Professional Documents
Culture Documents
( Vi ) 0
t
xi
eq.(1)
The conservation of momentum equation in the i th direction for unsteady flow can be written as:
ij
( Vi )
( ViV j ) g j
Fj
t
x j
xi
x j
eq.(2)
( E )
V ( E p) K T h J ( V ) S
eq.(3)
t
x
x
x
ij
6- TURBULENCE MODEL
It is the fact that no single turbulence model is universal for all problems. Therefore, the turbulence
model selection is needed.
For the present complex geometry, the standard k model was the most suitable model to solve the
present case study. The model involves solutions of transport equations for turbulent kinetic energy and
its rate of dissipation. It was found that the optimum values for the present case study are follows:
1- turbulence kinetic energy, k= 0.06 m2/s2,
2- turbulence dissipation rate, = 39 m2/s3.
7- COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY AND GRIDDING
The development in geometry technique is putting a geometric valve at end of duct, Fig. (11). The
geometric valve is accomplished by dividing the end wall of the outlet duct to 4 parts.
Mesh-sensitivity study was accomplished for each geometry technique except the fourth technique due
to the huge size of mesh in this case. The mesh was 973,446 cells (approximated to million cells).
990
+
+
+
1
2
3
eq.(4)
For the present research, the dependent variables are; 1- the mass flow rate , 2- the static pressure
ratio 3 2 , 3- the static pressure rise 3 2 , 4- the overall efficiency , 5- the total pressure
ratio 3 2 , 6- the compressor inlet velocity 2 , 7- the compressor inlet Mach number 2 , 8- the
compressor outlet velocity 3 , and 9- the compressor outlet Mach number 3 .
It is worth mentioning that the differentials were found by aid of computer program by Matlab since
there were some differentials too long. This accomplished by facility on Matlab named symbolic.
11- MEASUREMENTS RESULTS
The analog performance maps of the compressor are displayed in Figs. (20)-(22) for the relations of
static pressure ratio 3 /2 , the static pressure rise = 3 2 (Pa), and the overall efficiency ,
respectively, versus the mass flow rate (kg/s). For validation, comparisons of the present digital and
analog results with the Armfeild data are shown in Figs. (23)-(24) for the rotational speeds 12,000,
9,000, and 6,000, respectively. For each rotational speed, three curves are presented. These curves are:
1- static pressure ratio 3 /2 , 2- static pressure rise = 3 2 , and 3- overall efficiency
versus mass flow rate .
The digital performance maps of the compressor is displayed in Figs. (26)-(33) for the relations of; 1static pressure ratio 3 /2 , 2- the static pressure rise = 3 2 (Pa), 3- the total pressure ratio
3 2 , 4- the overall efficiency , 5- the velocity at compressor inlet 2 , 6- the Mach number at
compressor inlet 2 , 7- the velocity at compressor outlet 3 , 8- the Mach number at compressor outlet
3 , versus the mass flow rate (kg/s).
12- CODE VALIDATION
The numerical results by CFD-RC code were validated here by comparison with either; 1- compressor
experimental data, or 2- some other published numerical results. The compressor experimental data
were supplied by its manufacture company, Armfield (2005). The published numerical results were
obtained by a famous German school, Von Karman Institute VKI (2005), and other published
researches, which were internationally published.
VKI results show the same trend of the static pressure distribution. Comparing Figs. (7) and (34)
ensures that the comparison is qualitatively good. When comparing the present results with a published
research by Xu and Muller (2005), the same trend of distribution of the static pressure is noticed in the
outlet volute of the compressor, Fig. (35). There is small difference in the static pressure distribution
which is due to the difference in the shape of the volutes. Fig. (36) represents a good validation of the
present computational scheme (code). It shows the air flows in the correct path from the compressor
entrance to the exit.
13- FAULTS IN VOLUTE EXCLUSION
This case was taken to examine the possibility of surge predicting with exclude volute. No any reverse
flow was found since there is no any obstruction. Fig. (37) shows the flow path with too small mass
flow rate and there is any reverse flow. Figs. (38) and (39) show the gradual increase in velocity in
impellers and this was not sufficient to create surge.
992
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
REFRENCES
1. Armfield, Manufacture Company of the Compressor, Compressor Performance Map Results, Armfield
Company, 2005. By e-mail of support@armfield.co.uk.
2. El-Mitwally, E. S., Abou-Rayan, M., Mostafa, N. H., and Hassanein, A. H., Modeling Techniques for
Predicting Compressor Performance during Surge & Rotating Stall, Fluid Engineering Division Conference,
FED-Vol.238, ASME, Vol.3, 1996.
3. CFD-RC, Manuals of Using ESI-CFD-RC Code, Program Documentation, www.esi-group.com, 2010.
4. Figliola, R., and Beasley, D., Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements, Second edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc., Copyright 1995.
5. Ling, J., Wong, K. C., and Armfield, S., Numerical Investigation of a Small Gas Turbine Compressor, 16th
Australian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Crown Plaza, Gold Coast, Australia, 2-7 Dec. 2007.
6. Mostafa, N. H., Prediction of Surge and Rotating Stall in Compressor, Mechanical Power Dept., College of
Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGYPT, 2000. Personal Contact.
7. Stein, A., Computational Analysis of Stall and Separation Control in Centrifugal Compressors, Ph.D.
Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, May 2000.
