T H E NEW

a r t of

gu

mmy

FOU ND E D U P O N T H E P RI NC I P L E S
TA U G H T B Y

G REG O R VO N FEI NA I G LE :

AN D A P L I E D T O

C hro n o l ogy H is t o ry G e ogr aph y

T ab l e s P o e try P r os e
,

TO

SO

M E A CC OU N T

Lan gu age s , S yst e m at i c

WH

IC H

an d

r it h m e

tic

A RE A D D E D ,

OF TH E PR

IN C I PA L

S YS

T EM S

0F

A RT I FI C I AL M E M O RY
F

ROM TH

E EARLIESI

PERI OD TO TH E PRESENT TI M E ;
A ND

IN S T A N C ES

O F T H E EXTR

A OR D IN A R Y POW ER S

OF

NA TU RA L M E M ORY
I l l u s trate

d by E

o g ravm g s .

econn db itinn,
W I T H NU M EROU S
C

ons ta t

me m or i am

n at u r a p r

q c is c i

C O RREC T I O NS A ND

abe r e

q u id d am

ar t

DD I T I ONS

c ii c t n on

omn e m

31 0 mm

P RI NT E D
M Ke e
.

D N

FOR S H ERW O O ,
EEL
PATE RNO ST B Rd u n v ;

e an d

u mmi n g . D u b l m ;

AND

dn

JO

N ES

B e l l an d B rad fu te , E i b u rgh ;
an d B ras h an d Re i , G l as gow.

1813.

Faw c e t t , Pri n t e r ,
Ne wc as tl e Stre e t , Lo
J

nd n
o

FI RS T

As

th e

t h is

vo u m e

E D I T I O N.

w h ic h form s th e

ar t

su b e c

of

c ie n t l y d i s c o u r s e d o n ,
i n th e in tr o d u c tor y m at te r p re x e d t o t h e
w
s y s te m c on t ain e d in t h e
or k ,
re s e n t
p
i t r e m ain s on l y t o g i ve an ac c ou n t o f th e
o r igin of thi s
u
b
ation
l
i
c
p
The s y s t e m , h e re pr e s e n t e d t o th e p u b
l ie , i s t h at t au gh t b y M VON FE I N
A I G L E ; w h o , b y t h e p u b l i c e x h ib i t io n s
w h i c h h e h as gi ve n o f t h e p ro c ie n c y o f
s om e o f h is
i
l
s
h
as e x c it e d a ve r
u
,
p p
y ge
n e ral in te re s t an d c u r io s i t
s to t h e m n e
a
y
m o n i c ar t
The fo l l ow i n g p age s c o n tai n ,
am i d s t var i o u s o t h e r m a t t e r ,
th e s u b
s t an c e
o f ft e e n o f t h e P r o fe s s o r s l e c
t u re s , o n t h e ap p l ic ati on o f t h e ar t t o
C h r on o l og y G e og r ap hy , H is t o ry L an
u a e S s t e m a t i c Ta bl e s , an d P oe t r
a
n
d
y
g g
y
P r os e ; b e i n g t h e w h ol e o f on e c o u rs e
w i t h t h e e x c e t io n o f o n e
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
o
n
p
A r i t hm e ti c an d Alg e br a T h i s w as o m i t
t e d b e c a u s e t h e s u b j e c t to w h i c h i t r e l a te s
i s s o c om p l ic ate d in i tse l f, a s t o r e n d e r it

is

s u f

iv

PREF

A CE

TO

im p os s i b l e t o g l ve an in t e l l i gib l e ac c ou n t
o f it w i t h i n th e c o m a s s n e c e s sar i l
re
p
y p
s c r i b e d t o th i s
b
l
i
a t i o n ; an d b e c a u s e
u
c
p
t h e s u b j e c t w as n o t o f s u c h ge n e r a l in
t e r e s t o r u t i l i t y , a s t h o s e w h i c h ar e h e r e
t re a t ed o f
Th e E d i t or i s n o t a w ar e th a t an y ap o
l ogy i s d u e t o t h e P ro fe s s o r o n a c c o u n t o f
t h is p u b l i c a t i o n
Th e p r i n c i p a l pe c u l ia
r i tie s o f h is s s t e m h ad fo u n d t h e i r w a
y
y
in t o p r e tt y g e n e ra l c irc u l ation , b y o r al
c o m m u n i c ation b e fo r e t h i s w o r k w as c o n
t e m p l a te d : a n d th e a c c o u n ts w h ic h w e re
t h u s c i r c u l ate d , l i k e mo st t r a d it ion s , w e r e
b y n o m e an s c a l c u l ate d to g ive s atis fac
t o ry or c r e d i tab l e n o tio n s o n th e s u b j e c t
Th e E d i tor a tte n d e d o n e c o u r s e o f
l e c t u r e s an d , a fte r t h e e x am p l e o f s e ve r al
o f h is fr ie n d s , t o o k v e r y c 0 p io u s n o te s :
Fin d i n g , h o w e ve r th at t h e m ate r ial s
wh i c h h e h ad t h u s c o l l e c t e d , w e re s o
c o n fu s e d an d d i s o rd e r l y, as to b e n e ar l y ,
if n o t w ho l l y , u s e l e s s an d b e in g u n w il
l in g th a t t h e tim e h e h ad b e s to w e d o n th e
s u bj e c t s h o u l d b e c om e
e n t i re l y w i th o u t
ra w u p
r o t
h
a
l
i
ed
h
i
m
l
t
o
d
e
s
f
e
p
pp
t h e s e l e c t u r e s in a m o re in t e l l i g i b l e fo r m ,
t
e
h
or h is o w n u s e ; s u
i
t
l
n
t
h
l
n
a
e
f
g
pp y g
an a l o i e s an d o th e r i l l u s tr at ion s to w h ic h
g
t h e l e c t u r e r h ad ve r y c u r s o r i l y an d d is
t an t l y a l l u d e d
I n t h i s a t te m p t , p a ru m
c l ar is d a r e l a c e m , t h e m atte r s w e l l e d i t
.

-v

TH E

se

FI R S T ED

l f n e ar l y t o th e

ag e s

I T I ON

c o n te n t s o f

t h e fol l o w i n g
o

S e ve ral o f h is fr i e n d s w h o h ad at te n d
w e r e p l e as e d t o t h i n k
e d th e Le c t u r e s
t h a t t h e s u b j e c t h ad p r o t e d m u c h i n
h is h a n d s ; an d th a t t h e s c i e n c e , t h u s il
l u s t ra te d an d e x p l a i n e d w as m u c h m o re?!
i n t e l l i g i b l e th an it w as in it s o rig i n a l s ta t e
T h e y ac c o r d i n g l y
o f c om m u n i c at i o n
ac
u r e d h im to
u b l i s h t h i s i m r o ve d
g
p
p
e
a s w e l l fo r t ire o
c o u n t o f t h e s y s te m
Re t of t h ose p e rs on s w h o h ad a c t u a l ly a t
t e n d e d c o u rs e s of L e c tu r e s as o f t h o s e
w h o w o u l d b e s ati s e d w i t h s u c h an ac
W i th
c o u n t o f i t as is h e re i n c o n t a i n e d
t h i s re q u e s t h e h a s c o m p l i e d , w h e t h e r
r i gh t l y o r e r r o n e o u s l y i t i s n o t ,
e r h a ps ,
p
fo r h im t o d e t e rm i n e
O n t h i s s u bj e c t
h e o n l y w i s h e s t o a d d t ha t h o w e ve r s e
c on d ary a n d d e r i va t i ve t h i s u n d e r ta k i n g
m a y a t r s t s i g h t a p pe ar t o t h o s e w ho
h ave n o t atte n d e d th e Le c t u r e s , the y
w h o h a ve at te n d e d t he m w i l l b e a b l e , ( t h e
Ed ito r is c o n d e n t ) t o g i ve h im a m p l e
c re d i t fo r or i i n a l i t
y
g
No e x p e n s e h a s b e e n s p ar e d i n s u p
l
i
n
vo l u m e
h
a
t
h
s
w
i
t
r
o
r
i
a
e
n
i
t
e
pp p
p y g
r av i n s , t o e th e r w i th t h e d i a ra m s n e
g
g
g
g
c e s s ar y t o i l l u s tr a t e t h e w o r k a n d w h i c h
h ave b e e n c h i e y f u r n i s h e d t o h im b y t h
k i n d n e s s o f h is fr i e n d s
,

A S

In

or d e r

to

R EFA C E

t his w o rk

re n d e r

as C OD ]

e t e as p o s s i b l e , a n a c c o u n t h as b e e n
i
p
in Se r te d o f th e P r i n c ip al S y s t e m s of Ar
t i c ia l Il/I e m ory : a n d
a c c o r d in
l
g y th e
i
vat e r e o s i to r ie s o f c u r io u s
u b l i c an d
r
p
p
p
l i te r a tu r e h a ve b e e n d i l i g e n t l y s e ar c h e d
fe rn s c ar c e b o o ks o n t h i s s u b j e c t
WS o m e in s t an c e s o f t h e e x t ra o r d i n ar y
s o f Na t u r a l M e m or
o
w
c on c l u d e t h e
e
r
p
y
vo l u m e : t h e
h
ave b e e n i n s e r t e d fr o m
y
a
e r s u as io n t h a t th e y w i l l b e n e w t o
p
m a n y p e r s o n s , an d a g r e e a b l e t o a l l
In
s h or t n o th i n
h
as b e e n o m i t te d
w
h
i
c
h
g
w as t h o u gh t c apab l e o f i l l u s t ra t i n g o r
i
n
t
s u b j e c t ; an d i t i s
v
i
i
n
e
r
e
s
t
t
h
e
t
o
g
g
h o p e d n o t h i n g h as b e e n i n s e r te d , w h i c h
t h e c u r i o u s r e ad e r w o u l d w i s h t o b e s u p

d
p
U n d e r th e s e c i r c u m s tan c e s , t h e E d i to r
t ak e s l e a ve o f h is r e ad e r s , in fu l l c o n
d e n c e t h a t w h a t e v e r m ay b e t h e s u c c e s s
o f h is
u b l i c at i o n , h e h as a t l e a s t d e s e r v
p
in h is in t e n t i o n s an d e u
e d w e l l of t h e m
d e avo u r s t o p ro m o t e th e ir a d van c e m e n t
i n u s e f u l k n o w l e d ge
re s se

LO N D
.

ON

u g u st , 1 8 1 2

AD VE RT I S E M E NT
TO TH E

S E C O ND

IF

th e

i ts m e r i t
h i gh i n

the

c r ite rion

y
re s e n t w o rk m
p

th e

b ook b e

sa e of a

I T I ON

ED

th e

of

i i

o p n on

an

ust

l ic

ub

s t an
,

l arg e i m pr e s s i o n h as b e e n d is p o se d
th e

s hort s

n e ra

ac e o f

M e m ory

ee ded

b e p r o pe r l y
ac
s
r
t
i
e
d
p

e st

m on t /z s

o ar

in de e d

t i l i t y,

i m ate d

an

as a

o f,

in

T he ge

kn o w n

to b e

ly

Ne w Ar t o f

t h is

of

on

of

s u c c e s s fu

to

lly

T he
as

th i s ,

t u ral l y

e a r an c e

pp
h as

be

T he m e r i t
or

e
r
s
n
s
o
p

a t te n

or

e ar

pp

to b e

a r o f re

d an c e

as

y s te m
m i gh t n a
a

i m i ta t or s

m an y

; fo r t he

w i t h o u t fe

te d )

e c
p

su c

h a vin g i mp r o ve d u p o n t h e
o f M FE I N A I G L E , d o e s n o t ,

of

i g i n a l p l an

h o we ve r,

ro d u c e

e x

n
o
p

l on g

d i to r

to

of

an

th e s e

y
is e n ab l e d to s t a t e ,

fu t at io n , t h a t

M Fe in aigl e
.

