08/07/2016

CHAPTER 3: FORMULAS, EQUATATIONS, AND MOLES

3.1. Chemical Formulas
3.2. Formula and Molar Mass

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

3.3. Equations

Msc: Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

Department of Natural Science, Faculty of International Training,
Thai Nguyen University of Technology
Email: Thuynguyenktmt@tnut.edu.vn
Office room: 109 A2 building

Thai Nguyen - 2016

3.1. Chemical Formulas

Examples of Chemical Formulas

Three types of chemical formulas for

compounds

Empirical formula

Less
Informatio
n

Gives simplest ratio of elements

Molecular formula

HCO2

Hydrogen Peroxide:

HO
Empirical

Molecular

Structural

H2C2O4

Ball-and-Stick
Model

Carbon dioxide:

Gives exact number of each element

CO2

H2O2

Structural formula
Molecular

formula that shows

how atoms are connected

More
Informatio
n

Empirical

CO2
Molecular

O=C=
O
Structural

Space-Filling
Model

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Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Compounds are held together by chemical bonds

Chemical bonds result from Coulombic attractions between

protons and electrons

Coulombic attraction attraction between positive and

negative charges

We are primarily concerned with two types of bonds:

Covalent

Ionic

Electrons always shared in pairs

Resulting compound is called a covalent or molecular

compound

Basic unit: molecule

Most common formula: molecular or structural formula

Polyatomic Ions

These need to be
memorized!!

Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions

When many positive cations and negative anions bond

together, the result is an ionic compound

Basic unit: formula

CO2

Ionic Bonds

Covalent bonds form when two atoms (nonmetals) share their

electrons

unit

These are always empirical formulas

Some ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions

Polyatomic ion ion composed of two or more covalently

bonded atoms

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Classifying Elements and Compounds

Remember this?

Classifying Elements and Compounds

Classifying Elements and Compounds

Classifying Elements

We can further classify elements and compounds

according to their basic units

Must
memorize

Determine this
based on types of
bonds (covalent or
ionic)

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Ionic Compounds

Naming Compounds and

Writing Chemical
Formulas

Ionic compounds are charge neutral

The cations and anions must balance so the charges add

up to zero

To do this, we need to determine the charge on both!

How to determine charges on each ion:

Can predict some ion charges with the periodic table

For polyatomic ions, must memorize these

For transition metals, charge is either specified with

roman numerals OR must be determined from the anion
Example:

Iron (III) = Fe3+

Exceptions:

Ionic Compounds

Naming Hydrated Ionic Compounds

Name Formula

Formula Name

Basic format:
metal (__) nonmetal (-ide) OR
metal (__) polyatomic
Charge on metal (for transition metals only)

Note: instead of metal, can

also be ammonium (NH4+)

Swap charges (without signs)

Reduce subscripts if possible

Mg(NO2)2 = magnesium nitrite

Ca2+ PO43

+6
-6
Fe
3P2 = iron (II) phosphide

Some ionic compounds contain a specific

number of waters attached to each
formula unit.

Example: Ni(NO3)2 7 H2O

Name ionic compound, then add

prefix + hydrate
Ni(NO3)2 7 H2O
nickel (II) nitrate
heptahydrate

Example:

Examples:

2 (-3)

Write symbols with charges

Notice ending on second ion
-ide = nonmetal by itself
-ate or ite = polyatomic
ion

Examples:
Calcium phosphate

3 (+2)

Zn2+ and Ag+

Ca3(PO4)2

Titanium (III) nitride

Ti3+

N3

Ti3N3

TiN

Prefix

Number

hemi

mono

di

tri

tetra

penta

hexa

hepta

octa

nona

deca

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Covalent (Molecular) Compounds

Formula Name

Basic format:
(prefix)(1st atom) (prefix)(2nd atom)(ide)

Use prefixes to determine subscripts

Dont reduce subscripts!

