention a reduced reaction alternating curren
disclosed comprising a hollow stator core having an ax
of longitudinally positioned sheets laminated with a hig
permeability magnetic material, the laminated sheets in
longitudinally embedded slots in which a conductor win
parallel to the axis, a cylindrical rotor concentric with an
inside the hollow stator core comprised of a high perm
magnetic material and a shaft coupled to the rotor and
external source so as to freely rotate the rotor relative

stator core. The generator comprises a first set of mag
the south pole of each magnet is coupled to the surfac
and the north pole of each magnet is facing the inner s
hollow stator core, a second set of magnets in which th
of each magnet is coupled to the surface of the rotor a
pole of each magnet is facing the inner surface of the h
core and a set of silicon steel pieces coupled to the ou
the rotor comprised of individual silicon steel pieces po
adjacent to and longitudinally in line with each individu
within the first set of magnets and each individual mag
second set of magnets.
In addition to the foregoing, other features, objects and

of the present invention will become apparent from the
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description, which is given by wa
only, will best be appreciated in conjunction with the ac
drawings in which:
Fig.1 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a re

reaction alternating current generator according to an e
embodiment of the present invention;
Fig.2 depicts an end cross-sectional view of a reduced
alternating current generator according to an example

of the present invention;
Fig.3 depicts a centre cross-sectional view of a reduce

of the present invention;
Fig.4 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the

magnetic fields emanating from the first set of magnets
reduced reaction generator according to an example e
the present invention;
Fig.5 and Fig.6 depict the interaction between the mag

originating from the north poles of the first set of magn
magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in the c
winding according to an example embodiment of the p
invention;

magnetic fields emanating from the second set of mag
reduced reaction generator accordance to an example
of the present invention; and

originating from the south poles of the second set of m
the magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in t
winding according to an example embodiment of the p
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a reduced reaction rot
alternating current generator providing improvement in
characteristics not currently available in standard altern
generators.
Fig.1 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a re

reaction alternating current generator according to an e
embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig.
induction machine 100 comprises a shaft 101, a rotor 1
103, a first set of magnets 104, a second set of magne
shown), a conductor winding 106 and silicon steel piec
The rotor 102 is a cylinder of high permeability magnet
attached directly to the shaft 101 using any convention

method that provides for a secure and permanent bond
normal operating conditions. The rotor 102 is dimensio
be fully enclosed within the stator 103 while the shaft 1
beyond one or both ends of the stator 103.
The shaft 101 is mounted within the stator 103 so as to

shaft 101 and the attached rotor 102 to rotate freely wi
103 when the shaft 101 is driven by an external drive s
external drive source is coupled to one end of the shaf
extends beyond the stator 103. The external drive sour
driven either at a variable speed or at a synchronous s
such the drive source may be an alternating current (A
source or a direct current (DC) based source. The drive
also be a non-electric based drive source such as a hy
an internal combustion based source. The means of co
drive source to the shaft 101 will be dependent on the
source and any conventionally known means appropria
drive source type.
In an example embodiment, the shaft is 30 mm diamet

the rotor is 370 mm diameter 1018 steel and the stator
mm diameter.
Provisions are made on the cylindrical surface of the ro

the mounting of the first set of magnets 104 and for the
the second set of magnets 105 near each of the ends o
102. Provisions are also made for the mounting of the
pieces 107 on the rotor at positions near the centre of
The first set of magnets 104 and the second set of mag
(not shown) are attached to the ends of the rotor cylind
any conventional method known to provide a secure an
bonding under normal operating conditions. Each end
102 contains one of the first set of magnets 104 and on
second set of magnets 105, for a total of four magnets
of magnets 104 are oriented with their north poles facin
103 and their south poles coupled to the rotor 102. The
of magnets 105 (not shown) are oriented with their sou
facing the stator 103 and their north poles coupled to th
The magnets may be permanent magnets or electroma
In an example embodiment, the permanent magnets a

Neodymium magnets with a maximum energy product
48 to 50 MGOe. Moreover, in another example embod
electromagnets are radial pole and are attached to the
manner generally known in the industry.
The silicon steel pieces 107 are also attached to the ro

any conventional method known to provide a secure an
bonding under normal operating conditions. There is a
steel piece 107 corresponding to each magnet of the fi
second sets of magnets 104 attached to the rotor 102.
steel piece 107 is positioned in line with its correspond
leaving a predefined distance 109 between silicon stee
its corresponding magnet. Each silicon steel piece 107
of silicon steel which is a speciality steel tailored to hav

magnetic hysteresis area and high magnetic permeabi
magnetic permeability is defined as having a magnetic
level above 1.8 Teslas.
In an example embodiment, the first and second sets o

104, 105 and the silicon steel pieces 107 are each dim
have approximately the same surface area and the dis
between silicon steel piece and a corresponding magn
than the length of the magnet in the axial plane.
The rotor 102 and the attached magnets 104, 105 and
107 are each sized as to provide for an air-gap 108 of
predetermined size between the outer surfaces of the a
magnets 104, 105 and silicon steel pieces 107 and the
surface of the stator 103. The air gap is chosen to prov
rotation of the rotor 102 and the attached first and seco
magnets 104, 105 within the stator 103 as well as the e
of magnetic flux into and out of the stator 103 across th
108. In an example embodiment, the air-gap 108 is wit
of 3 mm to 10 mm.
The stator 103 is composed of longitudinally placed sil

laminates having grains oriented along the path of the
that enters and exits the stator 103. The stator 103 also
longitudinally oriented slots in which the conductor win
laid, the conductor winding 106 positioned such as to b
by the rotating magnetic flux originating from the first a
sets of magnets 104 attached to the rotating motor 102

example embodiment, the stator is comprised of a mag
inert material, such as PVC piping, of suitable strength
grain oriented steel lamination sheets.
In an example embodiment, the magnetic flux emanati

first and second magnets is approximately 10,000 Gau
Fig.2 depicts an end cross sectional view of a reduced

of the present invention. As shown in Fig.2 the first set
104 with their north poles facing the stator 103 and the
coupled to the rotor 102 are positioned at opposing inon one end of the rotor 102.
Similarly, the second set of magnets 105 with their sou

facing the stator 103 and their north poles coupled to th
are positioned at opposing in-line positions on the sam
rotor 102 at a ninety degree offset from the first set of m
An identical first set of magnets 104 and second set of
are coupled to the other end of the rotor 102 at similar
Fig.3 depicts a centre cross sectional view of a reduce

of the present invention. As shown in Fig.3, a single sil
piece 107 is positioned longitudinally in line with each m
first and second sets of magnets 104, 105 (not shown)
of each silicon steel piece 107 provides for a predefine
108 between a silicon steel piece 107 and its correspo
magnet.
In an example embodiment, the distance between a sil

piece 107 and its corresponding magnet is equal to the
length of the magnet.
Referring again to Fig.1, an electromagnetic force (EM

across the conductor winding 106 embedded within the
when the magnetic flux emanating from the first set of
and from the second set of magnets 105 cut through th
winding 106 as the rotor 102 rotates. Looking in the dir
arrow C in Fig.1, with the rotor 102 turning in a clockwi
and the magnetic flux emanating in a vertically upward
from the north poles of the first set of magnets 104, the
generated as a result of the induced electromagnetic fo
travel from left to right 110 within the conductor winding
The current direction is as per Lenz's Law which states

electric current is induced in a conductor, the direction
induced current is such that its magnetic effect will opp
action that gives rise to the induced current. As such, t
of the induced current 110 results in a torque such as t
clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. Specifically, looking
direction of the arrow C in Fig.1, the interaction betwee
counter-clockwise magnetic field surrounding the cond
result of the induced electromagnetic force and the upw
magnetic flux emanating from the north poles first pair
104 will create a counter-clockwise torque opposing th
rotation of the rotor 102.
Fig.4 depicts a longitudinal cross sectional view of the

magnetic fields emanating from the first set of magnets
reduced reaction generator. As shown in Fig.4, the ma

401 emanating from the north poles of the first set of m
travels vertically upwards, across the air gap 108 and i
103 as the magnetic flux 401 rotates with the rotor 102
the stator 103. As this rotating magnetic flux 401 enters
stator 103, it cuts sideways across the conductor windi
embedded within the stator 103 and induces a current
conductor winding 106.
Within the stator 103, a portion of magnetic flux 402 is

within the grain stampings within the stator 103 and flo
longitudinally in an effort to return to a corresponding s
the first set of magnets 104. This portion of the magne
now static relative to the stator 103 and the embedded
winding 106. As such, this portion of the magnetic flux
through and exits the stator 103 without any sideways
relative to the embedded conductor winding 106 and th
without inducing a current within the conductor winding
Outside the stator 103, a portion of the magnetic flux 4

the air gap 108 and reaches the surface of a correspon
piece 107. The steel piece 107 focuses the magnetic fl
the air gap 108 providing a more efficient and specifica
path for the magnetic flux 403 to return to a correspond
of magnets 104. The magnetic flux 403 passes through
piece 107 and returns to a corresponding south pole o
of magnets 104 thereby closing the magnetic flux loop
north and south poles of each magnet of the first set of
104.

originating from the north poles of the first set of magn
magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in the c
winding. In both Fig.5 and Fig.6, the current 110 induce
conductor winding 106 by the clockwise rotation of the
shown coming out of the page. Moreover, in accordanc
application of the right hand rule, the magnetic flux 501
the conductor winding 106 as a result of the induced cu
shown as having a counter-clockwise rotation.
In Fig.5, the magnetic flux originating from the first set

shown traversing the air gap upwards and interacting w
magnetic flux surrounding the conductor winding. As sh
the magnetic field 401 originating from the first set of m

is strengthened on the right side of the conductor wind
to the superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induce
conductor winding 106 in the same direction. However
magnetic field 401 originating from the first set of magn
weakened on the left side of the conductor winding 106
superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induced in th
winding 106 in the opposite direction. As a result of this
the net magnetic field in the air-gap 108 over the surfa
first set of magnets 104 results in the application of a c
clockwise torque 502 to the rotor 102 which opposes th
rotation of the rotor 102. This is in accordance with Len
is confirmed by the right hand rule which shows that a
within an upward directed magnetic field and carrying a
the induced direction (coming out of the page) will expe
counter-clockwise force.
In Fig.6, the portion of the magnetic flux which is route

the stator, downwards across the air gap and through a
piece is shown interacting with the induced magnetic fl
surrounding the conductor winding. As shown in Fig.6,
field 403 routed down through the silicon steel piece 10
strengthened on the left side of the conductor winding
the superimposition of the magnetic field 501 induced i
magnetic field 403 is weakened on the right side of the
winding 106 due to the superimposition of the magneti
induced in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite d
result, on the surface of the silicon steel piece 107, the
field 403 develops a gradient from left to right thus crea
clockwise torque 602 which supports the clockwise rot
rotor 102. This is in accordance with Lenz's Law and is
by the right hand rule which shows that a conductor wi

within a downward directed magnetic field 403 and car
current 110 in the induced direction (coming out of the
experience a clockwise force.
Therefore, as a result of this configuration, the conduct

106 embedded within the stator 103 is cut at two place
magnetic flux originating from the north pole of the first
magnets 104. Specifically, a first time when the magne
enters the stator 103 in an upward direction and a seco
when the magnetic field 403 exits the stator 103 in a do
direction through a silicon steel piece 107. The net effe
clockwise torque generated by the magnetic field 403 r
through the silicon steel pieces 107 partially cancels th
clockwise torque generated by the magnetic field 401 o
from the north poles of the first set of magnets 104. Th
partial nullification of the back torque reaction caused b
of Lenz's Law reaction and results in a corresponding i
the efficiency of the machine because the external driv
to supply less torque to overcome the reduced reaction
machine.

magnetic fields emanating from the second set of mag
reduced reaction generator. As shown in Fig.7, the ma
701 flowing into the south pole of the second set of the
105 travels vertically downwards from within the stator
across the air gap 108 as the magnetic flux 701 rotates
rotor 102 relative to the stator 103. As this rotating mag
701 exits the static stator 103, it cuts sideways across
winding 106 embedded within the stator 103 and induc
within that conductor winding 106.
Within the stator 103, a portion of the magnetic flux 70

longitudinally along the grain stampings within the stato
position where the magnetic flux 702 enters the stator
portion of the magnetic flux 702 is static relative to the
and to the conductor winding 106 embedded within the

