Mathematics for common Entrance Three (Extension)

Book Three (Extension) of this three-part Common Entrance Mathematics

course provides essential preparation for Level 3 of the ISEB 13+ Mathematics
exam, as well as for CASE and other scholarship exams. Reviewed by ISEBs
Mathematics editor, this course lays the foundations for success at 13+ and
exceeds National Curriculum requirements at Key Stage 3.
lConcise explanations and worked examples of all new concepts
lTests understanding with varied and progressive exercises
lChallenges higher ability pupils with extension questions

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I S B N 978-1-4718-4683-0

1846830_Maths_3_CE_CV_02.indd 1

Mathematics
Three (EXTENSION)

for
Common
Entrance

Serena Alexander

781471 846830

01/07/2015 09:52

Introduction

Notes on features in this book

Words printed in blue and bold are keywords. All keywords are defined
in the Glossary at the end of the book.

Example
Worked examples are given throughout to aid understanding of each part of
a topic.

Exercise
Exercises are provided to give pupils plenty of opportunities to practise what
they have learned.

Extension Exercise
Some exercises contain questions that are more challenging. These extension
exercises are designed tow stretch more able pupils.

Summary Exercise
Each chapter ends with a summary exercise, containing questions on all the
topics in the chapter.
Useful rules and reminders are scattered throughout the book.

Activity
The National Curriculum for Mathematics reflects the importance of spoken
language in pupils development across the whole curriculum cognitively,
socially and linguistically. Activities to develop these skills are interspersed
between the chapters. These are essential for developing pupils mathematical
vocabulary and presenting a mathematical justification, argument or proof.

ix

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Working with numbers

You already know a great deal about numbers. You should also know
that there are many different ways of working with them, particularly
when they are very large or very small. The number system continues
infinitely, without end, in both the positive and negative directions.
In this chapter you will look again at some basic information that will
help you with later chapters.

Natural numbers (also called cardinal numbers)

Natural numbers are the numbers you use for counting: one, two,
three, four, . You can add, subtract, multiply and divide them.
Although you can use a calculator to complete calculations with
natural numbers, remember that you can save a great deal of time if
you can do simple arithmetic in your head. Try this exercise.

Exercise 1.1
Write the numbers from 1 to 60 down your page before you start. Make a note of
the time as you start and check how long it takes you to complete the exercise.
For this exercise only, just write down the answers. It should take you no more
than 10 minutes!
1 75

6 94 + 17

11 318 + 122

16 319 123

2 89

7 12 8

12 3 15

17 191 + 325

3 36 + 123

8 124 + 74

13 72 12

18 424 8

4 42 7

9 126 9

14 368 143

19 8 15

5 82 51

10 45 17

15 4 19

20 308 11

21 25 7

27 331 117

33 305 199

39 35 6

22 302 + 99

28 504 3

34 417 + 392

40 399 + 417

23 125 5

29 680 156

35 45 7

41 225 186

24 425 106

30 19 3

36 720 36

42 225 45

25 13 3

31 127 + 523

37 237 + 283

43 225 15

26 199 + 249

32 144 8

38 200 137

44 19 6
1

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45 19 9

49 128 + 512

53 13 13

57 125 4

46 360 179

50 207 + 153

54 15 15

58 20 500

47 95 5

51 305 125

55 75 3

59 3600 90

48 99 8

52 288 12

56 25 9

60 100000 80

Long multiplication and long division

You should have been able to use simple mental arithmetic to answer
all of the questions in that exercise. When calculations become more
difficult, you may think you need to use a calculator. However, you may
not have a calculator with you, or you may need to use a pencil and
paper to do the calculations. You should be able to add, subtract and
carry out short division and multiplication quite easily. Make sure that
you can complete long multiplication and long division as easily.
Remember that for long multiplication you break the smaller number
into a multiple of ten and a unit.

Example
Multiply: 5264 63
Estimate: 5000 60 = 300000

The estimate tells you how many

columns you need.

63 is 60 + 3
Then: 5264 63 = 5264 (3 + 60)

Next to each row of the calculation, write down what you are multiplying by.
HTh TTh Th

71 91 2 3

3 11 53

82 4

The carried numbers from the

multiplications
are in these rows.
0 60

3
1

1
1

The carried numbers from the

addition are in this row.