Name Formula
Write symbols for each

Leave off mono- prefix if

only one of first atom

Naming Acids

Examples:
triphosphorus hexabromide = P3Br6

Examples:
PF5 = phosphorus pentafluoride

Acids are molecular compounds that release H+ ions when

dissolved in water
H atom is typically written in front

Two possibilities:
1.

Binary acids H+ cation and a nonmetal anion (two

elements total)

2.

Oxyacids H+ cation and polyatomic anion

carbon tetraiodide = CI4

N2Cl3 = dinitrogen trichloride

Acids

Organic Compounds

Formula Name

Name Formula

Binary acids (H+ + 1 other element)

Write symbols with charges

hydro prefix = nonmetal by
itself
no hydro prefix = polyatomic
ion
Remember: -ate -ic
-ite ous
Swap charges (without signs)

Basic format:

hydro______ic acid

Example: H2S =
hydrosulfuric acid

Oxyacids (H+ + polyatomic ion)

No

May also

contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and a

few others

Organic chemistry (or carbon chemistry) is so

interesting and varied it forms its own year long course

For now, remember: hydrocarbons contains only

carbon and hydrogen

hydro- prefix

Basic format:

polyatomic (-ic) acid

polyatomic (-ous) acid

OR -ate -ic
-ite -ous

Examples:

H2SO4 = sulfuric acid

H2SO3 = sulfurous acid

Examples:
hydrophosphoric acid
H+ P3

H3P

Organic compounds are primarily composed of

hydrogen and carbon

phosphoric acid
H+ PO43

H3PO4

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Organic
Prefixes
#C's prefix
1 meth
2
eth
3 prop
4
but
5 pent
6
hex
7 hept
8
oct
9
non
10 dec

Formula and Molar Mass

Formula mass sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms

in its chemical formula

Also known as molecular mass or molecular weight

Weight of one molecule (units = amu)

Now we can convert from

number of molecules /formula
units to grams (and vice versa)!
Number of
molecules/
formula units

Moles of
compound

Grams of
Compound
Molar mass of
compound

Avogadros
number

Formula mass is numerically equal to the molar mass

3.2 Formula and Molar Mass

Mass of 1 mole of molecules (units = grams/mol)

Example: Calculate the molar mass of sulfur trioxide.

Grams of
Compound

Number of
molecules/
formula units

Moles of
compound
Molar mass of
compound

Avogadros
number

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Composition of Compounds

Composition of
Compounds

Chemical formulas indicate the relative quantities of each element in

a compound

Consider CCl4
In 1 mole of CCl4, there are 4 moles of Cl atoms

So if you have 1 mol of Mg(C2H3O2)2

How many moles of Mg?
How many moles of C?
How many moles of H?
How many moles of O?

Mass Percent Composition

Mass percent composition elements percentage of the

compounds total mass

We can use these relationships to do conversions

Using Mass Percent Composition

We can sometimes use mass percent as a conversion

factor:
% =

Molar mass of compound

We can rewrite this as:

(# ) ( )
% =
100%

Determine the mass of Cl in 25.0 g of CCl4. The mass percent

Cl in this compound is 92.192%.

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Determining Chemical Formulas

Consider the following experimental data:

Determining Chemical Formulas from

Experimental Data

Empirical vs. Molecular Formula

Can we convert empirical formulas to molecular formulas?

Recall that the molecular formula is whole-number multiple of

the empirical formula:

We

can solve this by following these steps:

1. Convert to moles.
2. Write pseudoformula.
3. Divide all subscripts by the smallest one
a) If necessary, multiple all subscripts
by a small whole number to get rid of
fractions.

Combustion Analysis

A common experimental technique to determine empirical

formulas is combustion analysis
Burn sample in

pure oxygen and examine products

Carbon

CO2

Hydrogen

H2O

Example: Consider empirical formula CH

Molecular formula:

An unknown sample is decomposed and produces 1.651

g of silver and 0.1224 g of oxygen. What is the empirical
formula of the sample?

n = 1, 2, 3

We can find n if we have the molar mass:

=

Multiply all subscripts in the empirical formula by n to find

the molecular formula

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Combustion Analysis

How do we get an empirical formula from this?

