STAGE FREUD ERIKSON PIAGET KOHLBERG FOWLER DUVAL

AGES PSYCHOSEXUAL PSYCHOSOCIAL COGNITIVE MORAL SPIRITUAL FAMILY

Infant Oral Trust vs. Mistrust Basic Sensorimotor 0 - Undifferentiated Establishment &
Birth - 1 yr. needs are met 1° Circular (reflex activity Trust = foundation of Expectant stages precede
repeated) faith Childrearing Stage &
Identify with 2 ° Circular (intention) integration of infants &
maternal person 3 ° Circular (explore/trial) young children to family
Object permanence

Toddler Anal Autonomy vs. Shame & End of Sensorimotor beginning

1 - 3 yrs Doubt or PRE-OPERATIONAL
LANGUAGE, Not logical
Identify with PRE-CONCEPTUAL
parental persons Egocentric
Centration

Pre-School Oedipal Initiative vs. Guilt PRE-OPERATIONAL Pre-conventional 1 - Intuitive, Projective: Preschool Age: Adapt to
“Egocentrism” decreases, “Egocentric” Imitate Assimilate needs of young child,
3-6 yrs Aware of other’s thoughts Avoid punishment values Cope with low Energy &
Magical/animistic Satisfy own needs privacy lack
Identify with basic
family

School Age Latent Industry vs. Inferiority Concrete Operations “Literal” Conventional 2 - Mythical-literal School Age,
6-10/12 yrs. Logical principles “Societal” Omnipotent Deity Fit into community,
Meanings, classify Please others Good is rewarded Encourage education
Identify with Obey rules
Neighborhood,
school

Adolescent Genital Identity vs. Confusion Formal Operations Postconventional 3-Synthetic- Teen-age, Balance
12-18 yrs. Analyze, Abstract “Universal” Conventional freedom with
Identify with peers, Right vs. Wrong “Question” responsibility,
out-groups, leaders, 4-Individuating- Establish parent interests
partners Reflexive “Compares” & careers of

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 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

ERIKSON: PSYCHOSOCIAL 8 STAGES OF MAN & GENERAL

TRUST VS MISTRUST (HOPE) BIRTH - 1 YEAR

Consistent response to needs builds trust in environment, self, feeling of inner goodness
Significant: Maternal/parent - baby relationship builds foundation for spiritual/relationship intimacy, separation painful 6 months - 1 year

AUTONOMY VS SHAME/DOUBT (WILL) 1-3 YEARS

Assertion of will, conflicting independence/dependence, "holding on & letting go," rituals-routines-sameness,
"No"--control: active, stormy, mobile
Significant: Parents

INITIATIVE VS GUILT (PURPOSE) 3-5/6 YEARS

Play more meaningful/ associative, explore, "intrusive" sex role\identity, imagination, curiosity, fantasy, fears,
internalizing values, conscience/guilt, sense of self
Significant: Family

INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (COMPETENCE) 6\7-10/12 YEARS

"Mastery," & work pleasure, need for self esteem, desire to learn, increasing independence, awareness of world
at large, increased physical activity, empathy, concrete logic, rules, moralistic, right from wrong
Significant: Family, peers, school, neighborhood

IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (FIDELITY) EARLY 10-12 YEARS: LATE POST PUBERTY
Physical changes, sense of identity never gained or maintained completely
---changing, feeling at home in one's body, sense of "knowing where one is going," "who am I?" inner certainty of anticipated recognition, readiness to face challenges of
adult world, independence/emancipation from parents, values/ethics, life work prep
Significant: Peers, role models, leaders, family

INTIMACY/SOLIDARITY VS ISOLATION (LOVE) 21 - 35 YEARS

Growth, building, setting life's course, optimism, energy, self reliance, persona & career goals, love relationships
create bonds of intimacy, sense of self
Significant: Love relationships, family, "significant other"

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (CARE) 35-60 YEARS

Re-evaluation, time--limited, doubts, concerns--regarding sense of self, "Who am I?" step back--assess, lifestyle, family & career issues, responsibilities--burn-out,
enjoy authority & involvement
Significant: Mate, family

INTEGRITY VS STAGNATION (WISDOM) 60+ YEARS

Satisfaction/dissatisfaction with choices, benefits, losses
Significant: Family, "significant other," grandchildren

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FREUD: PSYCHOSOCIAL

ORAL: BIRTH - 1 YEAR

Feeding, sucking satisfaction, sensory input, movement; goal is to learn to cope with dependence, forms symbiotic relationship with mother

ANAL: 1-3 YEARS

Concerned with retention and elimination--if successful child learns to master part of external world; goal is autonomy--developing & coping with it

