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LIMITS AND FITS Dimensioning: Interchangeable manufacturing, by means of which, parts can be made in widely separated localities, and then be brought together for assembly, where the parts will fit together properly, is an essential element of mass production. Without interchangeable manufacturing, modern industry could not exist and without size control by the design engineer, interchangeable manufacturing could not be achieved. In the automobile industry, a manufacturer not only sub contracts the manufacture of many of the parts to other companies but be must also be concerned with parts for replacement. All parts in each category must be near enough alike so that any of them will fit properly in any assembly. Since it is almost impossible to manufacture a part to exact size, a part may be manufactured very close to the exact size, the degree of accuracy depending on the functional requirement of the part. A system of tolerances is necessary to allow for the variations in accuracy that are bound to occur during manufacture and still provide for interchangeability and correct functioning of the part. A tolerance is the difference between the upper and lower Limits of a dimension. ‘The tolerance range will depend on the accuracy of the manufacturing organisation, the machining process and the magnitude of the dimension. The greater the tolerance range, the cheaper the manufacturing process. Sheet 1 shows the basic terminology relating to limits and fits. A unilateral tolerance is one where the tolerance zone is disposed on one side of the nominal dimension. A bilateral tolerance is one where the tolerance zone is disposed on both sides of the nominal dimension. Sheet No. 2. Fits depend on the relationship between the tolerance zones of two mating parts and may be broadly classified into three main categories, e.g.t Clearance Fit with positive allowance. b. Interference Fit where the allowance is always negative. Transition Fit where the allowance may be positive or negative. (Clearance or interference). Sheets 3 and 4. Be 4500: ISO Limits and Fits: This system consists of suitable combinations of 18 grades of tolerance for normal size ranges produced in various grades of accuracy during manufacturing processes ranging from the finest precision machining to sand casting and flame cutting. These tolerances are denoted by ITOl, 0, 1, 2 ....+.+++. ITL6 (Sheet ,5a). In addition, there are 27 fundamental deviations, both for the shafts and for the holes. A capital letter is used to denote the fundamental deviation of a hole, while a shaft is allotted a small letter. See Sheet 5b. As can be seen from the diagrams, the system encompasses a range of shaft and hole sizes from considerably undersize to considerably oversize. Designation of Pit: fo specify a hole or shaft it is necessary to refer to its basic size, fundamental deviation and grade of tolerance, e.g. @ 50 H8 hole. This designation refers to an H hole of grade IT8 and basic size 50 mm. Similarly $ 50 £7 shaft refers to an f shaft of grade IT7 and basic diameter 50 mm. A fit between a mating pair may be specified in the brief form $ 50 H8/£7. Range of Fits As already stated, there is a total of 27 types of hole, 27 types of shaft, each having 18 grades of tolerance. ‘Thus, in theory, there exists an enormous number of possible combinations, each one representing a different fit. Clearly, it is impractical to use all of these combinations, so only selected combinations are used. Suppose an average running fit is required between a shaft and its § housing. ‘his may be accomplished in one of three ways: a. by making the hole bigger and the shaft smaller than the basic size, b. by making the upper limit of the shaft equal to, and the upper end lower limits of the hole greater than the basic size - unilateral shaft basis system, c. by making the lower limits of the hole equal to and the upper and lower limits of the shaft less than the basic size - unilateral hole basis system. (Sheet 6a). system (a) is rarely used. System (b) is useful when bar stock is being used. System (c) is the most commonly used, since it is easier to produce a standard size hole by drilling, reaming, etc. and easier to machine a shaft. a (sae sao waar eat W WEEE SISVE "TOH—SLId OS] CELOGTHS aavanvs 3 Hsiuive Guide to the selection of fits Examples Hit-clt Slack running rit Used to give flexibility under load, easy assembly or a close fit at elevated working temperatures. 1.c. engine exhaust valve in guide 42MM DIA Hil—cit H9-d10 Loose running Used for gland seals, loose pulleys and very large 44MM DIA 2 ae H9-d10 Idler gear on| fit bearings. spindle BOMM DIA, eee Used for widely separated HO-09 ss ashart tn easy running bearings or several bearings Fashet Fit in Vine. 8 #7 Normal running Fit Suitable for applications requiring a good quality fit that is easy to produce. 18 MM DIA 8-7 a Gearvox snl in bearing lH7-96 Sliding and location fit Not normally used for con~ tinuously running bearings unless load is slight. Suitable for precision sliding and location. 6 MM DIA H7-96 Valve mechan-| ism Vink pin H7~n6 Location Fit Suitable for many non-running assemblies. 12MM DIA hs en Valve guide in head Used for location fits when a H7-k6 slight interference, which ke Clutch member] Push fit * eliminates movement of one os keyed to part relative to tne other, | 20MM DIA shaft {ean "advantages H2-K6. DIA li7=ns Used when the degree of ye ate corneas : clearance that can resu Shell on Fight assembly | from a Hi-k6 Fit Is mot oert acesptable. ZOO MM DIA ‘ 7-p6 ln7-ps Ferrous parts are not, over eee ti split journa? Strained during assenbly oF ptt ress fie dismantling. aR pene ee TOOMM OA ay gee Mataly used for permanent H7-36 Cylinder Hea assenbiies« block THOMOND COLLEGE OF EGUCATION Bi SALBarIon oF FITS, Limits Methods of Specifyin: S0'0F 07g NOTES ON THE SYSTEM Clearance Fits The following are the standard clearance fits:- g This is the fit with least clearance, the minimum clearance being rather small for a normal working bearing. It is intended for close location fits and exists only in qualities g5 and g6. £ This is the first intended for use as a normal working fit. It is widely used as a normal grease or oil lubricated bearing, but not necessarily at high temp- erature as the minimum clearance is still small. It exists only in qualities £6, £7 and £8. e This is intended for use on loose clearance fits or, for example, lubricated bearings which run hot. It exists only in qualities e7, e8 and e9. a This is intended for appreciably loose fits of less accurate work. It exists only in qualities d8, 49, alo and dll. Some of these are suitable for production by other than machining processes (e.g., rolling or drawing). c. b, These three fits are of increasing clearance and are not a widely used; they are useful for special purposes. ‘They exist only in qualities c8, c9, cll, b8, b9, bll, a9 and all. Transition Fits: The following are the standard transition fits: h This is the particular fit where the upper shaft limit is zero and therefore the same size as the hole lower limit. In practice the probability is that the fit will be one of slight clearance. This fit is widely used for non- running parts, such as bolts, or even parts which must occasionally rotate (particularly on cheaper products). It is useful also for normal location or spigot fits. It exists in all qualities from hS to hll. j This is a true transition fit averaging a slight clearance. It can be used on location fits where slight interference can be tolerated (e.g., assembly by light hammer blows) , and where the maximum clearance must be less than with the “h" shaft in order to improve the accuracy of location. All holes whose minimum diameter coincides with the basic size are assigned the letter H, and so this is the only class of hole which will be found in an unilateral hole basis system. Similarly, the unilateral shaft basis system is based on the “h" shaft. B.S. 4500 suggests a limited range of selected fits for holes and shafts taken from the following list: Selected hole tolerances: H7; H8; H9; H11. Selected shaft tolerances: cll; dl0; e9; £7; g6; h6; k; n For unusual applications such as precision instrument manufacture, the selected fits mentioned may not supply adequate grades of tolerances. In such circumstances, use should be made of the tables given in BS 4500. Use of Selected (preferred) Tables: Shect 6b shows the suggested combinations of holes and shafts within the selected tolerance range. As can be seen from the table, the unilateral hole basis system is used. These suggested combin- ations are shown to scale for one basic size on Sheet 6c. Reference sheets of the type shown in Sheet 7 are used to determine the possible limits when the basic size and fit designation are known. fo illustrate the use of the reference sheet, consider an average running clearance between a 40 mm basic diameter shaft and its housing. Suggested fit designation - H8/f7. The basic or nominal sizes are listed vertically in the left hand column and fit designations are listed across the top. By choosing the correct combination of horizontal row and vertical column the following figures can be found: @ 40 H8 ———-_ + 39 - upper deviation © - lower deviation + + Maximum limit of size of hole 0 40 + 0.039 Minimum limit of size of hole g 40 £7 ———— - 25 - upper deviation - 50 - lower deviation Maximum Limit of size of shaft = 40 - 0.025 mm = 39.975 mm Minimum Limit of size of shaft = 40 - 0.050 mm = 39.950 mm Interference Pit: It exists in qualities }5, j6 and 37. this is a true transition fit averaging virtually no clearance, being nearest in size to the hole H itself. Tt can be used on location fits where some interference can be tolerated (e.g., assembly by comparatively heavy hammer blows in the extreme case). It is used for ball race fits. It exists in qualities k5, k6 and k7. This is a true transition fit averaging some slight interference and giving appreciable interference on extreme sizes. It can be used on location fits with forced assembly in some cases, or for slight interference fits with selective assembly. It is used for ball race fits. It exists in qualities m5, m6 and m7. whis is a true transition fit averaging some interference and giving clearance only on extreme sizes. (n5 is used as a press fit with hole H6 - see below.) It is not likely to be used for @ismantlable spigots or locating fits, but is more suitable for some press fits, general “tight” fits, interference fits with selective assembly and ball race fits. Tt exists only in qualities n5, no and n7. whe following are the standard interference fits - it being noted that proper interference fits occur in some cases only with certain holes. H6/n5 H7/p6 This is the first interference fit with hole H6, i.e. the fit with the smallest minimum interference. Owing to the fine tolerance quality of hole and shaft it will be use@ on precision components to give an inter~ ference fit of some delicacy, and is obviously costly to manufacture. This is the first interference fit with hole H7, i.e., the fit with the smallest minimum interference. It is the standard true press fit for steel, cast iron or brass parts. It can normally be dismantled and reassembled as the degree of interference is not likely to overstrain the parts. Assembly on normal sized parts is possible with an arbor press or by hammer. The degree of grip is probably insufficient where the housing is in light alloy (or material of equivalent