As such, this portion of the magnetic flux 702 enters an
through the stator 103 without any sideways movemen
the embedded conductor winding 106 and, therefore, w
inducing a current within the conductor winding 106.
Outside the stator 103, a portion of the magnetic flux 7

a north pole of the second set of magnets 105, through
corresponding silicon steel piece 107, upwards across
108 and into the stator 103. The silicon steel piece 107
magnetic flux 703 within the air gap 108 providing a mo
and specifically designed path for the magnetic flux 70
from a corresponding second set of magnets 105. The
flux 703 exists the steel piece 107 and enters the stato
closing the magnetic flux loop between the south and n
each magnet of the second set of magnets 105.

originating from the south poles of the second set of m
the magnetic flux resulting from an induced current in t
winding. In both Fig.8 and Fig.9, the current 110 induce
conductor winding 106 by the clockwise rotation of the
shown as going into the page. Moreover, in accordanc
application of the right hand rule, the magnetic flux 801
the conductor winding 106 as a result of the induced cu
shown as having a clockwise rotation.
In Fig.8, the magnetic flux originating from the second

magnets is shown traversing the air gap downwards an
with the magnetic flux surrounding the conductor windi
in Fig.8, the magnetic field 701 originating from the sec
magnets 105 is strengthened on the right side of the co
induced in the conductor winding 106 in the same direc
However, the magnetic field 701 originating from the se
magnets 105 is weakened on the left side of the condu
106 due to the superimposition of the magnetic fields 8
in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite direction.
this interaction, the net magnetic field in the air-gap ov
surfaces of the second set of magnets 105 results in th
of a counter-clockwise torque 802 to the rotor 102 whic
the clockwise rotation of the rotor 102. This is in accord
Lenz's Law and is confirmed by the right hand rule whi

that a conductor within a downwards directed magnetic
carrying a current in the induced direction (going into th
experience a counter-clockwise force.
In Fig.9, the portion of the magnetic flux originally route

the steel pieces 107, across the air gap 108 and into th
shown interacting with the induced magnetic flux surro
conductor winding. As shown in Fig.9, the magnetic fie
upwards through a steel piece 107 and across the air g
strengthened on the left side of the conductor winding
the superimposition of the magnetic field 801 induced i
magnetic field 703 is weakened on the right side of the
induced in the conductor winding 106 in the opposite d

result, on the surface of the silicon steel piece 107, the
field 703 develops a gradient from left to right thus crea
clockwise torque 902 which supports the clockwise rot
rotor 102. This is in accordance with Lenz's law and is
the right hand rule which shows that a conductor windi
an upwards directed magnetic field 703 and carrying a
in the induced direction (going into the page) will exper
clockwise force.
Therefore, as a result of this configuration and as desc

for the first set of magnets, the conductor embedded w
stator is cut at two places by each magnetic field termi
south pole of the second set of magnets. Specifically, a
when the magnetic field 701 exits the stator 103 in a do
direction and a second time when the magnetic field 70
stator 103 in an upward direction through a silicon stee
The net effect is that the clockwise torque generated b
magnetic field 703 rerouted through the silicon steel pi
partially cancels the counter-clockwise torque generate
magnetic field 701 terminating at the south pole of the
magnets 105. This results in a partial nullification of the
reaction caused by the effect of Lenz's Law reaction an
corresponding increase in the efficiency of the machine
external drive source has to supply less torque to over
reduced reaction of the machine.
Lidmotors Low-voltage Rotor

One very experienced developer whose YouTube ID is
(because he makes motors from the lids of jars) has a
video hereshowing a very simple rotor design with one
mounted on a single bearing:
The white lid has four magnets attached to it spaced o

around the lid at ninety-degree intervals. Facing them i
coil mounted on a non-magnetic support dowel and wo
turns of 30-gauge wire on a plastic spool. As Lidmoto
American, the 30 gauge wire is likely to be American W
#30 with a diameter of 0.255 mm as opposed to the Eu
Standard Wire Gauge size which has a 0.315 mm diam
core coil has no effect on the passing rotor magnets IF
carrying current. An output coil will cause drag on the r

is being drawn from the coil, and so timed output switc
by Robert Adams would be needed to not just overcom
but to push the rotor on its way as well.
There are two very important features of this rotor drive

is the fact that a supercap (10-Farad, 2.3V) is used to d
and when supplied with a charge of only 0.5V to 1.0V,
rotor for up to thirty minutes. That very long time is like
feature of the second important item which is that he h
LED across the reed switch used to power the coil. Wh
switch opens, a back-EMF voltage spike occurs and th
that voltage pulse back into the 100% efficient superca
most of the current used to drive the rotor. This is the s
as used by Robert Adams in his motor designs. Lidmot
his circuit like this:
While the circuit shows the magnet operating the reed

being 180 degrees around from the coil, the photograp
that the switching magnet is one 90 degrees away. Any
magnets can be used. The reed switch operation is ad
the best performance. This is done by moving the switc

and forwards along the moving path of the magnet to m
switching occur earlier or later. The objective is to push
magnet on its way by pulsing the coil very briefly just a
magnet has passed the centre of the coil. The length o
the reed switch is closed can be adjusted by moving th
closer to the magnet for a longer switch-closed time, o
for a shorter switch closure. It is also possible to alter t
time by positioning the switch across the path of the m
or parallel to it.
If you are not familiar with a reed switch, it is just a glas

with an inert gas, and with two overlapping metal strips
tube:
The external magnetic field magnetises the strips and

together due to magnetic attraction and spring apart ag
magnetic field moves away. These switches come in va
and the smallest version tends to be unreliable and ha
maximum current capacity. The larger versions are mu
robust.
Lidmotors circuit is very simple and very effective, eve

rotor will have minimal weight and no significant drag.
if adding a second coil and a diode feeding the superca
system could not become self-running.
Phemax's Inertial-Propulsion and Electrical-Genera

System. Phemax Technologies, Inc. have developed
describe as their 'sustainable transportation system' wh
on their inertial-propulsion generation wheel, which use
call '3-D Coraxial Hybrid Induction' (CHI), in which 'Cor
to their "combined radial-axial" technique where drive i
a radial pulsed magnet system and power extraction is
using an axially-orientated magnet/coil system.
Taiwan inventor, Tajen (David) Chi, says that his comp

Technologies Inc." will be demonstrating their technolo
September 2010 at an expo, after which they will allow
and qualified parties to come to their premises for licen
discussions.
Their device can take the place of the battery compone

electric vehicle or it can be used to supplement and rec
battery bank in the vehicle. At the September exhibition
allow visitors to ride their 2 kW test car. David intends t
test data on the Internet. With a rotational input of 1 NM
a single inertial-propulsion generation wheel can produ
axial generative power.
David also said that a 150W output from his motor actu
produces between 180 and 200 watts of mechanical ou
1500W output produces a mechanical output of 1800 t
(96 Volts at 20 Amps), as measured by a watt meter, s
torque meter, and oscilloscopes. He says that these m
were made by Michael Hseuh, Vice President and Chie
Officer.
Ceramic-based and carbon-based ultra-capacitors are

return some of the output power to the input in order to
machine running continuously without the need for a p
when the engine is running and providing it's output. W
vehicle powered by this device, the mechanical driving
provided via a continuously-variable transmission.
At this time, Phemax Technologies, Inc. have a 150-Wa

kW prototype which they plan to demonstrate in Septe
He says that they generally run these prototypes for ei
each day in their lab. The central principle of the Phem

Technologies Inc. process is what they call "CORAXIA
stands for "combined radial-axial" hybrid induction, abb
"CHI", which is David's surname. They also call this the
Coaxial Hybrid Induction" system. They state that their
electromagnetic 3-D arrangement enables the wheel to
radial flux propulsion and axial flux generation with just
rotor and two separate stators. As the radial electric dr
the mechanical energy due to the inertia of the wheel a
ground power transmission mechanism enables the wh
vehicle to generate electricity as they rotate.
There are two videos showing the device generating
electricity: here and here
Another application is where the electrical output from

being used to produce a hydrogen/oxygen gas mix from
an underwater plasma arc.
David says he is self-taught in this area. He has three

Taiwan patent M352472, M372891 and M382655 (whic
English). From his search of the patent index, the Inter
YouTube, David said he has not yet seen a patent or e
set-up similar to what they have developed.
This motor/generator is unusual in that it uses pulsed r

magnets mounted on the circumference of the rotor an
simultaneously, it picks up electrical energy from a coil
arrangement mounted on the side faces of the rotor as
The basic drive/generator unit can be replicated on a s

give increased power, still without increased frictional l
between the drive and the power generation:
It is unusual to see this technique used as it can be dif

interaction between the different magnetic fields. Howe
has been entirely successful in doing this and the arran
no transmission losses between the drive motor and th
as these are integral components of the system.
This system is capable of driving a self-powered air-co

unit and a 5 kW proof-of-concept prototype is shown h
This device is also capable of driving electric lighting a

kilowatt output self-powered output, it can power most
needs. A typical washing machine has a 2.25 kilowatt m
electrical draw as does the average tumble-dryer. Mos
are 3 kilowatts or less when on full output.
If a wind-power generator is already in place, then usin

mechanical power of the generator to spin the axle of o
CHI generators results in a very high-power electricity
system.
Contact: Tajen (David) Chi, Taiwan e-mail: chitajen@
Inquiries to: Phemax Technologies Inc., Michelle Che

of Marketing and Business Development. Tel: 886-2-2
e-mail: michelle@phemax.com
The exhibition is at: The 6th Taipei International Inventi

Technomart, website running from 30th September 201
October 2010 at the Taipei World Trade Centre, Exhibi
Raymond Kromrey. Where the objective is to produc

from a rotating magnetic field, there has always been a
some method of either reducing, or eliminating altogeth
on the rotor when electric current is drawn from the ge
design which claims to have very limited drag caused b
draw is the Kromrey design. The main characteristics o
are said to be:
1. It has almost constant electrical power output even w

rotor speed is altered by as much as 35%.
2. It can continue to operate with it's electrical output s
without heating the rotor or causing a braking effect.
3. The production efficiency (electrical output divided b
force) is high.
4. The frequency of it's AC output power can be adjust
required by the equipment which it powers.
5. The rotor can be spun at any rate from 800 rpm to 1
6. The simple construction allows manufacturing costs
30% less than other generators.
7. This generator is recommended for supplying power
the 1 kilowatt level.
Here is the patent for this device:
Patent US 3,374,376
19th March 1
Inventor: Raymond Kromrey
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
My present invention relates to an electric generator w

magnetic energy into electric energy using two compon
can rotate relative to each other, i.e. a stator and a roto
electromagnets or permanent magnets which induce a
winding which forms part of an output circuit mounted o
component.
Conventional generators of this type use a winding wh

conductors form loops in different axial planes so that o
parts of each loop pass through the field of each pole p
revolution. If the loops are open circuit, then no current
winding and no reaction torque is developed, leaving th
to turn at the maximum speed of its driving unit. As soo
output winding is connected across a load or is short-c
resulting current flow tends to retard the motion of the
extent which depends on the intensity of the current an
it necessary to include compensating speed-regulating
is necessary to maintain a reasonably constant output
the variable reaction torque subjects the rotor and its tr
to considerable mechanical stresses and possible dam
It is therefore the general object of this invention to pro

electric generator which has none of the above disadva
Another object is to provide a generator whose rotor sp
very little in speed between open circuit operation and
delivery operation. Another objective is to provide a ge
whose output voltage is not greatly affected by fluctuat
rotor speed.
I have found that these objectives can be achieved by

elongated ferromagnetic element, such as a bar-shape
armature, and a pair of pole pieces which create an air
containing a magnetic field. Each of the outer extremiti
armature carries a winding, ideally, these windings are
series, and these coils form part of a power output circ
drive a load. As the armature rotates relative to the air
magnetic circuit is intermittently completed and the arm
experiences periodic remagnetisations with successive
polarity.
When the output circuit is open, the mechanical energy

the rotor (less a small amount needed to overcome the
the rotating shaft) is absorbed by the work of magnetis
in turn, is dissipated as heat. In actual practice howeve
resulting rise in temperature of the armature is hardly n
particularly if the armature is part of the continuously a
rotor assembly. When the output circuit is closed, part
converted into electrical energy as the current flow thro
winding opposes the magnetising action of the field an
the apparent magnetic reluctance of the armature, and

of the generator remains substantially unchanged if the
circuit is open or closed.
As the armature approaches its position of alignment w