i n d e e d th e fo r m e r e d i tio n

of

i the r

an

l e c tu r e s

t h is b o o k ,

vi

ii

A D V E R T I S EM E N T

TO

h as fu r n i s h e d m o re th an

th e

th o s e

re

s ys te

w hi c h w e

ms

t au g h t i n t h e m e tr o p o l i s

i n d e ed

re c e n t

so

th e

ly
,

o
l
w
h
i
s
p p
e vid e n t l y
u

d e d t h e s e l e c t u r e s w e re ,

a t te n

T h e d i ag r a m s

d i s tr i b u te d t o

o u tl n e s of

i d fro m th os e o f M Fe in a igl e
T he
h i e r og l yph i c s it is t r u e w e r e e x c h an ge d
fo r o th e rs o f a d iffe r e nt n a t u r e b u t t h e
re
r in c i l e s an d t h e
w
e
r
i
ac
t
e
f
h
e
a
r
t
c
o
t
p
p
p
re c i s e l y t h e s a m e
p
T h e c h ie f p e c u l i ar i tie s w h i c h d i s t i n
u i s h t h i s e d i t i o n fr o m t h a t w h i c h
r
e
g
p
c e d e d i t ar e t h e fo l l o w i n g
1 T h e e d i t o r h as a d o p t e d a m o r e c o n
ve n i e n t a n d c o n n e c t e d d i s po s i t i o n o f h i s
m ate r i a l s an d h as g i ve n an in t r od u c t i on
t o m n e m on i c s p ar t l y n e w t oge t h e r w i th
s e ve r a l a d d i t i o n s an d i l l u s t rat i o n s c a l c u
l a t e d t o e x t e n d t h e k n o w l e d g e o f t h is a r t
an d t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e p r og r e s s o f t h e s t u
d e n t Am on g t h e ad d i t i o n s m ay b e n am e d
t h e ap p l i c a t i o n o f t h e ar t to Ar i t h m e t i c
C op e

'

w h ic h w as
e

d i t i on

ar t o f

n ot

fo r th e

th i s

S om e

i n s e r te d i n t h e

fo r m e r

d in

an o th e r

r e as o n s s t a te

vo u m e

ne

an

d i n t e r e s tin g

b ooks h ave b e e n i n s e r te d i n

n o t i c es

the

ac

T H E S EC O

ND

I T IO N

ED

1X

t he Pr in c ipal S y s te m s o f Ar t i ~
T h is s ke tc h c o n t ain s n o
ial M e m or y

c o u n t of

t ic e s

of

sub e c

m o r e th a n

t, in c l u d i n g

w o rk s

c op io u s e x t rac

th e

on

ts fr o m

gr e a t c u r io s i ty an d val u e
s m al l
r t i on o f e x tr a n e o u s m a t te r h a s
o
p

m an y b oo k s

s rx r v
'

L ow e
Th i s

Lo w e
som e

an d

of

w hol e

the

h an ge w as m ad e fo r t w o

o n ac c o u n t of

d,

JlI n e m on i c s h as b e e n in tr o d u c e d

o m it te

be e n

a so

of

th e

n a l t r ac t ,
i
g

an

rh a s ,
e
p
p

e r s on s ,
p

r e as o n s

e x tr e m e s c ar c

s or i

i ty o f

b e c au s e

m a y b e in c

to p r ac t i s e th i s s y s te m ,
w il l i n g t o pu r c h as e t h e
G r e y fo r th is p u rp os e

l in e d

d ye t b e u n
l as t e d itio n o f

an

To th e

ac c o u n

n
e
pp

so

e rs

in

ol bu r n

e x te

c a c u at io n

M an u e l d a Li b: air e , ( Pan
M e m o ry,
so

l it

ar y

ph i e I ns tin c tive

v iz

th t
a

b o ok in s e r
.

u
t
h
o
m
s
e
e
s
,
y

I t i s , pe rh ap s , w or h y of r e m ark ,
b rat e d b i b i o graph e r s o f t h e p re se n

s am e

of

m p o r ar y

e x t rao r d in ar

t i c ial

m e m ory ,

n arr a t ive

in te re s t i n g

an

th e

t h e y o u n g Am e r i c an w h o
w e l l k n o w n fo r h is w o n d e rfu l p o w

Zer a h C

is

de d

e s of

in s tan c

w
e rs o f n a tu r a l
o
p

e xtr ao r d n ary

is

of

no

s
of

te d b

on e of

t ran s

to

th e mo s

ri

tc l

e e

B RU NET , in h is

on e

r a arol i

G t

in d ee d

t at
td y
t ic e s

T h is

wor k

Ar

d b y C ope t h e
i n h i s B i bl i ogra

l at

B U RE,

on l y o n

A D VE R T I S E M E NT

l if e , it wo u l d b e

c ommon

to sp ec ify ;

u se e ss

fo re ,
an e

c o nc

su

e xp r e s s e

Wr ite r

ll

e n d l e s s an

d ito r w i l l , th e re

w ord s

of

G r a tar o l i

m n e m on ic

on

ss

f c e t h the r e fo r e , t h a t w e h ave

e as e

m e th o d s

w hi c h e

th e

w aye ,
sh a

l u d e in th e

m in e n t

It

th e

or

c o ni p e n d io u

w h o s o e ve r

fo

l ye (50 that t t tt t t t

h
e c e r te in e
n d a t t ay n e
e
a
t
t
e
a
p g) g
s u r e r e m e m b r au n c e , o f m an y e an d

d r ye th in ge s ,

as

due

o c c as o n

sha

ll

su n
re

l th E
Bu t 8 5 for the
mit ,
In: than singer ant s l eeps suit, to musin g
sit W
e are sightse eing }

u re :

LO N D O N ,

J anu ar y ,

1 813

C O NT E NTS

I . NE W A RT O F M E M

O RY

Page

II

55

III

63

63

2 G e n e r al

68

3 P ar i c u l ar G e o graph y
.

76

81

IV H
.

I S T O RY

88

98

Se c

t1

On

g Lan gu age s
o f t h e o r i gin of Lan guage

r n in

2 S ke
3

l a
tc h

Ac c o u n t

ha r

ar

e r or a

4 Pro pos e d ph i l o sop hi c al

ar ra n ge

t as

app

l ie d

of t h e al ph ab e

1 02

tt m p t t w d
l phab t
ac t

o f s om e a

a u n i e rs al c

98

1 09

me n t

t o l an

" 1 2%
gu a ge s i n ge n e ral
5 The d e r i va io n o f Fre n c h fr om La
.

t in ,

s h ow n

i n th e

h an ge

a c c o r d in
g

M od e
an d
e

of

t bli h

to e s

l e ar n i n g t h e

de c

ll
l tt
d
ls
j g ti

p r in c ipa y ,
e rs
of c e r ta in
e

t o c on s is

ru e

c on u

ons

e n s i on s of a an gu age , e x

m p l i e d i n t h e La in

7 P ar i c
.

si

ti

u ar
'

d ire c ion s f or th e

on o t a

1 83

la

n g u age

1 46
ac

qu i
1 51

xi v

c oM rn a s
'

C H AP VI

S r s r n mu

T u n as
A ND P h o s a
xc

VI I P O ET RY
VI I I ARI T H M ET I C
.

I I . P RI N C I P A L S Y S
C H

'

O O OGIC

R N L

Th o m as B rad ward in

. .

Page f 5 3

i EM S

'

0 F A RT I FI C I A L M E M

ALL

Y ARRANG E D

O RY

. .

M at he o l u s
J ac o b u s Pu b l ic iu s

ih

J o hn Priis
1 85

J ac o b u s C

ol in ze u s

Nic ho l as
J oh n Ro m b e r c h

1 87

Lod ov ic o D o l c i

Wil l iam G rat arol i

Wil l iam Fn l w od

1 89

ih

'

S t e ph e n C

2 06

ope

J ohn Span ge n b e rg
C o s m u s Ros se l iu s
T ho m as

2 08
o

o o

ib

ih

Wat s on

J o h n DI ic hae l

o o

o o

o a

o o

o o

o o

'

o o

o o

Ph il ip G e sval d i
J o hn B ap t is t

J 1 Pae p
0 )

. 0

o .

o o

o o

oh n

e n ry

Al s t e d

. .

O O

O O

O O O O O O O O O 0

0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 9

o o

o o . 0

O O O O O O

O O

o .

. 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 9

0 0

0 0

O O o v

0 0

21 3

0 0 0 0

21 4

. 0

C ONT E NT S .

XV

Rob e r t Fl u dd
Aps in e s

Ad am Nau l iu s
J oh n

ih

ih

Will is

An o n
H

2 82

u go

Raym u n d

2 8 2, 2 8 3

An d re w

282

Ad rian Ie C
J oh C
.

u ro t

on rad e

ih

D an n h awc r

283

2 86

J o hn

3 07

At han as iu s

ih

ih

3 08

ih

An on m

23 9

M ariu s

3 30

T hom as

33 8

ih

C l au d e d e

Ric l i arg G re y

3 40

S o l o m on

3 63
4 04.

4 05

An ac ard in a, Agu il e ra, Epiphan iu s d e M o iran s ,

C o n t i M e gis e ru s A Fe rre ya d e Ve ra
,

4 05

xvi

III

NS T A NC E S O F TH
P

O NTE NT S

O W ERS

O RD I NARY
M E M O RY

E X T RA

O F NAT U RA L

or e n s iu s

Page
ih

ih

J o s e p h S c al ige r
B ish op J e w e l l

Lips iu s

410

M u re t
Fami an u s S t rad a
Th o m as Fu ll e r
H

um

Dr

41 2

u r t on
r
h
B
p y

41 4

Wall is

415

416
419

J e d e d iah B u xto n

Ze rah

43 7

D ir e c t ion s

re s e c

t in g the

P l ates

P o n T nA rr t o fac e t h e T i

B ef or e th e
ad visabl e

r e ad e r u ses

t o take t h e m

P l ate s I I I I I I V.

f t he

ou t o

tl

and

V i t w il l be
"
he
.

vol u m e an d

pas te t m on 3 1
If t he whit e p ap e r be c u t away , it wi l l f ol d u s o as ac c u
pap er
p,
r at e l
y t o repr ese n t l he oor , f ou r wal l s , an d aid i ng of a r oom
.

N E W A RT O F

b e yon d

lle nt

al

c on rove rs , a
y

fac u l ty

M E M O RY

m os t

n e c e s s ar

an d e x

t hat as D R
W ATT S o b s e rv e s
al l o th e r ab il iti e s o f the
m i n d b o rro w fro m he n c e t he i r b e au ty an d pe r
fe c ti o n ; for o t he r c ap ac iti e s o f the s o u l are al
m o s t u se l e ss w ith ou t t hi s
To w hat pu rp os e ( as
the s am e e m i n e n t au th or i n q u i re s ) are al l ou r
l ab ou rs in kn ow l e d ge an d w i sd om if we w an t
M e m ory to pre s e rve an d u se w hat w e have ac
h
u i re d ? W
at s i gn i fy al l o t h e r i n t e l l e c t u a l o r
q
s i r it u al i m rove m e n t s if t he y are l o s t as s o on
p
p
as t h e y are o b t ai n e d ? It is M e m o ry al on e t h at
e n ri c h e s the m i n d b
re se rvi n g w hat o u r l ab o u r
yp
an d i n d us t ry d ail y c o l l e c t
I n a w ord t he re c an
b e n e it he r kn o w l e d ge n o r ar ts n o r s c i e n c e s
w ithou t m e m ory ; n or c an the re b e an y i m p rove
m e n t o f m an ki n d in vi r t u e o r m oral s o r the
h
o u t th e ass i s t an c e an d
it
o f r e l i io n
w
rac t ic
g
p
Withou t m e m o ry the
in u e n c e o f th i s p owe r
w o u l d b e b u t a p oo r d e s tit u t e
s ou l o f m an
h
n e v e r l as t i n g b l an k s re ad
it
n ake d b e i n
a
w
g
p
re se n t
t
t
h
e e e ti n g i d e as o f the
o ve r i t
e xc e
p
p

m om e n t
T hi s fac u l ty e xi s t s ho we v e r in ve ry d i ff e re n t
d e gre e s in d i ffe re n t m e n
S o m e p e rson s p o s se s s
as t o n i s hi n g vi gou r o f
wh il e o the rs are
c e

muc h

so

s o,

-r

For m an y

t l m e mo
of t h is v ol u me

p ow e rs o f n a u ra

c on c usion

r e m ar kab e

in s

ry ,

tan c

e s of

th e

e x raor d in ary

th e re ad e r is re fe rre d t o t h e

I N T RO D U C T I O N
d e pl o rab l y d e c i e n t in

th i s

Lo o m s has b e au ti fu l l y

ex

fac u l ty ;
th e

re sse d

Mr

o r, as

i de a

s am e

n d r e t ai n s the c h arac
i
p
t e rs d raw n o n it l i ke m ar b l e in o the rs l i ke fre e
l ittl e b e tt e r than
an d in o t h e r s
s t on e
The m i s t o c l e s th e At he n i an i n d e e d is s ai d + to
h av e b e e n o ppr e ss e d b y th e s t re n gth an d t e n ac ity
o f h is m e m o ry an d t o have w i sh e d fo r the pos
rathe r t han an
se ss i o n o f th e fac u l ty o f o b l i vi on
i n c re ase of the po we rs of re m e m b ran c e b u t i t is

in

som e

th e m

e rs on s ,

M r Loc k e ,
id e as ,

of e n

T h e i d e as,

s ays ,

d ie b e for e

t o w hi c h w e
an d

m arb

b y im e ,

d r aw n i n
s om e

n ot

m u c h th e

us :

ar e

c on s

ag e r

y m

ou

d,

n of o u r

an d

in

ti

the

s in c e

of

we

i n t h is ,

an d

nd

T he

p i c t u re s

i t l ike m ar bl e ,
s an d

an d

c o ou r s ,

t h e m ak e

if

ow

of ou r

w h e t h e r th e t e m

th t i
a

n s om e

271 o the r s

ll

s ha

it

re.