5264 63 = 331632

The method for long division is similar to that for short division
but you show all the working. This is so that you can calculate the
remainders clearly and accurately.

Working with numbers

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Long multiplication and long division

Examples
(i) Divide: 8921 37

Estimate: 9000 40 220

Th H

r4

8
4

8921 37 = 241 r 4
(ii) Divide: 861 35

Estimate: 900 40 22
H
3

Remember that
when you have
remainders you can
write extra zeros after
the decimal point
and carry on dividing.

861 35 = 24.6

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Exercise 1.2
Multiply or divide, showing all your working clearly.
1 27 36

6 3648 91

11 213 69

16 1809 55

2 147 29

7 5624 72

12 1161 43

17 1008 45

3 389 47

8 6293 29

13 2713 28

18 999 037

4 391 17

9 7746 36

14 13 500 36

19 3005 17

5 989 23

10 9900 48

15 2145 42

20 1155 42

Problem solving
When solving problems, you need to consider the question carefully
and see if you need to add, subtract, multiply or divide. Sometimes
you may need to do more than one calculation to work out the
answer. Write every calculation out neatly so that you can check it
through. Do remember to estimate first so you can check your answer
looks sensible.

Remainders
There are different ways of dealing with remainders, depending on the
problem.
1 Leave it as a remainder.
2 Round up to the nearest whole number.
3 Round down, ignoring the remainder.

Working with numbers

4 Write the remainder as a fraction.

5 Continue dividing and writing extra zeros after the decimal point.
Note that you can always reach a definite answer if the number
that you are dividing by ends with a 2, 4, 5 or 8 and sometimes if
it ends in 3, 6, 7 or 9

Exercise 1.3
1 There are 365 days in a year and 24 hours in a day. How many hours are
there in a year?
2 How many minutes are there in a week? How many seconds are there in a
week?
3 In the imperial system of weight there are 16 ounces in a pound and
14 pounds in a stone. How many ounces are there in 7 stone?

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Integers

4 Julius Caesar said, with a smile:

There are one, seven, six, oh yards in a mile.
How many yards are there in five and a half miles?
5 A fast food shop sells on average 176 beefburgers each hour.
How many beefburgers does the shop sell in a 17-hour day?
6 There are 22 pupils in my class and we all have milk at break-time. Milk
comes in cartons containing one-third of a pint. A school term lasts 12
weeks and there are five days in each week. How many pints of milk does
my class drink that term?
7 Rough books come in cartons of 500. How many classes of 22 does one
carton supply, assuming every pupil needs one rough book?
8 My teacher is photocopying our mathematics exam. The exam is on four
sheets of paper and there are 92 pupils taking the exam.
(a) How many sheets of paper will she use?
(b) The photocopier copies 24 sheets in a minute. How long does it take my
teacher to photocopy the exam for all the pupils?
9 We have sold 245 DVDs of the school play at 9.50 each.
(a) How much money have we taken?
(b) It cost 450 to film the school play and then 4.20 per DVD. How much
profit or loss did we make?
10 The school chef buys 36 litres of milk at 2.40 for 4 litres, 18 dozen eggs
at 1.95 per dozen and 11kg of flour at 1.40 a kg. From that he makes a
batter and then cooks 850 pancakes. What is the cost per pancake, correct to
the nearest penny?

Integers
An integer is a whole number, so natural numbers are all integers.
Integers, however, also include 0 (zero) and negative numbers such as

3, 2 and 1
Negative integers are the set of integers (whole numbers) that are
less than zero. Negative numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied
and divided in a similar fashion to natural (positive whole) numbers.
Remember what happens when you are calculating with negative
numbers.
For example: 4 4 = 0 but 4 (4) = 8

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It can help to draw a number line to see what is happening.

