BHEL Summer Training Project Report PDF

Bharat Heavy
Electricals
Limited, Jhansi.
www.bheljhs.co.in
INPLANT TRAINING - 2011
Under the guidance of :

Mr. Tarun Suyal
Engineer(Integrated Communication Centre)
BHEL, Jhansi.
Submitted To :
Dr. Dhruv Bhargav
Dy. Manager
Human Resource Development Centre
BHEL, Jhansi.
Efforts By :
Ajitabh Gupta
B.Tech(ECE)
VIT University
Vellore, Tamil Nadu.
PREFACE
Inplant Training is a very important aspect of engineering. This
aspect of the academia gives an engineering undergraduate the
much required exposure to the industrial environment.
I would like to stress that this training at Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited, Jhansi has been a very encouraging and informative
undertaking. In general for an engineer, seeing how a big
institution works is as important as all the theoretical concepts
learnt in college.
Overall, an enlightening experience for me under such a helping
guidance. During the course of the training I took up a project on
Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM), which turned out
to be an extremely interesting topic related to my area of
engineering.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the successful completion of this project, I am indebted to
countless people without whom the success of this project would
not have been possible. First of all, I would like to convey my
sincere thanks to Er. Tarun Suyal( Integrated Communication
Centre, BHEL, Jhansi) who gave me the opportunity to undergo
this training.
For this training I would also like to thank Mr. B.D. Arya( Dy.
Manager, Integrated Communication Centre, BHEL, Jhansi), for
his supervision and permission to undergo this training at the
Telephone Exchange.
I
thank
all
my
friends
for
their
encouragement, whose names I fail to
unending
support
and
mention in this report. I
also express my heartfelt gratitude to my caring parents for

bearing with me all through the course of this training.
And last, but not the least, I would like to sincerely thank all the
officials and employees at BHEL, Jhansi for helping me throughout
the training schedule and being patient with all my queries and
clarifications.
INDEX
S. No.
Topic
Page Number
1.
Rotation Report
01
2.
An Overview of BHEL
02
3.
Business Areas
03-05
4.
Manufacturing Units of BHEL
06-07
5.
Activity Profile of BHEL
07-10
6.
BHEL - A Brief Introduction
11-12
7.
Product Profile of BHEL
13
8.
BHEL Objectives
14-16
9.
Sections of BHEL, Jhansi
17
10.
Transformer Section
18-40
11.
Locomotive Section
41-44
12.
Works, Engineering and Services
45-46
13.
Technology
47-48
14.
Central Quality Service
49
15.
Project Report
50-51
16.
GSM - A Succinct History
52-59
17.
GSM - Services
60-62
18.
GSM - Basics
63-65
19.
GSM - System Overview
66-68
20.
GSM - Frequency Bands
69-74
21.
GSM - Technical Terms Glossary
75-77
22.
GSM - Architecture
78-98
23.
GSM - Network Interfaces
99-102
24.
GSM Signal and GMSK Modulation
103-104
Characteristics
25.
GSM Slot Structure and Multiple
105-107
Access Scheme
26.
GSM - Discontinuous Transmission
108-109
27.
GSM - Drawbacks
110-111
28.
The Future - 3G and 4G Technologies
112-122
ROTATION
REPORT
AN OVERVIEW OF BHEL
BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in
India in the energy/infrastructure sector today. BHEL was
established more than 40 years ago when its first plant was set up
in Bhopal ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment
industry in India, a dream that has been more than realized with a
well-recognized track record of performance. It has been earning
profits continuously since 1971-72 and achieved a sales turnover
of Rs.7286.6 crore with a profit before tax of Rs. 662.8 crore in
2001-2002.
BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power
Generation
&
transmission,
Industry,
Transportation,
Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, Defence, etc. The wide

network of BHELs 14 manufacturing divisions, four Power Sector
regional centers, over 100 project sites, eight service centers and
18 regional offices, enables the company to promptly serve its
customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and
services-efficiently and at competitive prices. BHEL has already
attained ISO 9000 certification for quality management and ISO
14001 certification for environment management.
BUSINESS AREAS
BHEL covers a wide area in production. These areas are as
follows:
POWER GENERATION
Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro, and
nuclear power plant business. As on 31.3.2002,BHEL supplied
sets account for nearly 67,232 MW or 64 % of the total installed
capacity of 1,04,917 MW in the country, as against Nil till 1969-70.
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D)

BHEL offers wide-ranging products and systems for T&D
applications.
Products
manufactured
include:
power
transformers, instrument transformers, dry type transformers,

series &shunt reactors, capacitor banks, vacuum &SF6 circuit
breakers, gas-insulated switchgears and insulators.
INDUSTRIES
BHEL is a major contributor of equipment and systems to
industries, cement, sugar, fertilizer, refineries, petrochemicals,
paper, oil and gas, metallurgical and other process industries. The
range of systems & equipment supplied includes: captive power
plants, co-generation plants, DG power plants, industrial steam
turbines, industrial boilers and auxiliaries, waste heat recovery
boilers, gas turbines, heat exchangers and pressure vessels,
centrifugal compressors, electrical machines, pumps, valves,
3
seamless steel tubes, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,

reactors, fluidized bed combustion boilers, chemical recovery
boilers and process controls.
TRANSPORTATION
BHEL is involved in the development, design, engineering,
marketing, production, installation, and maintenance and aftersales service of rolling stock and traction propulsions systems.
BHEL manufactures electric locomotives up to 5000 HP, diesel
electric locomotives from 350 HP to 3100 HP, both for mainline
and shunting duty applications. It also produces rolling stock for
special applications viz. overhead equipment cars, special well
wagons, and Rail-cum road vehicle.
TELECOMMUNICATION
BHEL also caters to Telecommunication Sector by way of small,
medium and large switching systems.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Technologies that can be offered by BHEL for exploiting nonconventional and renewable sources of energy include: wind
electric generators, solar photovoltaic systems, solar heating
systems, solar lanterns and battery-powered road vehicles.
OIL AND GAS

BHELs products range includes Deep Drilling Oil Rigs, Mobile
Rigs, Work Over Rigs, Well Heads and X-Mas Trees, Choke and Kill
4
Manifolds, Full Bore Gate Valves, Mudline Suspension System,

Casing Support system Sub-Sea Well Heads, Block valves,
Seamless pipes, Motors, Compressor, Heat Exchangers etc.
INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
BHEL is one of the largest exporters of engineering products &
services from
India, ranking among the major power plant
equipment suppliers in the world.
MANUFACTURING UNITS OF
BHEL
FIRST GENERATION UNITS
Bhopal
Haridwar
: Heavy Electrical Plant.

: Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant.
Hyderabad : Heavy Electrical Power Equipment Plant.
SECOND GENERATION UNITS

Trichy
Jhansi
: High Pressure Boiler Plant.

: Transformer and Locomotive Plant.
Haridwar : Central Foundry and Forge Plant.

Trichy
: Seamless Steel Tube Plant.
UNITS THROUGH ACQUISTION & MERGER

Bangalore : Electronics Division, Electro Porcelain Division.
NEW MANUFACTURING UNITS

Ranipet
Jagdish
Boiler Auxiliaries Plant.

:
Insulator Plant.
6
Govindwal : Industrial Valve Plant.

Rudrapur
Bangalore :
Component and Fabrication Plant.

Energy Systems Division
BHEL is growing concern to meet the changing needs of the

nation has taken it beyond power into the total gamut of energy,
industry and transportation BHEL is able to offer a service in each
of this fields. Its manufacturing capability is supported by a
corporate R&D division at Hyderabad works closely with the
research and development cells at various units and Welding
Research Institute at Tiruchirapalli.
ACTIVITY PROFILE OF BHEL

1) POWER SECTOR PROJECTS
Thermal sets and Auxiliaries.
Steam generators and Auxiliaries.
Industrial fans.
Electrostatic precipitators.
Air pre heaters.
Nuclear power equipments.
Hydro sets and Auxiliaries.
Motors.
Transformers.
Rectifiers.
Pumps.
Heat Exchangers.
Capacitors.
Porcelain/Ceramics insulators.
Seamless steel tubes.
Casting and forging.
8
2) SYSTEMS/SERVICES
Turnkey power station.
Data acquisition Systems.

Power systems.
HVDC Commissioning systems.
Modernization and Rehabilitation.
3) TRASPORTATION SECTOR
Diesel Electric generators.
AC/DC locomotives.
DC locomotives and loco shunters.
Traction system for railways.
Electric trolley buses.
4) INDUSTRY SECTOR
Boilers.
Valves.
T.G. sets.
Power devices.
Solar Cells.
9
Photo Voltaic cells.

Gas Turbines.
Compressors.
Drive Turbines.
Oil rigs.
Blow out preventers.
Wind mills.
Control systems for electric devices
10
BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS

LIMITED, JHANSI
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
By the end of 5th five-year plan, it was envisaged by the planning
commission that the demand for power transformer would rise in
the coming years. Anticipating the countrys requirement BHEL
decided to set up a new plant, which would manufacture power
and other types of transformers in addition to the capacity
available in BHEL Bhopal. The Bhopal plant was engaged in
manufacturing transformers of large ratings and Jhansi unit would
concentrate on power transformer upto 50 KVA, 132 KV class and
other transformers like Instrument Transformer s, Traction
transformers for railway etc.
This unit of Jhansi was established around 14 km from the city on
the N.H. No 26 on Jhansi Lalitpur road. It is called secondgeneration plant of BHEL set up in 1974 at an estimated cost of Rs
16.22 crores inclusive of Rs 2.1 crores for township. Its foundation
was laid by late Mrs. Indira Gandhi the prime minister on 9th Jan.
1974. The commercial production of the unit began in 1976-77
with an output of Rs 53 lacs since then there has been no looking
back for BHEL Jhansi.
The plant of BHEL is equipped with most modern manufacturing
processing and testing facilities for the manufacture of power,
special transformer and instrument transformer, Diesel shunting
11
locomotives and AC/DC locomotives. The layout of the plant is well

streamlined to enable smooth material flow from the raw material
stages to the finished goods. All the feeder bays have been laid
perpendicular to the main assembly bay and in each feeder bay
raw material smoothly gets converted to sub-assemblies, which
after inspection are sent to main assembly bay.
The raw material that are produced for manufacture are used
only after thorough material testing in the testing lab and with
strict quality checks at various stages of productions. This unit of
BHEL is basically engaged in the production and manufacturing of
various types of transformers and capacities with the growing
competition in the transformer section, in 1985-86 it under took
the re-powering of DESL, but it took the complete year for the
manufacturing to begin. In 1987-88, BHEL has progressed a step
further in under taking the production of AC locomotives, and
subsequently it manufacturing ACD/DC locomotives also.
12
PRODUCT PROFILE OF BHEL,

JHANSI
PRODUCTS
RATINGS
1. POWER TRANSFORMER
UPTO 220 KV CLASS 250 MVA
2. SPECIAL TRANSFORMER
UPTO 110 KVA
3. ESP TRANSFORMER
100 KV,140 MA
4. FREIGHT LOCO TRANSFORMER 3900-5400 KVA & 6500 KVA