l ike f r ee
he re

n ot

'

as

d ise as e q u i

t t

e s r ip

t h e m in d o f

th e am e s of a fe ve r in a fe w d ays c a c i n e

im age s t o d u s

l as in g
.

an d

ffac e d

l t t

t t

d 4 t 0 1 777
.

an d

b ras s
e

are

d is app e ar

d iffe re n c e ,

h e r s , l i tt l e be tte r tha n

of e n i m e s

t h os e

on

the

al l

thi

b od ie s ,

i t m ay s e e m p r ob ab e , ha t h e c o n s t i t u ~
b od y d oe s s om e i m e s i n u e n c e th e m e m ory ;

i t s i d e as ,
as

u gh

an d

u gh

al l

be

y ou h ,
om b s ,

th o

f ad i n g

th o

i n q u ir e
on

ot

of o u r

ou r

t th os t

r e p re s e n

rs aw a y.

ti t t io
u

l de

l id i
v an i h

ar e

r e fr e sh e

of

m in d s

ou r

t im e

im

d e c ay

y e t t h e i n s c r ip ion s

r e m a in ,

p e r of t h e b rain m ak e s
t a i n s t he c har ac t e rs d r aw n
,

hi d re n ,

hi n g ; w n e r e

a nim a Sp i ri s ar e c on c e rn e d

s to n e

ll as

m in d s

an d ou r

app r oac

d the

we

as

'

le

an

th e c on in u a

spe ak in g o f

if

gr a e

ta

n d c on f u s i on
,

d i n m ar b

le

l t a c h Ap Oph th
u

se e m e d

Wor ks, vol

t P

w h ic h

to

i p 76
.

A RT

NEW

M E M OR Y

or

t h an pro b ab l e th at in th i s respe c t i f th e
st an d s an exceptio n fro m
an e cdote b e tr u e , he
P l e n a s r im ar a m su m
al l the rest o f m an ki n d
m ay be tr u l y an d w it h o u t repro ac h s ai d b y al
m o s t e ver y m an w it h reg ar d t o his m e m ory :
an d t h at n o t o nl y conc er n i n g m atter s d ii c u l t to
b e ret ai n e d b u t e ve n co n c er n ing the m o s t or d i
n arv o c c u rre n ce s o f l i fe
T o re m ed y th is i n co n ve n ie n c e an d pro vi d e as
e ffec t u al l y as possibl e again s t the m i s c h ie fs o f
fo rget fu l n ess vario u s arti c e s h ave at di ffere n t
ti m e s been re s orted to Of t h ese t h e t op ic a l
m e m ory o f t h e antie n ts st ands r s t bot h in point
o f d ate a n d o f celebrit
as its pri n cipl e s
an d
;
y
are ve r y an al o g o u s to t h o se o f t h e pre s ent s y ste m
w e s h al l gi ve s o m e acc o u n t o f t he origi n an d
f th t i v
An d as P RO
gene r l pl
ti
h as a l r e ad
trodden t h is
FE S S O R B AR R O N
p at h n o ap o l o gy w il l b e o ff ered to the r e ade r
fo r presenting to him t h at au t h o r s very excel l e n t
s
o m e o f th e
ac co u n t o f th e s u bj ect pre face d b
y
i nge n io u s re m arks w it h w h ic h h e has intr o d u ce d
m or e

'

an

e n

on

it

T h e rec ol le c t i o n w h ic h ordin ary m e m o

ries p o ssess app e a
r s t o be re s o l vabl e i nt o t w o
p r i ncip al s o u rc es t h e viv aci ty o f the i m pressio n
l 5"
3
X
an d ass o ci ation
*

rron s Le c t

Ba

on

B e l l e s Le

tt r

e s an d

Logi c ,

p 6 09
.

I NT RO D U C T Ip N.

t h e p r i n c ip al ex pedie n t for assi s ting the

Fo r in
m e m o r y i s deri ved fro m as s oci ati o n
st an c e w h e n I s e e a h o u se I n at u r al l y rec ol lect
t he i n h ab it ants ; t h eir m anner o f l i fe an d t h e in
The sig h t of a
t e rc o u rse I h ave had w it h t h e m
b ook p r o m pts t h e m e m ory o f its c on tents an d
th e pl e as u r e or pro t I h ave r e c e i ved fro m th e
per u s al o f it A vie w o f the se a m ay s u ggest th e
ide a o f a s to r m an d th e p ai n fu l re c o l l e ctio n o f
th e l o ss o f p r opert y or o f t h e l i fe o f a fr iend
b y s h ip w rec k Th e ac t t h e n o f a iding re c o l
l e ct io n b y ass o ci ation I S to conn ec t t h o u gh t s re
m o te o r abstr act w it h ot h ers m o re o b vio u s an d
fam i li ar t h at the re c u rrence o f t h e l atter m ay
b r ing al ong w it h i t t h e m e m o ry o f t h e fo r m er
T h u s the si gh t o f m y r ing w h ic h I c annot m i s s
to o b s er ve re m inds m e o f the acti o n to su gge t
t he r e m e m br an c e of w hic h I m oved i t fro m on e
nge r to anoth e r Th e ringing o f t h e bel l or
t h e s o u ndin g o f th e cl o ck p r o m pts t h e re c o l le c
tion o f t h e b u s m e s s I h ad resol ve d to per fo r m
A gl i m pse o f t h e rst wo r ds o f
at t h ese ti m e s
a p aragr ap h or a p a e in t r o d u ces t h e r e c o l l e c
g
ti o n o f th e w h ol e I n a w o rd w e m u st c o nne c t
th e t h ing s w e w is h to r e m e m ber w it h t he i m m e
di ate o bj ects o f o u r s enses th at o ffe r t h e m sel ves
d ail y to o u r attentio n b u t p artic u l arl y w it h t h e
obje c ts o f ou r sig h t t h e m ost vigoro u s an d l i vel y
of al l ou r se ns e s an d o f w hi c h the o bj e c t s are
,
B ut

ART

NE W

OF

M E M OR Y

p er hap s m ore n u m ero u s t h an t h o s e o f al l ou r

ot h er senses pu t togeth er
T h i s t h eory is t h e fo u nd ati o n o f al l contri
or
pe rh aps c an be
van ces w h ic h h ave be e n
e m pl oy ed to h el p rec o l lec ti o n It is th e gro u nd
w o r k o f the fam o u s artici al m e m o r y o f S I M O
N I D E S a l y ri c p o et o f t h e i sl and o f C eos on e
o f th e Cy cl ad es w h o o u ris h ed i n t h e sixty rs t
Ol y m pi ad abo u t ve h u ndred an d t h irty ve
y e ar s be fore th e bi r t h o f C hr ist an d [w h o ] is c c
l e b rate d b y C I C E R O an d Q U i N C T i L I A N B o t h
t h e s e au t h o r s r el ate t h e fo l l o w ing m y t h o l ogic al
i nciden t o n th e o cc asi o n w h ic h s u ggested t h e
i n vention S i m o nides w as e m pl oy ed b y S c o p as
a ric h T h ess a l i an
t o co m pose a p aneg yr i c o n
h im fo r a cer t ai n s u m o f m o n e y w as in vi ted to
gi ven b y S c o p as t o h is f iend s in
a festi val
orde r to r e h e ar se it b u t w as s o r d id l y r e fu se d

l
a
i
h
o
a
a
f
t
h
e
u
t
o
a
o
r
e
t
h
n
stip
l
ed
c
m
pens
t
n
be
m
c aus e p u z z led pe r haps w it h th e ste r il ity o f t h e
p r i ncip al s u bj ect h e had intr o d u ced a l o ng epi
s o de am o u nt ing t o h al f t h e p o e m i n pr aise o f
C as t o r an d Po l l u x
S i m o n ides so n fo u n d an
avenge r o f t h e ins u l t
H e w as i m m edi atel y s u m
m o u ed fr o m t h e c o m p an y b y t w o y o u ng m e n on
h o rseb ack s u pp o sed to be C ast o r an d Pol l u x i n
di sg u ise w ho appe ar ed t o p r o tect t h eir fav o u r i te
po e t ; an d w ho as s o o n as th e y h ad s aved S i m o
n i d e s , m ad e
the ro o f fal l o n S c op as an d his
,

'

I N T R O D U C TI O N

c o m p an y br u ising t h e m s o to de at h th at n o t a
l ine am ent o f th e m co u l d be k n o w n S i m o nides
b y recoll e c ting t h e m anner i n w h ic h t h e y s at at
t abl e w as e n abl ed t o disting u is h t h e m an d to
del iver th e m to th ei r fr iends for b u ri al Th e aid
w h ic h t h e re c o l l e c tion o f t h e poe t r ecei ved o n
th is occ asi o n is s aid t o h ave s u ggested t h e ide a
o f an artici al m e m o ry
T h e p r incipl e o f th e sc h e m e o f S i m o nides
is t o tr ans fer a t rain o f ide as t h e ar c h et y pes o f
w h i c h are n o t t h e obj e cts o f sense and are
t h ere fo r e o f di f c u l t rec o l lecti o n t o an o th er
trai n w h ic h w e c ann o t m iss to r ec o l l ec t bec au se
t h e arc h etypes are n o t o nl y o bjects o f sense b u t
objects o f sigh t w it h w h ic h ar c h ety pe s w e are
pe rfec tl y fam il i ar; o r whic h m ay be pl aced ac
S u ppose t h en S i m o
t u al l y be fo re o u r e y es
nide s w ere to c o m m it tb m e m o ry a d i sc o u r se
c o nsisting o f spec u l ations c o nce r ning g o vern
m ent n an ces n av al affai r s o r w isd o m n o ne
o f t h e ar c h et y pes o f u h ic h c o u l d b e m ade o bjects
at t h e ti m e o f del i ver y ; an d
o f sense a t l e as t
to assist his rec o l lection h e w e r e to c o nnec t t h e
series o f ide as in th at disco u r se w it h a series o f
objec ts w h ic h h e c ou l d ei th er pl ace in s igh t o r
w it h w h ic h h e w as s o fam il i a r t h at h e c o u l d n o t
fail to recol lec t t h e m ; h e w o u l d p r o c e e d i n t h e
f o l l o w ing m anner H e w o u l d take a h o u se for
i n stance eithe r the o n e in w h ic h h e m i gh t del i
ve r th e d i s c o u r se , or an othe r
o
f
it
h
e
r
y
p
rt
v
a
e
w
;
,

'

N E W A RT

MEMORY

or

per fe ctl y acq u aint e d H e w o u l d

begin at s o m e xed p o in t o f t h at h o u se s u ppos e
th e r ig h t s ide o f th e d oo r an d h e w o u l d pro c e e d
ro u nd it i n a circ u l ar l ine til l he ar r ived at t h e
p o int fro m w h ic h h e set o u t H e w o u l d di vi d e
t h e circ u m ferenc e o f th e h o u se i nto as m an v
p arts as t h ere w ere di fferent topics o r p ar a
g raph s in th e di s co u r s e H e w o u l d d i st i ng u i s h
e ac h p ar ag r ap h b y so m e s y m b o l o f t h e s u bjec t i t
c ont ained ; th at on go vern m ent b y t h e s y m bol
o f a c ro w n o r a sceptre ; t h at o n n an c es
by
t h e sy m b o l o f so m e c u rrent coin ; th at o n n aval
aff ai r s b y t h e g u re o f a s h ip ; t h at o n w isd o m
b y th e gu re o f t he g o ddess w ho presided o ver
i t H e w o u l d ei th e r act u al l y t ra ns fer o r s u p
p o se t rans ferred th ese sy m b o ls t o t h e di ffe r ent
c o m p ar t m ent s o f t h e h o u se an d t h en al l h e had
t o do
in o r de r t o r e c o l lec t t h e s u bject o f an y
ar ag r a p h
o c ast
eit
h
er
h is e y e o n t h e
w
a
t
s
p
s y m b o l d u ring del i very o r to re m e m ber u p o n
Th e
w h at d i visi o n t h e s y m bo l w as pl aced
m e m o ry b y t h is c o ntri van ce e asil y rec al l e d t h e
di s c ou rs e Th e or at o r eit h er s aw or c o u l d no t
fai l t o re m e m ber the co m p art m en t s bec au se h e
w as per fec tl y fam
ili ar w it h t h e m N eit h er c o u ld
he fo r get t h e sy m b o l s o f e ac h p ar agr ap h bec au s e
t h e y w e re no m or e t h an h ierogl y p h i c al p aintin gs
o f the se nse
I n the pl ac e o f a h o u se w e m ay as s u m e
ac c or d i n
g to Qu in c til ian , a p u b l i c b u il d i n g, the
w h ic h

he

w as

I t)

