International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016

ISSN 2250-3153

470

PERFORMANCE TEST ON VAPOUR COMPRESSION

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING R290 & R134a
MIXTURE
Vicknesh.K
Department of Mechanical engineering,
SRM University.

Abstract- This paper deals with the evaluation of the

performance of a refrigeration system by using different
refrigerant mixtures. This refrigeration system works under
vapour compression cycle with the basic principle " The liquid
when evaporates absorbs heat". The refrigerant continues
changing from liquid to vapour state when absorbing heat and
from vapour to liquid when giving out heat. The refrigerants used
in the system are R134a (Tetrafluoroethane), R290 (Isobutane)
and Blend of Tetrafluoroethane and Propane (R134a and R290).
This project deals with a comparison study of the performance of
different refrigerant mixtures mentioned below with R134a kept
as a comparison parameter. The above refrigerants are mixed
based on weight proportions in different ratios, and their
following mixtures used are:
Analysis-1: R134a
Mixture-1: R134a 80% and R290 20%
Analysis-2: R134a (with L.S. heat exchanger)
Mixture-2: R134a 80% and R290 20% (with L.S. heat
exchanger)
The usage of R134a must be phased out according to Kyoto
Protocol due its high global warming potential (GWP) of 1300.In
the present work, an experimental investigation has been
conducted with hydrocarbon refrigerant mixtures as an alternate
to R134a
Index Terms- R134a 80% and R290 20%, R134a 80% and R290
20%, COP, refrigeration input.

1.

INTRODUCTION

In India, about 80% of the domestic refrigerators use R134a as

refrigerant due to its excellent thermodynamic and thermo
physical properties. But R134a has high GWP of 1300. The
higher GWP due to R134a emissions from domestic refrigerators
leads to identifying a long term alternative to meet the
requirements of system performance, refrigerant-lubricant
interaction, energy efficiency, environmental impacts, safety and
service. The Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) calls for reductions
in emissions of six categories of greenhouse gases, including
hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants. Refrigerators
are identified as major energy consuming domestic appliance in
household environment. Many researchers have reported that

hydrocarbon mixed refrigerants is found to be an energy efficient

and environment friendly alternative option in domestic
refrigerators.
2) COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION:
Compressor: The reciprocating compressor sucks the low
pressure and low temperature refrigerant during its suction stroke
and delivers it as high pressure and high temperature. The
reciprocating compressors are built in sizes ranging from a
fraction horse power to several hundred horse power. These are
used of refrigerant plant ranging in sizes from 0.25 ton to 1000
tons capacity per unit.
Reciprocating Compressor has piston, cylinder, inlet valve, exit
valve, connecting rod, crank, piston pin, crank pin and crank
shaft. Inlet valve and exit valves may be of spring loaded type
which get opened and closed due to pressure differential across
them. Let us consider piston to be at top dead centre (TDC) and
move towards bottom dead centre (BDC). Due to this piston
movement from TDC to BDC suction pressure is created causing
opening of inlet valve. With this opening of inlet valve and
suction pressure the atmospheric air enters then cylinder.Air gets
into cylinder during this stroke and is subsequently compressed
in next stroke with both inlet valve and exit valve closed. Both
inlet valve and exit valves are of plate type and spring loaded so
as to operate automatically as and when sufficient pressure
difference is available to cause deflection in spring of valve
plates to open them.
After piston reaching BDC it reverses its motion and compresses
the air inducted in previous stroke. Compression is continued till
the pressure of air inside becomes sufficient to cause deflection
in exit valve. At the moment when exit valve plate gets lifted the
exhaust of compressed air takes place. This piston again reaches
TDC from where downward piston movement is again
accompanied by suction. This is how reciprocating compressor.
Evaporator: The process of heat removal from the substance to
be cooled or refrigerated is done in the evaporator. The liquid
refrigerant is vaporized inside the evaporator (coil or shell) in
order to remove heat from a fluid such as air, water etc.
Evaporators are manufactured in different shapes, types and
designs to suit a diverse nature of cooling requirements. Thus, we
have a variety of types of evaporators, such as prime surface
types, finned tube or extended surface type, shell and tube liquid
chillier, etc. In the dry-expansion evaporator, the liquid
refrigerant is generally fed by an expansion valve. The expansion
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2250-3153