5. ACEMU TRANSFORMER
UPTO 1000 KVA 25 KV(1 PHASE)
6. DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER
UPTO 31.50 KVA
7. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
8. DIESEL ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE
9. AC/DC LOCOMOTIVE
VT&TC UPTO 220 KV

UPTO 2600 HP
5000 HP
10. WELL WAGON
200 TON
13
BHEL OBJECTIVES
A dynamic organization is one which keeps its aim high to adopt
itself quickly to changing environment. So here we are in BHEL.
The objectives of the company have been redefined in the
corporate plan for the 90s.
VISION
A World-Class Engineering Enterprise Committed to Enhancing
Stakeholder Value.
MISSION
To be an Indian Multinational Engineering Enterprise providing
Total Business Solutions through Quality Products, Systems and
Services in the fields of Energy, Industry, Transportation,
Infrastructure and other potential areas.
VALUES
Zeal to Excel and Zest for Change.
Integrity and Fairness in all Matters.
Respect for Dignity and Potential of Individuals.
Strict Adherence to Commitments.
Ensure Speed of Response.
Foster Learning, Creativity and Teamwork.
Loyalty and Pride in the Company
14
HEALTH,
SAFETY
AND
ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT
BHEL, as an integral part of business performance and in its
endeavour to becoming a world class organization and sharing
the growth global concern on issues related to Environment,
Occupational Health and Safety, is committed to protecting
Environment in and around its own establishment, and providing
safe and healthy working environment to all its employees. For
fulfilling
these
obligations,
Corporate
Policies
have
been
formulated as:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Compliance
with
applicable
Environmental
Legislation/Regulation;
Continual
Improvement
in
Environment
Management
Systems to protect our natural environment and control

pollution;
Promotion of activities for conservation of resources by
Environmental Management.
Enhancement
of
Environmental
employees, customers and suppliers.
15
awareness
amongst
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
AND
SAFETY
POLICY
Compliance with applicable Legislation and Regulations.
Setting objectives and targets to eliminate/control/minimize
risks due to Occupational and Safety Hazards.
Appropriate
structured
training
of
employees
on
Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) aspects.

Formulation
and
maintenance
of
OH&S
Management
programmes for continual improvement;

Periodic review of OH&S Management System to ensure its
continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness;
Communication of OH&S Policy to all employees and
interested parties.
16
SECTIONS OF BHEL JHANSI UNIT

BHEL has many departments, while production and administrative
departments are separate.
Broadly speaking BHEL has three-production categories1. Transformer section.
2. Loco section.
3. Bus Duct
17
TRANSFORMER SECTION
TRANSFORMER COMMERCIAL (TRC)
The objective of the department is interaction with the customers.
It brings out tenders and notices and also responds to them. It is
this department that bags contracts of building transformers.
After delivery regarding faults, this department does failures and
maintenance. All such snags are reported to them and they
forward the information to the concerning department.
One of the major task of this department is to earn decent profits
over all negotiations. Transformer industry has become very
competitive. The company offering the lowest price gets the
contract but this process may continue does the work on very low
profits. To avoid such a situation, a body by the name of India
Electrical Manufactures Association (IEMA) was set up. This
association helps to maintain a healthy competitive atmosphere in
the manufacturing of electrical appliances.
The main work of the TRC is classified as: Tenders and notices.
Interaction with design department.
Place of the work.
Approximate cost of the work.
Earnest money.
The place and time where contract documents can be
seen.
18
The place and time where tender documents can be

obtained.
The time up to which the tender documents will be
sold.
The amount if any to be paid for such documents.
The place and the date and the time when tenders are
to be submitted and are to be opened.
TRANSFORMER ENGINEERING (TRE)

The transformer manufactured in BHEL Jhansi range from 10 MVA
to 240 MVA and up to 220 KV. The various transformers
manufactured in this unit are:Power transformer
a) Generator transformer
b) System transformer
c) Auto transformer
Special transformer
a) Freight loco transformer
b) ESP transformer
c) Instrument transformer
d) Dry type transformer
All above types are oil cooled except dry type, which are aircooled. The generated voltages at the power station are 6.9 KV,
11 KV and 13.8 KV but due to certain advantages like economical
generation 11 KV is the most widely used. For this voltage needs
to be stepped up. Transmission at high voltage is desirable
19
because it results in lesser losses, needs thinner wire and hence

is economical. If the current is kept high the copper losses
become very high but iron losses are practically constant.
In certain cases the required voltage may be less than the output
voltage, so in order to obtain it we require a tapping circuit. The
output voltage may have a certain percentage variation, which
may be tapped in 4 or 6 equal steps.
The type of tap changer depends on the application of the
transformer. Where a continuous power supply is not required an
Off Circuit Tap Changer (OCTC) may be used. Where a continuous
power supply is a must e.g. at a substation in cities etc. On Load
Tap Changer (OLTC) is used.
20
FABRICATION
Fabrication is nothing but production. It comprises of 03
bays i.e., Bay0, Bay1 &Bay 2.
BAY-0
It is the preparation shop while the other two bays form the
assembly shop.
This section has the following machines :
o
Planner machine To reduce thickness
Shearing machine
CNC / ANC Flame Cutting machine To cut

Complicated shaft items using Oxy-Acetylene
flame
Bending machine
Rolling machine
Flattening machine
Drilling machine
Nibbling machine
Pentagraph flame cutting machine
21
BAY-1
It is an assembly shop where different parts of tank come
from bay 0.Here welding processes are used for assembly,
after which a rough surface is obtained Grinder operating
at 1200 rpm is used to eliminate the roughness.
BAY-2
It is an assembly shop dealing with making different objects
mentioned below.
1-Tank assembly
5-cross feed assembly
2-Tank cover assembly
6-core clamp assembly
3-End Frame assembly
7-pin and pad assembly
4-foot assembly
Before assembly, short blasting (firing of small materials
i.e., acid pickting) is done on different parts of jobs
to
clean the surface before painting.

After assembly some tests are done known as NON
DESTRUCTIVE TESTS :
1.
Ultrasonic
test:
to
detect
the
welding
fault
on the CRO at the fault place high amplitude waves

are obtained.
2.
Die Penetration test: Red solution is put at the welding

and then cleaned. After some time white solution is
22
put. Appearance of a red spot indicates a fault at the

welding.
3.
Magnetic crack detection: Magnetic field is created

and then iron powder is put at the welding. Sticking of
the iron powder in the welding indicated a fault.
4.
X-Ray Test: It is same as human testing and the fault is

seen in X-ray film.
BAY-3
Here are basically three sections in the bay:
1.
Machine section
2.
Copper section
3.
Tooling section
Machine section :
The operations to form small components of power and
traction transformer are done in this section. The shop
consist of following machines:
CENTRAL LATHE: it consist one tailstock, headstock, lower
part of tailstock is fixed and tail stock spindle is moving. On
this machine facing, turning and threading is done
TURRET LATHE: its function is same as central lathe but it
is used for mass production. Here turret head is used in
presence of tailstock because turret head contains many
tailstocks around six.
23
CAPSTAN LATHE: It is belt drive.

RADIAL ARM DRILLING MACHINE: It is used for drilling and
boring.
HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE: It is computerized and
used for making bore, facing etc.
MILLING MACHINE:
a)
Horizontal milling machine: It is used for making gear
and cutting operations.

b)
Vertical milling machine: By the machine facing
cutting, and T-slot cutting is done

COPPER SECTION:
All the processes related to copper are done here.
TUBE SLITTING MACHINE: This machine is developed here
and is used for cutting the tube along its length and across
its diameter. Its blade thickness is 3mm.
SHEARING MACHINE: Ii is operated hydraulically and its
blade has V-shape and a thickness of 15mm
DIE AND PUNCHING MACHINE: It is also hydraulically
operated and has a die and punch for making holes.
HYDRAULIC BENDING MACHINE: It is used for bending the
job upto 90.
SHEARING MACHINE: It is fully mechanical and is used to
cut the job along its width.
24
FLY PRESS MACHINE: It is used to press the job. It is

operated mechanically by a wheel, which is on the top of
the machine.
BEND SAW MACHINE: This machine is used for cutting job
having small thickness. It has a circularly operated blade,
around 5.1 mtr long.
WATER COOLED BRAZING MACHINE: It contains two
carbon brushes. The sheet is put along with a sulfas sheet
and the carbon brushes are heated. A Lap Joint is formed
between the sheets as the sulfas sheet melts.
LINCING BELT MACHINE: It creates a smooth surface.
HYDRAULIC PRESS MACHINE: To press the job.
SOLDER POT MACHINE: It has a pot that contains solder.
Solder has a composition of 60% Zn and 40% Pb.
Tooling Section:
In this section the servicing of tools is done.
BLADE SHARP MACHINE: It sharpens the blade using a
circular diamond cutter. Blade of CNC cropping line
machine is sharpened here.
MINI SURFACE GRINDER MACHINE: It serves grinding
purposes. It has a grinding wheel made of Aluminium
Oxide.
25
TOOL & SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE: This is specially

used to grind the tools used in Bay 7.
DRILL GRINDING MACHINE To grind the drills.
BAY 4
It is the winding section.
TYPES OF WINDING :
1. Reverse section winding
2. Helical winding
3. Spiral winding
4. Interleaved winding
5. Half sectional winding
There are four TYPES OF COIL fixed in a transformer, they

are :
1. Low voltage coil (LV)
2. High voltage coil (HV)
3. Tertiary coil
4. Tap coil
The type of winding depends upon job requirement. Also,
the width and thickness of the conductors are designed
particulars and are decided by design department.
Conductors used for winding is in the form of very long
26
strips wound on a spool, the conductor is covered by

cellulose paper for insulation.
For winding first the mould of diameter equal to inner dia
meter of required coil is made .The specification of coil are
given in drawing. The diameter of mould is adjustable as its
body is made up of wooden sections that interlock with
each other. This interlocking can be increased or
decreased to adjust the inner diameter of coil.
The moulds are of following types :
1. Belly type
2. Link type
3. Cone type
BAY-5
It is core and punch section. The lamination used in power,
dry, ESP transformer etc for making core is cut in this
section.
CRGO(cold rolled grain oriented) silicon steel is used for
lamination, which is imported in India from
Japan ,U.K.
Germany. It is available in 0.27 and 0.28 mm thick sheets,