A RT

N EW

OF

M EM ORY

h ave b e e n pro m u l g ated fro m the t h irteent h to the

eig h teent h cent ur y We sh al l h c re brie y rec a
p itu l ate t h e n am e s o f t he p r in c ip a l w r i te r s on t h e
r e ferring o u r re aders to anoth er p ar t o f
s u bj e ct
t hi s vol u m e fo r an ac co u n t o f t h e di fferent sys
te m s
T h at l u m i n ary o f s ci e n c e Ray m u n d Lu l ly
b orn i n 1 2 3 6 see m s to h ave been t h e r s t m o
d ern who bro u g h t th e art o f m e m ory i n t o not ic e
a fter it h ad l ai n dor m an t for s o m a n y age s
Th i s
art w as ter m e d t r a n sc e n d e n t a l an d di s tin u i sh e d
g
b y h is n am e
I n th e f t e e n th c e n t u r y m ne m onics se e m to
h ave o c c u pied t h e attention o f P u bl ic z u s P r iis
P e te r of Col og n e an d P e t e r of Raoe n n a w ho
su c ce s si vel y p u bl i s h ed sy s te m s o f l o c al an d s m
y
b o l ic al m e m o ry
I n t h e y e a r 1 5 8 3 Rom be r c h p u bl is h e d his
C on g e s tor iu m Ar t i c i os ce ll I e m or icc wh ic h c on
t ains a ve ry c o m pl ete vie w o f h is predeces s ors
l ab ou r s w it h m an y i m port ant additions G r a
t ar o/i an i t ali an p hy si ci an w as the nex t w riter
on t h is s u bj ect w h o i n 1 5 5 5 p u t fort h a tr e a
tise d e m e m oria r ep a r a n d a e tc
Th is w as
transl ated i n to Engl is h b y W il l i am Fu l wo d
u nder t h e title o f
t h e C ast e l o f M e m o r ie an d
a fte r w ard s rendered int o Fr en c h b y S t e p h en C ope
T h e tre atise o f G ratar ol i cont ains m u c h c u rio u s
m atte r
The w or ks o f Sp ang e n be rg Rosse l iu s B r u n o,
.

'

I N T R O D U C T I ON
Al be r t, P o rta, M a r q oti,

11

others

an d

pp e ar

e d ab o u t t h e cl o s e o f t h e s ixte e n th c e n tu ry b ut
th e y c o n t ained n oth ing ver y m ateri al l y n e w o n
t h e m ne m o ni c ar t
T he se ve n te e n th cent u ry w as re m ar k abl e for
t h e n u m ber an d variety o f m n e m on ist ic w o r ks
w h ic h iss u ed fro m t h e pre s ses o f t h e c o n tin e n t
Engl an d al so had h er sh ar e in t h i s h o n o u r an d
p ro d u c e d on e or t wo b o o k s w ort hy Of e x am i n a
tion The s y s te m o f S c he n c ke l o c c u pied the
gre at es t shar e o f atte n t i o n i n Fr an c e an d G e r
m an y S c he n c ke l w as fo l lo w ed by Al st e d B r u te
Rac e l l in an d Nau l z us B ru x al s o w rote an
es say u pon t h e art o f for get fu l n e ss an d g ave
n u m e ro u s r u l e s for acq u irin g p e r fe c tio n in t hi s
u s e fu l s c ie n c e
T h e p r incip al w ork p u bl ish ed in E ng l an d on
the s u bj ec t o f t h e l oc al m e m o ry a ppe are d in
1 6 1 8 u n d er t h e tit l e o f M n e m on i c a ; s ive ar s
Re m ii z isc e n d i e tc b y J o h n Wil lis ; an d was tr an s
l ate d i n
b y o n e S ow e rs b y a bo o k s e l le r
T h is c u rio u s an d r ar e vo l u m e is repl ete w it h in
for m atio n r e s pe c tin g~m n e m on ic s an d disco u r s e s
c oncerni n g eve ry p ai tic u l ar w h ic h re
at l arg e
q u ire s t h e att e n tio n Of t h e s t u dent
I n th e y e ar 1 65 1 H e n r y H e r ds on w ho s ty l e s
h i m s e l f a P ro fe s sor b y Pu bl i c Au th ority in the
U ni ver si t y o f C am bri d ge p u bl is h e d his Ars
,

'

M n emon ic a, sive H

e rds on us

'

B r u xz a tus,

e tc

in

M E MO RY

N E W ART

12

Lati n

an d

En gl is h

It

is

m erel y

r ep u b l i c atio n

o f p art o f B i u x s S im on id e s Re d ivivu s
T h e m ne m o n i c al e s s ay s p u b l is h ed on th e c on
w e re pri ncip al l y b y
t in e n t fro m 1 6 20 to
Az e ve d o C a r bo n e l C u ir ot D a n n hawe r B e l ot
s ever al an o n y m o u s s ste m s
a n d B r a n c ac c io
y
Er
w ere pu t f6 rth al s o d u ri n g t h i s perio d
har d t s Ar s M e m or i ze appe ared i n 1 71 5 an d
M orhqf an d Fa the r Feyj oo h ave b o t h dis s erta
tions expre s sl y u po n t h e su bj e c t t h e o n e i n his
P oly histor an d the ot h e r in his C ar tas E ru d itas

u r i osas
C
y

th e ti m e o f Fe yjo o ( 1 78 1 ) to 1 8 06
( i f w e except a G er m an transl ation o f S c h e n c ke l
b y K l iib e r) t h e l oc al an d s y m b o l ic a l m e m or y
In t h e
s ee m s t o h ave l ain c o m pl e tel y d o r m an t
P hi l osop hic al M ag az in e for D e c e m ber 1 8 06
t h e r e i s t h e fo l l o w ing notice
A n e w br an c h o f science is be gu n to b e stu
died in Ge r m an y I t is t h e scie n c e c al led b y the
We
antients m ne m on i c a o r t h e art o f m e m or y
nd in H e io d o tu s t h at i t w as c are fu l l y t au gh t
w h ence i t w as tr an s
an d pr ac ti s e d in Egy pt
pl ante d i nto Gre e ce T h i s h i s tori an attrib u t e s
t h e i n venti o n o f i t to S i m o n ide s ; b u t t h is opi
D io n is r e fu ted in a d i ss e rt atio n p u bl ishe d b y M
M o r ge n s tern o f D o r p at u pon m n e nion ic a H e
t h e r e asserts t h at t h is s cie n c e is m ore i nti m ate l y
c o nn e c t e d w it h the E y pti an h i e ro l y p h i c s than
g
g
Fro m

I N T R O DU C T I O N

13

er al l y th o u gh t , an d that t h i s c o n n e c tion
H o w e ve r the c ase
m ay h el p to expl ai n t h e m
m ay b e t h is s in gu l ar art so l o n g n e gl e c ted h as
re appe are d in G e r m an y w ith s o m e e cl at M
Are tin w ho m ay b e ac c o u nte d t h e restor e r Of it,
has rec e ntl y had M Kae stii e r a c lergy m an , as
his p u pil w h o m he has per m itt e d to te ac h h is
n e w d o c trine at Le ipz ic ; at the sam e tim e e x ac t
in g a pro m i s e fro m h im n ot to s u ff er his p u pil s
to w rite do w n h is lec t u re s M Kae s tn e r travel s
ab o u t l ike D r G al l
Ac c or d i n g to a b oo k w ritte n it is sai d b y
a c h il d o f t w e l ve ye ar s o f age , an d m e n tio n e d in
t h e Le ipz ic c atal o gu e fo r the l as t S ept e m b e r
fai r m n e m on ic a is a tr u e s c ie n c e an d m ay b e
t au gh t b y m e an s o f s e ve n t e e n d i ff ere n t r u l e s an d
w h i c h w il l gi ve a m e m ory to i n d i vid u al s o f e ve ry

is

e
n
g

a e

G R E G O R VO N FE I N
A I G L E an ati ve o f B ade n vi s ite d Paris an d
d el i vered Le c tu re s o n h is
Ne w S y s te m o f
M n e m on ic s an d M eth odic s
I n the Phil oso
h
i
c al M a az in e for J u n e
t
h
ere
is
h
e
t
g
p
fo ll o w in g extrac t fro m a l e tte r w ritte n b y M
P I G H T E L at Par i s to a frie n d in Londo n
ving s o m e ac c o u n t o f M VO N FE i NA I G LE s
i
g
exh ibitio n s t h e re
I n M arc h 1 8 07, M

Vol

xxv iii

p 92
.

N E W A RT O F M E M O RY

14

Pari s , 2 d M arc h ,

8 07

D u rin g m y re s ide n ce i n t h is m etr o p o lis I

h e ard a gre at de al o f a n e w m eth od o f m n e m o
o r o f a m et h od to as s is t an d x o u r m e
n i ue
q
m ory i n ve n t e d b y G r e gor d e Fe in aigl e
No t
w it h s t an din g t h e s i m pl icity w it h w h ic h h e an
I c ou l d n ot
n ou n c e d h is l e ct u res in t h e p apers
d e term i n e m y sel f to be c o m e a p u pil o f h is as I
t h o u g h t to n d a q u ac k or m o u nteb ank an d to
b e l au g h ed at b y m y fri e n ds for h avin g th r o wn
m
c
as h in s u c h a fool i s h m anner
P er
aw a
y y
haps I s h o u l d h e s it ate to t h is m o m ent ab o u t t h e
u til it y o f t h is n e w i n ve n ted m et h o d t o as s ist ou r
n at u r al m e m ory had I n o t h ad t h e pl e as u re o f
d i n ing at h is e xcel le n c y s t h e C o u n t o f M etter
t h e Au s tri an am b ass ador who fo l l o w ed
n ic h
w ith al l h is s ecre t ar ies t h e w h ol e co u rse o f 16c
t u re s : th e y al l sp o k e ve ry adv ant ag e o u sl y o f i t
l i ke w i s e s e ver al ot h er pers o n s o f t h e rst r an k I
m e t t h ere : i n c o n s eq u e n c e o f t h i s I w as i nse r te d
i n to t h e l i s t o f p u pil s an d I fol lo w at t h is m o
Al l I c an tel l you ab o u t
m e n t t h e l e c t u re s
t h i s m et h od is : i t is a very si m pl e one an d e asy
ad a ted to al l age s an d s exe s : al l
t o be l e arned
p
di f c u l ties in s u c h s ciences as requ ire an e xtraor
d in ary g o o d m e m or y for inst an c e t h e n am es
an d e poc h s in h ist o r y are at o nc e o verco m e an d
ob vi ate d Th ere is n ot one br an c h o f s c ien c e t o
I t is e asy
whic h t h i s m e t h o d c an n o t b e appl ied
,

I NTRO D U CTI O N

I5

to be perceived that s u c h an i n ve n tio n c an n o t

p ass w ith o u t s o m e c ri tiqu e an d eve n sar c as ms
i n the p u bl ic prints : s o m e o f t h e m w ere very
inj u ri o u s an d pl au s ibl e eno u g h to m isl e ad the
p u bl ic w ho k no w ing n o th ing o f th e m eth o d
are al w ay s m o re re ad y to co n d e m n t h an t o assist
M r Fe in aigl e to an s w er al l t h ese criti cs at
o n ce adopted a m e th o d n ot l e s s p u b l i c for Pari s
th an the pu bl ic p apers b u t l e s s p u bl i c for th e
r e s t o f Eu rope : h e g ave th e 2 2 d o f l ast m o n t h
in
a p u bl i c ex h ibitio n to abo u t 2000 S pect at o rs
w h ic h h e d id n o t appe ar at al l o nl y abo u t 1 2
o r 1 5 o f his p u pil s : e ac h o f t h e m m ade s u c h an
appl ic ati o n o f t h e m et ho d as h is sit u ati o n in l i fe
requ ired T h e principal p art s w ere t h e fo l l o w
ing : h istory abo u t n am es an d y e ars ; ge o grap h y
w it h r espec t to l ongit u d e l atit u de n u m ber o f
in h abit ants sq u are m iles 8t c 8Lc ; gram m ar
i n vario u s l ang u ages ab o u t di ff eren t editi o ns o f
t h e sam e w o rk ; p andec ts t h eir di visi o n an d
titl e o f e ac h b o o k titl e 8Lc ; di ff erent sy ste m s
o f b o t an y
p o et ry arit h m etic 8Lc 8L0 At l as t
one desired t h e co m p an y to gi ve h im o n e t h o u
s and w o rds w ith o u t an y connec tion w h ats oe ver
an d w i t h o u t
nu m eri c order ; fo r in s t ance th e
w o r d a s tr on om e r fo r N o 62 ; wood fo r NO
1 8 8 ; l ove ly fo r N o
3 70 ; dy n as t y for N o