the constant magnetic field tends to accelerate the rota
armature, aiding the applied driving force. After the arm
through the gap there is a retarding effect. When the ro
speed, the flywheel effect of its mass overcomes these
in the applied torque and a smooth rotation is experien
In a practical embodiment of this invention, the magne

includes two axially spaced magnetic fields traversing
and substantially at right angles to it. These fields are g
respective pole pairs co-operating with two axially spac
armatures of the type already described. It is convenie
these two armatures so that they lie in a common axial
similarly, the two field-producing pole pairs also lie in a
The armatures should be laminated to minimise eddy c
they are made of highly permeable (typically, soft-iron)
principle dimension is perpendicular to the rotor axis. T
be held together by rivets or any other suitable method
If the ferromagnetic elements are part of the rotor, then

circuit will include the usual current-collecting means, s
rings or commutator segments, depending on whether
current output is desired. The source of coercive force
includes, advantageously, a pair of oppositely positione
shaped magnets of the permanent or electrically energ

whose extremities constitute the pole pieces mentione
electromagnets are used in the magnetic circuit, then t
energised by an external source or by direct current fro
circuit of the generator itself.
I have found that the terminal voltage of the output circ

vary proportionately to the rotor speed as might be exp
instead, it drops at a considerably slower rate with dec
speed. So, in a particular tested unit, this voltage fell to
half its original value when the rotor speed was droppe
third. This non-linear relationship between terminal volt
driving rate produces a substantially constant load curr
therefore, electric output over a wide speed range, at le
certain load conditions, inasmuch as the inductive reac
winding is proportional to frequency (and consequently
speed) so as to drop off more rapidly than the terminal
the event of a speed reduction, with a resulting improv
power factor of the load circuit.
If the magnetic circuit contains only a single pole pair p

the flux induced in the rotating armature will change its
twice per revolution so that each revolution produces o
cycle of 360 electrical degrees. In general, the number
degrees per revolution will equal 360 times the numbe
pairs, it being apparent that this number ought to be od
even numbers it would not be possible to have poles a
polarity along the path of the armature and at the same
the North and South poles of each pair at diametrically

locations. In any case, it is important to dimension the
faces of the pole pairs in such a manner so as to avoid
armature to bridge between adjoining poles, so it is ne
make the sum of the arcs spanned by these faces (in t
rotation) equal to considerably less than 360 degrees e
The invention will now be described in more detail, refe

made to the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig.1 and Fig1A. illustrate a first embodiment of my inv

shown in axial section and in a cross-sectional view tak
- IA ofFig.1 respectively.
Fig.2 and Fig.3 are perspective views illustrating two o

embodiments.
Fig.4 and Fig.5 illustrate diagrammatically, two output

arrangements, one for a DC output and one for an AC
Fig.6 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of an arr

comparing the outputs of a conventional generator and
according to this invention.
The generator 100 shown in Fig.1 and Fig.1A compris

stator 101 and a rotor 102 which has a pair of laminate
armatures 102' and102", carried on a shaft 103 which
rotate in bearings mounted in the end plates 104' and
generator housing 104 which is made from non-magne
(e.g. aluminium) which is rigidly attached to the stator.
Shaft 103 is coupled to a source of driving power indic

diagrammatically by an arrow 110. The stator 101 inclu
yoke-shaped laminated electromagnets 101' and 101"
extremities form two pairs of co-planar pole pieces, de
respectively 101a, 101b (North magnetic pole) and 101
101d (South magnetic pole). The pole pieces have con
facing towards the complimentary convex faces 102a,
armature 102' and 102b, 102c of armature 102". Thes
whose concavities are all centred on the axis of shaft 1
over arcs of approximately 20o to 25o each in the plane
(Fig.1A) so that the sum of these arcs adds up to abou
90o geometrically and electrically.
The stator magnets 101', 101" are surrounded by ener

windings 109', 109" which are connected across a suit
of constant direct current (not shown). Similar windings
composed of two series-connected coils 106a, 106d an
106c, surround the rotor armatures 102' and 102", res
These coils form part of an output circuit which further
pair of brushes 107', 107" which are carried by arms 1
housing 104 with mutual insulation brushes 107', 107"
with a pair of commuter segments105', 105" (see also
are supported by a disc of insulating material 105, mou
shaft 103.
By virtue of the series-connection of coils 106a-106d b

segments 105' and 105", as illustrated in Fig.4, the alt
voltage induced in these coils gives rise to a rectified o
at brushes 107' and 107". The unidirectional current de
these brushes to a load (not shown) may be smoothed
conventional means, represented by capacitor 112 in F
Fig.2, shows a modified generator 200, whose housing

supports a stator 201 essentially consisting of two perm
magnets201' and 201", extending parallel to the drive
opposite side of it), each of these magnets being rigid
having a pair of sole shoes 201a, 201c and 201b,
201d respectively. Rotor 202 is a pair of laminated
armatures 202' and 202",similar to those of the previou
embodiment, whose output coils 206a, 206b, 206c and
serially connected between a slip-ring 205', supported
shaft203 through the intermediary of an insulating disc
another terminal here represented by the grounded sh
Slip-ring205' is contacted by brush 207 on holder 208,
this brush being an alternating current of a frequency d
the rotor speed.
Fig.3 shows a generator 300 which is basically similar

generator 100 shown in Fig.1 and Fig.1A. It's shaft 30
pair of laminated soft-iron armatures 302', 302" which
the air gaps of a pair of electromagnets 301', 301" whi
windings 309'and 309". The commutator 305 again co
with a pair of brushes 307, only one of which is visible
brush, carried on an arm 308, is electrically connected
brush 313 which engages with a slip-ring 314 positione
extremity of shaft 303 which also carries two further sli
315" which are in conductive contact with ring 314 but
from the shaft. Two further brushes316', 316" contact t

rings 315', 315" and respectively are connected to
windings 309' and 309". The other ends of these windi
connected to an analogous system of brushes and slip
extremity of the opposite shaft, and arranged so that th
commutator brushes are effectively bridged across the
windings 309' and 309" in parallel. Therefore, in this em
the stator magnets are energised from the generator o
being understood that the magnets 301' and 301" (ma
example, of steel rather than soft iron) will have a resid
force sufficient to induce an initial output voltage. Natu
circuits leading from the brushes 307 to the windings 3
309" may include filtering as described in connection w
Fig.6 shows a test circuit designed to compare the out

generator of this design, such as the unit 100 of Fig.1
with a conventional generator 400 of the type having a

armature 402 which rotates in the gap of a stator magn
is fitted with energising windings 409', 409". The two g
interconnected by a common shaft 103 which carries a
flywheel 117. This shaft is coupled through a clutch 118
motor 111 which drives the rotors 402 and 102 of both
unison, as indicated by arrow110. Two batteries 120 an
series with switches 121 and 421, represent the metho
supplying direct current to the stator windings 109', 109
409" of the two generators.
The rectified output of generator 100 is delivered to a l

shown here as three incandescent lamps connected in
with a combined consumption of 500 watts. Generator
provides current into an identical load 422. Two
wattmeters 123 and 423 have their voltage and curren
connected respectively in shunt and in series with their
loads 122 and 422, to measure the electric power deliv
generator.
When clutch 118 is engaged, shaft 113 with it's flywhee

brought to an initial driving speed of 1,200 rpm. at whic
switch421 in the energising circuit of the conventional
generator 400, is closed. The lamps 422 light immedia
corresponding wattmeter 423 shows an initial output of
However, this output drops immediately as the flywhee
decelerated by the braking effect of the magnetic field
armature 402.
Next, the procedure is repeated but with switch 421 op

switch 121 closed. This energises generator 100 and t
lamps 122 light up, wattmeter 123 showing an output o
which remains constant for an indefinite period of time
no appreciable deceleration of flywheel 117. When the
released and the rotor speed gradually decreases, the
generator 100 is still substantially 500 watts at a speed
and remains as high as 360 watts when the speed dro
to 600 rpm. In a similar test with a generator of the per
magnet type, such as the one shown at 200 in Fig.2, a
constant output was observed over a range of 1600 to
Teruo Kawai. In July 1995, a patent was granted to Te

an electric motor. In the patent, Teruo states that a me
electrical input 19.55 watts produced an output of 62.1
that is a COP of 3.18. The main sections of that paten
included on this site.
In this motor, a series of electromagnets are placed in

the active stator. The rotor shaft has two iron discs m
These discs have permanent magnets bolted to them a
wide slots cut in them to alter their magnetic effect. Th
electromagnets are pulsed with the pulsing controlled v
disc arrangement mounted on the shaft. The result is
efficient electric motor whose output has been measur
in excess of its input.
James Hardys Self-Powered Water-pump Generato

a video on Google which shows a self-powered electric
pump driven, electrical generator at this location.
This is a very simple device where the jet of water from

directed at a simple water-wheel which in turn, spins a
alternator, powering both the pump and an electric ligh
demonstrating the capture and use of free-energy.
Initially, the generator is got up to speed, driven by the

electrical supply. Then, when it is running normally, the
connection is removed and the motor/generator sustain
is also able to power at least one light bulb. The gener
normal mains current from a standard off-the-shelf alte
James has Patent Application US 2007/0018461 A1 pu

2007 on his design. In that application he points out tha
advantage of his design is the low noise level produced
generator is running. In the video and the pictures abo
demonstration has the housing opened up in order to s
generator system works, but during normal use, the co

are completely sealed.
In his document, James shows the overall system like
The housing is divided into three separate compartmen

compartment has a strong axle shaft running through i
on ball or roller bearings possibly ceramic for this env
The bearings are protected by being covered by splash
which keep the water (or other liquid) off them. A water
almost any type is mounted on the shaft and a high-ca
pump directs a stream of liquid on to the waterwheel, s
paddles at right angles in order to provide the maximum
This first compartment is sealed in order to contain all

inside it and the bottom is effectively a sump for the liq
located near the bottom of the compartment feeds the

pump which is located in the second compartment. The
boosts the liquid through a nozzle, directing it at the wa
While almost any nozzle will work, it is usual to choose
produces a concentrated jet of liquid in order to genera
possible impact. One would expect that the larger the d
the waterwheel, the more powerful the system would b
that is not necessarily the case as other factors such a
weight of the rotating members might affect the perform
Experimentation should show the most effective combi
any given pump.
The rotating shaft is given a third bearing supported by

the final compartment. The shaft then has a large diam
pulley mounted on it, the belt driving a much smaller pu
on the shaft of the generator. This raises the rate at wh
generator shaft is rotated. If the pump operates on AC
voltage, then the generator will be one which generate
voltage AC. If the pump operates on, say, 12 volts, the
generator will be one which generates 12 volts DC. Th
above, shows the arrangement for a mains voltage sys
is probably the most convenient. If a 12-volt system is
the inverter can be omitted.
The generator is started by pressing the normally open

button switch marked A in the diagram. This passes t
power through to the 1-kilowatt inverter which then gen
mains voltage. The switch marked B is a changeove
for starting, it is set so that it passes the AC power thro

A to the pump. This causes the pump to turn on and
powerful jet of liquid at the waterwheel, forcing it aroun
powering the generator. When the generator gets up to
switch B is flipped over, disconnecting the inverter an
generator power through to the pump, keeping it runnin
supplying additional power to the output power sockets
top of the housing. The press-button switch is released
disconnecting the battery which is no longer needed. S
an ordinary On/Off mains switch which is needed if you
the generator off.
A major advantage of this generator system is that the

components can be bought ready-made and so only ve
constructional skills and readily available materials are
Another advantage is that what is happening can be se
pump is not working, then it is a simple task to discove
generator is not spinning, then you can see that and so
problem. Every component is simple and straightforwa
James suggests that a suitable pump is the 10,000 gal

Torpedo Pump from Cal Pump web site:
Georges Mouriers COP=10,000 Motor/Generator P