valve controls the rate of flow of refrigerant to the evaporator in

such a way that all the liquid is vaporized and the vapour is also
superheated to a limited extent by the time it reaches the outlet
end. At the inlet of the evaporator, the refrigerant is
predominantly in the liquid form with a small amount of vapour
formed as a result of flashing at the expansion valve.
As the refrigerant passes through the evaporator, more and more
liquid is vaporized by the load. The refrigerant, by the time it
reaches the end of the evaporator, is purely in the vapour state
and that too superheated. Thus the evaporator in its length is
filled with a varying proportion of liquid and vapour. The
amount of liquid in the evaporator will vary with the load on the
evaporator. The inside of the evaporator is far from dry but
wetted with liquid. All the same, this type is called the dryexpansion system to distinguish it from the flooded system and
also probably because by the time the refrigerant reaches the
evaporator outlet it is no more wet (no liquid) but dry
(superheated) vapour.
The evaporator becomes cold and remains cold due to the
following reasons:
1
The temperature of the evaporator coil is low due to
low temperature of the refrigerant inside the coil.
2 The low temperature of the refrigerant remains unchanged
because any heat it absorbs is converted to latent heat as boiling
proceeds.
The three heat-transfer resistances in evaporators are:
(a)
Refrigerant side for the transfer of heat from solid
surface to the liquid refrigerant.
(b)
Metal wall.
(c)
Cooled-medium side which could be due to air, water,
brine or any other fluid or a wetted surface on a cooling and
dehumidifying coil.
The heat transfer from solid surface to the evaporating refrigerant
is of primary interest here. However, the mechanism of boiling i
so complex because of the influence of such factors as surface
tension, saturation temperature, latent heat and nature of the solid
surface, in addition to the usual transport properties, that it is
very difficult to predict the heat-transfer coefficient analytically.
Nevertheless, no attempt is made here to present correlations
applicable to evaporating refrigerants which are available in the
large amount of published information available on the subject.
Expansion tube: An expansion device is another basic component
of a refrigeration system.
The basic functions of an expansion device used in refrigeration
systems are to:
1.
Reduce pressure from condenser pressure to evaporator
pressure, and
2.
Regulate the refrigerant flow from the high-pressure
liquid line into the evaporator at a rate equal to the evaporation
rate in the evaporator
Under ideal conditions, the mass flow rate of refrigerant in the
system should be proportional to the cooling load. Sometimes,
the product to be cooled is such that a constant evaporator
temperature has to be maintained. In other cases, it is desirable
that liquid refrigerant should not enter the compressor. In such a
case, the mass flow rate has to be controlled in such a manner
that only superheated vapour leaves the evaporator. Again, an
ideal refrigeration system should have the facility to control it in
such a way that the energy requirement is minimum and the

471

required criterion of temperature and cooling load are satisfied.

Some additional controls to control the capacity of compressor
and the space temperature may be required in addition, so as to
minimize the energy consumption. The expansion devices used
in refrigeration systems can be divided into fixed opening type or
variable opening type. As the name implies, in fixed opening
type the flow area remains fixed, while in variable opening type
the flow area changes with changing mass flow rates. There are
basically seven types of refrigerant expansion devices. These are:
1.
Hand (manual) expansion valves
2.
Capillary Tubes
3. Constant pressure or Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV)
4.
Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV)
5.
Float type Expansion Valve
6.
Electronic Expansion Valve
Capillary tubes: This is the type of expansion device used in this
system. Instead of an orifice, a length of a small diameter tube
can offer the same restrictive effect. A small diameter tubing is
called capillary tube, meaning hair-like. The inside diameter of
the capillary used in refrigeration is generally about 0.5 to 2.28
mm (0.020 to 0.090). The longer the capillary tube and/or the
smaller the inside diameter of the tube, greater is the pressure
drop it can create in the refrigerant flow; or in other words,
greater will be the pressure difference needed between the high
side and low side to establish a given flow rate of the refrigerant.
The length of the capillary tube of a particular diameter required
for an application is first roughly determined by empirical
calculations. It is then further correctly established by
experiments. The capillary tube is not self-adjusting. If the
conditions change, such as an increase in the
discharge/condenser pressure due to a rise in the ambient
temperature, reduction in evaporator pressure, etc. the refrigerant
flow-rate will also change. Therefore a capillary tube, selected
for a particular set of conditions and load will operate somewhat
less efficiently at other condition. As soon as the plant stops, the
high and low sides equalize through the capillary tube. For this
reason, the refrigerant charge in a capillary tube system is critical
and hence no receiver is used. If the refrigerant charge is more
than the minimum needed for the system, the discharge pressure
will go up while in operation. This can even lead to the
overloading of the compressor motor. Further during the offcycle of the unit, the excess amount will enter the cooling coil
and this can cause liquid flood back to the compressor at the time
of starting. Therefore, the refrigerant charge of the capillary tube
system is critical. For this reason, a refrigerant liquid receiver
cannot be used. The charge should be exactly the quantity as
indicated by the manufacturer of the refrigeration unit. Since the
capillary tube equalizes the high side with the low side during the
off-cycle, the idle pressures at the discharge and suction of the
compressor will be equal. Therefore at the time of starting, the
compressor motor need not overcome the stress of the difference
of pressure in the suction and the discharge sides. In other words
the compressor is said to start unloaded.
The capillary tube is quite a simple device and is also not costly.
Its pressure equalization property allows the use of a low starting
torque motor. The liquid receiver is also eliminated in a capillary
tube system because of the need to limit the refrigerant charge.