2 3 5 D avid for NO 90 8 w Sac ti l l al l the

,

16

N E W A RT o r M E M O RY

n u m b e rs

w e re

l l e d

n o t w rths tan d in

o r d e r,
or

he

on e

b o re

an d

g he

b ut

be

pe at e d th e whol e
he ard t he s e w ord s , w ithou t
an d

on c e ,

re

) in t h e

um e r i c al

o rd e r

yo u w hat w o rd w as gi ve n agai n s t an y
n u m b e r,
or w h at n u m b e r an y o n e w ord

tol d

is

til l m ore s t ri ki n g b u t c e rtai n l y

l i ke w i se m ore d i f c u l t to re t ai n as m any n u m
b e rs h o w e v e r gre at t he y m ay b e
Fo r w ords
an d n u m b e r s I c ou l d ve n t u re m se l f w ith t he
y
re
a
e
s
sa
f
e
f
ar
a
h
n
e
t
t
t
as
s
o
n
e
u
d
r
d o f e ac h ;
g
y
aft e r h avi n g xe d t h e m o n c e
an d I am s u re
whi c h is d on e in l e ss t han te n m i n u t e s I c ou l d
r e pe at the m t o you at an
e ri o d
w
it
h
t
ou
e ve r
y p
th i n ki n g any m ore o f the m

M Fe in aigl e is ab ou t to vi s it En gl an d
It

te s ti m on y of M Fic hte l m ay b e ad d e d
that of th e c e l e b rat e d Fr e n c h as tro n o m e r M
I have w i t n e ss e d the
LA L A N D E w ho says
e xt raord i n ary e ffe c t s
r
o d u c e d o n th e m e m o ry
p
o n e o f h is
b y the m e t h o d o f M d e Fe in aigl e
h
ou t
w
i
n an y ord e r
it
u il s is ab l e
r e e at
o
t
p p
p
the l e as t m i s t ake a t ab l e o f fty c iti e s in al l
e d e g re e s o f l on git u d e
t
h
l
it
h
h
d
a
r
o
f
o
t
w
s
t
e
w
r
p
an d l atit u d e in w h i c h t h e
s it u at e d ; the s am e
are
y
is the c as e w ith c hron o l ogy : in the An n u a z r e I
have i n se rt e d 24 0 d at e s from an ti e n t an d m o d e rn
h i st o ry, an d M d e Fe in aigl e s S c h o l ars re pe a t
To th e

N E W ART

18

or

M EM

O RY

s c e n d ng

at

or,

th e

l owe r

and re

s to r ,
y

gu l ar l y

as c e n d n g .

An y o t he r pe rm an e n t an d fam il i ar c lass o f o h

j
t han

e c ts

w ill , in ge n e ral , an s we r the pu r po s e b e tte r

the roo m s o f a h ou se
I was m yse l f e d u

c ate d

in

the v c n

i i ity

of

O xford s t re e t ,

an d

the

that s t re e t s ou t h an d n or th
C har l e s s t re e t S oh o s q u are an d
D e an s t re e t C hap e l s tre e t an d
s o o n to Par k l an e an d d o w n on the o t he r s i d e
t o Rathb o n e pl ac e an d H an w ay yard ) are the
h
e rm an e n t an d fam ili ar se t o f o bj e c t s
ic h I
w
p
m ake u se o f fo r m y o w n pu rpo se o f s u c c e s s i v e
assoc i ati o n
T he c ou n ti e s in En gl an d the ki n g
d o m s an d th e c o u n t ri e s t hro u gh o u t th e w or l d
the vill age s an d O t he r o bj e c t s o n a gre at ro ad
o r the s t re e t s o f a c it
are all w e ll s u it e d t o t h i s
y
b u s i n e s s o f ass oc i ati on
an d e it he r o f t h e m m ay
b e t ake n in d ie re n tl y b y v ari o u s pe rso n s ac c o rd
in g to t he i r ac q u ai n t an c e w it h t he m The gre at e r
th e vari e ty o f i d e as c on n e c t e d w it h t hi s s e t o f
ass oc ia tin
o bj e c ts , wh i c h m ay b e c al l e d t he
g
key the m o re e asy an d the m ore c e rt ai n is the
o w e r o f re c o l l e c ti o n
p
I f I d o n o t h az ard a c harge o f e go ti s m I
that b y t hi s
as ill u s t rati ve fac t s
s h al l m e n ti on
n e w ar t I o n c e c o m m itt e d t o m e m ory, in a s in
l
e m orn i n
e w ho l e o f the
ro os iti o n s c on
h
t
g
g
p p
t ain e d in the thre e rs t b o oks of Eu c l i d, an d
s re e s r u n n n g o u t o f

t
i
( be gi n n i n g at
p roc e e d i n g t o
-

'

ODUC

NT R

TI

ON

19

h pe r fe c ti on , that I c o u l d for ye ars aft e r

w ard s s pe c i fy the n u m b e r o f the b o o k o n he ar i n g

w ith
t he

suc

ro

ro p o s

os

iti on

n am e d ,

on

he ari n g the

iti o n

an d

c ou

ld

re c

n u m b e r an d

ite

the

the

b oo k ;

h ave fre q u e n tl y, in m i xe d c o m p an i e s , r e
e ate d b ac kw ar d s an d fo r ward s fro m fty t o an
p

an d

h u n d re d

u n c on n e c

te d

be e n

I m ay al so ad d to
o f the
l
n
t
h
t
I
t
h
t
r o v e the
a
a
a
u
p
g
p
t w o o f m y o w n c h il d re n t o r e p e at fty u n c o n
o f n o t m o re t h an
n e c te d w o rd s in a rs t l e s s o n

hal f an ho u r s c o n ti n u an c e
M VO N FE I N A I G LE vi s ite d En gl an d so m e
ti m e in the e ar ly par t o f 1 8 1 1 In o r d e r to e xhi
b it a d e t ail o f h is pro gre s se s in t hi s c o u n t ry w e
hav e m ad e s o m e e xt rac ts fro m the Pe r i o d i c al
Wo rks an d Pu b l i c Pape rs w hic h gave an ac c o u n t
o f his var i o u s e xp e r im e n ts
but

on c e

ll e d o ve r
s i m l i c ity
p

w ord s , w h i c h have

to m e

c a

On th e 2 2 d
at t h e
a
e
g

me nt

of

ta t in g

ofJ un e , 1 8 1 1 , M

Roya l

t he

I n s ti tu tion ,

f c ac y

a n d assis ti n g

in

h is

Ill e m m y

Vo n Fe in aigl e

pu b l i c e xpe ri
M e thod (f f kt C i Ii

T he M an age r s

q u e n c e of the appl i
c ati o n o f th e C o m m itt e e o f Lit e rat u re an d S e t
l ic dis l a
n te d
e r m i s s i o n fo r t h i s
r
a
u
b
enc e
g
p
p
p y
ho we v e r m aki n g th e m se l v e s
o f the ar t w itho u t
in an y w ay r e spon s i b l e as t o i ts c harac t e r
Th e

of

t he

I n s tit u ti on

of

c o n se

Ge n

Mag

vol . l xxxi. par

t1

20

N E W A RT

h i b iti o n

M EM

or

O RY

se
l
ac e b e fo re an as s e m b l
f
o
p
y
v e ral hu n d re d Lad i e s an d G e n tl e m e n w ho w e re
as t o n i sh e d an d d e l i gh t e d w it h t he
r e s u lt o f th e
e x e ri m e n t
F
o u r c l n l d re n
an d t w o
t
w
o
b
o
s
p
y
g i rl s al l u n d e r 1 4 ye ars o f age h ad b e e n pu t
u n de r M r
Fe in aigl e s c are b u t t w o o r t h re e
d ays b e fo re : he h ad o n e o f th e gi rl s b u t an ho u r
a n d a hal f ; an d th e
l o n ge s t t u iti o n th at an y o f
t h e m h ad re c e iv e d w as b u t fo u r ho u rs an d a
hal f 0 n e o f th e m re pe at e d G o l d s m it h s H e r
m i t b ac kward an d fo r w ard an d s t at e d th e s t an z a
an d th e o rd e r o f an y r e m ar kab l e w o r d
the l i n e
O n e l it t l e
i
an s w e r e d t o
rl
r e q u i re d o f h im
g
q u e s ti o n s in the c h ro n o l o gy o f th e Ro m an E m
e ro rs ; an d an o t h e r m u l ti pl ie d w it h o u t s l at e o r
p

to o k

e x

t wo

e r,

su

of e

ms

p p
d e c l are d t h at sh e l l ac!

ig h t fi gu re s b y

an d

au h t
t
g
p
A bo
ar it h m e t ic
y d e t e r m in e d th e ge o graph i c a l
o f 5 0 d i ff e r e n t
S i t u at i o n b y d e gr e e s an d m i n u t e s
an is h e r e
a
l
c h al ke d o u t on a
c iti e s ; an d o n
p
p
b o ar d m arke d d o w n th e t ru e s it u ati o n o f pl ac e s
M r Fi n c he r o f t he i n s tit u ti o n
n am e d t o h im
al s o r e c it e d th e M i n e ral o gic al T ab l e s o f H au
y
t h e s e c o n d par t o f w h i c h he h ad t au gh t h i m s e l f
o n M r Fe in aigl e s s ys t e m t o ge t h e r w it h th e rs t
art o f B ris s o n s
O
rn it h o l o i c S s t e m ; an d h e
g
y
p
fr o m h is o w n e xpe ri e n c e
that th e
d e c l are d
e in aigl e s ar t w e re
F
e q u al l y
ri n c i p l e s o f M r
p
an d
c al c u l at e d t o gi ve fac ility in th e ac q u i siti o n
n ot

re

vi o u s l y

h
t
g ,

ei

be e n

ODU C

I NT R

TI

ON

Q1

t i ty in the re te n ti on O f the tab l e s of au v

o t h e r s c i e n c e a fac t w h i c h w as c on rm e d b
y
s e v e ral G e n tl e m e n
p re s e n t w ho h av e att e n d e d
t h e pri vat e c o u rs e s o f the Pro fe ss or T he e xa
m in ation s w e re c arr i e d o n b y M r D i s n e y C hai r
m an o f the Lit e rary an d S c i e n ti c C o m mitt e e ;
an d fo r a
e at
h
i
r
ar
t
f
e
ti
n
a
l
e
o
t
m
e
M
r
F
e
i
g
g
p
re ti re d fro m t he Le c t u re ro om
No th i n g c o u l d
b e m o re s ati s fac t ory than the re s u l t o f th e e xpe
Fe i n
r im e n ts ; an d th e c o m pan y re t u rn e d M r
2
6
ai l e
t
h
e i r than ks T he
ro fe ss or
u
P
J
g
g
r e pe at e d the e xp e r i m e n t at Live rp ool w h e re th e
Re v J on athan B roo ke s at the re q u e s t O f the
M ayo r se l e c t e d from the d i ffe re n t c hari ty
s c ho o l s o f the t o wn
c h il d re n u po n wh o m th e
e x e ri m e n t m i h t b e m ad e
T he e xh i b iti on t o o k
p
g
ac e b e fo r e a ve r
e ro u s as s e m b l
l
n
u
m
Fo u r
p
y
y
cer a n

hil d re n h ad b e e n pu t u n d e r M r Fe in aigl e s t u i
ti on b u t thre e d ays b e fo re , tw o b oys an d tw o

than
tw o ho u rs i n s t ru c ti on ; n e it he r O f t he g i r l s c o u l d
m ake o r r e ad a gu re w h e n rs t p re s e n t e d to
h im
T he e xam i n ati o n s ( w hi c h w e re c arri e d on
by the Re v J o n at han B ro o ke s ) w e re p re c i s e l y
o f t he
s am e n at u re as t h o se at the Ro yal I n s ti
t u tio n ; an d th e r e s u l t s we re e q u al l y s atis fac

t ory
O n the 6 th O f Ap ril 1 8 1 2 the e ffe c t s o f M
VO N FE I N A i G LE s sys te m we re e xe m p l i e d at

gi rl s ,

an

n on e

of

th e m

had

re c e

iv e d

m o re

2%

N E W A RT O F M

S ar ry I n sti tu tion , b e fore

th e

O RY

EM

n u m e ro u s

as -a

S u b s c ri b e rs , b y the
e xam i n ati on
O f ve
yo u n g p e rs o n s , w h o had
pre vi o u s l y b e e n c o m m itt e d t o th e c are o f M

Von Fe in aigl e
se m

bly

Prop ri e t ors

of

an d

M as t e r H

S ( 1 3 ye ars
m i n e d t he ge ogr aph i c al s it u ati on
1

of

Of

a e

d e te r

inc i
as s i n
g

ty pr

ih d i ffe re n t part s Of th e gl o b e ,
t o e ac h its l o n git u d e an d l atit u d e in d e gre e s
an d m in u t e s , an d n am e d t he c o u n t r
i
it
h
i
n
w
c
h
y
l
p
in g

tow n s

is fou n d
s p he re

h im

l m arke d o n a b l an k p l an i
s it u ati on o f th e t o w n s n am e d to

a so

t ru e

th e

M i ss P K ( 1 1 ye ars

of

age

re

ea e

fty s t an z as O f fou r l i n e s e ac h fro m the s e c o n d

ar t O f M r
e d o f th e B o w e r
l
s
M
o
re
r
E
d
r
S
s
i
p
Th e s e sh e r e p e at e d c o n s e c u tiv e l y an d in an y
o r d e r d e s i re d
O n an y r e m arkab l e w o rd b e i n g
m e n t io n e d s h e d e t e r m i n e d t h e s t an z a t h e l i n e
an d th e
l
ac e Of th e l in e , in w h i c h i t w as t o b e
p
fo u n d an d al s o h o w m an y ti m e s th e sam e w ord
,

o c c u re

3
s w e re

d in th e Po e m
.

al

d to

s an c e s as o
an

d gav e

T he w h o

P os t

'

ot

M iss M A K
.