1mt wide and measured in Kg.The sheet s are coated with
very thin layer of insulating material called carlites.
For the purpose of cutting and punching the core three
machines are installed in shop
27
1. SLITTING MACHINE: It is used to cut CRGO sheets in

different width. It has a circular cutter whose position can
be changed as per the requirement.
2. CNC CROPPING LINE PNEUMATIC: It contains only one
blade, which can rotate 90 about the sheet .It is operated
pneumatically.
3. CNC CROPPING LINE HYDRAULIC: It is also used to cut
the CRGO sheet. It contains two blades, one is fixed and the
other rotates 90 above the sheet. It is operated
hydraulically .M4 quality sheet 0.23-0.33 mm thickness is
used.
BAY-6
Single-phase traction transformer for AC locomotives is
assembled in this section. These Freight locomotive
transformers are used where there is frequent change in
speed. In this bay core winding and all the assembly and
testing of traction transformer is done.
Three-phase
transformers
for
ACEMU
are
also
manufactured in this section. The supply lines for this

transformer is of 25 KV and power of the transformer is
6500 KVA.
The tap changer of rectifier transformer is also assembled
in this bay. Rectified transformer is used in big furnace like
the thermal power stations / plants ( TPP).
28
BAY-7
This is the insulation shop. Various types of insulations are
1.
AWWW: All Wood Water Washed press paper is a 0.20.5mm thick cellulose paper and is wound on the
conductors for insulation.
2.
PRE-COMPRESSED BOARD: This is widely used for

general insulation
& separation of conductors in the
forms of blocks.
3.
PRESS BOARD: This is used for separation of coils

e.g. L.V. from H.V. It is up to 38 mm thick.
4.
UDEL: Undemnified Electrical Laminated wood or

Permawood is a special type of plywood made for
insulation purposes.
5.
FIBRE GLASS: This is a resin material and is used in

fire prone areas.
6.
BAKELLITE
7.
GASKET-It is used for protection against leakage.
8.
SILICON RUBBER SHEET-It is used for dry type

transformer.
The machines used for shaping the insulation material are:1. Cylindrical machines
2. Circle cutting machine
29
3. Scarfing machines
4. Punching press machine
5. Drilling machine
6. Guilletin machines
7. Bench saw (special for OD)
8. Jig saw (special for ID)
9. Circular saw
10. Linesin machines
BAY 8
It is the instrument transformer and ESP transformer
manufacturing section.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER These are used for measurement. Actual measurement is
done by measuring instruments but these transformers
serve the purpose of stepping down the voltage to protect
the measuring instrument. They are used in AC system for
measurement of current voltage and energy and can also
be used for measuring power factor, frequency and for
indication
of
synchronism.
They
find
application
in
protection of power system and for the operation of over

voltage, over current, earth fault and various other types of
relays.
30
They are of two types.

1-Current transformer (CT)
2-Voltage transformer (VT)
CURRENT TRANSFORMER It is a step down transformer. High current is not directly
measured by the CT but is stepped down to lower
measurable voltages.
BODY The main body is a bushing, which houses the winding and
also acts as an insulator.
The CT has a bottom and top chamber.
The top chamber is a cylindrical tank of mild steel. It has

terminals for connection of HV coils. It also has a glass
window to indicate the oil level.
Below the top chamber is the bushing made of porcelain. It

has several folds or rain sheds to provide a specific
electric field distribution and long leakage path. Some
bushings are cylindrical while modern ones are conical as
amount of oil porcelain used is reduced without any
undesirable defect.
Bottom chamber houses the secondary winding. There is

also connection box to which the connection of the low
voltage (LV) coil is made.
31
WINDINGS The primary winding consist of hollow copper/aluminium pipe

bent in form of a U aluminium is used for low rating. For
higher rating a set of wires is passed through the pipe. For
still higher ratings, a copper pipe is used and for highest
rating copper pipe with copper wires passing through it is
used. This arrangement depends on the current carrying
capacity. The bent portion of primary as in the bottom
chamber whereas the free end is the top chamber. The
straight portion lies inside the bushing.
The primary is wound with crepe paper insulation. The
thickness of the insulation goes in increasing as we go
downwards in the bottom chamber. The free ends are
provided with ferrules, which are, small hollow cylinders
through which wires can pass connection to the primary are
made through these ferrules.
The secondary is divided in a number of coils for different set
of tapings. Connections are different tapings are made in
connection box. Each coil has an annular core of CRGO
(silicon steel). The wire use is insulated copper wire. The
winding may be done both manually and by machine. After
winding the coils are covered with paper tape insulation. The
coils are then slipped into both the legs of the primary
winding and connections are made in connection box for
different tapping.
32
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS This is also a stepped down transformer. The outer

construction is same as that of the CT that is this also has a
top chamber, bushing and a bottom chamber. The difference
is only in the winding.
WINDINGS The primary winding is of the thick wire having a few turns.
The winding is heavily insulated with paper insulation. It has
a hollow cylinder passing centrally through it, which houses
the secondary winding. The clean and painted with either
enamel or epoxy paint. The customer gives the choice of
paint. Epoxy paint is generally used in chemical plants and
seashore installation. Terminals are then mark and ratings
and diagram plate is fixed.
The job is then sent to the shipping department, which takes
care of its dispatch by packing it in the wooden boxes.
ESP TRANSFORMER The Electrostatic Precipitator transformer is used for
environmental application. It is used to filter in a suspended
charge particle in the waste gases of an industry. They are of
particular use in thermal power stations and cement
industry.
The ESP is a single-phase transformer. It has a primary and
secondary. The core is laminated and is made up of CRGOS.
It is a step up transformer. An AC reactor is connected in
33
series with primary coil. The output of the transformer must

be DC the is obtained by rectifying AC using a bridge rectifier
(bridge rectifier is a combination of several hundred diodes).
A radio frequency choke (RF choke) is connected in series
with the DC output for the protection of the secondary circuit
and filter circuit. The output is chosen negative because the
particles are positively charged. The DC output from the
secondary is given to a set of plates arrange one after the
others. Impurity particles being positively charged stick to
these plates, which can be jerked off. For this a network of
plates has to be setup all across the plant. This is very costly
process in comparison with the transformer cost. A relive
vent is also provided to prevent the transformer from
bursting it higher pressure develops, inside it. It is the
weakest point in the transformer body. An oil temperature
indicator and the secondary supply spark detector are also
provided.
One side of the transformer output is taken and other side
has a marshalling box which is the control box of the
transformer.
34
BAY-9
In this bay power transformer are assembled. After taking
different input from different bays 0-9 assembly is done
power transformer is used to step and step down voltages at
generating and sub-stations. There are various ratings
11KV, 22KV, manufactured, they are
a)
Generator transformer
b)
System
c)
Autotransformer
A transformer in a process of assemblage is called a job. The

design of the transformer is done by the design deptt. & is
unique of each job; depends on the requirement of customer.
The design department provides drawing to the assembly
shop, which assembles it accordingly.
The steps involved in assembly are :
1.
Core building
2.
Core Lifting
3.
Unlacing
4.
Delacing and end-frame mounting.
35
5.
High voltage terminal gear and low volt terminal gear

mounting.
6.
Vapour phasing and oil soaking
7.
Final servicing and tanking
8.
Case fitting
Core Building :
It is made of cold rolled grain oriented steel CRGO. The
punched core is sent to this shop from core punching shop.
Here it is assembled with the help of drawing a set of 4
laminations is called a packet. The vertical portion of the core is
called a leg the horizontal one is called as yoke. Packets of
both are interlinked. It is undesirable to keep the X section of
core circular to provide low reluctance part without air space. A
perfect circle cannot be made so the core is stepped to achieve
a near circle. Whichever spaces are left, are filled with thin
wooden rod. After core building the end frames are bolted. The
bolts are insulated from the core.
Core Lifting :
The core is lifted by a crane and is placed vertical. The rest of
assembly is done on the core in this position.
36
Unlacing & Core Coil Assembly :

The yoke of the core is removed using crane. Bottom
insulation in form of 50MM thick UDEL sheets is placed PCB
and press board are also used for filling the gap and to
provide a good base for the coil to rest. The coil are then
lowered primary, secondary, tertiary and tap in that
sequences.
Relacing & End-frame Mounting :
After lowering a coil the top insulation similar to the bottom
one is provided. The removed yoke is placed end-frame
bolted back into its position.
The connections are then made as per drawings. All the
conductors are insulated using crepe paper. Brazing copper
makes the connections. For brazing silphos is used.
The following tests are done during re lacing:
1.
Megger Test
2.
Ratio test
3.
Meg current / High Volt test
Testing at this stage is called pre testing. This is essential

because if false are seen at a later stage, whole of the
transformer will have to be dissembled.
37
H.V.T.G & L.V.T.G. :

Terminals gears are accessories provided at high voltage
and low voltage terminals. Main device used is tap changer.
Tap changer can be on load or offload. In offload type the
supply has to be tripped, then the tapings changes but in on
load type the tapings can be changed while the supply is on.
On load tap changer (OLTC) are used where the supply is
desired to be continuous.
The upper portion of the OLTC contains mechanism by which
tapping is changed. There is switch which changes tap in
very small type (Micro-seconds). But there is a possibility of
sparking. To get rid of it, OLTC is filled with oil. The bottom
part houses the terminals and the mechanism, which makes
automatic connections.
The terminals are made of thick aluminum strips.
Vapour Phasing & Oil Soaking :
It is a well-known fact that water (impure) is a conductor of
electricity. Therefore, moisture presence in transformer will
effect insulation, the process of moisture removal from
transformer is called vapour phasing.
The job is put in dummy type and place in a vacuum vessel. It
is an airtight chamber with heating facilities. A solvent vessel
is released is the chamber which enters all transformer parts
and insulations. It absorbs water rapidly. The job is heated in
vacuum. All the solvent vapours are sucked out with
moisture. Metals contain no moisture but a lot of insulations
38
is provided which contains this moisture and if not taken

care of, may burst the job.
After moisture removal tank is filled with transformer oil and
soaked for at least three hours, so that every gets wet with
oil. The job remains in vessel for three days during phasing.
It is then taken out of the vessel and also out of the dummy
time.
Final Servicing & Tanking :
After taking the job out of dummy time all the parts
retightened any other defects are rectified and job is retimed
in mild steel tank. After tanking the oil is filled.
Case Fitting :
The accessories are fixed and final touches given to job. The
accessories include tank cover, fixing bushing, fixing valves
etc. The terminals are marked and R and D. (Rating and
Diagram) plate is fixed. Bolting and not riveting because it
may require maintenance and hence opening close the tank.
Bushings are hollow to provide a passage for conductor; oil
is filled inside the hollow spaces for better insulation.
Bushing is built on a mild steel base, which is bolted to
bottom chamber with a cork gasket in vacuum.
The bottom chamber is mild steel tank with a steel frame
attached to its base for earthling. This chamber houses the
secondary winding.
39
STORE
There are three sections in store:
Control Receiving Section
Custody Section
Scrap Disposal Section
FUNCTIONS
A list of material coming in stores is prepared and Quality
Control people are called for inspection. If material is found
as per standard, SRV (Store Receipt Voucher) is issued for
each material. A total of 08 SRVs are prepared. Some
materials such as silicon oil, transformer oil, insulating
material, etc. are directly stored in the Bays.
40
LOCOMOTIVE SECTION
LOCOMOTIVE PRODUCTION(LMP)
There are two products :
Alternating Current Locomotive (AC Loco)
WAG-5H
AC./D.C. Loco
WCAM-2P
WCAM-3
W-broad gauge
A-running in AC mode
C-running in DC mode
G-hauling goods train
P-hauling passenger train
M-hauling passenger &
goods train
Diesel Electric Locomotive Shunting (DESL)
350 HP
700 HP
Single Power Pack (SPP): One 700 HP m/c is made as

a single unit. It is a meter gauge locomotive.
Twin Power Pack (TPP): 2 350HP m/cs are combined in 1

engine & can be operated individually or in combination
depending on the load.
41
450 HP
1400 HP
1150 HP
1350 HP
2600 HP
1150 HP and 1350 HP DESL s are non-standard locomotives

and are modified versions of 1400 HP DESL based on
requirement of customer.
Under mention are the new non-conventional products
designed and developed for Indian Railways based on their
requirement.
OHE (Overhead electric) recording and testing cars
UTV(Utility vehicle )
RRV(Rail cum road vehicle)
DETV( Diesel electric tower car)
BPRV(Battery power road vehicle)
BCM(Blast cleaning machine)
200 T Well wagon for BHEL, Haridwar
Metro Rake-Kolkata Metro Railways
42
LOCOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (LMM)

