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Peru is located in the center-west of South America and has a total area of 1,285,215.6 km2. The country shares borders
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ocean. Perus capital, Lima, is located on the coast, in the center of the country and is the seat of the government. Politically, Peru is divided into 24 regions as well as the Constitutional Province of El Callao. Regions, in turn, are subdivided
into provinces, and these, into districts. Peru currently has a total of 180 provinces and 1747 districts. Perus population
stands at 28,220,764 inhabitants (2008), of which 72% live in urban areas and 28% in rural zones. Forty-four ethnic
groups also inhabit Peru, divided into 14 ethno-linguistic families.
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2008), ranging from dry or humid hot climates, through temperate and Meso-Andean valleys to puna and snow.
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sin, with the most representative being the Tumbes, Chira, Chancay, Jequetepeque, Santa, Rimac, Caete, Ica, Majes and
Tambo rivers. The rivers of the Amazon or Atlantic basin are generally long and voluminous with many tributaries. The
most important river ports in Peru in the Amazon are Imaza, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas and Puerto Maldonado. Lake
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as the lake is contained by the western and eastern ranges of the Andes. The 8380 km2 lake receives waters from the rivers Suches, Huancan, Ramis, Coata and Ilave. Peru is divided by the Andes into three regions: Northern Andes, Central
Andes and Southern Andes containing 21 ecoregions (CDC-UNALM 2006), including ecosystems such as mangroves,
dry, montane and humid forests, savannas, desert, paramos, puna, lakes and rivers, among others.
Peru is one of the 10 most diverse, or megadiverse, countries on the planet due to its wealth
in ecosystems, species, genetic resources
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some 25,000 species are calculated to exist
in Peru (10% of the worlds total), of which
30% are endemic. Peru has the most plant
species whose known properties are used
by humans (4400 spp) and native domesticated species (128) in the world. Domestic
animals include, alpaca (Lama pacos), llama
(Lama glama), guinea pig (Cavia porcellus),
domestic duck (Cairina moschata) and the
cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus) from
which a crimson dye is produced. Of the
four most important crops for human consumption in the world (wheat, rice, potato
and maize), Peru has a high genetic diversity
of both potato and maize (CONAM 2001).
In terms of wild fauna, Peru also has a high
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global total), 3300 species of amphibians and
462 species of mammals.
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In 2006, regional workshops were held to compile information on a National Bird Conservation Strategy in Peru. The initiative is being coordinated
by PromPeru, BirdLife International and Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional, with backing from the National Institute of Natural Resources and the
National Environment Council (CONAM, in Spanish). This strategy will
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Peru, as well as establishing conservation priorities based on threats faced
by birds. The strategy incorporates existing conservation mechanisms
such as the IBA program as well as income generating initiatives such as
birding tourism aimed at creating opportunities for conservation.
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Ornithological studies began in Peru at the end of the 1770s. The
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Prou as a result of Taczanowskis sponsorship of expeditions by
Stolzmann and Jelski after 1860. Later, between 1931 and 1955
John T. Zimmer published Studies on Peruvian Birds following expeditions to the country backed by the Chicago Field Museum. In
1964, ONeill began expeditions in Peru, resulting in the descripWLRQRIVSHFLHVQHZWRVFLHQFH)UDQNH$VFLHQWLFELUG
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specimens formed the basis of the Ornithological Collection of the
Natural History Museum of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de
San Marcos (Franke 2007). Further collections now exist in Trujillo, Arequipa, and Lima.
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International, and was consolidated at the 1st National IBA Workshop,
during the 5th National Ornithological Meeting in Arequipa (20-23 October 2003). The above process, as well as the workshop, at which almost
140 people participated, was organized by staff at the Javier Prado Natural
History Museum, led by Irma Franke (Franke et al. 2005). A preliminary
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workshop, covering 191,199 km2 (14.75% of Perus area).
These IBAs were published in the 2005 regional directory for the Tropical
Andes (BirdLife International & Conservation International 2005). In 2008, a
process to update the IBA inventory was begun. At the 7th National Ornithological Conference in Piura a second IBA workshop was held with approxiPDWHO\SDUWLFLSDQWV$WWKHZRUNVKRSWKH,%$VLGHQWLHGLQZHUH
revised and updated, resulting in new IBA proposals, elimination of others,
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cies within IBAs. This chapter presents the results of this updating process.