Apr il

the

e Of

ac c o u n

t his

1 8 th ,

( 15

d e c l e n s io n s ,

f adj e c t iv e s ,
fu l l

re

p or

of

t he

e ars o f

age

as

well

an

Of s u b

Lat in Lan gu age ;

O f al l th e

i s t ak e n f r o m th e M or n i ng

c o n u ga i o n s ,

N T RO D U C T I

ON

23

d pass i ve , w it h o u t any pre vi o u s

kn o w l e d ge o f th at l an gu age
4 M i ss S S ( o f th e s am e age w it h th e
re c e d i n g
u il ) an s w e re d t o th e d e c l e n si on s an d
p
p p

b oth

ac

ti ve

an

ti o n s

c on u ga

l in e d

ve rb s

the

ro

o se

G re e k Lan g u age ,

f t he

an d c o n u

se e n a

a e

se

d to h e r

G re e k c h arac t e r

Pr o fe s so r
Th e

v e ral

re

an d

de

u ar n o u n s

an

Th i s pu p i l h ad n e v e r
til l pu t u n d e r th e c are of

n
i n s t r u c t io

w hol e

bove p up il s c on sis t e d
on e hou r e a c h

r e c e ive d

by t he
on l , o
y f

l e sson s

ve

M as t e r S H

l
ai n e d t he
p
phys i c al m a
the m ati c al an d c h e m i c al c h arac t e rs o f m i n e ral s
aft e r H au
y s sys t e m ass i gn i n g t h e s vs te m atic al
o rd e r o f a n
c h arac t e r wh at e v e r
y
p r o p o s e d t o h im
an d s h o w i n
m
i
i
n w h at m an n e r an
n
e
ral o u h t
g
y
g
t o b e e xam i n e d an d t rie d t o asc e r t ai n its n at u re
T hi s pu pi l r e c e iv e d o n l y t w o h o u rs i n s t r u c ti on
ex

Fe in aigl e

from

M as t e r S H
.

ft e r w ard s

re

qu e ste d

t h e au d

iv
e
t
ent
rd s
o r n am e s
it
w
o
w
h
ou t
w
g
y
an
d
e r o r c o n n e c ti o n w h at e ve r
h
e se w o r d s
or
T
y
w e re w ritt e n o n a b o ard an d n u m b e re d fro m on e
t o t we n ty as fo l l ow s
e nc e

to

T ow e r .

te

Ga

t e pl
e

e.

C hu r c h

C hap e

t t ti
ot c h

I ns i
C

G r e y,

on

N E W ART O F M E M O RY

24
9

Re ge n t

15

10

Fe in aigl e

1 1

S y r ac u s e

13

G rah am

14

the

i
l
p

an

ose

19

l t in e
B u tt o
es

Re form

v e ry

w ord in the

ass

w or d s fo r

t hr e e m i n u t e s ,

e xc e e d n g

to

n.

n u m b e r an d

b ac kward s

b o th

an y n u m b e r

that w as

i gn e d

th e

se r e s ,

ro

er

w o rd ,

ve r sa .

t we n ty e i gh t gu re s, nam e d pro
th e au d i e n c e w as th e n w r itte n

s e r e s Of

m is c u ou sl y b y

d o wn ,

Pa

n ot

d to him , he

d vic e

n am e

an d

fo rw ard
ro

ti m e

of

ac e

2 0.

Aft e r in spe c ti n g the

a s

18

'
.

17

W e l l in gt on

H il

Ne l s on
Arc h im e d e s

1 6.

1 2.

Te n

as ,

O 5 0 Q 9 6

&c

Se c

8Lc

The s e the pu p il s u rve ye d att e n ti ve l y, fo r ab o u t

ve in in u te s, an d th e n r e pe at e d t h e m forw ard s
'

an d

b ac kw ard s

m an y 8 3 2 5
.

9 3 SC
.

e
.

af e r w ard s

o c c u r re

d e c l are d ho w

d in the

s e r e s,

an d

l ti ve s it u ati o n o f e ac h gu re
I n c o n s e q u e n c e o f the d i sappo i n t m e n t Of
m an y O f th e Pro pr i e t o rs an d S u b s c ri b e rs w h o
c o u l d n ot o b t ai n ad m it tan c e i n t o
the Le c t u re
Ro o m o n the 6 th i n s t an t th e ab ove e xpe ri m e n ts
w e re re p e at e d o n We d n e s d ay e ve n i n g l as t t o a
c ro w d e d au d it or
O
n
t his e ve n in g the fo l l ow
y
t
in g add iti on al e vi d e n c e s o f the u tili ty and u n i
f
ve r s al it
O
M
F
e
i
n aigl e s
Sys t e m we re ad
y
th e

re a

d uc e d

'

Ne w

26

A RT

Of th e

an d

pu p il

a s

i fo l l o w i n g

th e

l
y l a b u s , in w h i c h the

N AI G L E d i s t r i b u t e d
n a u re

O RY

M EM

or

s x

e xam i n a i o n

n o e s,

w as

hte d

st

l
an ati on s
p

or e x

Obje c ts o f h is Ne w Sys te m
w e re su bj o i n e d
an d M e t h o d i c s

Of

th e

of

M n e m oni c s

Sys te m at ic Ta b l e s

m e th o
d

ff e c t u al for

that

is

q u i ri n g th e
s an
e r fec t kn ow l e d ge o f sys t e m ati c al tab l e s
i
p
Ob je c t o f h i ghe r val u e an d gre at e r i m po r t an c e
th an at rs t i t m igh t appe ar H o w O ft e n are we
u on
ar ti c u l ar
att e n d i n g c o u rs e s o f l e c t u re s
p
p
s c i e nc e s w it ho u t b e i n g ab l e to fo r m a c l e ar i d e a
o f th e w ho l e
o r to gi v e o u rs e l ve s an ac c o u n t o f
W
h
e n b y th e m e an s h e re
w h a w e are l e arn i n g
t
r e c o m m e n d e d w e ar e e n ab l e d t o kn o w p re vi o u s l y
th e gr e at d ivi s i on s an d s u b d ivi s i o n s Of a sys t e m
it is n o t d i f c u l t to r e fe r to th os e xe d po i n t s al l
to s e c u re o u r kn o w l e dge
o u r i d e as an d at o n c e
al re ad y att ai n e d an d t o ac c e l e r at e o u r p ro gre ss
A sys t e m ac q u i re d b y t h i s m e
in th e s c i e n c e
tho d is n o t a d ry an d s t e r il e se r i e s o f wo rd s ; it
is a w e l l arran ge d c l ass i c ati on o f re al kn ow
l edge We l e arn in l i ke m an n e r al l the s ys t e m s
w
h
e ve r ; h ow e ve r c o m l i c at e d
t
sc i e n c e
a
o f an
y
p
th e y m ay ap pe ar
2 La n g u age s
Th e l e arn i n g a n d t e ac h i n g
e s vs
o f l an gu age s are n o t o n l
ac il it at e d b
t
h
f
y
y
t e m Of M n e m on i c s b u t ac q u ire m ore l i gh t an d
m ore so l i d ity t han e ve r th e y w e re thou gh t sus
at

o n c e s pe e

dy

an d e

ac

'

27

r N r RO D u c r r O N .
'

c e

e Of
b
l
t
i
p

It

is

al l

fac t w e l l kn own t o

my

'

l an gu age w hat e v e r
l e arn t in a s i n gl e h ou r,
It c an
al l
t he c o nj u gati o n s in an o the r
an d
e as il y b e c o n c e iv e d t hat al l th e r e s t m ay b e ac
q u i re d w it h the s am e fac il ity : b u t t h is is n o t
al l t he ad v ant age o f m y s ys t e m : an o m al i e s i r re
u l ar itie s o f v e rb s an d s i m il ar d i ffi c u l ti e s w h ic h
g
h av e b e e n h ith e r t o the t o rm e n t o f th e s c h o l ars
b e c o m e b y th i s sys t e m t h e m o s t p l e as i n g an d
M y pu
m o s t i n s t ru c ti ve par t o f th e l an gu age
il
h
s ar e
c o n vi n c e d b
t
e m o s t s a ti s fac t o ry e x
y
p
e rie n c e
at
t
h
t
m
i
b
e l e arn e d in t h e
r
a
m
a
r
s
o
p
g
l an gu age n ot the l an gu age in th e grarn n rar ; an d
w he n t h e t ru e w ay is o n c e kn o w n i t b e c o m e s
d e l i gh t fu l t o t he m t o go o n w ith e ase an d p ro m p
t itu d e b y t h e m s e l ve s fro m o n e l an gu age t o an o
the r
3 P r ose a n d Poe try Whe n w e kn o w p i e c e s
o e tr
n su c h
ros e o r o f
i
e rfe c ti o n t hat w e
of
y
p
p
p
e as u r e to an
are ab l e t o an s w e r at
l
i
l
d
s
n
e
w
or
p
y
g
i t is n ot t o b e i m agi n e d t hat in l e arn in g th e m w e
h av e to x o n e w o r d aft e r an o the r ; b u t w hat
e v e r w e c o m m it t o o u r m e m o r
i
s t h e re in s u c h
y
an o r d e r t h at w e are s u re t o n d i t a ai n w h e n
g
e ve r w e m a
The m att e r an d the
y w i sh f r i t
d i c ti on are n e c e s s ari l y d is ti n gu i sh e d an d e ve ry
t h i n g t re at e d aft e r its o w n n atu re an d we are
th e re fore s u re n e ithe r to om it an y thi ng t hat is

l
i
s , t h at , al m o s t in
p p
th e d e c l e n s i o n s m ay b e
u

an y

'

28

N E W ART o r M E M O RY

d by whic h it is to b e e x
re s s e d
Pe rson s w h o c ou l d n e ve r b e fore ge t b y
p
h e ar t e ith e r pro s e o r po e t ry h ave b y a sh or t
p rac ti c e Of t hi s m e t ho d ac q u i re d the gre at e s t
r e ad i n e s s an d fac il it
y
4 G e og r ap hy
Thi s p ar t o f ge ography
h as o n l y b e e n l e arn e d b y m y c o m m o n m an n e r Of
xi n g i t) th e m e m ory p rop e r n am e s in ge n e ral
an d t hat O f n o ti n
h
t
e ar it h m e ti c al g u re s w h e r
g
e ve r w e
m e e t t he m
The t ru e sys t e m o f ge o
h
an o n e
Of m
j
t
t
ra h
i
h
o
f
m
o
re
s
t
e
O
b
e
c
g p y
y
l e c t u re s ; an d b y th i s n e w sys t e m the s t u dy ac
q u i re s a d e gre e o f fac ility an d th e s c i e n c e it s e l f
o f w h i c h it w as n e v e r
a d e gr e e o f p e r fe c ti o n
an d ye t w rth ou t w h ic h it
th o u gh t s u s c e p ti b l e
e s se n t ia l l
h
u h t to b e
a
t
i
t
o
w
c an ne v e r b e
y
g
Tho se w ho w ou l d t h i n k i t n e e d l e ss o r o f n o u s e
t o kn o w th e s it u ati o n Of e v e ry r e m ar kab l e p o i nt:
o f the g l o b e b y d e gr e e s o f l o n gi t u d e an d l atit u d e
Have t o c on s i d e r if w itho u t th e s e d e gre e s ge o
g raphy i t s e l f o r an y ge ograph i c al c h ar t c o u l d
e ve r e xi s t
an d if n o t th e
s u re l
n o t m ai n
c
an
y
y
t ai n th at wh at is e sse n ti al to ge ography it s e l f m ay
b e n e gl e c t e d in th e s t u dy Of ge o graphy
This
rfe c ti o n is n o t o n l
iv
e
n t o the s c i e n c e b y m y
e
p
y g
sys t e m b u t is al s o att ai n e d w it h gre at e r fac ility
to b e

id

sa

n or an

o
w
r
y

"

'

ci

gt

T his r e fe rs t o th e l on i

tie s re pe ate d

b y t h e p u pi l

u de

an d

l ati t ude

of

th e

f ty

NT RO D U C

T I ON .