This section deals with manufacturing of locomotives.
The main parts of the locomotive are
Under frame: The frame on which a locomotive is built
Super structure: The body of locomotive is called

superstructure
or Shell and is made of sheet of Mild
steel
DC motor
Alternator
Compressor
Flower
Static Rectifier-MSR
Static Converter-SC
Exchanger
Bogie-The wheel arrangement of a loco is called a

bogie. A bogie essentially contains
1. Wheel axle arrangement

2. Suspension
3. Brake rigging
43
Traction transformer:
It is fixed on under frame and gets supply from an overhead
line
by
equipment
called
pentograph.
The
type
of
pentograph depends on supply. This transformer steps

down voltage and is fitted with a tap changer. Different taps
are taken from it for operating different equipment. One tap
is taken and is rectified into DC using MSR and is fed to the
DC motor.
Railways has two types of power supplies 25 KV, 1 Phase ,
50Hz AC-1500 V DC.
An AC/DC loco is able to work on both of these supplies. For
example, WCAM-3.
44
WORK ENGINEERING & SERVICES

(WE&S)
This department looks after the commissioning and
maintenance of all the machinery used in the factory. It also
has 3 two-stage air compressors for supplying compressed
air to the various bays.
The department has 3 different divisions :
Electrical Engineering
Electronics Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING :
This division looks after all the electrical machinery and
power distribution of the factory. Snags detected in the
system are immediately reported to this dept by the
concerning dept.WE&S takes prompt action to rectify it.
The factory has a feeder of 11KV .The total load sanctioned
for the factory is 2500MVA.
But the maximum demand reaches the range of 1700-2000
MVA.
45
Here are the various substations(SS) inside the factory, for

distribution of power to different sections.
SS -1
Supplies
Bay 6 to Bay 9
SS -3
Supplies
Bay 1 to Bay 4
SS -4
Supplies
Boiler and loco plant
SS -5
Supplies
Bay -5
SS -6
Supplies
Administrative Building
46
TECHNOLOGY
This department analyses the changes taking place in the
world. and suggest changes accordingly. This is very
important because the products must not get obsolete in
the market otherwise they will be rejected by the customer.
FUNCTIONS :
Technology functions can be classified as :
Processing Sequence : The sequence of process of

manufacturing is decided for timely and economic
completion of the job.
Operation time estimate : It includes incentive scheme

management.
Allowed operation time : It includes incentive amount.
Facilities identification : It includes looking for new

equipment or plant or tools to increase productivity.
Special process certification : Special processes are

the ones requiring expertise for example identifying
errors, cracks, air bubbles in welding.
Special tools requirement : Special tools are allotted,

if possible, when required else the design has to be
reconsider.
47
Productivity projects compilation : It includes the

initial analysis of the problem and their appropriate
solution to enhance productivity.
The
principle
of
working
is
that
IF YOU DO NOT MAKE THE CHANGES IN YOUR

COMPANY, THE CUSTOMER WILL CHANGE YOU.
48
CENTRAL QUALITY SERVICE

First we become familiar with a few terms concerning this
department.
QUALITY :
It is the extent to which products and services satisfy the
customer needs.
QUALITY ASSURANCE :
All those plants and systematic action necessary to provide
adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy the
given requirement is called quality assurance.
QUALITY CONTROL :
The operational technique and activities that are used to fulfill
requirement for quality are quality control.
QUALITY INSPECTION :
Activities such as measuring, testing, gauging one or more
characteristics of a product or service and comparing these with
specified requirement to determine conformity are termed quality
inspection.
49
PROJECT
REPORT
50
51
A SUCCINCT HISTORY
The GSM system is the most widely used cellular technology in use
in the world today. It has been a particularly successful cellular
phone technology for a variety of reasons including the ability to
roam worldwide with the certainty of being able to be able to
operate on GSM networks in exactly the same way provided billing
agreements are in place.
The letters GSM originally stood for the words Groupe Speciale
Mobile, but as it became clear this cellular technology was being
used worldwide the meaning of GSM was changed to Global
System for Mobile Communications. Since this cellular technology
was first deployed in 1991, the use of GSM has grown steadily, and
it is now the most widely cell phone system in the world. GSM
reached the 1 billion subscriber point in February 2004, and is
now well over the 3 billion subscriber mark and still steadily
increasing.
1982 - The Beginning
Nordic Telecom and Netherlands PTT propose to CEPT

(Conference of European Post and Telecommunications) the
development of a new digital cellular standard that would
cope with the ever a burgeoning demands on European
mobile networks.
52
The European Commission (EC) issues a directive which

requires member states to reserve frequencies in the 900
MHz band for GSM to allow for roaming.
1986
Main GSM radio transmission techniques are chosen
1987
September - 13 operators and administrators from 12 areas

in the CEPT GSM advisory group sign the charter GSM
(Groupe Spciale Mobile) MoU "Club" agreement, with a
launch date of 1 July 1991.
The original French name was later changed to Global

System for Mobile Communications, but the original GSM
acronym stuck.
GSM spec drafted.
1989
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute

(ETSI) defined GSM as the internationally accepted digital
cellular telephony standard
GSM becomes an ETSI technical committee
1990
Phase 1 GSM 900 specifications are frozen
DCS adaptation starts
53
Validation systems implemented
First GSM World congress in Rome with 650 Participants
1991
First GSM spec demonstrated
DCS specifications are frozen
GSM World Congress Nice has 690 Participants
1992
January - First GSM network operator is Oy Radiolinja Ab in

Finland
December 1992 - 13 networks on air in 7 areas
GSM World Congress Berlin - 630 Participants
1993
GSM demonstrated for the first time in Africa at Telkom '93 in

Cape Town
Roaming agreements between several operators established
GSM World Congress Lisbon with 760 Participants
Telkom '93 held in Cape Town. First GSM systems shown.
1994
First GSM networks in Africa launched in South Africa

54
Phase 2 data/fax bearer services launched
Vodacom becomes first GSM network in the world to

implement data/fax
GSM World Congress Athens with 780 Participants
1995
GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association registered

in Switzerland - 156 members from 86 areas.
GSM World Congress Madrid with 1400 Participants
December 1995 117 networks on air in 69 areas
Fax, data and SMS roaming started
GSM phase 2 standardization is completed, including

adaptation for PCS 1900 (PCS)
First PCS 1900 network live 'on air' in the USA
Telecom '95 Geneva - Nokia shows 33.6 kbps multimedia

data via GSM
Namibia goes on-line
Ericsson 337 wins GSM phone of the year
US FCC auctions off PCS licenses
55
1996
GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association registered

in Switzerland
December 1996 120 networks on air in 84 areas
GSM World Congress in Cannes
GSM MoU Plenary held in Atlanta GA, USA
8K SIM launched
Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards launched
Bundled billing introduced in South Africa
Libya goes on-line
Option International launches world's first GSM/Fixed-line

modem
1997
Zimbabwe goes live
GSM World Congress Cannes 21/2/97
Mozambique goes live
Iridium birds launched
First dual-band GSM 900-1900 phone launched by Bosch
56
1998
Botswana GSM goes live
GSM World Congress Cannes (2/98)
Vodacom Introduces Free VoiceMail
MTN Gets Uganda Tender
GSM SIM Cracked in USA
Over 2m GSM 1900 users
MTN Gets Rwanda Tender
MTN follows with free voicemail
Rwanda GSM Live
First HSCSD trials in Singapore
Vodacom launches Yebo!Net 10/98
Iridium Live 11/98
First GSM Africa Conference (11/98)
125m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide (12/98)
Option International launches FirstFone
MTN launches CarryOver minutes
57
1999
GSM Conference in Cannes 2/99
165m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide
GPRS trials begin and USA and Scandanavia 1/99
WAP trials in France and Italy 1/99
CellExpo Africa 5/99
Eight Bidders for Third SA Cell License
GSM MoU Joins 3GPP
MTN SA Head of GSM MoU
First GPRS networks go live
Bluetooth specification v1.0 released
2000
By 12/2000 480m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide
First GPRS networks roll out
Mobey Forum Launched
MeT Forum Launched
Location Interoperability Forum Launched
First GPRS terminals seen
58
Nokia releases SmartMessaging spec
SyncML spec released
2001
By 5/2001 500m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide
16 billion SMS message sent in April 2001
59
GSM - SERVICES
The GSM system was designed as a second generation (2G)
cellular phone technology. One of the basic aims was to provide a
system that would enable greater capacity to be achieved than the
previous first generation analogue systems. GSM achieved this by
using a digital TDMA (time division multiple access approach). By
adopting this technique more users could be accommodated
within the available bandwidth. In addition to this, ciphering of the
digitally encoded speech was adopted to retain privacy. Using the
earlier analogue cellular technologies it was possible for anyone
with a scanner receiver to listen to calls and a number of famous
personalities had been "eavesdropped" with embarrassing
consequences.
Speech or voice calls are obviously the primary function for the
GSM cellular system. To achieve this the speech is digitally
encoded and later decoded using a vocoder. A variety of vocoders
are available for use, being aimed at different scenarios.
In addition to the voice services, GSM cellular technology
supports a variety of other data services. Although their
performance is nowhere near the level of those provided by 3G,
they are nevertheless still important and useful. A variety of data
services are supported with user data rates up to 9.6 kbps.
Services including Group 3 facsimile, videotext and teletex can be
supported.
One service that has grown enormously is the short message
service. Developed as part of the GSM specification, it has also
60
been incorporated into other cellular technologies. It can be

thought of as being similar to the paging service but is far more
comprehensive allowing bi-directional messaging, store and
forward delivery, and it also allows alphanumeric messages of a
reasonable length. This service has become particularly popular,
initially with the young as it provided a simple, low fixed cost.
GSM is a very robust technology with a myriad of features some of
which are detailed below. Note however that some of these
features are network dependent and might not be available on
your GSM network.
Short Message Service which allows you to send and receive

126 character text messages
Ability to use same phone in a number of network-related

countries
Allows data transmission and reception across GSM

networks at speeds up to 9,600 bps currently
Allows fax transmission and reception across GSM networks

at speeds up to 9,600 bps currently
Forwarding of calls to another number
More capacity, ensuring rapid call set-up. Handsets also

smaller and more robust.
Talk to a number of other parties simultaneously
Place a call on Hold while you access another call
Notifies you of another call whilst on a call