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2250-3153

All these factors help to reduce the cost of manufacture of the

systems employing a capillary tube as the throttling device.
The capillary tube is used in small hermetic units, such as
domestic refrigerators, freezers and room air conditioners.
The following are the various types of capillary tube devices,
1.
Capillary tube
2.
Hand-operated capillary tube valve
3.
Automatic or constant pressure capillary tube valve
4.
Thermostatic capillary tube valve
5.
Low side float valve
6.
High side float valve
The automatic capillary tube valve is used in the work.
The pressure reduction in a capillary tube occurs due to the
following two factors:
1.
The refrigerant has to overcome the frictional resistance
offered by tube walls. This leads to some pressure drop, and
2.
The liquid refrigerant flashes (evaporates) into mixture
of liquid and vapour as its pressure reduces. The density of
vapour is less than that of the liquid. Hence, the average density
of refrigerant decreases as it flows in the tube. The mass flow
rate and tube diameter (hence area) being constant, the velocity
of refrigerant increases since = VA. The increase in velocity or
acceleration of the refrigerant also requires pressure drop.
Several combinations of length and bore are available for the
same mass flow rate and pressure drop. However, once a
capillary tube of some diameter and length has been installed in a
refrigeration system, the mass flow rate through it will vary in
such a manner that the total pressure drop through it matches
with the pressure difference between condenser and the
evaporator. Its mass flow rate is totally dependent upon the
pressure difference across it; it cannot adjust itself to variation of
load effectively.
The flow through a helical capillary is divided into two
distinct regions: a liquid single-phase and a two-phase region. In
figure, point 1 denotes condenser exit and point 2 denotes the
capillary inlet. There is a small pressure drop from point 1 to 2
due to sudden contraction to capillary diameter. The refrigerant is
sub-cooled between points 2 and 3, saturated liquid at point 3 and
is a two-phase mixture between points 3 and 4. Point 4 denotes
capillary exit.
Balance point of compressor and capillary: The compressor and
the capillary tube, under steady state must arrive at some suction
and discharge pressures, which allows the same mass flow rate
through the compressor and the capillary tube. This state is called
the balance point. Condenser and evaporator pressures are
saturation pressures at corresponding condenser and evaporator
temperatures. The mass flow rate through the compressor
decreases if the pressure ratio increases since the volumetric
efficiency of the compressor decreases with the increase of
pressure ratio. The pressure ratio increases when either the
evaporator pressure decreases or the condenser pressure
increases. Hence, the mass flow rate through the compressor
decreases with increase in condenser pressure and/or with
decrease in evaporator pressure.
Condenser: Refrigerator condenser is one of the main operating
components that make up the cooling system on a standard
refrigerator. It consists of a series of copper tubes that overlap in
a grid or coiling pattern. On most models, the condenser is
located at the back of the unit, though some may be installed on