Examples
(i) 2 + 3
+3

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

2+3=5
(ii) 2 + (3)
+ (3)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

2 + (3) = 1

2 + 3 = 5 but

So

(2) + 3 = 1

2 + (3) = 2 3 = 1

and

Similarly 5 3 = 2 but

3 5 = 2 and

5 (3) = 5 + 3 = 8

2 3 = 6 but

2 3 = 6 and

(2) (3) = 6

6 3 = 2 but

6 (3) = 2 and

(6) (3) = 2

When calculating with negative numbers you should write down the
question, then your working and finally the answer.

Example
3
3

(7)

It is not good
practice to write an
operator (+, , , )
next to a raised
negative sign, so
always use brackets.

(7)
= 3 + 7

Working with numbers

=4

Exercise 1.4
Add, subtract, multiply or divide, showing all your working clearly.
6

2 58

13

3 3 + (6)

8 (3) 7

13 14 8

4 (4) (4)

9 12 (3)

14

10 (24) (8)

15

(8)

5 3 (3)

+5
9

11 3 (4)
12 12 (5)

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21 4 9

26 (5) + (2)

17 16 (4)

22 7 3

27 8 3

18 7

(5)

23 4

(3)

Working with numbers

16 5 (2)

28 8 (2)

19 25 5

24 12 (6)

29 24 8

20 (5) (5)

25 5 + (6)

30 100 (10)

Working with numbers

Factors and multiples
Any natural (whole) number can be written as the product of other
numbers.
24 can be written as 1 24, or 2 12, or 3 8 or 4 6
1,

2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 are all factors of 24

24

is a multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24

If you had to write the multiples of 5 that were less than 30 you
would write:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25

Prime numbers and composite numbers

A prime number is a number that has exactly two factors: itself and 1
The set of prime numbers starts:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 ...
A composite number is any positive integer greater than one that is
not a prime number.

Prime factors

Note that the

number 1 only has
one factor (itself) and
so does not qualify as
a prime number. It is
a very special number
with other properties
that mean that it
cannot be prime.

A composite number can be broken down, by successive division, into

factors that are prime numbers. These prime numbers are called the
prime factors of the number.

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Example
Find the prime factors of 210
2

5
7

7
1

210 = 2 3 5 7

Sums and products

A sum is the result of an addition.
The sum of 5 and 6 is 11
A product is the result of a multiplication. If you are asked for the
product of 5 and 6 the answer is 30
When you write 210 as:

210 = 2 3 5 7

you have written it as the product of its prime factors.

Unique factorisation property

Every number that is not zero or one can be written as a product of
prime factors, but every number has a different set of prime factors.
This means that every number is unique. This is known as the unique
factorisation property.
Consider the number 1533
You can write is as the product of its prime factors: 3 7 73
Then 3, 7 and 73 are the prime factors of 1533

Index numbers
When the product of prime factors includes repeats of prime factors
you can use index notation to record them.
16 = 2 2 2 2
So 16 = 24
4 is the index number that indicates there are four 2s in the product.

Working with numbers

No other number can have the same product of prime factors.

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Working with numbers

Exercise 1.5
1 Which of these numbers are prime numbers?
5

17

25

27

32

37

48

2 Which of these numbers are factors of 36?

1

10

36

72

360

3 Which of these numbers are multiples of 12?

1

12

24

36

4 (a) Which of these numbers are prime factors of 42?

1

14

21

42

(b) Which of these numbers are prime factors of 20?

1

10

20

5 Which of these numbers are prime factors of 17?

1

17

34

6 (a) What is the product of 12 and 7?

(b) What is the sum of 13 and 3?
(c) What is the product of 6 and 7?
7 Continue the list of prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 ... as far
as 50
8 List all the factors of:
(a) 65

(b) 101

(c) 19

(d) 72

9 Write each of these numbers as a product of its prime factors.

(a) 504

(b) 136

(c) 1000

(d) 945

10 (a) List all the factors of 24 and all the factors of 42

(b) Which factors do they have in common?
(c) Which is the highest?
This is the highest common factor (HCF) of 24 and 42
11 Find the highest common factor of each pair of numbers.
(a) 8 and 10

(b) 20 and 30

(c) 100 and 360

12 List the first 10 multiples of 4

13 List the first 10 multiples of 6
14 List the first 10 multiples of 10

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15 Look at the lists in questions 1214. What is the lowest number that is a
multiple of:
(a) 4 and 6

(b) 4 and 10

(c) 6 and 10?