61
Encrypted conservations that cannot be tapped
You can bar outgoing calls and incoming calls
CLIP Allows you to see the telephone number of the incoming

caller on the LCD screen of the handset
CLIR allows you to bar anyone from seeing your number via
CLIP
Real-time call costs on the handset's LCD screen
Allows location/cell-specific reception of text messages.
Closed User Group - Allows a set of phones to be classed as

PBX extensions.
Emergency Calls - In the majority of countries, the global 112

emergency number can be dialled free.
No-static connections
62
GSM - BASICS
The GSM cellular technology had a number of design aims when
the development started :
* It should offer good subjective speech quality
* It should have a low phone or terminal cost
* Terminals should be able to be handheld
* The system should support international roaming
* It should offer good spectral efficiency
* The system should offer ISDN compatibility
The resulting GSM cellular technology that was developed
provided for all of these. The overall system definition for GSM
describes not only the air interface but also the network or
infrastructure technology. By adopting this approach it is possible
to define the operation of the whole network to enable
international roaming as well as enabling network elements from
different manufacturers to operate alongside each other, although
this last feature is not completely true, especially with older items.
GSM cellular technology uses 200 kHz RF channels. These are
time division multiplexed to enable up to eight users to access
each carrier. In this way it is a TDMA / FDMA system.
The base transceiver stations (BTS) are organised into small
groups, controlled by a base station controller (BSC) which is
63
typically co-located with one of the BTSs. The BSC with its
associated BTSs is termed the base station subsystem (BSS).
Further into the core network is the main switching area. This is
known as the mobile switching centre (MSC). Associated with it is
the location registers, namely the home location register (HLR)
and the visitor location register (VLR) which track the location of
mobiles and enable calls to be routed to them. Additionally there is
the Authentication Centre (AuC), and the Equipment Identify
Register (EIR) that are used in authenticating the mobile before it
is allowed onto the network and for billing. The operation of these
are explained in the following pages :
Last but not least is the mobile itself. Often termed the ME or
mobile equipment, this is the item that the end user sees. One
important feature that was first implemented on GSM was the use
of a Subscriber Identity Module. This card carried with it the users
identity and other information to allow the user to upgrade a
phone very easily, while retaining the same identity on the
network. It was also used to store other information such as
"phone book" and other items. This item alone has allowed people
to change phones very easily, and this has fuelled the phone
manufacturing industry and enabled new phones with additional
features to be launched. This has allowed mobile operators to
increase their average revenue per user (ARPU) by ensuring that
users are able to access any new features that may be launched
on the network requiring more sophisticated phones.
347 GSM MoU Association members from 128 countries
339 GSM networks on-air in 133 countries.
64
GSM now accounts for 60% of the world's total cellular market.
260 million GSM customers around the world.
8 billion G-Mail (GSM text messages) were over the airwaves
by global GSM mobile phone operators in August 2000
Option International is the largest GSM data vendor (DataQuest)
Italy has the largest number of GSM users
5 GSM 1900 users In North America (12/2000)
Nokia has the largest share of the GSM handset market followed
by Ericsson, then Motorola.
65
GSM - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The table below summarises the main points of the GSM system
specification, showing some of the highlight features of technical
interest.
Specification Summary for GSM Cellular System
Multiple access technology
FDMA / TDMA
Duplex technique
FDD
933 -960 MHz
Uplink frequency band
(basic 900 MHz band only)

890 - 915 MHz
Downlink frequency band
(basic 900 MHz band only)
Channel spacing
200 kHz
Modulation
GMSK
Various - original was RPE-
Speech coding
LTP/13
Speech channels per RF channel
Channel data rate
270.833 kbps
Frame duration
4.615 ms
66
Today the GSM cell or mobile phone system is the most popular in
the world. GSM handsets are widely available at good prices and
the networks are robust and reliable. The GSM system is also
feature-rich with applications such as SMS text messaging,
international roaming, SIM cards and the like. It is also being
enhanced with technologies including GPRS and EDGE. To
achieve this level of success has taken many years and is the
result
of
both
technical
development
and
international
cooperation. The GSM history can be seen to be a story of

cooperation across Europe, and one that nobody thought would
lead to the success that GSM is today.The first cell phone systems
that were developed were analogue systems. Typically they used
frequency-modulated carriers for the voice channels and data was
carried on a separate shared control channel. When compared to
the systems employed today these systems were comparatively
straightforward and as a result a vast number of systems
appeared. Two of the major systems that were in existence were
the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) that was used in the
USA and many other countries and TACS (Total Access
Communications System) that was used in the UK as well as many
other countries around the world.
Another system that was employed, and was in fact the first
system to be commercially deployed was the Nordic Mobile
Telephone system (NMT). This was developed by a consortium of
companies
in
Scandinavia
and
proved
that
international
cooperation was possible.

The success of these systems proved to be their downfall. The use
of all the systems installed around the globe increased
67
dramatically and the effects of the limited frequency allocations

were soon noticed. To overcome these a number of actions were
taken. A system known as E-TACS or Extended-TACS was
introduced giving the TACS system further channels. In the USA
another system known as Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) was
developed.
68
GSM - FREQUENCY BANDS

There is a total of fourteen different recognised GSM frequency
bands. These are defined in 3GPP TS 45.005.
Band
Uplink
Downlink
(MHz)
(MHz)
Comments
380
380.2 - 389.8 390.2 - 399.8
410
410.2 - 419.8 420.2 - 429.8
450
450.4 - 457.6 460.4 - 467.6
480
478.8 - 486.0 488.8 - 496.0
710
698.0 - 716.0 728.0 - 746.0
750
747.0 - 762.0 777.0 - 792.0
810
806.0 - 821.0 851.0 - 866.0
850
824.0 - 849.0 869.0 - 894.0
900
890.0 - 915.0 935.0 - 960.0
900
880.0 - 915.0 925.0 - 960.0
900
876.0 - 915
921.0 - 960.0
69
P-GSM,
i.e.
Primary
or
standard GSM allocation

E-GSM, i.e. Extended GSM
allocation
R-GSM, i.e. Railway GSM
Band
Uplink
Downlink
(MHz)
(MHz)
Comments
allocation
900
1800
1900
870.4 - 876.0 915.4 - 921.0

1710.0
1785.0
1850.0
1910.0
T-GSM
1805.0 - 1880.0
1930.0 - 1990.0
The usage of the different frequency bands varies around the

globe although there is a large degree of standardisation. The
GSM
frequencies
available
depend
upon
the
regulatory
requirements for the particular country and the ITU (International

Telecommunications Union) region in which the country is
located.
As a rough guide Europe tends to use the GSM 900 and 1800
bands as standard. These bands are also generally used in the
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania.
For North America the USA uses both 850 and 1900 MHz bands,
the actual band used is determined by the regulatory authorities
and is dependent upon the area. For Canada the 1900 MHz band is
the primary one used, particularly for urban areas with 850 MHz
used as a backup in rural areas.
70
For Central and South America, the GSM 850 and 1900 MHz
frequency bands are the most widely used although there are
some areas where other frequencies are used.
In order that cell phone users are able to take advantage of the
roaming facilities offered by GSM, it is necessary that the
cellphones are able to cover the bands of the countries which are
visited.
Today most phones support operation on multiple bands and are
known as multi-band phones. Typically most standard phones are
dual-band phones. For Europe, Middle east, Asia and Oceania
these would operate on GSM 900 and 1800 bands and for North
America, etc dual band phones would operate on GSM 850 and
1900 frequency bands.
To provide better roaming coverage, tri-band and quad-band
phones are also available. European triband phones typically
cover the GSM 900, 1800 and 1900 bands giving good coverage in
Europe as well as moderate coverage in North America. Similarly
North America tri-band phones use the 900, 1800 and 1900 GSM
frequencies. Quad band phones are also available covering the
850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz GSM frequency bands, i.e. the four
major bands and thereby allowing global use.
The power levels and power control of GSM mobiles is of great
importance because of the effect of power on the battery life. Also
to group mobiles into groups, GSM power class designations have
been allocated to indicate the power capability of various mobiles.
71
In addition to this the power of the GSM mobiles is closely

controlled so that the battery of the mobile is conserved, and also
the levels of interference are reduced and performance of the
base-station is not compromised by high power local mobiles.
A new GSM 400 MHz frequency band is now being standardised by
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
In April 1998 a Digital Interest Group (DIG) was formed to
investigate the migration options open to NMT 450 operators.
During
1998,
Specification
the
with
DIG
prepared
which
detailed
vendors
Requirement
could
comply.
The DIG group investigated three possible technologies as

potential digital versions of NMT and, in October 1999, the results
of the investigations were presented with the majority of the NMT
MoU operators expressing their preference for the GSM 400
solution.
GSM 400 is a band that brings access to this world-leading
standard for NMT 450 operators, as well as offering a coverage
bonus effect to current GSM operators worldwide. GSM 400 will
evolve with the core GSM specification and will include seamless
roaming with other GSM bands.
Technically, GSM 400 and NMT 450 can run in parallel on the
450MHz band.
72
This will be the standard process that many operators follow

during the migration from NMT to GSM.
In the long run, however, the limited availability of spectrum
frequency in most countries will make running both networks on a
long-term basis impractical, since all capacity available will be
required to run a full service.
As a result, operators will eventually need to close down their 450
networks to run GSM 400 networks successfully.
The introduction of the new 400 MHz frequency band will further
leverage the success of global GSM, which so far has been
established through the current 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz
bands.
ETSI will release a GSM 400 specification as part of its ETSI/SMG
GSM99
specification.
GSM
400
is
expected
to
become
commercially available during 2001.