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In total, 116 IBAs have been designated in Peru, covering 20,022,070 ha,
representing 15% of the countrys land area (Table 2, Figure 1). IBAs include 41 of 63 protected areas within the national protected area system
(wholly or partially), representing 65% of protected areas.
Nine of 13 Ramsar sites in Peru have been designated as IBAs: Bofedales
y Laguna de Salinas (PE103), Humedal Lucre (Huacarpay; PE091), Lago
Titicaca (PE097), Pacaya Samiria (PE109), Paracas (PE038), Reserva Nacional de Junn (PE077), Santuario Nacional Lagunas de Meja (PE046),
Pantanos de Villa (PE034) and Vice (PE012).
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IBAs are located in the regions of Ancash, Piura, Lambayeque, Amazonas, Cajamarca, La Libertad, San Martin and Arequipa. Sites have been
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boundaries. The least represented regions in the whole IBA network are
Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Abancay and Moquegua, whereas the best represented regions correspond to Madre de Dios, San Martin and Tumbes.
All ecoregions in Peru except two are represented in at least one IBA. Both
unrepresented ecoregions are found in geographical extremes of the country: Tumbesian mangroves in northwest Peru on the border with Ecuador;
and Solimoes-Japura humid forests in the northwest of the country, to the
north of the Napo and Amazon rivers, on the border with Colombia.
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The IBA concept in Peru is relatively young and has only recently begun to gather strength. Priorities for the IBA program should include:
1) creating formal protection for unprotected sites, given the many
and increasing threats; 2) basic research on many threatened species
in order to ascertain their real status; 3) priority setting among IBAs
to establish where most urgent action is needed; and 4) incorporation
of the IBA concept at central government level to ensure that IBAs are
considered within development plans at all levels.
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Data sources
Regional IBA Directory (Franke et al. 2005).
Bird lists for Peru
www.perubirdingroutes.com/NewWebsiteBirds/Site/Common/documents/
Listadeaves_mplenge.pdf
SACC: www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.html
Contact information
Fernando Angulo Pratolongo (fernando.angulo@birdlife.org)
,%$DQG7KUHDWHQHG6SHFLHV2IFHU3HUX3URJUDP
BirdLife International
&DOOH/RV=DURV//8UE0LUDRUHV&DVWLOOD
Piura, Peru
Tel. +51 73 348909 / 348914
My sincere thanks to all those people who contributed information to the process
of identifying and updating Perus IBAs. At the risk of omitting names, a special
thanks to the following people: Edgardo Aguilar, Jos lvarez, Constantino Aucca,
Katya Balta, Javier Barrio, Ronald Catpo, Ana Chunga, Vicente Cortz, Alex
Cruz, Gunnar Engblom, Judith Figueroa, Jeremy Flanagan, Juan Carlos Flores,
Irma Franke, Antonio Garcia Bravo, Diego Garca Olaechea, Mishari Garca,
Melvin Gastaaga, Oscar Gonzales, Edwin Gutirrez, David Kikuchi, Jose La
Torre, Ernesto Mlaga, Vctor Martnez, Ross McLeod, Alex More, Renzo Piana,
David Pineda, Manuel Plenge, Berioska Quispe, Neil Renwick, Luis Ros, Indra
Rodrguez, Tom Schulenberg, Nathan Senner, Diego Shoobridge, Noam Shany,
Alejandro Tabini, Trinidad Tapia, Alejandro Tello, Joe Tobias, Joaqun Ugarte,
Mauricio Ugarte, Jorge Valdez, Jaime Valenzuela, Jos Luis Venero, Jhonson
Vizcarra, Barry Walker, Rob Williams, Carlos Zavalaga, Horacio Zeballos,
William Zea and Renzo Zeppilli.
A special thanks is also due to those people who attended the IBA workshop
during the 7th National Ornithological Conference, held in Piura on 29 April 2008,
as well as to the organizers of the conference for providing this opportunity.
Many thanks also to Rob P. Clay, Ian Davidson, Christian Devenish, David Daz,
Santiago Llore, Amiro Perez-Leroux, Amanda Tapia and tala Ypez of the BirdLife
Americas Secretariat in Quito for their support and help during the process.