8. Tang, J., Turunen-Saaresti, T., and Larjola, J., Use of Partially Shrouded Impeller in a Small Centrifugal
Compressor, J. Thermal Science, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 21-27, Article ID: 1003-2169(2008)01-0021-07, Nov.
2008.
9. VKI, Flow in Turbomachines, Von Karman Institute (VKI), Report 2005, http://www.vki.ac.be/index.html,
Germany, 2005.
10.
Xu, C., and Muller, M., Development and Design of a Centrifugal Compressor Volute, Int. J. Rotating
Machinery, Vol. 3, pp. 190-196, 2005.
11.
Yutaka, O., Takashi, G., and Eisuke, O., Effect of Tapered Diffuser Vane on the Flow Field and Noise
of a Centrifugal Compressor, J. Thermal Science, Vol. 16, No.4, pp. 301-308, DIO: 10.1007/s11630-0070301-1, 2007.
Figss
Fig. (1) Compressor performance map by its manufacturer company (C1-20), Armfield (2005).
994
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (2) Isometric view of the computational domain of the present compressor.
Fig. (3) Side view of the computational domain of the present compressor.
Fig. (4) Schematic of mild and deep surge cycle, Mostafa (2000).
Fig. (6) The computational mesh, which include the impeller, diffuser and the volute, Xu and Muller (2005).
Fig. (7) Static pressure distribution in the impeller of the centrifugal compressor byfamous Von
Karman Institute VKI, [VKI, 2005].
996
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (9) 3D model of KJ66 for Ling et al. (2007); (left): original stage design, (right) hexahedra mesh.
Fig. (10) (left) Surface grids of the computational domain, (right) Grids near the tip clearance, Tang et
al. (2008).
997
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (13) Digital positive pressure transducer; (left) picture, (right) wiring diagram.
Fig. (14) Digital negative pressure transducer; (left) picture, (right) wiring diagram.
Fig. (19) Block diagram of LabView program to acquire the temperature signal; (upper) at inlet
to the compressor, (lower) at the compressor outlet.
Fig. (20) Analog performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, static
pressure ratio / versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (21) Analog performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, static
pressure rise = versus mass flow rate .
999
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (22) Analog performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, overall
efficiency versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (23) Comparison of digital and analog measurements with Armfeild data, static pressure
ratio / versus mass flow rate at 12,000 rpm.
Fig. (24) Comparison of digital and analog measurements with Armfeild data, static pressure
ratio / versus mass flow rate at 9,000 rpm.
Fig. (25) Comparison of digital and analog measurements with Armfeild data, static pressure
ratio / versus mass flow rate at 6,000 rpm.
1000
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (26) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, static pressure ratio
/ versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (27) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, static pressure rise
= versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (28) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, total pressure ratio
/ versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (29) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, overall efficiency
versus mass flow rate .
1001
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (30) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, velocity at
compressor inlet versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (31) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, Mach number at
compressor inlet versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (32) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, velocity at
compressor outlet versus mass flow rate .
Fig. (33) Digital performance map of the compressor at different rotational speeds, Mach number at
compressor outlet versus mass flow rate .
1002
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (34) Static pressure distribution in the impeller of the centrifugal compressor by the present study.
Fig. (35) Static pressure distribution in the outlet volute of the centrifugal compressor by; (left) Xu and
Muller 2005, (right) the present research.
Fig. (36) Velocity vectors for the present compressor: (left) general view of the whole compressor, (right)
detailed view of the return bend.
Fig. (37) Flow path in the case without volute which show no any reverse flow.
1003
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (38) Velocity distributions for the case without volute; (left) in the first impeller, (right) in the second
impeller.
Fig. (39) Velocity distributions for the case without volute; (left) in the third impeller, (right) in the fourth
impeller.
Fig. (40) Static pressure distributions for the modified case; (left) in the first impeller, (right) in the
second impeller.
Fig. (41) Static pressure distributions for the modified case; (left) in the third impeller, (right) in the
fourth impeller.
Fig. (42) Illustrative cut-view of the first region for surge study which is the inlet to the compressor.
1004
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012
Fig. (43) Illustrative cut-view of the second and third region for surge study which is the passage of the
first impeller and section along the centerline of exit duct, respectively, of the compressor
t= 0 sec
t= 0.01 sec
t= 0.02 sec
t= 0.03 sec
t= 0.04 sec
t= 0.05 sec
Fig. (44) Surge simulation of the inlet flow at the entrance to centrifugal compressor at different time steps,
from t= 0 sec to t= 0.05 sec.
t= 0 sec
t= 0.01 sec
Fig. (45) Continued.
1005
t= 0.02 sec
t= 0.03 sec
t= 0.04 sec
t= 0.05 sec
Fig. (45) Surge simulation of the flow in a passage in the first impeller of the compressor at different time
steps, from t= 0 sec to t= 0.05 sec.
t= 0 sec
t= 0.01 sec
Fig. (46) Continued.
t= 0.02 sec
t= 0.03 sec
t= 0.04 sec
t= 0.05 sec
Fig. (46) Surge simulation of the flow in the outlet duct of the compressor at different time steps, from t= 0
sec to t= 0.05 sec.
1006
JAUES, 7, 23, 2012