The entire switching platform and base station controller
infrastructure will remain static when new frequency capabilities
are included.
However, new software will be required in some network
elements. Nokia and Ericsson have proposed that GSM 400 is be
standardised in ETSI as a part of the GSM standard which is
available
to
all
manufacturers
on
an
equal
basis.
As a result of this GSM 400 will form part of the existing GSM
standard, which is continuously evolving as per GSM standard
(900/1800). This evolution results in a phased approach toward
IMT-2000 service requirements.
73
The commitment of Nokia and Ericsson to the development of GSM

400 is illustrated in the fact that they have already made the first
official GSM 400 call at the GSM 400 Conference in Budapest,
Hungary in September 1999.
Both Nokia and Ericsson supplied prototype equipment to make

the call possible. The prototype equipment included GSM400/1800
dualband
phones,
Radio
Base
Station
and
Base
Station
Controllers.
Prototypes of tri-band GSM 400/900/1800 handsets with HSCSD
and WAP support will begin trials in the fourth quarter of 2000 and
are expected to be available in commercial volumes in 2Q / 2001.
Network infrastructure trials are planned for 4Q / 2000 with
commercial availability from 1Q / 2001.
74
GSM - TECHNICAL TERMS

GLOSSARY
TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part
VLR Visitor Location Register
AIC Advanced Intelligent Networks
Control Channel The channel the phone and cell base station first
communicate on.
Reverse Control Channel The opposite frequency, 45 MHz lower
than the control channel. Used by the mobile.
Voice channel The channel you are assigned by the switch to
commence the call on after the exchange of subscriber data. Base
Transceiver
Station The network base station that talks to the mobile.
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
A-TDMA Advanced Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
AuC Authentication Center
LAI Location Area Identity
Ki Individual Subscriber Authentication Key
75
OMS Operation and Maintenance Subsystem of the GSM network,

IMEI The IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)is a 15 digit
Code used to identify the GSM/DCS/PCS phone to the network.
CLIP Caller Line Identity Presentation
CLIR Caller Line Identity Restriction
SMS Short Message Service
HLR Home Location Register
PIN Personal Identity Number
PUK PIN Unblocking Code
BSC Base Station Controller
BS Base Station
MSC Mobile Switching Centre - The computer that places the calls,
and takes and receives data from the subscriber or from PSTN
(Public switched Telephone Network)
SMSC Short Message Service Centre
SMD-PP Short Message Delivery Point-to-Point
VLR Visitor Location Register
SMS-IWMSC SMS Interworking Mobile Switching Center
TAP Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol
SS7 Signaling System 7
GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center
76
MO-SMS Mobile-Originated Short Message

ESN Electronic Serial Number
IWF Interworking Function (Modem)
IEMI International Equipment Mobile Identity
GSM Global System For Mobile Communication
EIR Equipment Identity Register
PE Primary Exchange
77
GSM - ARCHITECTURE
The
GSM
network
architecture
as
defined
specifications can be grouped into four main areas:
Mobile station (MS)
Base-station subsystem (BSS)
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)
78
in
the
GSM
MOBILE STATION
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most
widely known, cell or mobile phones are the section of a GSM
cellular network that the user sees and operates. In recent years
their size has fallen dramatically while the level of functionality has
greatly increased. A further advantage is that the time between
charges has significantly increased.
There are a number of elements to the cell phone, although the
two main elements are the main hardware and the SIM.
The hardware itself contains the main elements of the mobile
phone including the display, case, battery, and the electronics
used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to
be transmitted. It also contains a number known as the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This is installed in
the phone at manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is
accessed by the network during registration to check whether the
equipment has been reported as stolen.
The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module contains the information
that provides the identity of the user to the network. It contains
are variety of information including a number known as the
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
79
BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section of the GSM network
architecture that is fundamentally associated with communicating
with the mobiles on the network. It consists of two elements:
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radio transmitter
receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit and receive
to directly communicate with the mobiles. The BTS is the defining
element for each cell. The BTS communicates with the mobiles
and the interface between the two is known as the Um interface
with its associated protocols. GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) uses a series of radio transmitters called Base
Stations (BS) to connect you and your cell-phone to your cellular
network.
Each BS is also termed a cell, so named because it covers a
certain range within a discrete area (cell). Base Stations are all
interconnected, which is why you can move from one cell to
another - a process called "hand-over" - without (hopefully) losing
your connection.
The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for
transmitting and receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas,
and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications
with the base station controller (BSC). Typically a BTS for anything
other than a picocell will have several transceivers (TRXs) which
80
allow it to serve several different frequencies and different

sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations).
A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the "base station control
function" (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or
even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF
provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the
network management system (NMS), and manages operational
states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm
collection.
The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology
used and the cellular telephone provider. There are vendors in
which the BTS is a plain transceiver which receives information
from the MS (mobile station) through the Um (air interface) and
then converts it to a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis
interface, and sends it towards the BSC. There are vendors which
build their BTSs so the information is pre-processed, target cell
lists are generated and even intra-cell handover (HO) can be fully
handled. The advantage in this case is lesser load on the
expensive Abis interface.
The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer
1 of interface Um; for GSM 2G+ the modulation type is GMSK,
while for EDGE-enabled networks it is GMSK and 8-PSK.
Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for
several TRXs (carriers), the more TRXs are combined the greater
the combiner loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are found in micro
and pico cells only.
81
Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS

performance; this involves the rapid switching of voice traffic
between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is followed by the
TRXs and handsets using the sector. Several hopping sequences
are available, and the sequence in use for a particular cell is
continually broadcast by that cell so that it is known to the
handsets.
A TRX transmits and receives according to the GSM standards,
which specify eight TDMA timeslots per radio frequency. A TRX
may lose some of this capacity as some information is required to
be broadcast to handsets in the area that the BTS serves. This
information allows the handsets to identify the network and gain
access to it. This signalling makes use of a channel known as the
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH).
82
Base Station Controller (BSC)

The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It
controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the
BTSs in its group. It manages the radio resources and controls
items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates
channels and the like. It communicates with the BTSs over what is
termed the Abis interface. It is a set of Base Stations is connected
to a particular Base Station Controller.
The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the
intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even
hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles allocation of
radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones,
and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an
inter-BSC handover in which case control is in part the
responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC is to
act as a concentrator where many different low capacity
connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilisation) become
reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile
switching center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation). Overall,
this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs
distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected
to large centralised MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is
not only a BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching
center, as well as an SS7 node with connections to the MSC and
serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It also
83
provides all the required data to the operation support subsystem

(OSS) as well as to the performance measuring centers.
A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture,
with redundancy applied to critical functional units to ensure
availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy often
extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in
the power supplies and in the transmission equipment providing
the A-ter interface to PCU. The databases for all the sites,
including information such as carrier frequencies, frequency
hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell
border calculation, are stored in the BSC. This data is obtained
directly from radio planning engineering which involves modelling
of the signal propagation as well as traffic projections.
84
Transcoder
The transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel
coding between the coding used in the mobile network, and the
coding used by the world's terrestrial circuit-switched network,
the Public Switched Telephone Network. Specifically, GSM uses
a regular pulse excited-long term prediction (RPE-LTP) coder for
voice data between the mobile device and the BSS, but pulse
code modulation (A-law or -law standardized in ITU G.711)
upstream of the BSS. RPE-LPC coding results in a data rate for
voice of 13 kbit/s where standard PCM coding results in 64 kbit/s.
Because of this change in data rate for the same voice call, the
transcoder also has a buffering function so that PCM 8-bit words
can be recoded to construct GSM 20 ms traffic blocks.
Although
transcoding
(compressing/decompressing)
functionality is defined as a base station function by the relevant

standards, there are several vendors which have implemented
the solution outside of the BSC. Some vendors have implemented
it in a stand-alone rack using a proprietary interface. In Siemens'
and Nokia's architecture, the transcoder is an identifiable
separate sub-system which will normally be co-located with the
MSC. In some of Ericsson's systems it is integrated to the MSC
rather than the BSC. The reason for these designs is that if the
compression of voice channels is done at the site of the MSC, the
number of fixed transmission links between the BSS and MSC can
be reduced, decreasing network infrastructure costs.
This subsystem is also referred to as the transcoder and rate
adaptation unit (TRAU). Some networks use 32 kbit/s ADPCM on
85
the terrestrial side of the network instead of 64 kbit/s PCM and

the TRAU converts accordingly. When the traffic is not voice but
data such as fax or email, the TRAU enables its rate adaptation
unit function to give compatibility between the BSS and MSC data
rates.
86
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of different
elements, and is often termed the core network. It provides the
main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network.
Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the
component of a GSM system that carries out call switching and
mobility management functions for mobile phones roaming on the
network of base stations. It is owned and deployed by mobile
phone operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with
each other and telephones in the wider Public Switched
Telephone Network or (PSTN). The architecture contains specific
features and functions which are needed because the phones are
not fixed in one location.
The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network,
used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and
circuit switched data calls. It was extended with an overlay
architecture to provide packet-switched data services known as
the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to have access
to services such as WAP, MMS, and the Internet.
All mobile phones manufactured today have both circuit and
packet based services, so most operators have a GPRS network in
addition to the standard GSM core network. The major elements
within the core network include :
87
Mobile Switching services Centre (MSC)

The main element within the core network area of the overall
GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services
Centre (MSC). The MSC acts like a normal switching node within
a PSTN or ISDN, but also provides additional functionality to
enable the requirements of a mobile user to be supported. These
include registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC
handovers and call routing to a mobile subscriber. It also
provides an interface to the PSTN so that calls can be routed
from the mobile network to a phone connected to a landline.
Interfaces to other MSCs are provided to enable calls to be made
to mobiles on different networks.
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service
delivery node for GSM/CDMA, responsible for routing voice calls
and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX
and circuit switched data).
The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection,
handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and
takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account
monitoring.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier
analogue services, fax and data information is sent directly
digitally encoded to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded
into an "analogue" signal (although actually this will almost
certainly mean sound encoded digitally as PCM signal in a 64kbit/s timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).
88
There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts

which reflects their complex role in the network, all of these
terms though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different
things at different times.
The Gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which
visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently
located. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to mobile
calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC. The
term is only valid in the context of one call since any MSC may
provide both the gateway function and the Visited MSC function,
however, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity
MSCs which do not have any BSSs connected to them. These
MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they
handle.
The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is
currently located. The VLR associated with this MSC will have the
subscriber's data in it.
The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been
initiated. The target MSC is the MSC toward which a Handover
should take place. A mobile switching centre server is a part of
the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 4.
89
Home Location Register (HLR)

This database contains all the administrative information about
each subscriber along with their last known location. In this way,
the GSM network is able to route calls to the relevant base station
for the MS. When a user switches on their phone, the phone
registers with the network and from this it is possible to
determine which BTS it communicates with so that incoming calls
can be routed appropriately. Even when the phone is not active
(but switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the
network (HLR) is aware of its latest position. There is one HLR
per network, although it may be distributed across various subcentres to for operational reasons.
The home location register (HLR) is a central database that
contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is
authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several
logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network
(PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity
(IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR
(which can span several physical nodes) at a time.
The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by the mobile
phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI
which is the primary key to each HLR record.
The next important items of data associated with the SIM are the
MSISDNs, which are the telephone numbers used by mobile
phones to make and receive calls. The primary MSISDN is the
number used for making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it
90
is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs

associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a
primary key to the HLR record. The HLR data is stored for as long
as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record
is:
GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been

given.
GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet

services.
Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS

support node/SGSN).
Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.