These numbers are called lowest common multiples (LCM) of each pair of
numbers.
16 Find the lowest common multiple of each pair of numbers.
(a) 8 and 10

(b) 20 and 30

(c) 100 and 360

Highest common factors and lowest common

multiples

In the previous exercise highest common factors (HCF) and lowest common
multiples (LCM) were quite easy to find by inspecting the various factors and
multiples. For larger numbers it is not always as simple.
Consider the question: What is the highest common factor of 210 and 375?
To find out, you need to write each number as the product of its prime factors.

Example
What is the HCF of 210 and 375?
2

5
7

1
210 = 2 3 5 7

5
1

375 = 3 5 5 5

= 3 53

The common factors are 3 and 5 and so the HCF is 3 5 = 15

Suppose you had been asked to find the lowest common multiple
of210 and 375
For smaller numbers you could look at the first few multiples.
Forlarger numbers you need to look at the prime factors.

To find the HCF you need to

work out the product of all the
factors that are common to
210 and 375: 3 and 5

The lowest common

multiple is the product
of all the prime
factors of one number
and any extra prime
factors in the other(s).

Working with numbers

First you need to find all the

prime factors.

10

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Highest common factors and lowest common multiples

Example
Find the lowest common multiple of 210 and 375
210 = 2 3 5 7

375 = 3 5 5 5

LCM = 2 3 5 5 5 7

2, 3, 5 and 7 are prime factors of 210,

the extra prime factors are 5 and 5

= 5250

Exercise 1.6
1 Find the HCF of the numbers in each pair.
(a) 504 and 945

(c) 945 and 1000

(b) 136 and 504

(d) 136 and 945

2 Find the HCF of 330 and 175

3 Find the HCF of 132 and 165
4 Find the HCF of 812 and 638
5 What is the largest number that divides exactly into both 1000 and 3600?
6 Peter picks 480 apples and Piper picks 600 apples. They pack their apples
into identical boxes, with no apples left over. What is the largest number of
apples that each box could take?
7 Find the LCM of the numbers in each pair. Use your calculator if you need to.
(a) 504 and 945

(c) 945 and 1000

(b) 136 and 504

(d) 136 and 945

8 Find the LCM of 330 and 175

9 Find the LCM of 132 and 165
10 Find the LCM of 812 and 638
11 What is the smallest number that is a multiple of both 20 and of 36?
12 (a) Ollie and Millie are counting out loud, starting at 1. Millie calls out every
fourth number and Ollie every seventh number. What are the first four
numbers that they both call out?
(b) Tom, Dick and Harry play the same game. Tom calls out every 20th
number, Dick every 15th number and Harry every 25th number. What is
the first number that they all call out?

11

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Order of operations
When you have mixed calculations, you need to do them in the correct order.
Multiplication and division must be done before addition and subtraction.
Hence 5 + 7 3 = 26 not 36

You must do the multiplication first.

Examples
(i) Work out: 5 + 7 3

(ii) Work out: (5 + 7) 3

5 + 7 3 = 5 + (7 3)

(5 + 7) 3 = 12 3

= 5 + 21

= 36

= 26

Can you see how the brackets make a difference to the calculation? You
canuse brackets to indicate that you must carry out the addition first.
Sometimes a calculation may have numbers with indices. You must do those
before addition and subtraction too.

Example
Multiply: 3 53
3 53 = 3 125

Note that this is not (3 5)3 = 153

= 375

Think of BIDMAS to remember the rule.

Working with numbers

Brackets
Index numbers
Divide
Multiply
Add
Subtract

Exercise 1.7
Calculate the answers.
1 14 3 2

6 5 (11 4)2 7

2 (14 3) 2

7 5 34 25 8

92 8
67

4 5 (28 4) 6
5 3 43 36 32

3 4 24
5

9 (4 3)2 (27 9)3

10 4 (62 18) 9

12

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However good your mental arithmetic is and however quick you are
with pencil and paper calculations, it is always worth checking if
there is an efficient way to carry out a calculation without writing it
out in full.
Consider 722 27
You may spot that 27 has some common factors with 72. To be sure of
calculating accurately you need to write the calculation as a product
of prime factors.
722

27 = (2 2 2 3 3)2 (3 3 3)
1

2223 3 222 3 3
31 31 31

=2222223

= 64 3

= 192

It is often easiest
to write a division as
a fraction and cancel
common factors.