This patent from Frenchman Georges Mourier is quite
that it states clearly in the patent that it has a Coefficien
Performance of 10,000 with an input power of just 10 w
producing an output of 100 kilowatts, which, considerin
massive opposition of the US Patent Office to any claim
power being greater than the input needed to produce
little short of amazing. This patent contains a fair amou
mathematics where Georges goes about showing why
power amplification. This can be ignored by most peop
point to concentrate on is how to build a power-amplify
motor/generator.
US Patent 4,189,654
19th February 198
Inventor: Georges Mourier
Electrical machine operating as a generator or as
Abstract
The invention relates to an electrical machine. The sta
delay line, in the form of a low-pass filter in the exampl
inductance 11 and capacitors 12 connected between th
inductances and the common conductor 131. The roto
dissipating elements 22 incorporated in circuits 26, sep
example, and having a common point 25. It is put in m
motor. The machine operates as a high-gain amplifier h

band of high-frequency signals applied to the input 14
separated from the output 15 by the decoupling zone 3
powers are obtainable. Application to installations for te
vibration of industrial equipment and to high-power lon
transmission.
Description
The invention relates to an electrical machine capable
as a generator and as an amplifier. The machine comp
part, or stator, in which moves a moving part designate
by the term rotor, by analogy with the case of machin
prior art in which the movement in question is a movem
rotation, although this movement may be other than a
in particular a rectilinear translation in the case of the in
The stator consists of a line having two conductors wh

input terminals and two output terminals; its rotor com
resistive elements under conditions which will be descr
later.
In operation, a wave is propagated between the input t

the output terminals in question in this line. Electrical m
known from U.S. Patent 3,875,484, in which the stator
inductances and capacitances incorporated in a transm
as in the machines of this invention, along which there
propagated, in operation, an electric wave, but contrary
of the invention, this line has only one pair of terminals

those of the alternating current source are connected.
application of the voltage of this source between these
causes the rotation of the rotor of the machine which, a
operating as a motor, does not have an output. Owing
structure, a brief indication of which has been given ab
machine of this invention is intended, on the contrary, t
a generator or as an amplifier; it has an output constitu
other pair of terminals of the stator, the rotor being driv
exterior motor.
A better understanding of the invention will be had from

description with reference to the accompanying Figure
represent:
FIG.1, diagrammatically, the stator assembly and the r

machine to which the invention is applied;
Fig.2 and Fig.3, diagrammatically, an embodiment of a

circuit of the stator of a machine of the invention and th
corresponding diagram;
Fig.4, diagrammatically, a rotor structure of the machin
invention;
Fig.5, a diagrammatic view of a variant embodiment of

of the invention having a stator according to the design
Fig.7 and Fig.8, diagrammatic views of two variant em

the machine of the invention operating as amplifiers;
Fig.6 and Fig.9, two modifications of the machine of th

operating as generators.
Fig.1 shows diagrammatically, a machine structure to w

invention is applied, in which the stator 1 and the rotor
poles aligned in the direction o --- x along which the ro
occurs. These poles are marked as 10 and 20 and are
with the same horizontal spacing or pitch p in both the
stator. References 11 and 21 are the inductive winding
which the coupling occurs between a pole of the rotor a
the stator when they align in the course of their movem
Vsn and Vrn are the instantaneous values of the voltag

ends of these windings, and Isn and Irn are the curren
coils at the moment of this alignment, n being the num
to the pole in each part of the machine. In order to sim
notations, this index number n will be omitted when m
voltages and currents in question. designates the ma

and M the coefficient of mutual inductances of this cou
are then obtained the following known equations:
where Ls and Lr are the values of

inductances 11 and 21 and s and r the magnetic flu
windings.
In these equations, the quantities and ' are the ang

frequencies of the currents in the stator and the rotor
respectively; = 2f, where f is the corresponding freq
equal phase differences between two successive poles
and rotor, the pulses and ' in the relation:
where is in accordance with the usual definition the c

propagation of the magnetic field wave along the stato
speed at which the rotor moves in front of the stator in
of the reference axis o x in the case of the machine o
embodiment of Fig.1.
if and v respectively are the wavelength and the ph
in the stator.
In the embodiment of the machine of this invention hav

in the form of a low-pass filter transmission line with an
an output 15, and the inductances 11, charge-accumul
elements 12 mounted between these inductances, and
conductor 13as shown inFig.2 and Fig.3, there is adde
foregoing equations the following equation:
where is equal to p and Cs is the value of the

capacitors 12 (Fig.2) included in the construction of the
being observed that there is obtained with the notation
There is also added:
the equation for a rotor constructed, as shown in Fig.4

resistive circuits each of which comprises, in addition t
foregoing, coupling inductance 21, a resistor 22 of valu
By eliminating the magnitudes of flux, voltage and curr

the homogeneous equations (1), (2), (3), (4), (6) and (7
replacing ' with its expression taken from equation (5
obtained an equation in whose roots have an imagin

whence it results that the variation with respect to time
propagated along the stator in the direction o --- x of Fi
amplitude is proportional, in accordance with the conv
notation, to exp j(t-x), undergoes an amplification
course of this propagation.
The equation in question is:
and assuming that is small, that is to say, that the ma

large number of phases in the electro-technical sense
the roots of which will be calculated by their relative
difference z from a reference value chosen to be equa
which is but little different, under the conditions of oper
machines of the invention, from the quantity 1 defined
there is obtained:
The foregoing ratio /u is none other than the value of

synchronous machines, in which ' is null (equation 5)
machines of this invention, ' is non-zero: these mach
in the asynchronous manner.

The equation in z is written:
in the particular case of a coupling coefficient
It has two roots having an imaginary part. The machin

of amplifying a signal applied to the input of the sta
order of magnitude of this amplification is shown below
example. The expression of these roots is:
with:
to which the following numerical values correspond for

number of values of . The amplified wave correspond
root Z+.
The gain g in power per unit length of the stator is, ac
equation (9) is:
In the given example, this gain reaches its maximum v

wave corresponding to z+, for between 0.1 and 0.3. T
imaginary part of z is then in the neighbourhood of 0.15
gives for g, in respect of a stator whose length is 5 wav
5), about 40 decibels. It will be observed that the corre
propagation constant differs only slightly in absolute
the constant /ucorresponding to synchronous operat
machine of this invention operates under conditions wh
only slightly from synchronous operating conditions.
The wave passing through the stator is amplified in the

an electromagnetic wave which is propagated along th
of wave propagating tubes employed in hyper frequenc
among others, by J. R. Pierce in "Travelling Wave Tube
Nostrand Co, 1950. The amplification occurs, as for the
a wide band around the central frequency.
In the foregoing, the rotor has been represented, for ea

description, with a structure having poles (reference 20
Figures). With the scope of the invention the rotor coul
form of the well-known squirrel-cage structure of async
machines. The above calculations remain valid in givin
notion of resistance and to the notion of inductance the
they have in this case.
The foregoing properties have been established by me

simplifying hypotheses which permit a clearer presenta
properties apply generally to all machines whose stato
would have the indicated electrical structure, even in th
operation which would differ slightly from these hypoth
neighbourhood of synchronous frequency. Moreover, th
considered of a coupling by inductance between the ro
stator with a mutual coefficient M. Within the scope of t
this coupling could also be of an electrostatic nature be
conductors of the stator and rotor; similar equations wo
obtained by substituting for the coefficient M the coeffic
electrostatic influence between the conductors in ques
quantity Lr that, Cr, of the capacitance of each circuit o
and, after interversion between Ls and Cs. In this case
7) represents the voltage drop at the terminals of the c
the rotor. The machine of this invention is also capable
as a generator, as will be seen below. A few embodime
structure of the machine of this invention will be given
Fig.5 shows a first modification of this structure compr

in accordance with the low-pass filter diagram of Fig.2
a squirrel-cage, the reference numerals 322 and 33 are
and the end faces. In operation, it is driven by a rotor (
which rotates it in the direction of the arrow about axis
common to the rotor and the stator of the machine. A s
alternating voltage 40 is applied to input 14 of the stato
applied to the output 15 is a load 36, the impedance of
equal to the characteristic impedance of the line of whi
is part. In this arrangement of revolution about the axis
decoupling zone 30separates the input and output of th
Further, in this zone, and in order to avoid any risk of c
between input and output of the stator by the circuits o
there is provided any damping device considered nece

embodiment of which is given below.
The different elements of the filter constituting the stato

damped by the resistors 16, and 18 which are connect
in the Figure between the windings 11 and the
conductor 13 common to the terminals of the capacitor
Such a machine operates as an amplifier of the signal

input of the stator with a gain which is of the order of 4
numerical example given above. Such machines may b
supply sources for high-power vibrators for the testing
equipment of all kinds. They have the advantage over
known installations of this type of avoiding the steep le
and the high frequencies which result in their spectrum
powers of 100 kilowatts may be obtained with 10 w
at the input, with frequencies ranging up to 50 kHz. Th
machine may be used as a high-power amplifier in rad
broadcasting.
Fig.7 and Fig.8 give two other modifications of the arra

the circuits of the rotor in which the same reference nu
indicate the same components as in the preceding Fig
In Fig.8, the coupling between the rotor and stator is e
occurs between conductors 34 and 35 when they face
the course of the rotation of the rotor.
In Fig.7, 110 and 112 designate the two constituent pa

inductances associated with each one of the poles 10
and210 and 212 the parts of the self-inductances of ea
the rotor. In both Fig.7 and Fig.8, 25 is a common con
and 26indicates all of the elements associated with eac
rotor. In the modification of Fig.8, an example is given
construction of the damping device 31 in the zone 30.
earthed through resistor 37 and through a contact (not
the circuits of the rotor out along this rail 38 when they
the zone 30.
The same machine is capable of operating as a genera

(Fig.6 and Fig.9).
Fig.6 represents a machine whose stator is connected

pass filter: each pole winding is connected at one end
common conductor 13 and at the other end to two cap
shown above. The filter thus constructed has a phase
varies very rapidly with the frequency and in the directi
to that of the flux of electrical energy (inverse wave). T
a velocity rather close to that of the phase velocity whe
energy flows back to the load 36 in the opposite directi
upstream side (for the energy) of the filter terminates o
characteristic impedance 42 of the filter. A generator is
this way having a frequency which is determined within
by the speed of rotation of the rotor. In the example sh
Figure, the rotor has a squirrel-cage structure.
The machine of Fig.9 differs from that of Fig.6 by the a

supplementary capacitors 120 arranged in parallel with
inductances11. The circuit thus obtained is an inverse
pass filter. The width of its band-pass is determined by
respective values of the capacitors 12 and 120. The ph
remains rapidly variable as a function of the frequency.
machine operates as a generator, the frequency of whi
only very slightly on the velocity of rotation of the rotor.
The RotoVerter. Not all pulsed-drive systems use pe

magnets as part of their drive mechanism. For examp
RotoVerter systems uses standard three-phase electric
instead of magnets. In addition, some of the electrica

power can be recovered for re-use.
This system has been reproduced by several independ

researchers and it produces a substantial power gain w
devices which need an electrical motor to operate. Th
details are as follows:
The output device is an alternator which is driven by a

mains-powered, 3 HP to 7.5 HP motor (both of these d
be standard asynchronous squirrel-cage motors). Th
is operated in a highly non-standard manner. It is a 24
with six windings as shown below. These windings ar
in series to make an arrangement which should require
drive it, but instead, it is fed with 120 volts of single-pha
input voltage for the motor, should always be a quarter
operational voltage. A virtual third phase is created by
capacitor which creates a 90-degree phase-shift betwe
applied voltage and the current.
The objective is to tune the motor windings to give reso

operation. A start-up capacitor is connected into the c
the press-button switch shown, to get the motor up to s
which point the switch is released, allowing the motor t
much smaller capacitor in place. Although the running
shown as a fixed value, in practice, that capacitor need
adjusted while the motor is running, to give resonant o
For this, a bank of capacitors is usually constructed, ea
having its own ON/OFF switch, so that different combin
switch closures give a wide range of different overall va
capacitance. With the six capacitors shown above, an
0.5 microfarad to 31.5 microfarad can be rapidly switch
correct resonant value. These values allow combined v
1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, .....by selecting the appropri
to be ON or OFF. Should you need a value greater th
wire a 32 microfarad capacitor in place and connect th
box across it to test higher values step by step to find t
value of capacitor to use. The capacitors need to be p
filled units with a high voltage rating - in other words, la
and expensive. The power being handled in one of th
is large and setting one up is not without a certain degr

physical danger. These systems have been set to be
but this is not recommended, presumably because of t
of runaway with the output power building up rapidly an
the input power until the motor burns out.
The Yahoo EVGRAY Group at

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/EVGRAY has a large n
members, many of whom are very willing to offer advic
assistance. A unique jargon has built up on this forum
motor is not called a motor but is referred to as a Prim
PM for short, which can cause confusion as PM usu
for Permanent Magnet. RotoVerter is abbreviated to
DCPMRV stands for Direct Current Permanent Magn
RotoVerter and trafo is a non-standard abbreviation
transformer. Some of the postings in this Group may
to understand due to their highly technical nature and t
use of abbreviations, but help is always available there
To move to some more practical construction details fo