472

the bottom or along one side of the unit. While its size can vary,
it often covers at least half of the area of the refrigerator wall,
and some even cover the entire wall of the unit.
Combined with the evaporator unit within the fridge, the
condenser removes heat from inside the refrigerator and transfers
it to the outside of the unit. A series of copper tubes or pipes
connect the two devices, and liquid refrigerant passes through
these tubes to travel from one to the other. As the refrigerant
passes through the evaporator, it collects heat energy from within
the refrigerator or freezer, leaving the inside of the unit cold
enough for food storage. The extra heat energy warms the
refrigerant, causing it to transform into a gaseous material. This
gaseous refrigerant then travels down to the condenser. As the
refrigerant passes into the condenser, a fan blows air onto the
copper tubes. This cools the refrigerant inside, and the excess
heat energy is exhausted into the room. Once the heat leaves the
refrigerant, it transforms back into a liquid, then travels back into
the evaporator to repeat this cooling cycle.To maximize the
operating life of a refrigerator, owners must perform routine
maintenance tasks, which include cleaning the refrigerator
condenser coils. By keeping these coils free of dirt and debris,
owners will often find that the unit is less likely to break down. A
clean unit is also able to operate more efficiently, which may
result in lower utility costs.Before attempting to clean the coils,
users should unplug the unit or switch off the electrical breaker
to reduce the risk of injury. The refrigerator should then be
pulled away from the wall to allow access to the unit. Some coils
are covered by a plate or panel, which typically slides or snaps
off by hand. Once the condenser is exposed, users can clean the
coils with a vacuum hose attachment or a stiff brush. It's
important to work carefully during this task to avoid bending or
damaging the tubes.
There are three types of condensers, viz.
(a)
Air- cooled,
(b)
Water-cooled and
(c)
Evaporative.
As their names imply, air-cooled condensers use air as the
cooling medium, water-cooled condensers use water as the
medium and the evaporative condenser is a combination of the
above, i.e. uses both water and air. In this system we are using an
air cooled condenser.
Refrigerant: Any substance capable of absorbing heat from
another required substance can be used as refrigerant. Example:ice, water, air, etc. A mechanical refrigerant which will absorb
the heat form the source (which is at low temperature) and
dissipate the same to the sink (which is at higher temperature
than source). Either in the form of sensible heat (as the case of air
refrigerant) or in the form of latent heat (as the case of vapour
refrigerant).
Refrigrant-R134a
Tetrafluoroethane is an inert gas used primarily as a "hightemperature" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and
automobile air conditioners. These devices began using 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the
more environmentally harmful R-12 and retrofit kits are available
to convert units that were originally R-12-equipped.
Other uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a
propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g.
bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters and in air
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2250-3153

driers for removing the moisture from compressed air. 1,1,1,2Tetrafluoroethane has also been used to cool computers in some
over clocking attempts. It is also commonly used as a propellant
for air soft air guns. Tetrafluoroethane, when compressed as
inside gas duster cans, is a clear liquid which boils when exposed
to atmospheric pressure at room temperature (as seen here) and
can be extracted from common "canned air" canisters by simply
inverting them during use.

473

30

26
43.8

220
20.8

225

32

21.9

55.4

45

30
50.5

225
19.2

230

34

18.3

76.6

60

34
78.2

228
15.7

234

36

14.4

84.6

Pressure and Temperature observations mixture-1-R-134a 80%

and R290 20%
Time taken
P1
P2
P3
P4
T1
T2
T3
T4
(mins) (psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)

R134a is the most widely used refrigerant in domestic

refrigerators. It must be phased out soon according to Kyoto
protocol due to its high global warming potential (GWP) of
1300. Hence we come up with several hydrocarbon mixtures as
an alternative to R134a refrigerant.
1. Compressor Specifications

Number of cylinders - One

Working position Vertical

Method of compression Single acting

Number of times of compression of gas Single stage

Cooling system Air-cooled

Compressor
1/6 hp, 2440 rpm,1.1amp(max)

Motor use (Single phase)

2.
Condenser
3.
Evaporator
4.
Pressure Gauges
5.
Energy Meter
6.
Control Valves
7.
Capillary Tubes
8.
Channel Temperature Indicator
All the components are fitted and connections are given
accordingly and all the gauges are fixed.
3) OBSERVATION:
4)
Pressure and Temperature observations analysis-1: R134a
Time taken
P1
P2
P3
P4
T1
T2
T3
T4
(min) (psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)

15

23
38.7

210
22.2

220

30

29.2

43.4

15

26
39.7

190
21.8

195

30

26.7

45.4

30

28
45.4

185
19.4

190

32

24.3

48.6

45

30
38.7

180
16.7

185

33

19.8

49.9

60

32
37.4

180
14.3

180

33.5

11.7

52.4

Pressure and Temperature observations with analysis 2-R134a

(with l.S.HEAT EXCHANGER)
Time taken
P1
P2
P3
P4
T1
T2
T3
T4
(mins) (psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)

15

68
42.8

276
23.7

278

80

34.5

49.3

30

72
43.2

280
23.9

280

82

34.2

52.2

45

72
43.1

280
24.1

280

82

34.3

53.8

60

72
43.3

275
23.6

280

82

33.4

54.2

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2250-3153

Pressure and Temperature observations with Mixture 2 R134a

80% &
R290 20 %( with L.S.HEAT EXCHANGER)
Time taken
P1
P2
P3
P4
T1
T2
T3
T4
(mins) (psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)