Extension: Using prime factors to calculate

Extension: Using prime factors to calculate

You can also use prime factors to find roots. Under the rules of
BIDMAS, roots are considered as index numbers.

Example
Calculate:

3375

225

3375 = 3 3 3 5 5 5
3

3375 = 3 5 = 15

3375

225 = 3 3 5 5
225 = 3 5 = 15

225 = 1

You may need to combine roots and index number calculations.

Example
Calculate: (35

225

441 )2

225 = 3 3 5 5
225 = 15
441 = 3 3 7 7
441 = 21
(35 225

5 7 3 5 2

37

441 )2 =

= 252

= 625
13

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Extension Exercise 1.8

Use products of prime factors to calculate the answers to these.
1 128 16

6 1252 53

2 225 15

4 452 15

10 1602 (64 25)

11 72 362 123

16

12 ( 65 26 10 52)2

17

13 (2160 63)2

18 ( 4 1296

1764 ( 3 9261

14

81

45 63 35 3 45 75

15 45 27

729

8 4902 1225

11025

256 )

1225
4

3375

40180

3
3

20 ( 2025

144

343

64 )

91 21 39

19

15 (98 56 143)2

2
3

63 147

3375 )3

Summary Exercise 1.9

Answer questions 110 mentally.
1 52 + 33

6 324 138

2 165 41

7 108 4

3 12 8

8 116 4

4 144 12

9 148 3

5 334 + 159

10 138 6

Working with numbers

11 Answer these without using a calculator. Write down the question and any
necessary working.
(a) 7 + (4)

(f) 3 + (8)

(b) 4 (7)

(g) 15 (5)

(c) (3) (4)

(h) 6 9

(d) 14 (2)

(i)

(e) 4 + 12

(j) (18) (6)

+ (9)

12 Which of these numbers are prime numbers?

1

13

24

31

99

13 Write down all the factors of 28

14 Which of these are multiples of 6?

1

12

15

30

14

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(a) 16 and 24

Extension: Using prime factors to calculate

15 Write down the HCF of:

(b) 252 and 714

16 Write down the LCM of:

(a) 8 and 10

(b) 168 and 462

Write down your working clearly for questions 1718. Do not use a calculator.
17 On an intergalactic expedition I have packed 25 space pods weighing 12 kg
each, 38 space suits weighing 28 kg each and 9 extra-terrestrial repellent
missiles weighing 135 kg each. Have I packed more than the 2500 kg limit?
18 (a) The mass of one astronaut plus his kit is 84 kg. The total mass allowance
on the space station is 4000 kg. If there are 23 astronauts how much
mass allowance is there left?
(b) One quarter of that remaining mass allowance is for food. Each
astronaut is allowed 1 kg of food per day. How many days can the
astronauts survive on their food allowance?

Activity: Largest and smallest sums

and differences
Take four digits: 6, 7, 8, 9
The largest number you can make with them is 9876 and the smallest is 6789
Now make two 2-digit numbers and find the difference and the sum.
For example, you can make the numbers 78 and 96
The difference is 18 and the sum 174
Can you make two 2-digit numbers that give you a smaller difference or a larger sum?
Find the smallest and largest sums and differences that you can make from two
2-digit numbers, using the digits 6, 7, 8 and 9
Now find the smallest and largest sums and differences that you can make from
two 3-digit numbers, using the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
Next find the smallest and largest sums and differences that you can make from
two 4-digit numbers using the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
Finally, find the smallest and largest sums and differences that you can make
from two 5-digit numbers using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
Put your results in a table.
Digits

Smallest sum

6, 7, 8, 9

Largest sum

Smallest difference

Largest difference

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

6047

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

What do you notice?

Try to explain your answer.

9781471846830_Maths_CE_3.indb 15

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