The motor (and alternator) considered to be the best
application is the Baldor EM3770T 7.5 horsepower u
specification number is 07H002X790, and it is a 230/46
3-phase, 19/9.5 amp, 1770 rpm, power factor 81, devic
The Baldor web site is here and the following details sh

considered carefully before trying any adaption of an e
motor. The following constructional photographs are pr
by kind permission of Ashweth Palise of the EVGRAY G
The end plate of the drive motor needs to be removed

lifted out. Considerable care is needed when doing th
rotor is heavy and it must not be dragged across the st
as doing that would damage them.
The second end-plate is then removed and placed on t

end of the stator housing.
The fan is removed as it is not needed and just causes

drag, and the rotor is inserted the opposite way round
was removed. That is, the housing is now the other w
relative to the rotor, since the rotor has been turned thr
degrees before being replaced. The same part of the
rotor passes through the same end plate as before as
plates have also been swapped over. The end plates
position and the rotor shaft spun to confirm that it still r
freely as before.
To reduce friction to an absolute minimum, the motor b

to be cleaned to an exceptional level. There are vario
doing this. One of the best is to use a carburettor clea
from your local car accessories shop. Spray inside th
wash out all of the packed grease. The spray evapora

a few minutes. Repeat this until the shaft spins perfec
one (and only one) drop of light oil on each bearing an
WD40 as it leaves a residue film. The result should be
which spins absolutely perfectly.
The next step is to connect the windings of the two uni

motor (the Prime Mover) is wired for 480 volt operatio
done by connecting winding terminals 4 to 7, 5 to 8 and
diagram shows 120 volts AC as being the power suppl
because the RotoVerter design makes the motor opera
lower input than the motor designers intended. If this
operated in the standard way, a 480 volt 3-phase supp
connected to terminals 1, 2 and 3 and there would be n
in the circuit.
It is suggested that the jumpering of the motor winding

neatly done by removing the junction box cover and dr
it to carry the connections outside to external connecto
neatly to show clearly how the connections have been
each unit, and to allow easy alterations should it be de

change the jumpering for any reason.
The same is done for the unit which is to be used as th

To increase the allowable current draw, the unit windin
connected to give the lower voltage with the windings c
parallel as shown below with terminals 4,5 and 6 strap
1 connected to 7, 2 connected to 8 and 3 connected to
gives a three-phase output on terminals 1, 2 and 3. Th
used as a 3-phase AC output or as three single-phase
or as a DC output by wiring it as shown here:
The motor and the alternator are then mounted secure

alignment and coupled together. The switching of the
the housing on the drive motor allows all of the jumper
the same side of the two units when they are coupled t
facing each other:
The input drive may be from an inverter driven from a b

charged via a solar panel. The system how needs to
and tested. This involves finding the best starting cap
will be switched into the circuit for a few seconds at sta
the best running capacitor. Help and advice is readily
from the EVGRAY Group as mentioned above.
To summarise: This device takes a low-power 110 Vol

and produces a much higher-power electrical output w
used for powering much greater loads than the input co
The output power is much higher than the input power.
free-energy under whatever name you like to apply to i
advantage which should be stressed, is that very little i
construction is needed, and off-the-shelf motors are us
knowledge of electronics is needed, which makes this
easiest to construct free-energy devices available at th
time. One slight disadvantage is that the tuning of the
Mover motor depends on its loading and most loads h
levels of power requirement from time to time. A 220 V
can also be used if that is the local supply voltage.
If an alternator is being driven by the RotoVerter motor

Mover) but although the shaft is being rotated rapidly
output voltage, then it is likely that the alternator has be
around unused for a long time and has lost the magne
which it needs at start-up. To fix this, connect each of t
output windings, one at a time, across a car battery for
seconds to develop some magnetism and the alternato
work. This is a one-off thing only needed after a long p
inactivity.
It is not essential to construct the RotorVeter exactly as

above, although that is the most common form of cons
The Muller Motor mentioned earlier, can have a 35 kilo
when precision-constructed as Bill Muller did. One op
therefore, is to use one Baldor motor jumpered as the
Mover drive motor and have it drive one or more Mulle
rotors to generate the output power:
Coil-Shorting. The RotoVerter output and the Muller

Motor/Generator output (and possibly, the Adams Moto
be increased very substantially by a technique develop
the moderator of the EVGRAY Yahoo forum already m
technique is to place a dead short-circuit across each o
just as the magnetic field of that coil reaches a maximu
done five times in rapid succession and can boost the
by an estimated factor of 100 times.
On the surface, it appears complete madness to place

circuit across the very output which you are generating
point of the exercise. However, it is not as mad as it se
peak point, the coil itself contains a large amount of en
when a short-circuit is placed across it, the result is qu

The effect of short-circuiting an iron-cored coil has bee
demonstrated by Ron Pugh of Canada with a bench te
equipment:
Here, a device for measuring magnetic fields is sensin

magnetic field of the coil as the rotor magnets move pa
The measurement is done with the coil operating norm
again, with the coil short-circuited. The results are show
oscilloscope displays:
Quite surprisingly, the magnetic field is reversed by the

If we consider just the first half of the cycle:
You will notice that when the open coil has a very stron
position (relative to a North magnetic pole), the short-c
has a strong reading of the opposite polarity. Therefore
given instance near the peak, there is the potential for
magnetic reversal if the coil were to be switched from t
into the blue area and back again. You might imagine t
short-circuiting were performed very rapidly, that there

result like this:
However, this is not really possible with an iron-cored c

able to reverse it's magnetisation rapidly enough to pro
effect. Coils with iron cores might get up to 3,000 rever
second although 1,000 would probably be a more reali
For higher frequencies, a ferrite core could be used an
higher frequencies again, an iron-dust epoxy-encapsul
needed. For unlimited frequencies, an air-core coil is u
In the RotoVerter / Muller Motor example where Kone h

demonstrated major energy gains, the arrangement is
Ron Pugh's bench-test example. Firstly, the magnets o
present two poles to the coil as they pass by, giving a f
wave output. Secondly, Kone uses an air-core coil and
fast switching implemented to take advantage of that c
This screen shot shows exactly the same effect with th

pulses plunging down to exactly where the negative tra
at that time during each of the short-circuited periods. T
showing a twenty-volt peak-to-peak waveform with eac
sine wave cycle taking 2 milliseconds.
Instead of the original gradual magnetic rise to a single

are now five very sharp magnetic reversals, each of wh
substantially larger that the original peak. It is the chan
magnetic flux in the pick-up coil which produces the ou
so it can be seen that with this additional switching, a m
increase in flux change has been produced in the outp
increase is both a larger magnetic swing and a much g
change of the flux, and as the rotor is spinning at some
and has many magnets in it, the overall magnetic powe
by a major factor. Please not that in the following diagr
produced by Kone, the rotor magnet has a South pole
reaches the pick-up coil first, followed by a North pole
coil. This produces an excellent sine wave output in the
The additional switching is performed by a mechanical

contact system and the power collection circuit used fo
circuited coil is:
and when the coil is not short-circuited, the circuit is:
Doug Konzen has been developing this circuitry and ge

sharing his results freely. His web site is here and his m
practical circuit is:
There is a video on the web where coil-shorting is used

output from a replication of John Bedinis Window Moto
Window Motor is a cylinder with magnets mounted in it
a large coil by a pulsed motor:
The motor can be a self-runner, but for the coil-shorting

demonstration, it was just spun briefly by hand, produc
pulses of about 16 volts. When the coil-shorting is swit
those pulses rise to about 440 volts even though the co
was not the optimum five times at peak (which would p
raised the voltage pulses to about 1,600 volts). The os
displays of the test shown on video are:
Im told that this coil-shorting technique is used in indu

consider to be a trade secret. Details of John Bedinis
Motor can be found at www.fight-4-truth.com/Schemati
Raoul Hatem. Generally, the RotoVerter gives very lo

power when not loaded and about a 90% energy reduc
under load. The ideal situation is where there is a cons

the tuning of the RotoVerter does depend to some deg
load. However, the RotoVerter performance can be inc
substantially by using the techniques introduced by Ra
1955, which conventional science will not accept becau
to current theory, any such energy gain has to be impo
so, cannot happen no matter what evidence there is (w
Raoul Hatems heretical statement is that using spinnin

draws in energy from the environment, allowing a syste
COP>1 (ever heard of John Searles spinning magnet
His method is to use a motor (whether RotoVerter or n
heavy rotor disc with 36 powerful rare-earth magnets m

Then, using an identical heavy disc with magnets mou
generator to give a magnetic coupling between the mo
generator can give not just coupling, but an energy gai
The heavy rotor provides some flywheel effect which h

operation of the system. Even with one motor as show
there is an energy gain as demonstrated in a recent vid
demonstration of the effect here where a simple system
144 watts of excess power. However, the really big gai
when several generators are driven by just the one mo
passing, it may be remarked that there are two separa
gain systems operating here. Firstly, the rotating magn
directly on the excess electrons in the local environme
them into the system just as the fluctuating magnetic fi
secondary winding of any transformer does. Secondly,
are receiving a rapid stream of drive pulses, and as Ch
has demonstrated, that draws in excess energy from th
gravitational field.
Anyway, you will notice that the powerful magnets used

North poles outwards on one rotor while the adjacent r
South poles outwards. The very strong attraction betwe
opposite poles cause the generator disc to rotate in ste
motor disc. This process allows many generators to be
just the one motor as shown here and in the photograp
For ease of drawing, the diagram above shows only ei

per rotor disc, but you will notice in the photograph (an
video) that there are three stepped rows of magnets on
You will also notice that direction of the stepping is reve

every second rotor disc in order for the magnets to ma
other in position as they rotate in opposite directions.
While this type of arrangement gives a major increase

power compared to the input power, the situation can b
enhanced by retrieving some of the input power by me
electronic circuitry, and both Phil Wood and David Kou
kindly shared their methods for doing this:
Phil Wood, another member of the EVGRAY enthusia

who has many years of experience working with all var
electric motor, has come up with a very clever circuit va
the RotoVerter system. His design has a 240 volt Prim
motor driven with 240 volt AC. The revised circuit now
automated start-up and it provides an extra DC output
used to power additional equipment. His circuit is sho
Phil specifies the diode bridges as 20 amp 400 volt and
capacitor as 4000 to 8000 microfarads 370 volt workin

ON/OFF switch on the DC output should be 10 amp 25
working. The circuit operates as follows:
The charge capacitor C needs to be fully discharged

motor is started, so the press-button switch is pressed
the 1K resistor across the capacitor to discharge it fully
prefer, the press-button switch and resistor can be omi
switch to the DC load closed before the AC input is app
switch must then be opened and the AC connected. T
capacitor S and capacitor R both operate at full pote
capacitor C begins to charge. As capacitor C goes
charging phase, the resistance to capacitors R and S
and their potential capacitance becomes less, automat
following the capacitance curve required for proper AC
operation at start-up.
After a few seconds of run time, the output switch is op

connecting the DC load. By varying the resistance of
the correct tuning point can be found. At that point, th
resistance keeps both of the capacitors R and S op
potentially low capacitance value.
The operation of this circuit is unique, with all of the en

normally wasted when the AC motor is starting, being c
the output capacitor C. The other bonus is where a
powered for free while it keeps capacitors R and S i
optimum operating state. The DC load resistance nee
adjusted to find the value which allows automatic opera

circuit. When that value has been found and made a
part of the installation, then the switch can be left on w
motor is started (which means that it can be omitted).
is left on through the starting phase, capacitor C can
value if the DC load resistance is high enough to allow
to go through its phase shift.
The capacitor values shown above were those found to

with Phils test motor which was a three-winding, 5 hor
volt unit. Under test, driving a fan, the motor draws a
117 watts and a variable speed 600 watt drill was used
load. The motor operates at its full potential with this c
------------------------
The circuit will need different capacitors for operation w

Volt AC supply. The actual values are best determined
with the motor which is to be used, but the following dia
realistic starting point:
The 120 V AC motor runs very smoothly and quietly dr

watts of input power.
Advancing the design even further, Phil has now produ

extremely clever design by introducing an additional D
motor/generator coupled to the Prime Mover motor.
is nominally mechanical with the two motors physically
together with a belt and pulleys, but the electrical linkin
the two motors will synchronise automatically if the me
linkage is omitted. I should like to express my thanks
sharing this information, diagrams and photographs fre
This circuit is very clever as the DC motor/generator au

adjusts the running of the AC motor both at startup and
varying loading. Also, the selection of the capacitors i
critical and no manual intervention is needed at startup
addition, the DC motor/generator can be used as an ad
source of electricity.
Phils setup
As the loading on the Prime Mover motor is quite low d

very, very high efficiency of the RotoVerter arrangemen
perfectly feasible to drive the whole system with a lowinverter run from a battery. If that is done, then it is po
two batteries. One is charged by the DC generator wh
is driving the inverter. A timer circuit then switches the
over on a regular basis using relay switching.
Extra Energy Collection
A very effective additional circuit has been developed b

