Group O Elements Noble Gases

-Chemically inert
-all are gases
-full outer electronic shell
HELIUM- He
>SECOND LIGHTEST GAS
NEON- Ne
>used for advertising
ARGON- Ar
>MOST ABUNDANT NOBLE GAS
KRYPTON- Kr
>LEAST ABUNDANT NOBLE GAS
XENON- Xe
>133 injection
RADON- Ra
>radioactive decay
GROUP 1A- 'ALKALI METALS'
-chemically reactive
LITHIUM- Li
(greek word Lithos)
>LIGHTEST and LEAST DENSE OF ALL ALKALI METAL
>HIGHLY REACTIVE
>HAS A LOW IONIZATION ENERGY
SODIUM- Na
(latin word for soda Natria from 'nature')
>extremely reactive metal
>fluid retention
>abundant metallic element which is widely distributed

POTASSIUM- K
(Potash)
>one of the MOST ABUNDANT elements in the earth's crust
>highly reactive chemically
RUBIDIUM- Ru
(latin word for red, rubidius)
>VERY LARGE HALF LIFE at an estimated 49 billion years
> 2ND MOST ELECTROPOSITIVE METAL
CESIUM- Ce
>most electropositive metal
>liquid metal at room temperature
FRANCIUM- Fr
>very radioactive
>HEAVIEST AND MOST ELECTROPOSITIVE METAL
>MOST REACTIVE OF THE ALKALI METAL GROUP
>HAS THE LOWEST BOILING POINT
AMMONIUM
>HYPOTHETICAL ALKALI METAL

Sub group 1B- Coinage Metals

COPPER- Cu
(old english name Coper latin Cymprium)
Ceprus
>metallic element
>most of them a good conductor of metal
*Copper + Ammonia = blue coloration and formation of a deep blue complex
SILVER- Ag
Siolfur
>not oxidized in air
GOLD- Au
Aurom
> is the standard for the world's currency

HYDROGEN- H
(greek Hydrogen- hydro,genes water and forming
>no metallic property

Group II elements- Alkaline Earth Metals

BERYLLIUM- Be
>hard silver-white metal of low density and high melting point
>is an excellent conductor of heat
MAGNESIUM- Mg
>8TH ABUNDANT ELEMENT
CALCIUM- Ca
>5TH ABUNDANT ELEMENT
>approximately as hard as tin
STRONTIUM- St
>used in fireworks to give a RED COLOURATION
BARIUM- Ba
>used in fireworks to give a GREEN COLOURATION
RADIUM- Ra
>used in medicine in the treatment of cancer

Sub group IIB: Transition Metal Elements

ZINC- Zn
>a bright bluish-white metal, which is brittle at room temperature
CADMIUM- Cd
>soft white ductile metal which melts at 320 degC
>in alloys, including Wood's Alloy contains bismuth, lead,tin and cadmium in
the ratio 4:2:1:1
MERCURY- Hg
>mercury rarely occurs free in nature
>it's chief ore is cinnabar, Hgs

SUB GROUP IIIA

LANTHANIDES
Cerium-Leticium
ACTINIDES
Neptunium-Berkelium

SUB GROUP IIIB- Boron Group

BORON- B
(arabic buraq which was the name of borax)
>appears only in the +3 oxidation
>non metal
ALUMINUM- Al
(latin name alumalumen bitter salt)
>3RD MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT
>MOST ABUNDANT OF ALL METAL
>Shaver's disease
*Pharmacologic action *
~Constipation
~thin aluminum foils used to treat burns, astringent
GALIUM- Ga
(latin name for france Gallia)
>cancer related hypercalcemia
INDIUM- In
(origin name latin indicum meaning violet or indigo)
THALLIUM- Tl
(greek word thallos meaning green twig)

GROUP IV ELEMENTS
Carbon-element of organic chemistry and life
Silicon-element of information technology
Germanium-element of transistor base
Tin-elements known to alchemists
Lead-elements known to alchemists
CARBON- C
(latin carbo, charcoal)
>fundamental constituent of all animal and vegetative tissues
SILICON- Si
(latin silex or silicis meaning flint)
>2ND MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT NEXT TO OXYGEN
>can cause silicosis
*Glass- prepared by fusing a base (such as sodium carbonate) with a glue
silica*
a.Manganese dioxide- mask the blue-green color of iron usually present in silica
b.Boron/Borates-decreases the coefficient of expansion of the glass
c.Potassium-render the glass brown with light resistant properly
d.Lead-to increase refractive index of the glass
GERMANIUM- Gr
(latin word for Germany, Germania)
>used in infraredd spectroscopes
>used in wide-angle camer lenses and microscope lenses
TIN- Sn
>soft white lustrous metal with a blue tinge
>both oxides are amphoteric, giving rise to stannite acid and stannate ions
LEAD- Pb
(from the word Plumbum)
>poisoning is known as plumbism fastest via inhalation route