The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes
MAP transactions and messages from elements in the GSM
network, for example, the location update messages
received as mobile phones roam around.
91
Visitor Location Register (VLR)

This contains selected information from the HLR that enables
the selected services for the individual subscriber to be
provided. The VLR can be implemented as a separate entity, but
it is commonly realised as an integral part of the MSC, rather
than a separate entity. In this way access is made faster and
more convenient.
The visitor location register is a database of the subscribers
who have roamed into the jurisdiction of the MSC (Mobile
Switching Center) which it serves. Each base station in the
network is served by exactly one VLR, hence a subscriber
cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the
HLR, or collected from the MS (Mobile station). In practice, for
performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly
to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly
linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface. Whenever an
MSC detects a new MS in its network, in addition to creating a
new record in the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile
subscriber, apprising it of the new location of that MS. If VLR
data is corrupted it can lead to serious issues with text
messaging and call services.
92
Data stored include:
IMSI (the subscriber's identity number).
Authentication data.
MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number).
GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access.
access point (GPRS) subscribed.
The HLR address of the subscriber.
93
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR is the entity that decides whether a given mobile
equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each mobile
equipment has a number known as the International Mobile
Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned above, is installed
in the equipment and is checked by the network during
registration. Dependent upon the information held in the EIR, the
mobile may be allocated one of three states - allowed onto the
network, barred access, or monitored in case its problems.
The equipment identity register is often integrated to the HLR. The
EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which
are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is designed
to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about
all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the
world through a Central EIR. It is clear, however, that there are
some countries where this is not in operation. The EIR data does
not have to change in real time, which means that this function can
be less distributed than the function of the HLR. The EIR is a
database that contains information about the identity of the mobile
equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or
defective mobile stations. Some EIR also have the capability to log
Handset attempts and store it in a log file.
94
Authentication Centre (AuC)

The AuC is a protected database that contains the secret key
also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication
and for ciphering on the radio channel. The authentication centre
(AUC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts
to connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is
powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is
allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An
encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to
encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between
the mobile phone and the GSM core network. If the authentication
fails, then no services are possible from that particular
combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted.
There is an additional form of identification check performed on
the serial number of the mobile phone described in the EIR
section below, but this is not relevant to the AUC processing.
Proper implementation of security in and around the AUC is a key
part of an operator's strategy to avoid SIM cloning. The AUC does
not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead
generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the
procedure. The security of the process depends upon a shared
secret between the AUC and the SIM called the Ki. The Ki is
securely burned into the SIM during manufacture and is also
securely replicated onto the AUC. This Ki is never transmitted
between the AUC and SIM, but is combined with the IMSI to
produce a challenge/response for identification purposes and an
encryption key called Kc for use in over the air communications
95
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC)

The GMSC is the point to which a ME terminating call is initially
routed, without any knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is
thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming
Number) from the HLR based on the MSISDN (Mobile Station
ISDN number, the "directory number" of a MS) and routing the
call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part of the term GMSC
is misleading, since the gateway operation does not require any
linking to an MSC.
SMS Gateway (SMS-G)

The SMS-G or SMS gateway is the term that is used to collectively
describe the two Short Message Services Gateways defined in
the GSM standards. The two gateways handle messages directed
in different directions. The SMS-GMSC (Short Message Service
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) is for short messages being
sent to an ME. The SMS-IWMSC (Short Message Service InterWorking Mobile Switching Centre) is used for short messages
originated with a mobile on that network. The SMS-GMSC role is
similar to that of the GMSC, whereas the SMS-IWMSC provides a
fixed access point to the Short Message Service Centre.
96
OPERATION
AND
SUPPORT
SUBSYSTEM
(OSS)
The OSS or operation support subsystem is an element within the
overall
GSM
network
architecture
that
is
connected
to
components of the NSS and the BSC. It is used to control and

monitor the overall GSM network and it is also used to control the
traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS
increases with the scaling of the subscriber population some of
the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, allowing
savings in the cost of ownership of the system.
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all
equipment in the switching system and to the BSC. The
implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system
(OSS).
Here are some of the OMC functions:
Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end

terminals, charging and statistics).
Security Management.
Network
configuration,
Operation
and
Performance
Management.
Maintenance Tasks.
The operation and Maintenance functions are based on the

concepts of the Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)
which is standardized in the ITU-T series M.30.
97
Following is the figure which shows how OMC system covers all
the GSM elements :
98
GSM - NETWORK INTERFACES

The network structure is defined within the GSM standards.
Additionally each interface between the different elements of the
GSM network is also defined. This facilitates the information
interchanges can take place. It also enables to a large degree that
network elements from different manufacturers can be used.
However, as many of these interfaces were not fully defined until
after
many
networks
had
been
deployed,
the
level
of
standardisation may not be quite as high as many people might

like.
1. Um interface
The "air" or radio interface standard that is used for
exchanges between a mobile (ME) and a base station (BTS /
BSC). For signalling, a modified version of the ISDN LAPD,
known as LAPDm is used.
2. Abis interface
This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS,
and it has not been totally standardised. The Abis interface
allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency
allocation in the BTS.
3. A interface
The A interface is used to provide communication between
the BSS and the MSC. The interface carries information to
enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be allocated to
99
the mobile equipments being serviced by the BSSs. The

messaging required within the network to enable handover
etc to be undertaken is carried over the interface.
4. B interface
The B interface exists between the MSC and the VLR . It uses
a protocol known as the MAP/B protocol. As most VLRs are
collocated with an MSC, this makes the interface purely an
"internal" interface. The interface is used whenever the MSC
needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area.
5. C interface
The C interface is located between the HLR and a GMSC or a
SMS-G. When a call originates from outside the network, i.e.
from the PSTN or another mobile network it has to pass
through the gateway so that routing information required to
complete the call may be gained. The protocol used for
communication is MAP/C, the letter "C" indicating that the
protocol is used for the "C" interface. In addition to this, the
MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR
after the call is completed and cleared down.
6. D interface
The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR. It uses
the MAP/D protocol to exchange the data related to the
location of the ME and to the management of the subscriber.
100
7. E interface
The E interface provides communication between two MSCs.
The E interface exchanges data related to handover between
the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.
8. F interface
The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. It uses the
MAP/F protocol. The communications along this interface are
used to confirm the status of the IMEI of the ME gaining
access to the network.
9. G interface
The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs
and uses the MAP/G protocol to transfer subscriber
information, during e.g. a location update procedure.
10. H interface
The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS-G. It
transfers short messages and uses the MAP/H protocol.
11. I interface
The I interface can be found between the MSC and the ME.
Messages exchanged over the I interface are relayed
transparently through the BSS.
Although the interfaces for the GSM cellular system may not
be as rigorouly defined as many might like, they do at least
provide a large element of the definition required, enabling
101
the functionality of GSM network entities to be defined

sufficiently.
One of the key elements of the development of the GSM, Global
System for Mobile Communications was the development of the
GSM air interface. There were many requirements that were
placed on the system, and many of these had a direct impact on
the air interface. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot
structure, burst structure and the like were all devised to provide
the optimum performance.
During the development of the GSM standard very careful
attention was paid to aspects including the modulation format, the
way in which the system is time division multiplexed, all had a
considerable impact on the performance of the system as a whole.
For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface had
a direct impact on battery life and the time division format adopted
enabled the cell-phone handset costs to be considerably reduced
as detailed later.
102
GSM Signal and GMSK Modulation Characteristics

The core of any radio based system is the format of the radio
signal itself. The carrier is modulated using a form of phase sift
keying known as Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). GMSK
was used for the GSM system for a variety of reasons:
It is resilient to noise when compared to many other forms of

modulation.
Radiation outside the accepted bandwidth is lower than

other forms of phase shift keying.
It has a constant power level which allows higher efficiency

RF power amplifiers to be used in the handset, thereby
reducing current consumption and conserving battery life.
GMSK, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying is a form of phase

modulation that is used in a number of portable radio and
wireless applications. It has advantages in terms of spectral
efficiency as well as having an almost constant amplitude which
allows for the use of more efficient transmitter power amplifiers,
thereby saving on current consumption, a critical issue for
battery power equipment.
The nominal bandwidth for the GSM signal using GMSK is 200
kHz, i.e. the channel bandwidth and spacing is 200 kHz. As
GMSK modulation has been used, the unwanted or spurious
emissions outside the nominal bandwidth are sufficiently low to
enable adjacent channels to be used from the same base
103
station. Typically each base station will be allocated a number of

carriers to enable it to achieve the required capacity.
The data transported by the carrier serves up to eight different
users under the basic system by splitting the carrier into eight
time slots. The basic carrier is able to support a data throughput
of approximately 270 kbps, but as some of this supports the
management overhead, the data rate allotted to each time slot is
only 24.8 kbps. In addition to this error correction is required to
overcome the problems of interference, fading and general data
errors that may occur. This means that the available data rate
for transporting the digitally encoded speech is 13 kbps for the
basic vocoders.
104
GSM Slot Structure and Multiple Access Scheme

GSM uses a combination of both TDMA and FDMA techniques. The
FDMA element involves the division by frequency of the (maximum)
25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz
apart as already described.
The carriers are then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. This
enables the different users of the single radio frequency channel
to be allocated different times slots. They are then able to use the
same RF channel without mutual interference. The slot is then the
time that is allocated to the particular user, and the GSM burst is
the transmission that is made in this time.
Each GSM slot, and hence each GSM burst lasts for 0.577 mS
(15/26 mS). Eight of these burst periods are grouped into what is
known as a TDMA frame. This lasts for approximately 4.615 ms
(i.e.120/26 ms) and it forms the basic unit for the definition of
logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period
allocated in each TDMA frame.
There are different types of frame that are transmitted to carry
different data, and also the frames are organised into what are
termed
multiframes
and
superframes
synchronisation.
105
to
provide
overall
GSM slot structure

These GSM slot is the smallest individual time period that is
available to each mobile. It has a defined format because a variety
of different types of data are required to be transmitted.
Although there are shortened transmission bursts, the slots is
normally used for transmitting 148 bits of information. This data
can be used for carrying voice data, control and synchronisation
data.
It can be seen from the GSM slot structure that the timing of the
slots in the uplink and the downlink are not simultaneous, and
there is a time offset between the transmit and receive. This offset
in the GSM slot timing is deliberate and it means that a mobile that
which is allocated the same slot in both directions does not
transmit and receive at the same time. This considerably reduces
106
the need for expensive filters to isolate the transmitter from the
receiver. It also provides a space saving.
107
GSM Discontinuous Transmission (DTx)

A further power saving and interference reducing facility is the
discontinuous transmission (DTx) capability that is incorporated
within the specification. It is particularly useful because there are
long pauses in speech, for example when the person using the
mobile is listening, and during these periods there is no need to
transmit a signal. In fact it is found that a person speaks for less
than 40% of the time during normal telephone conversations. The
most important element of DTx is the Voice Activity Detector. It
must correctly distinguish between voice and noise inputs, a task
that is not trivial. If a voice signal is misinterpreted as noise, the
transmitter is turned off an effect known as clipping results and
this is particularly annoying to the person listening to the speech.
However if noise is misinterpreted as a voice signal too often, the
efficiency of DTX is dramatically decreased.
It is also necessary for the system to add background or comfort
noise when the transmitter is turned off because complete silence
can be very disconcerting for the listener. Accordingly this is
added as appropriate. The noise is controlled by the SID (silence
indication descriptor).
The GSM system has a defined GSM frame structure to enable the
orderly passage of information. The GSM frame structure
establishes schedules for the predetermined use of timeslots.
By establishing these schedules by the use of a frame structure,
both the mobile and the base station are able to communicate not
only the voice data, but also signalling information without the
108
various types of data becoming intermixed and both ends of the

transmission knowing exactly what types of information are being
transmitted. The GSM frame structure provides the basis for the
various physical channels used within GSM, and accordingly it is
at the heart of the overall system.
GSM Frame Structure Summary

109
GSM - DRAWBACKS
Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications is a secondgeneration digital mobile telephone standard. Speech is inherently
analog, so a GSM system digitizes and compresses voice data and
then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data.
Digital systems can do a number of things that analog systems
cannot such as send and receive faxes, data calls, and messaging.
However, GSM systems have some drawbacks.
Quality
Although digital systems are taking over the world, analog

systems still have the advantage in some instances. A GSM digital
system may have more functions, but analog systems usually have
better sound quality. According to The Electronics Club, digital
systems can take in and process only a limited number of values at
one time, where as an analog system can take in more. This
results in a better quality of sound. For this reason, many
recording artist still use analog rather than digital systems for the
richer sound quality it produces.
Cost
GSM digital systems cost more than an analog system in general.