Kousoulides. This circuit allows extra current to be dr
RotoVerter while it is running, without increasing the in
needed to drive the RotoVerter. Davids circuit can be
wide range of systems, but here it is being shown as a
the RotoVerter system, raising its efficiency even highe
before.
As is common with many effective circuits, it is basicall

looking, and its apparent operation is easily explained
objective is to draw additional current from the RotoVe
that current to charge one or more batteries, without lo
RotoVerter at all. The current take off is in the form of
series of current pulses which can be heard as a series
clicks when fed into the battery.
Let us examine the circuit section by section:
First, we start with a standard off the shelf 3-phase m

example, the motor is a 7.5 horsepower motor, which w
RotoVerter mode, using just a single-phase supply as s
only draws a very low amount of power when running,
the single-phase supply is about 25% of the voltage ra
motor:
Because the running power draw is so low, it is possibl

motor from a standard battery-powered inverter, but th
draw at start-up is some 17 amps, so the mains is used
motor started and then the motor is switched from the
inverter. The inverter also allows easy measurement
input and so makes for easier calculation of the overall
efficiency of the system.
There is a power extraction device called a diode-plug

spite of its seeming simplicity, is actually much more s
operation than would appear from a quick glance at the
This circuit has been presented as a public-domain no

copyrightable circuit by Hector Perez Torres and it is ca
extracting power from a range of different systems, wit
those systems or increasing their power draw. In the c
presented below, just the first half of the diode plug is u
though it should perhaps be stressed that it would be p
feasible to raise the efficiency of the circuit even furthe
extra components to duplicate the power feed from the
drawing on both parts of the diode-plug circuit. For cla
not shown here, but it should be understood that it is a
and indeed desirable, extension to the circuitry describ
When the motor is running, high voltages are develope

windings of the motor. As only the first half of the diod
being shown here, we will be capturing and using the n
going voltages. These negative-going pulses are pick
in a capacitor and used to charge a battery using the fo
circuit:
Here we have the same RotoVerter circuit as before, w

voltage being developed across capacitor C1. The ba
charging section is a free-floating circuit connected to p
motor. The high-voltage diode D1 is used to feed neg
pulses to capacitor C2 which causes a large charge to
that capacitor. At the appropriate moment, the PC851
is triggered. This feeds a current into the base of the
transistor, switching it on and firing the 2N6509 thyristo
effectively switches capacitor C2 across the battery, wh
discharges the capacitor into the battery. This feeds a
charging power pulse into the battery. As the capacito
drops, the thyristor is starved of current and it turns off
automatically. The charging sequence for the capacito
again with the next pulse from the windings of the moto
The only other thing to be arranged is the triggering of

isolator. This should be done at the peak of a positive
the motor windings and has been built like this:
Here, we have the RotoVerter motor as before, with the

developed on C1 being used to trigger the opto-isolato
appropriate moment. The voltage on C1 is sensed by
D2, the pre-set resistor VR1 and the resistor R1. The
load of some 18.2K ohms on capacitor C1 as the neon
high resistance when not conducting. The ten-turn pre
is adjusted to make the neon fire at the peak of the vol
coming from the motor. although the adjustment screw
preset resistors is fully isolated from the resistor, it is re
that adjustment of the screw be done using an insulate
type of screwdriver, or a solid plastic trimmer-core adju
The circuit to test one half of the diode plug is then:
The switch SW1 is included so that the charging sectio

switched off at any time and this switch should not be c
the motor gets up to speed. All wire connections shou
before power is applied to the circuit. Capacitor C1 w
as 36 microfarads, has a value which is optimised for t
motor being used and will normally be in the range 17
microfarads for a well-prepared motor. The motor use
development was retrieved from a scrapyard and was
in any way.
The value of capacitor C2 can be increased by experim

find at what value the resonance gets killed and the ch
section starts drawing extra current from the supply. I

noted that many new thyristors (Silicon Controlled Rec
SCRs) are faulty when supplied (sometimes as many
those supplied can be faulty). It is therefore important t
thyristor to be used in this circuit before installing it. T
shown below can be used for the testing, but it should
that even if the component passes the test, that does n
that it will work reliably in the circuit. For example, wh
thyristors are generally satisfactory, it has been found t
types are not. A thyristor passing the test may still ope
unpredictably with false triggers.
Please note that the 2N6509 package has the Anode c

inside the housing to the metal mounting tab.
Components List:
When using and testing this circuit, it is important that a

connected securely in place before the motor is started
because high voltages are generated and creating spa

making connections does not do any of the componen
particular good. If the circuit is to be turned off while t
still running, then switch SW1 is there for just that purp
The operating technique is as follows:
Before starting the motor, adjust the slider of the prese

to the fixed resistor end of its track. This ensures that
circuit will not operate as the neon will not fire. Power
and start adjusting the preset resistor very slowly until
starts to flash occasionally. There should be no increa
the motor and so no extra current drawn from the input
If there is an increase in the load, you will be able to te

speed of the motor and the sound it makes. If there is
in the load, then back off VR1 and check the circuit con
there is no increased load, then continue turning VR1 s
position is reached where the neon remains lit all the ti
should see the voltage across the battery being charge
without any loading effects on the motor.
If you use an oscilloscope on this circuit, please remem

there is no ground reference voltage and that the circ
isolated.
Here is a picture of Davids actual board construction.
various ways for building any circuit. This particular co

method uses plain matrix board to hold the component
and the bulk of the interconnections are made underne
board. The charge-collecting capacitor is made here f
separate polypropolene 440 volt capacitors wired in pa
has opted to use a separate diode on each capacitor a
effect of doubling the current-carrying capacity of a sin
is a popular technique in pulse charge circuits where s
several diodes are wired in parallel.
David has included a heatsink, which he marks as bein

required but you will notice that there is insulation betw
SCR and the heatsink. Mica washers available from
of semiconductors are particularly good for this, as mic
insulator and it also conducts heat very well.
Thyristor testing:
The components needed to construct the thyristor testi

shown below can be bought as Kit number 1087 from
www.QuasarElectronics.com
The circuit is operated by operating SW1 several times

capacitors C1 and C2 fully charged. LED1 and LED2 s
be off. If either of them light, then the thyristor is faulty
Next, with SW1 at its position 1, press switch SW2 brie

should light and stay on after SW2 is released. If eithe
two things does not happen, then the thyristor is faulty.
With LED1 lit, press SW3 and LED1 should go out. If
happen, then the thyristor is faulty.
As mentioned before, even if the thyristor passes these

not guarantee that it will work correctly in any circuit as
operate intermittently and it may trigger spuriously whe
shouldnt.
Phil Wood has developed a particularly effective meth

extracting the excess resonant circulating energy of a R
Prime Mover. This is the circuit:
Care needs to be taken when constructing this circuit.

example, the circuit performance is displayed by an HE
stage Johnson counter, but for some lunatic reason, th
designation is also used for a completely different chip
size and number of DIL pins, namely the CMOS highflip-flop with Reset, an action definitely worthy of a stu
Another point to watch out for is that the 1A 1N5819 d
high-speed Schottky barrier component.
The circuit operation is as follows:
The input from the RotoVertor motor is stepped-down b

transformer to give an 18-volt (nominal) AC output, wh
rectified by a standard rectifier bridge and the output sm
an 18-volt zener diode and a 330mF smoothing capaci
to power the MC34151 chip. This DC power supply lin
dropped and stabilised by a 15-volt zener diode and a
capacitor and used to power the LED display chip HEF
The raw RotoVerter input is also taken direct and rectif

second 400-volt 35-amp rectifier diode bridge and smo
20mF capacitor with a high voltage rating. It must be
that the RotoVerter system is liable to produce conside
surges from time to time and so this circuit must be cap
handling and benefiting from these surges. This is wh
IRG4PH40UD IGBT device was selected (apart from it
reasonable price) as it robust and can handle high volt
The resulting high-voltage DC is taken by the chain of

two 75-volt zener diodes, 20K resistor and the 100K va
resistor. The voltage developed on the slider of this va
resistor is loaded with a 10K resistor and voltage-limite
volt zener diode, and decoupled with a 10nF capacitor
passed to the MC34151 high-speed MOSFET dual driv
Both of these drivers are used to sharpen up the pulse
IGBT cleanly. The result is an output which is a series
pulses. The operation of the circuit can be seen quite

thanks to the HEF4017B display circuit which drives a
triggered by the IGBT gate signal, divided by the 1K / 4
divider decoupled by the 10nF capacitor. This display
clearly when the IGBT is switching correctly - actually,
circuit is quite a useful device for people who do not ow
oscilloscope, not just for this circuit, but a wide range o
circuits.
The physical board layout for Phils circuit is shown he
As you will notice from the notes on Phils board layout

above, the first of the 75-volt zener diodes used on the
RotoVerter power feed, should be replaced with a 30-v
120-volt motor is used in this circuit.
Another important point which needs to be stressed, is
pulsed DC output from this circuit can be at extremely

and needs to treated with considerable care. This is n
for beginners and anyone who is not familiar with hand
voltages needs the supervision of an experienced pers
either this circuit or the RotoVerter is connected to the
no scope ground leads should be connected as the cir
hundred volts or more below ground potential.
The pattern of the printed-circuit board when viewed fr

underside of the board is shown here:
And component packaging is:
Phils build of his circuit was implemented like this:
Component List:
Lawrence Tseung. Lawrence has been presenting h

lead-out energy which indicates that excess energy is
the environment when there is an impact. The method
this effect which he has followed is to create an unbala
and demonstrate that excess energy is produced. It sh
stressed that energy is never created or destroyed and
measures more energy in his device than the energy w

to power it, energy is not being created but is instead,
in from the local environment. Lawrence has recently d
a prototype to members of the public:
This simple device was demonstrated to have 3.3 time
output power as the input power needed to make it ope

an early prototype which was demonstrated in October
Lawrence and his helpers are working on to produce m
advanced models which have kilowatts of excess elect
Mr Tseung remarks: "The Lee-Tseung Lead-Out Ener

Theory was first disclosed to the world on 20th Decem
Tai Po, in Hong Kong. The Lead-Out Energy Theory ba
that one can lead-out (or bring-in) Energy from the surr
environment into a Lead-Out Energy Machine. The tota
energy is equal to the sum of the Supplied Energy plus
Out Energy. For example, if the supplied energy is 100
lead-out energy is 50 units, the device's total Input Ene
150 units. This means that the Output Energy can be m
Supplied Energy of 100 units provided by the person u
device.
If we ignore the small loss of energy caused by less th

efficiency of the device itself, then the Output Energy w
whole of the 150 units. If we use 50 of the output energ
feed back 100 of the output units as the Supplied Ener
Supplied Energy can again lead-out another 50 units o
output Energy for us to use. Thus a Lead-Out Energy M
continuously lead-out pollution-free, virtually inexhaust
readily available energy for us to use. We do not need
fossil fuel or pollute our environment. The two example
Out energy which we access are Gravitational and Ele
energy.
The Lead-Out Energy theory does not violate the Law

Conservation of Energy. The Law of Conservation of E
been used as a roadblock for the so called Overunity
patent offices and the scientific establishment routinely
invention as belonging to the impossible perpetual-mo
machine category if the inventor cannot identify the en
of his invention.
We got the help of Mr. Tong Po Chi to produce a 60 cm

Lead-Out Energy machine in October 2009. The Outpu
that device is greater than the Input Energy by a factor
These results are confirmed by voltmeters and ammete
measuring the Input and Output energies.
The Tong wheel has been shown at two Open Shows i