GROUP IVA
TITANIUM- Ti
(Titans sons of the earth Goddess of greek mythology)
>Powerful reducing agent
ZIRCONIUM- Zr
>difficult to obtain on account the ease with which it reacts with Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Carbon and Silicon
HALFNIUM
THORIUM
GROUP V
VANADIUM
NIOBIUM
TANTALUM
PROTACTINIUM

SUB GROUP VB: NITROGEN GROUP

NITROGEN- N
(greek word nitron and genes meaning nitre forming)
Azote ; Mephitic air
-without life
>not flammable
>does not support combustion
PHOSPHORUS- P
-St. Elmo's Fire
(Phosphorus bringer of light)
>used in manufacture of fireworks
ARSENIC- As
(Arsenikonyellow pigment orpiment)
-Lewisite metal
>first anti syphilis drug, SALVARSAN 606, ARSPHENAMINE
~Protoplasmic poison- toxicity
~BAL-antidote
ANTIMONY- Sb
-Antimonos meaning not alone

BISMUTH- Bi
Beautiful Meadow
>used in silvering mirror

GROUP VI ELEMENTS
CHROMIUM- Cr
(chroma colour)
>Essential trace element
>metallic in behavior
MOLYBDENUM- Mo
>burry slowly attacked by acid
TUNGSTEN- W
(tung sten meaning heavy stone)
URANIUM- U
>radioactive element
>used in the manufacture of atomic bomb

GROUP VIB CALCOGENS

OXYGEN- O
(oxy gene meaning acid forming)
>depholgisticted air, emyreal air
Oxygen requirement
a.Anoxic-inadequate oxygen tension in air
b.anemic-lack of hemoglobin or oxygen carriers
c.Stagnant-blood circulation is retarded
d.Histotoxic-cell defect/interference with cell oxidation
*MOST ABUNDANT AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENT*
SULFUR- S
(sanskrit word sulvere meaning sulphur)
(latin word sulphurium meaning sulphur)
>genesis as brimstone
>stimulant cathartics
>stimulant in alopecia

SELENIUM- Se
Moon
>anti oxidant
>too toxic where taken internally in large doses
TELLERIUM- Te
POLONIUM- Po

GROUP VII ELEMENTS

MANGANESE- Mn
(Magnes-magnet ; black magnesium magneria negra)
>slowly attacked by water
TECHNICIUM- Tc
>radioactive and must be in close room

GROUP VII- Halogens Group

FLOURINE- F
(fluere flow)
>flourine gas is the most reactive of all the elements and quickly attack all
metals
>3mg more than flouride toxic
>MOST REACTIVE AND ELECTRONEGATIVE OF ALL ELEMENTS
CHLORINE- Cl
(choloros greenish yellow)
>highly toxic greenish yellow gas
>pungeont odor
>*WAS USED AS A WEAPON DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN 1950
BROMINE- Br
(bromos stench)
>violatile dense
IODINE- I
(iodes violet)
>tincture of iodine solution in alcohol
>BI Iodine used in treating cancerous thyroid gland

ASTATINE- At

GROUP VIII ELEMENTS= TRIAD I

IRON- Fe
Iren
>MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL METALS
>4TH MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT
>is an enigma
>essential element for all forms of life
>essential element and non-toxic element
>active site of hemoglobin
>causes anemia or anaemia
COBALT- Co
(kobald a goblin)
>magnetised like iron
>GAMMA 60
>found to be effective in correcting mineral defficiencies
NICKEL- Ni
Kupfernickel devil's copper or St. Nicholas copper
>burns in oxygen given nickelous oxide

GROUP VIII ELEMENTS=TRIAD II

RUTHERIUM- Ru
>not attack by cold or hot acids
RHODIUM- Rh
>in alloys to harden platinum
PALLADIUM- Ph
>as a catalyst in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions
>in alloys in the jewelry trade
>attacked by nitric acid and sulphuric acid

TRIAD III
OSMIUM- Os
>extremely hard brittle lustrous metal
>difficult to fabricate, but can be sintered under hydrogen at 2000 degC
>used to produce hard alloys
IRIDIUM- Ir
>member of the platinum group and is highly resistnt to corrosion
PLATINUM- Pt
>Insoluble in mineral acids but attacked by Aqua Regia