15

68
42.8

276
23.7

278

80

34.5

49.3

30

72
43.2

280
23.9

280

82

34.2

52.2

45

72
43.1

280
24.1

280

82

34.3

53.8

60

72
43.3

275
23.6

280

82

33.4

54.2

474

W = 0.2138 kW
COP = 0.3268/ 0.2138
COP = 1.528
5.3.1.3 COP OF ANALYSIS 2:
Q = (15 * 4.187 * (30.3 2.3)) / 60*60
Q = 0.4849 kW
W = ((1/3200) * (5 / 20.7) * 3600
W = 0.2477 kW
COP = 0.4849 / 0.2477 = 1.957
COP OF MIXTURE 2:
Q = (15 * 4.187 * (35.8 9.6)) / 60*60
Q = 0.4874 KW
W = ((1/3200) * (5 / 29.51) * 3600
W = 0.1907 KW
COP = 0.4874 / 0.1907
COP = 2.49

5) GRAPHS:

Temperature and time taken for cooling

REFRIGERANT Initial Temperature of Water

Temperature of Water
Time
(C)
(C)
(min)

Final

ANALYSIS-1
60

30.2

4.6

MIXTURE -1
60

29.5

1.4

ANALYSIS- 2
60

30.3

2.8

MIXTURE- 2
60

35.8

9.6

COP FOR ANALYSIS-1 :

Q = (15* 4.187 * (30.2 4.6)) / 60*60
Q= 0.2977 kW
W = ((1/3200) * (5 / 20.84) * 3600
W=0.2699 kW
COP= 0.2977/0.2699
COP= 1.103
COP OF MIXTURE 1:
Q = (15* 4.187 * (29.5 1.4)) / 60*60
Q = 0.3268 kW
W = ((1/3200) * (5 / 26.3) * 3600
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2250-3153

475

have lower energy consumption. The overall performance of the

hydrocarbon mixtures showed that this could be the long term
alternative to phase out R134a.
APPENDIX
COP
Qc
Q
Ec
W
P1
P2
P3
P4
T1
T2
T3
T4

Coefficient of performance
Desired output
Refrigeration Effect (KW)
Energy meter constant
Work input (KW)
Pressure at Evaporator outlet
Pressure at Compressor outlet
Pressure at Condenser outlet
Pressure at Expansion valve outlet
Temperature at Evaporator outlet
Temperature at Compressor outlet
Temperature at Condenser outlet
Temperature at Expansion valve outlet
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study investigated the performance of different mixtures

of refrigerants as the working fluid in a vapor compression
refrigeration system. One refrigerant blend is used for this project
using different components and proportions. Here R134a
refrigerant is used as comparing parameter for the other
refrigerant mixtures. By conducting the experimental analysis,
we have found out that Mixture-2 R134a 80% and R290 20%
(with L.S. Heat Exchanger) have given a maximum coefficient
of performance and the Analysis-1 R134a have given a lowest
coefficient of performance when compared to other mixtures.
The Mixture-2 R134a 80% and R290 20%(with L.S. Heat
Exchanger) have shown a slight increase C.O.P by 24.5% when
compared to the C.O.P of R134a in the same system. On
analyzing the refrigeration effect, for a given time period
mixture-2 shows better cooling effect than other mixtures. But
while comparing the work input data, the system when charged
with Mixture-2 has operated with low energy consumption than
R134a refrigerant.
While considering the energy consumption parameter, it is
understood that Mixture-2 R290 80% and R290 20%(with L.S.
Heat Exchanger) can be used as an alternate refrigerant to R134a
on a long term run. The results show that hydrocarbon mixtures

A special and warm expression of gratitude to Dr. S. Prabhu,

Ph.D., Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, for generously
extending his help and valuable suggestions. I would also like to
express our sincere thanks to Mr. R. Senthil, M.E, Assistant
Professor (S.G), Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his
timely suggestions and word of motivation during the course of
the work. I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to
my guide Mr.Ijas Ahmed, M.E, Assistant professor, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, for
his valuable guidance and encouragement in my work. They have
been a constant source of inspiration and have provided timely
help and suggestions throughout my work. I also wish to place on
record our deep sense of gratitude and thank all thermal lab staffs
for their unstinted support and help during the entire period of
my research. Finally I wish to thank my beloved parents and
friends for their enduring patience, support love and affection for
constantly standing by me during the entire period of my paper
work.
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[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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2. Akintunde M.A, Experimental Study of R134a, R600a and R290 Blends
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R134a, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2250-3153
[5]

[6]

5. ASHRAE (2005), ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals. Atlanta, USA,

American
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476

AUTHORS
First Author Vicknesh.K, SRM University.
(mastervicknesh@yahooco.in)

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