(Inno Carnival 2009 and Inno Design Tech Expo) in No
December 2009. Over 25,000 people have seen it. The
Kong Radio Show has video recorded it, the discussion
conducted in Chinese. At this time, the Tong wheel is a
Studio available for experts to view and examine with t
instruments."
The Tong wheel has a diameter of 600 mm, 16 perman

mounted on its rim and 15 air-core coils mounted arou
stator. There is one position sensor. The coils can be s
act as drive coils or as energy collection coils:
With this arrangement, if the positions the switches as

of the fifteen coils shown here, then they act as drive c
sensor is adjusted so that the drive circuit delivers a br
pulse to those coils just after the magnets have passed
alignment position with the coils. This causes them to g
magnetic field which repels the magnets, thrusting the
The pulse is very brief, so very little power is needed to

this pulsing. As mentioned before, any number of coils
switched to provide this driving force. With this particul
construction by Mr Tong, the best number has been fou
drive coils.
The power pick-up is achieved by gathering the electric

generated in some of the coils as the magnets move p
In this particular arrangement, five of the coils gather e

ten provide the drive. For the sake of simplicity, the dia
the five collection coils adjacent to each other and whil
work, the wheel is better balanced if the drive coils are
spaced out around the rim. For that reason, this switch
actually be selected to give five sets of two drive coils f
one pick-up coil as that gives a perfectly balanced thru
wheel.
The two diagrams above are shown separately in orde

clear how the drive switching and the power pick-up sw
arranged. The full design arrangement and the balance
are shown in the following diagram which indicates how
design is implemented on this particular implementatio
wheel design. The sensor can be a coil feeding a semi
switching circuit, or it can be a magnetic semiconducto
Hall-effect device which can also feed a semiconducto
alternative would be a reed switch which is a simple m
switch encased in an inert gas inside a tiny glass enve
switching circuits are described and explained in chapt
eBook.
Mr Tseung remarks that the large wheel size is due to

the Pulse Force takes time to impart the impulse to the
lead-out energy from the environment into the system.
to see this actual wheel, you can email Dr. Alexandra Y
ayuan@hkstar.com to make an appointment. The Tong
located at the Better Hong Kong Radio Studio in Cause
Hong Kong. Just say that you want to see the Lead-Ou
Machine. The demonstration can be in English or in Ch
Ideally, there should be a group of at least six visitors w
more being a qualified engineer or scientist, and you a
to bring your own cameras and/or test equipment. It is
produce a version which has a 300 watt output, and an
5 kilowatt output. Educational kits are also planned.
If you decide to replicate this particular design, then to

output power level you might consider putting another
around the wheel and either using them as fifteen addi
pick-up coils or alternatively, pulsing the wheel twice as
Adding one or more additional rotor discs to the same
is also an option and that has the advantage of increas
weight and improving the effect of the impulses on the
The diameter of the wire used to wind the coils is a des

which has a wide scope. The thicker the wire, the grea
current and the larger the impulse given to the wheel. T
normally connected in parallel as shown in the diagram
Because of the way magnetic field strength drops off w

square of the distance, it is generally considered good
practice to make the coils one and a half times as wide
deep, as indicated in the diagrams above, but this is no
factor. This design is, of course, a version of the Adam
described at the start of this chapter. Although motors o
can be built in many different ways, the construction us
Tong has some distinct advantages, so here is a little m

how I understand the construction to be carried out.
There are two side pieces which are attached together

cross timbers, each of which are held in place by two s
each end. This produces a rigid structure while the con
method is as simple as is possible, using readily availa
which are worked with the most basic of hand tools. Th
construction also allows the motor to be taken apart co
without any difficulty, transported as a flat-pack packa
assembled at a new location. It also facilitates people w
see the motor taken apart after a demonstration in orde
themselves that there is no hidden power source.
Each of the cross timbers provide a secure mounting p

electromagnet and its associated switch. In the implem
Mr Tong, there appears to be just the one rotor, configu
shown above with sixteen permanent magnets mounte
The magnetic poles of these magnets are all orientated
direction. That is to say, the magnetic poles facing outw
either South or all North poles. It is not critical whether
facing poles are North or South as Robert Adams used
arrangements with great success, but having said that,
prefer to have the North poles facing outwards.
Robert has always said that one rotor was enough, but
techniques were so sophisticated that he was able to e
kilowatts of excess power from a single small rotor. Fo
starting to experiment and test a motor of this type, it s
sensible to stick with what Mr Tong has experienced su
However, this build by Mr Tong is not his final motor bu
series of continuously improved motors.
The following diagram shows an arrangement which ha

rotors attached to a single shaft and while you may cho
construct this with just one rotor, if the cross timbers ar
enough, then one or two extra rotors can be added in v
a later date.
Here, just two of the cross timbers are shown. The elec
coils used by Mr Tong are air-core as that type have th
on the passing magnets. However, electromagnets wit
to be much more power for any given current flowing th
In theory, the core should be made of lengths of insula
as that would reduce power loss through eddy currents
the core, but Robert actually recommends solid metal c

he was the most experienced person in this field, payin
what he said seems sensible.
The core material needs to be a metal which magnetis

powerfully, but which does not retain any of its magnet
current stops flowing. Not many metals have those cha
and soft iron is usually recommended. Nowadays, soft
always readily available and so a convenient alternativ
central bolt of a masonry anchor which has excellent p
The shaft of the bolt can be cut quite easily with a hack
sure to remove (or file down) the head of the bolt as th
diameter has a marked effect on the magnetic properti
electromagnet core if it is left in place. The bolt shown
M16 x 147 mm masonry anchor bolt with a bolt diamet
Some makes of dry-ink felt white-board markers have
which fits the 10 mm bolt exactly and provide an excell
constructing an electromagnet bobbin.
With a core in the electromagnets, the rotor gets additi

power. Initially, the magnets on the rotor are attracted t
electromagnet cores, giving the rotor a turning force wh
require any current to be supplied. When the rotor mag

their closest point to the electromagnet cores, the wind
powered up briefly and that gives the rotor magnets a s
away, causing the rotor to spin.
There are many different designs of simple drive circui

probably worth trying out different types to see which w
with your particular build of motor. In the same way, the
kinds of collection circuits for taking off some of the exc
generated. The most simple of these is just a diode bri
feeding a battery and charging it up for use at a later ti
sophisticated with the collection circuit and just take po
very short period of time at the correct moment, the cu
current draw, causes a back-EMF magnetic pulse in th
electromagnet which causes it to give the rotor an extr
both current collection and rotor drive in one combine
Here are two of the most simple circuits possible, one
one for power collection. The drive circuit transistor is s

by a voltage generated in the grey coil by a rotor magn
by. The transistor then feeds a large current pulse to th
driving the rotor on its way. The neon and the diode are
protect the transistor and a physical layout for this circu
The 1K variable resistor is adjusted to give the best pe

and the On/Off switch is optional. More advanced circu
the one on page 2 - 9 can also be tried and the perform
compared. Generally speaking, I would expect a threeto give a better performance than a single rotor implem
experimentation is needed.
Art Porter. Art uses an electromagnet with a ring mag

on the core. When the coil is pulsed so as to augment
the permanent magnet, Art says that his prototype prod
times the field strength of the permanent magnet on its
the coil is pulsed in the direction which opposes the fie

permanent magnet, the resulting magnetic field is zero
This is a very serious change of magnetic field which c

different applications. One which Art has implemented
arrangement to power a crankshaft motor. Art shows s
different motor builds including this one:
With this arrangement, Art states that 95% of the moto

comes from the permanent magnet. Arts website is he
has a very interesting, lengthy video showing all of the
In the video, Art attempts to apply Ohms Law in an att

analyse the operation and is puzzled when the oscillos
readings do not match his Ohms Law calculations. He
there is a contradiction between the oscilloscope and O
which he repeatedly stresses is a law of Nature, and h
that one of them has to be wrong. In actual fact, neithe
because Ohms Law only applies to DC current flow in
circuits, and Art is not using steady DC current or a res
Applying short DC pulses to a substantial coil of wire is

equivalent of applying AC to that inductor. Ohms Law
apply due to the inductance of the coil. There is a Pow
involved and Back EMF voltage pulses, so the oscillos
readings are what is needed to calculate the input and
powers.
This arrangement is almost identical to that used in the

Flynn magnet motor described in chapter 1, and very c
techniques used by Robert Adams in a properly tuned
as shown at the start of this chapter. In my opinion, the
Art is exploiting would best be used if a large pick-up c
against the end of the electromagnet core and the driv
at the coils (high) resonant frequency as that will minim
power and maximise the output power. Stacking those
bank could well produce a very sizeable excess electri
Our thanks are due to Art and his colleagues for sharin
research work freely for others to replicate and progres
DC Motor Efficiency Commercially available DC moto

deliberately designed and manufactured to have extrem
performance. In my opinion, the reason for this is that a
designed electric motor could easily do away with the n
using internal combustion engines in vehicles and that
suit the oil companies or their owners, the New World O
Worse still, electric motors with COP>1 open the way t
powered free-energy systems and that would never do
Peter Lindemanns video is available on the web and I

recommend that you watch all of it. I have only just see
presents the basic facts very nicely. In brief outline, pre
motors act both as a motor and as a generator of elect
but they are deliberately wound so that the power gene
used to oppose the input power and so produce a com
crippled output. During World War II, a German Engine
standard electric motor and made it self-powered, that
produced mechanical output power without the need fo
power once it had been started. That shows the potent
properly constructed electric motor with the same size
structure of any commercial electric motor.
The con job which has been run on us for many decad
wind the motor in such as way that the magnetic fields
motor oppose each other. When a current is passed th
of wire, it stores energy in that coil, and when the curre
off, that energy needs to flow back out of the coil and it
the reverse direction. This is sometimes called back-EM
Motive Force) although many people are not happy w
description. However, no matter what you call it, there
stored in the coil and that energy can be used to do us
But, the motor manufacturers choose to wind the moto
instead of extracting that useful power, they use it to op
major part of the input power, creating a weak motor w
due to the wasted energy.
Contributor UFOpolitics points out that a deliberate m

electric motors has, for the last 130 years, been presen
the only way to make and operate such motors. He sta
because the windings are arranged in a symmetrical w
braking effect is produced which reduces the output po
motor by anything from 50% to 90%. That is, a properl
motor would have anything from twice to ten times the
for the same input power. This mis-design guarantees
day motors are always less than 100% efficient and alw
when run. This mis-design is caused by using symmet
in the motor.
Presumably, he did that by adding extra brushes and u

the windings in generator mode with their output powe
windings which were arranged asymmetrically. There w
other man who achived self-powered re-wiring of a mo
neither of those men shared their information publicly.
Standard motor wiring is quite different and the killer ef

caused by having two windings which face each other,
simultaneously with currents flowing in opposite directi
causes a complete conflict between the magnetic fields
destroys the efficiency of the motor: A very experience
experimenter has started a forum thread on the energe
both to explain this and to show new and more advanc
construction methods and to answer questions and en
replications and further developments. The forum is he
definitely worth visiting, especially if you are good with
devices. The experimenter uses the forum ID of UFOp

he has produced an animated video in an attempt to ex
basic problems with present day DC electric motors:vid
points out that a problem winding in the standard DC m
like this:
The input current for any winding is fed in through a sin

brush contacts. The generated electrical power Ec is
and is forced to oppose the input energy Ea, leaving
fraction of the input power to actually run the motor. It i
motor of this type will only operate at 25% of its potent
UFOpolitics has produced and demonstrated a simpl

overcoming this problem while using the existing moto
magnets and brush contacts. He does this by extractin
generated electrical power as a useful output and so p

useful power being used against the motors operation
implement this, he adds one additional pair of brushes
the motor coils like this:
Here, one pair of brushes is at the top and one pair at

the armature (the bit that rotates inside the motor hou
provides the mechanical power output). The coils are r
form a series of separate vertical coils, connecting to o
terminal at the top and one brush terminal at the bottom
above.
The input power is between the terminals on the left an

through the coil shown in brown. The current flow gene
magnetic field, causing rotation because of the Perman
marked N (for a magnet which has its North pole faci
and S (for a magnet which has its South pole facing
The black zig-zag line represents the resistance to cur

the wire and brush contacts.
The coil shown in green on the right represents that sa

later moment when it has been disconnected from the
and rotated until it reaches that position, at which point
stored in it is taken off as a useful output via the right h
brushes. However, this is just an explanatory diagram
not show the very important fact that the discharging c
directly face a driving coil, because if it does, then the
discharge would create a magnetic field which would in
the magnetic field of the driving coil and create a major
Right, to say that again, any one coil is powered on the

side to drive the armature around and provide the outp
turning power (torque). Then that rotation disconnects
from the input power, leaving the coil charged with ene
has nowhere to go. That charged coil continues round
the second set of brushes, which allow it to discharge t
load and do useful work.
The really clever part of the adaption of the motor is be

above the vertical rotor. If, for example, you were to tak
DC motor apart and remove the windings, the shaft an
body might look like this:
When making an asymmetrical wound rotor, the windin

this.
The start of the wire is secured at the top and then fed
through the opening A and back up through the open
the small Radio Shack motor, this winding would be 25
AWG wire (described as radio Shack red wire, with a
diameter of 0.255 mm).
The end of the wire marked FINISH is not cut, but is

through opening A and this time, up through opening
clarity, these continuing turns are shown in a different c
please realise that it is the same single strand of wire b
throughout:
The final wire turn goes down through opening A and

the other end of the body of the armature. In these view
runs down into the paper, each turn forming a cylinder.
may give you a better visual picture of what the coils a
The next step is to connect the START and FINISH wir