Finally, a sincere thanks to the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and the authors of the Peru chapter in the
regional IBA directory (Franke et al. 2005), including all those mentioned in the
acknowledgements of this publication.
ANGULO, F., PALOMINO, W., ARNAL, H., AUCCA, C. & UCHOFEN, O. (2008) Corredor
GH&RQVHUYDFLyQGH$YHV0DUDxyQ$OWR0D\R$QiOLVLVGH'LVWULEXFLyQGH
$YHVGH$OWD3ULRULGDGGH&RQVHUYDFLyQH,GHQWLFDFLyQGH3URSXHVWDVGH
UHDVSDUDVX&RQVHUYDFLyQ. Cusco, Peru: Asociacin Ecosistemas Andinos,
American Bird Conservancy.
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL & CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (2005) UHDV,PSRUWDQWHV
para la Conservacin de las Aves en los Andes Tropicales: sitios prioritarios
para la conservacin de la biodiversidad. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife
International (BirdLife Conservation Series N 14).
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2007) 2007 IUCN Red List for birds. http://www.birdlife.
org/datazone/species/
CDC-UNALM - CENTRO DE DATOS PARA LA CONSERVACION-UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
AGRARIA LA MOLINA (2006) $QiOLVLVGHOD&REHUWXUD(FROyJLFDGHO6LVWHPD
1DFLRQDOGHUHDV1DWXUDOHV3URWHJLGDVSRUHO(VWDGR. Lima, Peru: CDCUNALM, The Nature Conservancy.
CLEMENTS, J. & SHANY, N. (2001) A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru. California,
USA: Ibis Publishing Company.
CONAM - CONSEJO NACIONAL DEL AMBIENTE (2001) Per: Estrategia Nacional
sobre Diversidad Biolgica. Lima, Peru: CONAM.
FRANKE, I., MATTOS, J., SALINAS, L., MENDOZA, C. & ZAMBRANO, S. (2005) reas
importantes para la conservacin de las aves en el Per. Pp. 471-619 in
BirdLife International & Conservation Internacional. UHDV LPSRUWDQWHV
para la conservacin de las aves en los Andes Tropicales. Quito, Ecuador:
BirdLife Internacional (BirdLife Conservation Series N 14)
FRANKE, I. (2007) Historia de la ornitologa peruana e importancia de las
FROHFFLRQHV FLHQWtFDV GH DYHV Revista peruana de biologa 14(1): 159164.
MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA (2008) &ODVLFDFLyQGHWLSRVGHFOLPDVHQHO3HU~.
KWWSZZZPLQDJJRESHHOFOLPDFODVLFDFLRQGHFOLPDVKWPO
PARKER, T. A., PARKER, S. A. & PLENGE, M. A. (1982) An Annotated Checklist of
Peruvian birds. Vermillion, USA: Buteo Books.
EL PERUANO (2004) Decreto Supremo N 034 2004 AG del 22 de Septiembre
de 2004. Categorizacin de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna Silvestre.
REMSEN, J. V., JR., CADENA, C. D., JARAMILLO, A., NORES, M., PACHECO, J. F.,
ROBBINS, M. B., SCHULENBERG, T. S., STILES, F. G., STOTZ, D. F. & ZIMMER, K.
J. (2008) 9HUVLRQ$FODVVLFDWLRQRIWKHELUGVSHFLHVRI6RXWK$PHULFD
American Ornithologists Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/
SACCBaseline.html
SCHULENBERG, T. S., STOTZ, D. F., LANE, D. F., ONEILL, J. P. & PARKER, T. A.
(2007) Birds of Peru. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
STATTERSFIELD A. J., CROSBY, M. J., LONG, A. J. & WEGE, D. C. (1998) Endemic
Bird Areas of the World: priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge,
UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series N 6).
STOTZ, D. F., FITZPATRICK, J. W., PARKER, T. A. & MOSKOVITS, D. K. (1996)
Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. Chicago, USA: Chicago
University Press.
VALQUI, T. (2006) Per. Edn natural de aves. Natural Eden of birds. Lima, Peru:
Graph & Consult.