99

t i ty th an e v e n th e fo rm e r i m pe rfe c t
kn ow l e d ge c o u l d b e ac q u i re d b y an y o th e r m e th od
T he s am e p ri n c i p l e s are appl iab l e
w h at e ve r
w i th e q u al e ff i c ac y t o al l tha s u b s i d i ary par t s o f
an d
i t is
a p e r fe c t ge o graph i c al kn ow l e d ge
sh ow n h ow t o x in th e m e m o ry, fo r i n s tan c e
th e g o v e rn m e n t th e e xt e n t th e po pu l at i o n an d
th e m il i t ary po w e r th e pr o d u c t s the c om m e rc e ,
Of
th e n ran u fac t u re s t h e ar t s an d s c i e n c e s 8C c
Thos e w h o are ac q u ai n t e d w ith the
e v e ry s t at e
r i n c i l e s o f the
re s e n t arran ge m e n t c an n o t b u t
p
p
p
f e e l h o w m u c h e as i e r i t m u s t b e tO c o m pare
a c c o rd i n
g to t h i s pl an o n e ki n gd om wit h an o the r
b y s rm pl e m e m o ry than aft e r an y th e r p l an
p
w it h al l t he ass i s t an c e o f b o o ks an d s yst e m ati c
t ab l e s
5 C hron o l ogy
What is d o n e w ith re gard
t o the ki n gs o f En gl an d m ay b e d o n e w it h an y
c h ro n o l o gic al
s e r i e s o f s o ve re i n s ; an d t h o u h
g
g
s u c h a s e r i e s p re se n t e d n o t h i n
m o re t han w hat
m ay b e c on s i de re d as g re at e po c h s o f hi s t o ry,
e v e n O f t ho s e t he
re s e n t s s t e m o ff e rs a
t
r
e
a
e
r
p
y
g
n u m b e r t h an
an y o th e r s s t e m
o f c h on ol o
y
gy
an d xe s t h e m m o re e as il
y th an it h as e ve r b e e n
o ss i b l e t o d o b y al l t h o se
i
n e n i o u s h i s t or i c al
p
g
t ab l e s w h i c h h ave b e e n i n v e n t e d to ass i s t the
m e m o ry in th i s i n t e re s ti n g s t u d y
B u t th e hi gh
e st
e r fe c ti o n Of hi s t o ri c al kn o w l e d e is c er t ai n l
p
g
y
t o kn o w the who l e h i s t o r , n o t o n l
t
a
b
r
e
y
y y g
an d

cer a n

N E W A RT

30

O F M E M O R Y.

b u t ye ar b y ve ar, an d fac t b y fac t ; an d

e r fe c ti o n n o o t he r sys t e m h as e ve r b e e n
p
t o affo rd

e p oc h s,

t hi s
ab l e

ti on

'

M u l tip l ic a tion
of

c on s s

gre at e r

m u lti pl i c a

gu re s in
as w e ll as in th e
th e
m u l ti pl i c an d
o n l y b y m e m ory w it h o u t w r iti n g an
t
i
h
n
y
g m ay
t
c e r t ai n l y in m an y c ase s b e d e s i rab l e
o r of
r
e
a
g
an d is at l e as t a c e r t ai n
u ti lity
t
t
ro
o
f
h
a
th e
p
re se n t m e th o d r e ac h
r i n c i p l e s o f th e
v
e
er
p
p
y
w he re an d that to its m e an s n o t h i n g is t o o d if
c u l t o r to o c o m p l i c ate d
I t is u n d o u b t e dl y o f
the h i ghe s t i m po rt an c e to b e ab l e t o x in o u r
m i n d s th e n u m b e rs in ge n e ral
S t ati s ti c ge o
h
m
e m ati c s
i
n s ho r t
i
t
ra h
h
s to r
a
al m o s t
g p y
y
e v e ry s c i e n c e is fu l l o f n u m e r ic al gu re s
M ul
t ip l ic atio n t ab l e s s q u are an d c u b e n u m b e rs l o g a
e
a n d al l th e m at h e m a
r ith m s al g e b rai c fo r m u l a

ti c s c an b e s u b m itte d t o th o s e ru l e s
S i n c e th e p e ri o d o f M VO N FE I N A I G L E S
t hi s c o u n t ry he has b e e n d e l iv e r i n g a
ar r iv al i n
v ar i e ty o f c ou r se s o f ft e e n o r s i xt e e n l e c t u re s
e ac h fo r w hi c h t h e c h arge o f ve g u i n e as h as
b e e n m ad ; b u t th e p u pil is at l i b e r ty to att e n d
sh o u l d h e
a s e c o n d ti m e
an y par ti c u l ar l e c t u re
n o t s u i c ic n t l y c o m pr e he n d it at the rs t h e ar i n g
M Vo n Fe in aigl e has n o t c o n n e d h is vi s its to
Ed i n b u rgh G l asgo w Liv e r
th e m e t ro p o li s :
i
n th e su m m e r s e aso n b e e n
h
av e
e tc e tc
o ol
,
p
s u c c e ss i ve l y, the t he at re o f his e xe rti o n s
,

i ti n g
m u l ti p l i e r

To m ake

n u m b e r of

'

C H AP

t
i
tt
t
t
l
S
t
.
p
iB

TH

m e m ory m ay b e c om pare d to
A m
s t ore d w ith m e rc h an d i s e

h ou se *

w are

t h o d i c al
ar ran ge m e n t o f th e c on t e n t s o f su c h a r e o s it ory
p
e n ab l e s its o w n e r t o n d an
ar ti c l e th a t h e m a
y
y
r e q u i re
w ith th e u t m os t r e ad i n e ss
\Vith a
g e n e ral kn o w l e d ge o f t h e c o n t e n t s o f a l i b rary an d
o f th e m an n e r in w h i c h t he b o o ks ar e d i s t ri b u t e d
e v e n w he n ab s e n t fr o m th e s o t
a pe r s o n m ay
p
d e t e rm i n e w it h c e r t ain ty t h e s it u ati o n o f an
y

e d al l is ts
ar ti c u l ar
b
o o ks l
hi
sa s
p
y Mr
.

M e m or y i s ,
fo r t h e

n ar r o w

man y i d e as
n e c e s s a ry

at an o

l T he w e

ll

of

m in d

vi

m an

s or e h ou se

b e in g

n ot

an d c o n e

ou r

i d e as ;

of

h a vi n g

c ap ab e

m p l a i on

of

at on c e ,

i t w as

po s i o r y t o l ay u p h os e i d e as , w h ic h
Look on the H u m an
i t m i gh m ak e u se of

t o h ave

t h e t im

i t w e re , t h e

unde r

a re

i p 111
k n ow n a n e c d o

n d e rs tan d ing ,

t o th e

as

v ol .

Gr an d D uke

of

te

of

Tu s c an y

M AG LI AB EC
C

os mo

III

l ib i n
w i ll s u di c i

H I,
.

rar a

N E W A RT

32

AD D I S O N ,

M E M O RY

or

th e

rs t n am i n

p
g o f an e m
f
amil ,
e r o r w il l i m m e d i at e l y t e l l yo u hi s age
y
p
l i fe T o re m e m b e r wh e re h e e n t e rs in the
an d
ar t o f the
s u c c e s s i o n t h e y o n l y c on s i d e r in w h at p
c ab i n e t h e l i e s ; an d b y ru n n i n g o v e r in t h e i r
th o u gh ts s u c h a par ti c u l ar d raw e r wil l giv e yo u
re m arkabl e
ar t s o f h is
an ac c o u n t o f al l the
p

I f o u r i d e as w e re arran ge d w ith e q u al
r e i gn
m e th o d an d o rd e r th e m i nd wo u l d t u rn to the m ,
w it h th e l i ke fac il ity
S e n s i b l e o bj e c t s hav e a po w e rfu l e ff ec t in r e
i d e as w i th w hi c h it w as
c al l i n g to th e m i n d the
c u ie d w h e n t h o s e i d e as w e re p re s e n t e d
Th u s
p
th e s i gh t o f an y r e m arkab l e s c e n e s in th e c o u rs e
o f a s e c on d j o u rn e y w il l fr e q u e n tl y r e m i n d a
er
p
s on o f the s u bj e c t o f w hi c h h e w as t h i n ki n g o r
t al ki n g wh e n h e l as t t rave l l e d th at r o ad o r to
of M r
ad o p t t h e e l e gan t l an g u age
Pl ac e s an d t hi n gs w h i c h h ave an as s o c i ati o n
u

on

tl y ill t at d c o m thi fac t T h G d D ke

ld p c nr a
h av i g
k d M gl iab e c hi w h th e h e
h
i it i
b o k th t w
pl i d
p ti l l y
i mp
ib l
f
th e i b t o i th e w o l d th at is i th e
G
d S ig i
l i b y at C t t i p l
d i th
e th h
k o t h s c on d h e l f
th
igh t h a d i d e as
en

as

e,

ne

no

on

r an

c ou

e re

on s an

ra r

n or s

s c ar c e

c u ar

er

go i n
D ia ogu e

e,

ro

n o, s r,

an

e r

se

21 , 22, 1 2m o

u p on

th e

u s e fu n e s s o f an c i e n

M e d al s, pp

1 726 .

t Es s ay s , p 1 2

j t

ar

or

oo

sub e c

as

r an

y ou

oss

e an

us r

se e a s o

For

S pe c

tat or

v e ry
,

No

p re
.

tty i l l ustrat ion

41 7

of

t h is

as

n e

e se n
r
p

sys e

to th e

sc

w ART

In

he m e

of

th i s

O RY

M EM

or

re s

ec

t it
,

is

an a o ou s
g

M n e m on i c s prac ti se d b y th e

i t is he r e app l i e d m u c h m o r e e xt e n ~
S ive l y an d ad v an t age ou s l y t h an i t w as b y t h e m
A ro o m h avi n g ge n e r al l y fo u r w all s th e m os t
i n t o fo u r s i d e s an d e ac h
ob vi o u s d ivi s i o n o f i t is
w al l o r s i d e m ay b e s u b d ivi d e d i n to p an rie l s o r
c o m ar t m e n t s
em
i
l
n
ti
e
n
t
s
s
t
A
c
r
n
h
e
a
c
o
d
t
p
y
gy
d ivi d e d a W al l i n t o ve s pac e s
T hu s su ppo s e
th e l e tt e r M t o b e r e re se n t e d o n a w al l as
p
an

ti e n ts

but

u nde r

Fi v e

ac e s

p
m arke d b y th e
the

ro o m

ar e

th u s

gu re s

a ne

1 , 2,

e tc

i n i m agi n ati on ,

w as ,

in

the

pl ac e s
Ev e ry w al l o f
d ivi d e d in thi s

th i s

m an n e r ;

an

r oo m s as

w e re

p l an w as appl i e d t o as m an y
fo u n d n e c e s s ary t o th e e x t e n t o f

h p arti c u l ar s c he m e
l arl y d ivi d e d i n t o fo u r

e ac

v e ry
si de s
e

ro o
-

m b e ing

an d

v e ry

im i
s i de

ivi de d i n t o ve c o m part m e n t s Th u s
an y i d e a w h i c h
h
ad
t
i
ac c o rd i n
h
s m e th o d
t
o
g
b e e n as so c i at e d in th e m i n d w i th the fo r ty e i gh th
c o m art m e n t w o u l d b e
h
rd c o m
l
h
e
t
i
a
e
d
n
c
i
t
p
p
h
rd r o o m
artm e n t o f t he s e c on d wal l
t
i
i
n
h
e
t
p
b e ing

su b d

P RI N C I P L E S .