V-shaped double coil to the commutator slip rings wh
current to be passed through the coil at just the right m
again from one end of the armature, the connections a
The commutator slip rings are connected further up on

shaft and the start of the winding wire (shown previous
green) is connected to the top commutator sector in th
shown here. The finishing end of the wire is connected
corresponding commutator sector at the far end of the
is, the sector directly in line with the upper sector just c
the start of the wire.
This completes the first of five identical V-shaped coils

coil is wound in the same way. The armature is rotated
counter-clockwise so that sector D replaces A at the
next coil is wound with the wire starting at the top and
through opening D and up through opening E, repea
same number of turns, and then, without cutting the wi
set of wires are wound going down through opening D
up through opening F. The start of the wire is then co

the commutator sector which spans between openings
and the end connected to the corresponding commuta
the other end of the shaft..
For each of the remaining three windings, the shaft is r

position counter-clockwise and the same winding and c
procedure carried out. When completed, no matter whi
placed at the top of the view along the shaft, the windin
commutator sector for the wire connections will be iden
3-Pole Motors
The winding arrangement is slightly different for motors
three poles (or multiples of three poles such as 6, 9, 12
For the very simple 3-pole motors, the armature looks
and with this style of armature, the winds are around th

arms, like this:
And as before, the commutator sectors at the top are d

the bottom, allowing separate input and output circuits
the three coils. The windings have many turns, filling th
space and each winding is connected to the slip ring se
opposite it, like this:
The Start of each winding is connected to the commuta

sector at the top of the armature and the Finish is conn
slip ring sector directly below it, that is, the sector whic
same angle as the top one where the Start of the wire
This allows the brushes which press against the slip rin
connect to both ends of each coil in turn as the armatu
Three pole motors are particularly powerful and motors
poles can be re-wound with pairs of adjacent sectors a
to give three larger sectors. Nine pole motors can have
adjacent sectors wound as a single coil to provide the
as a three pole motor, and twelve pole motors can hav
adjacent sectors wound as a single coil.
The positioning of the brushes is important. With the th

five-pole arrangements, the brushes are aligned with th
between the magnets which surround the armature. Ho
re-wound motor can be tuned for improved torque and
drive current by adapting the motor housing to allow so
adjustment of the position of the brush and commutato
relative to the coils. This adjustment need only be sligh
angular movement of the brushes will be small. It is, of
essential that the upper and lower adjusted positions m
exactly the same angular amount so that every upper c
slip ring sector remains exactly above its correspondin
ring sector. In other words, the commutator slip ring se
top and bottom of each coil, must be exactly aligned ve
that the electrical connections are made and broken at
same instant
The commutator and brush arrangement are shown he

UFOpolitics diagrams:
The Commutator brush marked G (for Generator) ta

energy stored in each coil and passes it to an electrica
Commutator brush marked M (for Motor) feeds ene
coil from the battery which is driving the motor. The red
stripes surrounding the armature are two permanent m
magnet shown in red has its South pole facing the arm
the magnet shown in blue has its North pole facing the
This creates a magnetic field flowing horizontally acros
armature. The five-pole arrangement is like this:
Here, the designation R/S stands for Radio Shack w

chain of stores in America. In the forum, that is sometim
to RS and should not be confused with the large elec
Radio Spares whose trademark is RS. UFOpolitics
suggested that the cheap 5-pole DC motor available fr
Shack should be used by experimenters to become fam
winding DC motor coils. Being a cheap product, those
not have a particularly high build quality, but they are s
motors for experiments. Forum members share the de
they dealt with adapting these and other motors.
I have to admit that motor windings and operation tend

me and I sometimes find it difficult to understand what
means when he talks about different winding strategies
seems reasonably clear at this early stage of forum de
that his objective is to produce two things:
1.A very powerful electric motor which can be used i

forms of road transport as well as for other practica
applications, and
2.A powerful motor/generator combination which can

useful generated electrical power.
While UFOpolitics is very patiently going through man

possible variations on how a DC motor can be wound a
connected, and showing various forum members wher
failed to get some of their windings positioned correctly
shown some of the best ways of connecting a re-woun
as a driver or Prime Mover as some people like to ca
wound motor which is to be used as an electrical gene
shows two important ways for making a very effective
Motor/Generator combination, as shown here:
It needs to be realised that these arrangements are no

conventional arrangements and that the re-wound mot
a different way to motors bought off the shelf. For this
necessary to isolate the electrical output to prevent cur
through the load from affecting the operation of the Mo
combination. This can be done by placing a diode in ea
output lines and charging a capacitor bank which is the
feed whatever load is to powered. If my understanding
then feeding any cold electricity produced into a capac
the current to become conventional hot electricity. It is
that action is part of this arrangement although the circ
should be used. This is the second version:
UFOpolitics comments on these arrangements as follo

excite the input of the Motor, the Generator will start pr
energy and that additional energy will flow through the
side because they are connected in series here. Two r
be connected at both output terminals, Positive and Ne
avoid back flow from closing the circuit through the loa
As the Motor accelerates, the Generator boosts the en

which then runs through the Motor augmenting the Ou
and when the output is loaded then an Engagement o
Machines occurs as they start to compensate each oth
their output flows. It should be understood that the Out
Capacitor Banked in a dedicated Reservoir.
When designing a Generator for a specific, existing As
Motor machine, it must be understood that Generator I

should be considered to run as Counter Rotation to th
Machines originally conceived rotation (which is easily
moving brush-lines passing stator bisector angles to th
those needed for a Motor, or alternatively, setting the ti
backwards). This will definitively enhance the assisted
both Machines when connected together in this Face-t
mode.
As I do not find the forum comments easy to understan

recommend that you visit the forum and read the posts
well understand the conversations easier to follow than
On the forum, Sanskara316 states I have re-wound a

3-pole motor. I used an almost dead, 6-volt sealed lead
to power the motor. This battery just sits at around 4 vo
given a load, even a small LED, its voltage drops to 1
wound motor started very slowly - barely spinning, then
minute or two it started to spin faster, and I noticed tha
on the battery was slowly climbing. I connected a smal
flashlight to the generating side and it lit up. Now the b
under load is around 2+ volts. Its been running for an h
the machine squeals a lot. It is conditioning the battery
meter cannot be showing what really is happening. The
draws 300 ma?? Thats not possible as the battery ju
have that power. To which UFOpolitics remarks: We
you have witnessed some of the Effects... these re-wo
do recondition batteries...remember, Radiant Energy is
the Machine...so Radiant Energy comes out through th

also which is the reason why we get high Volts-Amp
a meter ...these motors use very small amounts of curr
Inside the motor, every coil is being Self-Electromagne
Pulsed because they auto-disconnect from the power
the next coil in the sequence is assisted by the first coi
rotated to its next position, and so on. The commutato
has become a Self-Oscillator for every independentlycoil.
prochiro says: I have also replicated the battery-char

that 'Sanskara316' indicated. I started with a 12-volt 4 A
battery which I had been using with another circuit two
and had not recharged it after using it for hours. It was
12.40 volts. I took my best-running re-wound motor, plu
direct and ran it. The battery voltage dropped to 12.24
stayed at that level for 30 seconds. The battery voltage
to rise 1/100 of a volt per minute. When it was at 12.27
disconnected the motor (the total run time was less tha
I then let it rest for five minutes. At the end of the five m
battery voltage had risen to 12.43 volts and is still at th
now. Just think what a larger motor would do on a big b
Everybody needs to document this test as it proves wh
UFOpolitics said.
New DC motors, and particularly cheap motors, will ha

which do not mate cleanly with the commutator slip rin
so, when the modification has been made, running the
some time allows the brushes to wear in and that raise

efficiency of the electrical connections which in turn, im
performance of the motor. If you wish to build and test
motors, then you can find help and support in the forum
questions answered and numerous videos and photog
different experimenters to help you.
Direct Coupled Motors
Rob Ellis shows a very strongly built arrangement whic

watt motor driving a 500-watt generator and the output
generator powers the drive motor and has 400-watts s
driving other things:
This is shown here and nowadays is a popular style of

device.. However, two points need to be mentioned he
suspect that the quoted 400 watts is a calculated figure
motor is probably an ordinary commercial unit, it will be
symmetrically which forces any output drawn from it to
input power, making it so inefficient that its efficiency w
ever, exceed 100%. If that is the case, then the 100-wa
not be able to drive the generator (which is probably al
the very ineffective symmetrical style) to its full output p
Second, there appear to be a flywheel on each of the i

gearing shafts, and if that is so, then the inertial effects
flywheels will draw in energy from the surrounding grav
enhancing the overall performance and making it a rep
Chas Campbells design in chapter 4.
Patrick Kelly
http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl
http://www.free-energy-info.com
http://www.ffree-energy-info.co.uk
http://www.free-energy-devices.com

A Practical Guide To Free Energy

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A Practical Guide to Free-Energy

Note: If you are not at all familiar with basic electronics, yo

There are three categories of pulsed system and we will co

The Adams Motor. The late Robert Adams, an electrical e

The diagram of his motor intended to show the basic opera

If a motor is built like this, then it will most certainly work bu

First and foremost, high performance can only be achieved

operation by connecting them to, and disconnecting them f

Next, the shape of the magnets used is important as the le

Further, a good deal of experimentation has shown that the

Another point which is almost never mentioned is the fact t

This is one of Robert's test circuits:

Notice that the cores of the "generator" pick-up coils are ve

The DC input is shown passing through Robert's custom-m

contactor switch which is mounted directly on the shaft of t

Robert considered mechanical switching of the drive curren

This switching gear operates as follows: The timing disk is

One of these two brushes is fixed in position and slides acr

The adjustment of the On to Off time, or "Mark/Space Ratio

If, instead, the moveable brush is positioned near the outsi

positioning of the pick-up coils, well, an Adams Motor build

Now for some practical details. It is suggested that a good

The core material used in the electromagnets can be of va

electromagnet becomes less and less effective as its lengt

Contrary to what you would expect, the device draws in en

If using a Hall-effect semiconductor to synchronise the timi

Here, two electromagnets are driven by the battery via Rob

At one stage, Robert recommended the use of standard tra

The diagrams presented by Robert show the magnets loca

While this may sound a bit complicated, there is no reason

holds the magnets securely on four faces as shown here:

There is a "sweet spot" for the positioning of the power pick

High-power versions of the motor/generator need to be enc

metal box which is earthed as they are quite capable of ge

Experienced rotor builders do not like the radial magnets s

Because of the mechanical stresses caused during rotation

of the material prevents the magnets breaking loose and b

It needs to be remembered that the proportions of the mag

Robert Adams has used this construction style as well. How

It is important that the rotor should be perfectly balanced a

It may be my ignorance showing here, but I have a problem

appears like a vibration load and is directly opposed to the

When getting ball-race bearings for an application like this,

This is because this type of bearing is usually packed with

packing is to soak the bearing in an isopropyal solvent clea

especially if the air is removed from the box. Some constru

The diode feeding the power back to the supply is a Schott

The coil generator output should be fed into a capacitor be

passed to whatever equipment is to be powered by the dev

The DC resistance of the coil windings is an important facto

To help with assessing the wire diameter and length which

So far, we have not discussed the generation of the timing

Here is an example of a neatly constructed timing mechan

This device happens to be one which is supplied here unde

So to recap, the things which are necessary for getting an

2.The rotor magnets need to be longer than they are wid

perfectly balanced and have bearings as low-friction as

3.The face area of the rotor magnets needs to be four tim

4.The drive voltage needs to be a minimum of 48 volts a

7.Each complete set of coils should have a DC resistanc

8.Collect the output power in large capacitors before usin

If you want the original drawings and some explanation

Here is a really impressive collection of well-informed p