However, because GSM is becoming so common, the cost of the
technology is going down. But, just because a digital device is
becoming less expensive to purchase doesn't mean it's the
cheaper choice over all. Repairs can become very costly on digital
devices. A problem with an analog device is usually a simpler
110
mechanical fix, while a problem with digital technology usually

means a computer problem, which can be more complicated and
time consuming.
Availability
Just because a cell phone with digital technology is the more

prevalent technology doesn't mean it's an option available to
everyone. People who live in extremely rural areas may not have a
provider in their areas. Those areas are becoming smaller, but
there are some remote parts of the country that do not have a
digital option.
Dependency
Because of all the capabilities GSM technology provides us with,

society
has
become
dependent
on
fast
and
accurate
communication. GSM technology offers the opportunity to

communicate quicker and more accurately than ever; however,
when the technology has problems it can hinder communication. If
for some reason technology is down, we become frustrated.
Progress is always a good thing, but when digital systems are not
available, it can be difficult to revert back to old systems which
cause frustration and loss of productivity.
111
THE FUTURE - 3G AND 4G

TECHNOLOGIES
3G
3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications, is a generation
of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication
services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications2000
(IMT-2000)
specifications
by
the
International
Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include widearea wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls
and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000
standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at
least 200 kbit/s. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and
3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to
smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
The following standards are typically branded 3G:
The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP,

used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a
different radio interface) and other regions predominated by
GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically
UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered,
sharing the same infrastructure:
The original and most widespread radio interface is called WCDMA.
The TD-SCDMA radio interface, was commercialised in 2009 and

is only offered in China.
112
The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up
to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing
services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by

3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea,
sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones
are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release
EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams.
The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred
spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM
EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile
WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements
and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not
branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies.
A
new
generation
of
cellular
standards
has
appeared
approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced

in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency
bands, higher data rates and non- backwards compatible
transmission technology. The first release of the 3GPP Long Term
Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G
requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not
backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G
technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service
providers. Its evolution LTE Advanced is a 4G technology. WiMAX
is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G.
113
The following common standards comply with the IMT2000/3G

standard :
o
EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G

GSM based transmission methods, utilizing the same
switching nodes, base-station sites and frequencies as
GPRS, but new base-station and cell-phone RF circuits. It is
based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation
scheme as supplement to the original GMSK modulation
scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of
upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cellphones.
EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called

EGPRS, and allows peak data rates in order of 200 kbit/s,
just as the original UMTS WCDMA versions, and thus formally
fulfils the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in
practice EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a
2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly better system spectral
efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems,
but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to
the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is thus
a dead end.
EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA system, today

ceased.
Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbits/s

downstream
and
400kbits/s
upstream,
but
is
not
commercially used.
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created

and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from
GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although
114
some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the

UMTS/W-CDMA format.
o
W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly

operated on the 2100 MHz band. A few others use the 900 and
1850 MHz bands.
HSPA is a revision and upgrade to W-CDMA UMTS, used by

AT&T
Wireless,
Telstra
and
Telecom
NZ,
typically
broadcasting on the 850 MHz band. HSPA requires updates

to the
HSPA+ a revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide peak

data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s
in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. It utilises
multiple base stations to potentially double the channels
available utilising MIMO principles.
The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, standardized by 3GPP2

(differing from the 3GPP), updating the IS-95 CDMA system,
used especially in North America and South Korea.
EVDO Rev. B is the latest update, offering downstream peak

rates of 14.7 Mbit/s. It is used primarily by the US carrier
Verizon.
While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards

formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually
considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with
mobile phones. ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data
rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users
sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that
the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in
commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher
transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary
115
or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle, the ITU does
not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what
modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as
3G intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices
gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone
users. Some of the applications are:
Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the

subscriber's phone where it can be watched.
Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the

subscriber's phone.
Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to

each other.
Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides

advice to the potentially isolated subscriber.
Location-based services a provider sends localized

weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone
allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.
116
4G
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular
wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of
standards. In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMTAdvanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced)
requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements
for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such
as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility
communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).
A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure
all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer
wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices.
Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony,
gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to
users.
Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release Long
term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006 and 2009
respectively, and are often branded as 4G in marketing materials.
The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the
original ITU-R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1
Gbit/s for 4G systems.
IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are
under
development
and
called
LTE
Advanced
and
WirelessMAN-Advanced respectively. ITU has decided that LTE

Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced should be accorded the
official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU
117
announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved

3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements
could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to
IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in
performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third
generation systems now deployed."
In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio
technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and
replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization
schemes. This is combined with MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out),
e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channeldependent scheduling.
An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfil the following
requirements :
Based on an all-IP packet switched network.
Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high

mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately
1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless
access, according to the ITU requirements.
Dynamically share and use the network resources to support

more simultaneous users per cell.
Scalable channel bandwidth 520 MHz, optionally up to

40MHz.
Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink,

and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the
118
downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz

bandwidth).
System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the

downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation

multimedia support.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to

the
International
candidates.
Telecommunication
Basically
all
proposals
Union
are
(ITU)
based
as
on
4G
two
technologies:
LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
Present
implementations
of
WiMAX
and
LTE
are
largely
considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost

while WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced
are finalized. Both technologies aim to reach the objectives traced
by the ITU, but are still far from being implemented.
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was
approved in June 2008. LTE Advanced will be standardized in
2010 as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE
Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification
Release 10 and not be defined as a new specification series. A
summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis
for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.
119
Current LTE and WiMAX implementations are considered pre-4G,

as they don't fully comply with the planned requirements of
1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have
launched products advertised as 4G but which are actually
current technologies, commonly referred to as '3.9G', which do
not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards. A
common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation
is that they use different frequency bands to 3G technologies; that
they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the
standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of
the standards are expected to be forwards compatible with "real"
4G technologies.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that
would be used for future global communications, they do not
actually perform the standardization or development work
themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies
such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. Recently, ITU-R
Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies
(LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced) for inclusion in the
ITUs International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMTAdvanced program), which is focused on global communication
systems that would be available several years from now. This
working partys objective was not to comment on todays 4G being
rolled out in the United States and in fact, the Working Party itself
purposely agreed not to tie their IMT-Advanced work to the term
4G, recognizing its common use in industry already; however, the
120
ITUs PR department ignored that agreement and used term 4G

anyway when issuing their press release.
The ITUs purpose is to foster the global use of communications.
The ITU is relied upon by developing countries, for example, who
want to be assured a technology is standardised and likely to be
widely deployed. While the ITU has developed recommendations
on IMT-Advanced, those recommendations are not binding on ITU
member countries.
4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service
(QoS) and rate requirements set by further development of
existing
3G
applications
like
mobile
broadband
access,
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, but

also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow roaming with wireless
local area networks, and may interact with digital video
broadcasting systems.
In the literature, the assumed or expected 4G requirements have
changed during the years before IMT-Advanced was specified by
the ITU-R. These are examples of objectives stated in various
sources:
A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically

moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s
while client and station are in relatively fixed positions as
defined by the ITU-R
A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in

the world
Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks

121
Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple

networks
High quality of service for next generation multimedia

support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video
content, mobile TV, etc.)
Interoperability with existing wireless standards
An all IP, packet switched network
IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet

broadband infrastructure)
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available

in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed
position in between several base stations. In current research,
this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known
as group cooperative relay, and also by beam-division multiple
access. Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present
entirely
hypothetical
simultaneously
concept
connected
to
where
several
the
user
wireless
can
be
access
technologies and can seamlessly move between them. These

access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other
future access technology. Included in this concept is also smartradio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently
manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use
of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
122
REFERENCES
www.cellular.co.za
www.scribd.com
www.radio-electronics.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.connectindia.in
www.ehow.com
www.tutorialspoint.com
some old project reports on GSM.
123

BHEL Summer Training Project Report PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BHEL Summer Training Project Report PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bharat Heavy

INPLANT TRAINING - 2011

Under the guidance of :

encouragement, whose names I fail to

mention in this report. I

also express my heartfelt gratitude to my caring parents for

Manufacturing Units of BHEL

Activity Profile of BHEL

BHEL - A Brief Introduction

Product Profile of BHEL

Sections of BHEL, Jhansi

Works, Engineering and Services

Central Quality Service

GSM - A Succinct History

GSM - System Overview

GSM - Frequency Bands

GSM - Technical Terms Glossary

GSM - Network Interfaces

GSM Signal and GMSK Modulation

GSM Slot Structure and Multiple

GSM - Discontinuous Transmission

The Future - 3G and 4G Technologies

Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, Defence, etc. The wide

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D)

transformers, instrument transformers, dry type transformers,

seamless steel tubes, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,

OIL AND GAS

Manifolds, Full Bore Gate Valves, Mudline Suspension System,

India, ranking among the major power plant

equipment suppliers in the world.

: Heavy Electrical Plant.

Hyderabad : Heavy Electrical Power Equipment Plant.

SECOND GENERATION UNITS

: High Pressure Boiler Plant.

Haridwar : Central Foundry and Forge Plant.

: Seamless Steel Tube Plant.

UNITS THROUGH ACQUISTION & MERGER

NEW MANUFACTURING UNITS

Boiler Auxiliaries Plant.

Govindwal : Industrial Valve Plant.

Component and Fabrication Plant.

BHEL is growing concern to meet the changing needs of the

ACTIVITY PROFILE OF BHEL

Turnkey power station.

Data acquisition Systems.

Photo Voltaic cells.

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS

locomotives and AC/DC locomotives. The layout of the plant is well

PRODUCT PROFILE OF BHEL,

UPTO 220 KV CLASS 250 MVA

UPTO 110 KVA

4. FREIGHT LOCO TRANSFORMER 3900-5400 KVA & 6500 KVA

UPTO 1000 KVA 25 KV(1 PHASE)

6. DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

UPTO 31.50 KVA

VT&TC UPTO 220 KV

10. WELL WAGON

Systems to protect our natural environment and control

employees, customers and suppliers.

Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) aspects.

programmes for continual improvement;

SECTIONS OF BHEL JHANSI UNIT

The place and time where tender documents can be