PHALLIC: 3-6 YEARS

Self centered, egocentric, narcissistic; infantile genital locomotor, conscious of own power, attempts to resolve Oedipal conflict--then identifies with same sex

LATENT: 6-10\12 YEARS

Learns to suppress infantile sexuality, identification of sex role, typically "homosexual," gains cultural & intellectual skills, "gang" stage

GENITAL: PUBERTY - OLD AGE

Libido invested in activities that prepare one to deal with mature sex drive; forming friendships, preparing for career, courting, marriage, homosexual to
heterosexual orientation

PIAGET; COGNITIVE

SENSORIMOTOR: BIRTH-2 YEARS

Learns to coordinate actions with what is perceived, and develop object permanence (things exist, even when out of sight)
1. Use of reflexes: birth-1 month (suck, grasp...)
2. Primary circular reactions: 1-4 months
Reflex activity repeated--creates pleasure
3. Secondary circular reactions: 4-8 months
Actions intentional
4. Coordination of secondary schemes: 8-12 months
Goals are set, baby uses actions to meet them
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions: 12-18 months
Exploration & trial
6. Mental Combinations: 18-24 months
Thought begins as language used
Imitation common & object permanence well developed

PRE-OPERATIONAL THOUGHT: 2-7 YEARS

Language used to facilitate thought,logic not mature
Animistic thinking: Everything is alive with thoughts & feelings, magic & words as powerful as actions, wishes can come true, does not reason from observation
& can accept false explanations without question

PRE-CONCEPTUAL: 2-4 YEARS

Egocentric thought: "self" perspective

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 Centration: One thought at a time

INTUITIVE: 4-7 YEARS

Decreasing egocentrism, increased awareness of thoughts of others & developing toward ability to see "other" perspective

CONCRETE OPERATIONS: 7-11 YEARS

Logical thought, classification, conservation, reversibility, "Literal " meanings

FORMAL OPERATIONS: 11 + YEARS

Abstract , logical, analysis, theory construction (Not necessarily "mature")

KOHLBERG: MORAL DEVELOPMENT

PRE-CONVENTIONAL: 4-10 YEARS EGOCENTRIC PERSPECTIVE

Consequences of actions (reward vs punishment) guide behavior
Avoidance of punishment
Satisfy one's own needs

CONVENTIONAL: 10-13 YEARS SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE

Expectations of social group, family, community supported
That which pleases others, basis for moral decisions
Obey rules & authority

POST-CONVENTIONAL: 13+ YEARS UNIVERSAL PERSPECTIVE

Universal morals, principles, personal values become basis for moral decisions

FOWLER: SPIRITUAL

STAGE 0: UNDIFFERENTIATED: INFANT

Trust, related to caregiver & quality of care

STAGE 1: INTUITIVE-PROJECTIVE: TODDLER, PRESCHOOLER

Imitate religious activates, assimilate values & beliefs, moral codes from attitudes of parents

STAGE 2: MYTHICAL-LITERAL: SCHOOL AGE

Omnipotent diety (correlates with concrete operational thought), good behavior is rewarded, bad behavior is punished, conscience bothers when disobey

STAGE 3: SYNTHETIC-CONVENTIONAL: EARLY ADOLESCENT

Question established parental religious standards, modify religious practices

STAGE 4: INDIVIDUATING-REFLEXIVE: LATER ADOLESCENT

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Skeptical, compare religious standards, searching

DUVALL'S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE FAMILY

STAGE I: MARRIAGE & AN INDEPENDEND HOME: THE JOINING OF FAMILIES

Establishment/re-establishment of couple identity. Realign relationships with extended family. Make decisions regarding parenthood

STAGE II: FAMILIES WITH INFANTS

Integrate infants into family unit. Adjust to new parenting/grandparenting roles
Maintain marital bond

STAGE III: FAMILIES WITH PRE-SCHOOLERS

Socialize children. Parents & children adjust to separation

STAGE IV: FAMILIES WITH SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

Children develop peer relations. Parents adjust to peer & school influences

STAGE V: FAMILIES WITH TEENAGERS

Adolescents develop increasing autonomy. Parents focus on midlife marital & career issues, shift toward concern for older generation

STAGE VI: FAMILIES AS LAUNCHING CENTERS

Parents renegoiate marital relationship; young adults establish independence

STAGE VII: MIDDLE-AGED FAMILIES

Reinvest in couple identity with concurrent development of independent interests
Realign relationships to include in-laws & grandchildren
Deal with disabilities & death of older generation

STAGE VII: AGING FAMILIES

Shift from work role to leisure & semi/full retirement
Maintain couple & individual functioning while adapting to aging process
Prepare for own deal & dealing with loss of spouse, siblings, peers