Weigh products calculate moles of carbon and

moles of hydrogen

Grams CO2

1 mol
CO2

Moles CO2

1 mol C
1 mol CO2

Moles C

44.01 g

Grams H2O

1 mol
H2O

Moles H2O

2 mol H
1 mol H2O

Moles H

3.3 Equations

18.016 g

Any other element (usually oxygen) is determined by

subtraction from original mass of sample

Then we follow usual steps to find empirical formula

Rules for Balancing Equations

1.

2.

3.

You must end up with the same number of each

element on each side of the equation
Never change a subscript to balance; only change
coefficients
1. Coefficients go at the front of the compound
(never in the middle)
1. 2 NaCl = OK
Na2Cl = NOT OK!!
Always use lowest whole-number ratios
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O NOT
4 H2 + 2 O2 4 H2O

Tips for Balancing Equations

Sometimes we can balance by inspection

Always save the most complicated species for last

When in doubt, make a list!

This is the element that shows up in the most compounds

If you can, treat polyatomic species as one piece

H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

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Practice Balancing Equations

Balance the following equations:

H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

HCl(aq) + O2(g) H2O(l) + Cl2(g)

N2H4(l) NH3(g) + N2(g)

Aqueous sodium carbonate reacts with aqueous copper(II)

chloride to form solid copper(II) carbonate and aqueous
sodium chloride.

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry

Coefficients in balanced equations specify the relative

amounts of reactants and products in moles

We can use as these conversion factors to determine

relationships between reactants and products!

Frequently, we know the mass of the reactant(s) and want

to know the mass of the product(s)

Have to convert to moles in between!

Mass

Example:

2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(l)

If we burn 17 moles of octane (assuming excess
oxygen), how many moles of carbon dioxide do we
produce?
17 8 18

16 2
= 136 2 = 140 2
2 8 18

Molar mass

Moles of A
Atoms/
molecule
s

Avogadros
Number

Molar Mass

Mass

Moles of B
Avogadros
Number

Atoms/
molecule
s

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What is the limiting reactant?

Limiting reactant reactant that runs out first

Limiting Reagents
Theoretical Yield
Percent Yield

Amount of product is limited by this reactant, since the

reaction cannot continue without it

How to find limiting reactant:

1.

For each reactant, calculate how much product it could make

Use

2.

same product for every reactant

Whichever makes the least amount of product is the limiting

reactant
Leftover

reactant is called the excess

Always remember: if you start with grams of reactant,

you must convert to moles!

Theoretical and Percent Yields

Theoretical yield amount of product you should get if

you use up all the limiting reactant

You calculate this when you determine the LR!

Actual yield amount you actually got in an experiment

Compare them to calculate the percent yield:

% =

Molarity

100%

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Solution Concentration

Using Molarity

Many chemical reactions take place in solution

Solute substance dissolved in another substance

Solvent the substance (usually liquid) in which the

solute is dissolved

Solute + Solvent = Solution

We can use the dilution equation:

Before
Dilution

Most common unit of concentration: molarity

=

Sometimes we start with a concentrated (stock) solution and

need to make a dilute solution
After
dilution

Molarity also provides us with another useful conversion

factor

()
()

1 1 = 2 2

Example: How many grams of HCl are in 155 mL of a

0.375 M HCl solution?

Solution Stoichiometry

If solutions are described in terms of volumes and

concentration we can still do stoichiometry:

Mass

Molar mass

Moles of A
Volume
of
Solution

Molarity

Molar Mass

Mass

Solution Concentration

Moles of B
Molarity

Volume
of
Solution

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Solution Concentration

One primary disadvantage to molarity:

Volume

is a temperature dependent property

This

means that the molarity of a solution at 20C is

different from the molarity of a solution at 30C

How else can we express solution concentration?

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