elasticity) . H8/s7 H6/p5 - x5 H7/r6 - 26 H8/t7 - 27 This is the first interference fit with hole H8, i.e., the £it with the smallest minimum interference. The degree of grip with ferrous parts is appreciable but it is more or less interchangeable with H7/pé where one or both components are in light alloy (or material of equivalent elasticity). These fits involve an increasing degree of interference and no general recommendation can be made. A thorough investigation into the degree of grip required and the stresses in the parts which will be involved must be made. © TYPICAL FIT (CLEARANCE) i BZIS IISVE SHEET 7 SUL Yim one pened NOLUNgLIBY SaRVaNVEE HSN Oo, : s-]¢ a és é-| a $56 ‘ ele at oe a. | bs 08%, wila.le:le.|ele Bip de | ot fae | ae] ds St 002, Sita | atlas] & | te 08 1 OFT Bl] ae | ft] de | de | be a OL wm le.l a 2 |e i Bi] ae] at a | ae $9 elslelslele © Hi] a) ae] apa] & oF “ | OE es aa @ si_| or Hs or ]9 # 9 Te x SFr ee ae niseys i oy sa108 wz Ze ears crear — EH ° say me - 2 " note ha I im =m La |+ ae “eae SISVE AIOH—SLIJ OSI CELOATES ome ee GuvaNv. 3 HSILIUG Leeeial ono ‘spunj6 oations us 7 “kaso poot = ‘Syuuna a skayind yuauo94| wy 0907 ‘asco | “dua. b+ tt t+ Li Lie 1- ct bet 5 @+q lo o |9-0 Jgt-0 * Bit git Bt] B+ git Lee gu ZHI9% LH twnd | Sto stony’ | ota Seblony aaZs Ww ww 190-0 PUN sdUDdIB}O], op N Hl LAVHS Y 0 6H ST0H + aauDIDS1D youorySUDIL % CVOOSY ‘SG WOlp yOD1KA) (sisbg ajOY) Sii4 OST GaLaTas @ “Sous jJayUy SHEET 6a IS © DISPOSITION (deviation) OF TOLERANCE ZONE. DENOTED BY LETTERS SHEET 5b sf as ag #3 38 Es 8 Y Z y d 0saZ Moye uo}, DIAap Z Saundid Ag G3LONSG “SS590Ud SONINNLOVANNVALLINS OL 3NOZ SONVYFIOL JO Cepnywubow) 3qvu9 @ SHEET 5 @ > = 5 Q N m 3}0H 'Z 310H [72 aoa : RSQ 30H ; | TWNOLLISNVUL 2 arch EONENEST EN sonveva0 SISVA LAVHS Ld J° SSdAL @ SHEET 4 @ > 7 a pl N m 4) aio 7 (waisks paiiajeig) SiSva 310H ld 30 S3dAL’ @- SHEET 3 ® UNILATERAL & BILATERAL TOLERANCE BILATERAL TOLERANCE UNILATERAL TOLERANCE 32Z1S dISve auoz BoUdIa}O; Uo!) DIASp }o] vawppuny auoz 2DUD18] 01 auoz aounsajoy SHEET 2 Y 4 DSXssis99 , ® 150. LIMITS and FITS TERMINOLOGY SHAFT VA uo DIAap {)pyuawopun}) 4307 SHEET 1 BRITISH STANDARD SHEET No, 4500. Extracted from BS 4500: 1969 SELECTED ISO FITS — HOLE BASIS (Sheet No, 2.) Transition tite Interference tits 6 M H7_ BS 8 = In cts Mn sis |, sO Shafts 7 | Nom sizes Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Over | To 7 K6 H7 | n6 H7 pe | H7 36 ama Saar T Soar] Sar] Soar] Soot | ooo! | oaor | ear Sievaitileieiiiis “8 +s [ix af 6/°3 [Rr [3 a “3 [G8 el aol 7s Ties 7% Tg Tre roluel ee pe 7 “ | 18] 30] *3 if 3 2 "3 [cs j 30} 40} .2s re nas +32 +25 sar [30 sol? | ct 3 [ce |e | tn SO} 65} 430 +2 +30 +39 +30 +st ssheol ° | o [2h |S | th soli +38 2s wos | sas sas | ase oof 20° | oft fe | a 120} 140} 140 sg “Li pte [ce |e poe 160] 16 180} 200) 2022s] *s fie |e pe fe pte | 225/250 | 250] 260] .,2 | vse | vs: | eee | vee | oo | Wporais) 2] So ftm |e [ok 315) 355] +5, sdo +37 sn +7 ve Ses laool tat oft |e foe 400] 450} +55 vas. or +80 a + 108 qsolso0] ? | eo [ce [So [fe BRITISH STANDAROS INSTITUTION, 2 Park 5 BRITISH STANDARD DATA SHEET No. 4500 { JExtracted trom: | [85 4500-1968 SELECTED ISO FIT— HOLE BASIS (SHEET No.1) \ Clearance ts 4 Holes ic a in cI Bw | ZZ. isgram to ms Fe re 25mm ia 17 a 310 H Shalts Gil — Nom szes| Tolerance | Tolerance | Tolerance | Tolerance | Tolerance | Tolerance lover | | Hu {cn [Ho [aio [Ho [eo | xe | 17 | 7 | o6 | H7 | he mm [mm [o-ooi [e001] O01 | 01001] S001 | e001 [O00 | ooo | 1001 | 0-001 [owor] o-oor ~ | afeelsse| ele] “4 vel-¢ 3] _e[-3 “8 73 al iol ve =r] iol ral # : © | - 60 oa + sefeae | eas} ois |e as]— a2 o}-m] of-aa] eo] o = sas] 4 + 40] - 28 ojo e| : +72] -s0 sae |- ae 0 | x68 eo] * +a asa]-u [sar ]—a2 ° oj-a | of o tee fear] sr | se [oer] 96 of-us} ef-s | of o

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