B ut

as fe w

c om

t m e n ts

ar

c ou

ld

35

be

ob a n e d o n

t i

h w al l b y th e s e m e an s , th e c al c u l ati o n o f hi gh
n u m b e rs w ou l d
b e e xc e e d i n g l y d i f c u l t
To

e ac

re

h w al l m igh t b e d i vi d e d
c o m ar t m e n t s, t h u s :
p

m e dy th i s d e fe c

in t o

n n e or

te n

e ac

w al l b e d i vi d e d

i n t o n i n e par t s the re w il l
I n o rd e r to
b e 3 6 c o m par t m e n t s in e v e ry r o o m
as c e r t ai n th e s it u ati o n o f an y p arti c u l ar n u m b e r
i t is to b e c o n s i d e re d in re l ati o n to the t o t al n u m
b e r o f t he s u b d ivi s i o n s
Fo r e xam p l e if the
r e q u ire d ; ac c o rd i n
s i t u ati o n o f n u m b e r 4 8 b e
g
t o the l as t m e n ti o n e d d ivi s i o n o f th e r o o m s i t is
b
e fo u n d b y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e pr o p o r ti o n w h i c h
o
t
,
t h at n u m b e r b e ars to 3 6 the t o t a l n u m b e r o f t he
c o m par t m e n t s in t h i s arran ge m e n t
I f t he n u m
b e r in q u e s ti o n b e l e s s th an t hi s t o t al th e pl ac e
thu s 1 2 b e i n g
i n q u i re d aft e r w il l b e o b vi o u s
w it h i n th e n u m b e r 3 6 m u s t o f n e c e s s ity b e in
th e r s t r o o m
b e i n g ab o v e 9 it is e q u al l y c l e ar
t hat i t c an n o t b e o n the rs t w al l ; an d b e i n g l e s s
t han 1 8 i t m u st n e c e s s aril y b e o n s om e part o f
th e s e c o n d w al l
an d as it e xc e e d s th e n u m b e r o f
the rs t w al l b y 3 , i t fo l l o w s , o f c ou rs e t hat its
If

36

M E MO RY

N E W A RT o r

l
ac e
p

m u s t b e in th e

e n t o f th e
m
t
p
I f the n u m b e r in q u e s ti o n b e h i gh e r
s e c o n d w al l
th an the n u m b e r o f the c o m par t m e n t s in o n e
its p l ac e w il l b e re ad il y fo u n d b y d ivi d i n g
r oo m
T h u s s u pp os e 4 8 to b e the
i t b y th at n u m b e r
n u m b e r w h o s e p l ac e is re q u i re d

t h i rd

c om

ar

e
3

As

48

in th e

e xc e e

rs t

d s 3 6, w e kn o w t hat

r oo m ,

'

the 1

is th e re fo re

it

c an n o

h an ge d

t be
i n to

i i
s h o w s i t t o b e in
T h e re b e i n g n i n e
th e t we l ft h c o m par t m e n t
th i s r e m ai n d e r o r
c o m par t m e n t s o n e ve ry w al l
n u m b e r o f th e c o m p ar t m e n t is d ivi d e d b y 9 for
No w as
t h e p u rp os e o f as c e r t ai n i n g th e w al l
th e d ivi so r is c on t ai n e d m or e t h an o n c e b u t n o t
t w i c e in th e d ivi d e n d i t fo l l o w s th at th e c om
art m e n t s o u gh t m u s t b e o n the s e c o n d w al l ; th e
p
T hi s
r e m ai n d e r giv e s the s p e c i c c o m par t m e n t
th e n sho w s t hat 4 8 is in th e t h i rd
o p e r ati o n
ar t m e n t
o n t h e s e c o n d w al l
i
n t he s e c o n d
c om
p
T hi s was th e p l an ad o p t e d b y the an ti e n ts
room
w h e n t h e y d ivi d e d t h e i r r o o m s i n t o par t s ; b u t
b e i n g b o t h c o m pl i c at e d an d d i f c u l t i t h as b e e n
r e j e c t e d in th e
p re s e n t sys t e m an d an o t he r s c he m e
h as b e e n i n t ro d u c e d in its pl ac e w h i c h is m o re
s i m l e in its c on s t ru c ti o n l e ss d i f c u l t in its a
p
pp l i
c ati on an d m u c h m ore e xt e n s i ve in its
o we rs
p
2;

an d

th e

frac

ti on

re m a n n g ,
.

We

Ri N C

rLE s

ai n th e m od e o f
l
p
p
d i vid i n g a ro o m ac c ord i n g to the Ne w Sy s te m qf
M e m ory an d to d e ve l op th e p ri n c i p l e s o f the
It is h owe ve r n e c e ssary to p re m i se that
ar t
th e pu pil m u s t n ot atte m pt to o m u c h at rs t b u t
ac u i s iti on o f
s h ou l d proc e e d grad u al l y i n the
q
this s ys t e m ; fo r h is u l ti m at e s u c c e s s in it w il l
re atl y d e p e n d u po n a pe rfe c t kn o w l e d ge o f th e
g
*
As in m athe m ati c s n o p rob l e m
rs t pri n c i pl e s
c an b e d e m o n s t rat e d w ithoii t u n d e rs tan d i n g al l
the pre c e d i n g d e m ons t rati o n s so e ve ry ad van c e
in th i s art m u st b e groun d e d on the fu l l p osse s
s i on o f al l the an t e c e d e n t d oc t ri n e s
We shal l d i vi d e a wal l in the fo l l owin g man n e r :

hal l

n ow

ro c e e

d to

37

ex

The se
in th e

u su al

arran g e d

are

m an n e r o f w riti n g ;

m e m b e ri n g

th e i r

l e ft

f ro m
an d

to

i ght,

for the m ore

it u ati on i t w il l b e
fou n d that if t wo l i n e s b e d rawn d i agon al l y fro m
the fou r C orn e rs o f the gu re , t he y w i l l i n t e rs e c t
e as

il y

gu re s

re

4
*

t am

As su m e n d u s
u r an i m o,

q u ae
t am m o d i c a,

ta
ge da

me n
au

pau l at im , u t p au c a pri m u m c om p l e c
re d d i d e l i t e r p oss i n t : m ox
pe r i n c r e

u su s

u su , e

u t on e rari

e xe rc

se

i tat i on e mn l t a

ab or

ll e

n on

s e n t iat

c on t in e n d a e s t
,

t t

q u a:
Qu2;n c t I ns t .

q u i d e m m ax im a e x par e m e m or ia c on s a
Or at. l ib. X. Om an , "
r oa n I I p 253. Ed B ipon t, 1 784

NEW

38

M EM OR

or

n ow

T he re
( S e e Pl at e I g
a s i n gl e w al l d iv id e d i n t o n i n e s q u are s or;

o dd n u m b e rs .

l l the

is

A RT

t m e n t s the s e w e shal l n am e p l ac e s an d
s e c on d
l
ac e , th i r d
l
e
th e rs t p l ac e
a
c
p
p

c o m p ar
s ay ,
e tc

e tc

T he

thre e

s am e

re

m ode

fou r w al l s

d i vi d e d

i n to

n ne

are

l
p ac es

w ith th e

th i s r o om b y t hese
o b t ai n e d e ac h b e i n g

m ai n i n g w al l s in

m e an s ,

rsu e d
u
p

m ust b e

In

o rd e r

to

nd

th e

thi s ro o m we s ho u l d n at u ral l y say

f ou r ti m e s n i n e w i l l b e 3 6 an d sho u l d o f c o u rs e
c o n c l u d e t h at 3 6 w o u l d b e ih t he l as t p l ac e o f
th e l as t s i d e or fo u r th w al l o f the r oo m : b u t th i s
c al c u l ati on i s e r ron e o u s ; 6 m u s t e ve r b e in the
w h i c h w il l b e t h at o c c u pi e d b y
s am e s it u ati o n
th e p o i n t in th e fo ll o w i n g gu re

n u mb e r

3 6 in

'

The pl ac e o c c u pi e d by th e n u mb e r 6, in al l the
fou r wal l s , wou l d b e t hu s d e si gn at e d

NE W ART

40

FI RS T
S e c on d

o r M EM OR

R OOM
Wal l

1/

Fou r t h Wa l l

As

c en

The

l
pp y

oo r o f the

s e c on d r oom

l l on

th e w a
t he

u s,

i gh th ;

so

su

a s e c on d r o o m

b e fo re
th e

n ot

n u m b e rs ,

f t h wa l l
e

w il l

ro o m

on e

an d

n u mb e r

the

the se c on d

on e

5 0 w as

n
o
p

1 00 w il l b e

ro o m

m u s t b e pr o vi d e d .
the

i th ;

s x

on

u s,

th e

su f

is d e n o m i n at e d th e

l e ft,
th at

th ;
b e hin d

s e ve n

the

n u mb e r

the

w it h

us

th e

ou r r

i gh t

i th ;

n n

i e l i ng
on

the w a

of

the

ll

the

an d as

the

rs t

i l ing of

c e

41

P RI N C I P L E s.

S EC OND

S e ve n t h

R OO M .
Wal l

.
7

f bl
.

09

Nin th Wal l

I 1 00

l tn g

f m
e n ge rs o f t he h a n d t hu s : I
h
t
u
l
I
p
w as m ad e b y h o l d i n g u p the
ve

I
thu m b an d li ttl e ng e r W i th th e e th e r n gprs
g

l
form in g nh e
iV
d own t h u s
f
s s w as m ad e b y e r e c ti n g au o th e r nge r and go n
i
t u s VI and VII ,
ti n n in g the for m e r p os iti o n ; h
o r i gi n a e d

N u m b e rs , prob ab l y,

hol di ng

ro

mf

ef

l
j

F oor

or

f h

E3

W al l
i

N E W ART o r M EM O RY

42

VI II

an d

nge r

thus

VI I I I, in

e ac h

ti m e

m aki n g

the s am e

te n

way, b y ad d i n g a
was fo rm e d fro m t wo ve s,

T he

l e arn e r shou l d no w e xe rc i se h i m se l f in
n d i n g th e s it u ati o n o f the d i ff e re n t n u m b e rs in
th e t w o r o o m s
Whe re for e xam p l e are 9 9 ,
4 7 3 5 2 1 6 2 8 2 99 e tc
T he r oom m u s t b e
rs t asc e rt ai n e d ; as to t h i s th e re c an b e n o d if
f
s 5 0is the l e ss e r n u m b e r in the rs t
c ul t
r
o
a
y
al l the n u m b e rs e xc e e d i n
roo m
g 5 0 an d as far
as 1 00 wi ll b e fo u n d in the s e c on d r oo m
H avi n g fou n d th e r oo m the l e ft h an d gu re
w il l d e n o t e th e aria
an d t he r i gh t h an d gu r e
w il l s ho w the p l ac e ; th us 2 9 is in the rst
an d n i n t h
r o o m s e c o n d w al l
p l ac e ; 4 7 fou r t h
w al l s e ve n th p l ac e ; b y c u tti n g o ff the l e ft han d
gu re the n u m e r i c al orde r o f the w al l is g i ve n ,
ac q u ai n t s u s w it h the
an d t he r e m ai n i n g gu re
l
ac e
p
I n ord e r to r e m e m b e r a se ri e s o f wor d s th e y
s e ve ra l s u are s, or p l ac e s
an d
are pu t in th e
q
th e re c o l l e c t io n o f t he m is as s i s t e d b y asso
c iatin g s o m e i d e a o f r e l ati on b e t w e e n th e o bj e c t s
n d b y e xpe
an d t he ir s i t u ati on ; an d , as w e
that what e ve r is l u d i c ro u s, is c al c u l at e d
ri e n c e
t o m ake a s t ro n g im p re ssw n u p on th e m i n d ,
th e m o re r i d i c u l ou s the ass o c i ati on th e b e tt e r
B e in g p rovi d e d w ith two r o om s, w e w il l t ake
the oor of the rst room, an d p l ac e som e
.

P RI NC I PLE S .

4S

thi ng in e ac h of the n i ne s q u are s I n il l u s t ra

tion o f th i s e xpe ri m e n t, se n s ib l e obj e c t s w il l b e
s the ass o c i ation o f id e as b e t we e n the m
e
n
a
v
i
g
and the p l ac e s is m os t st r i ki n g
.

Appl e
5

Sh ip

P ip e

T an k ar d

B oa

ap

Tre e

t he s e i m age s m u s t b e c on n e c t e d
the n b e al m os t i m po ss i b l e
an d it w ill
th e ord e r in wh i c h t he y are ar ran ge d

T he i de as

t oge t he r

4:

of

'

t o fo rge t

'

l
h
e
t
e
s e c on d a m on ke
,
pp
y;
thi s m on ke y t ake s the appl e , e ats , an d o ffe rs it
t o the m an w h o is in th e th i rd p l ac e ; th e m an

The

is

rs t

an

is

j u s t go i n g to e m b ark on a l on g voyage an d
for t hi s p u r po se a s hip w il l b e in t h e f o u r t h p l ac e ;
v e s his
b u t h e w il l s m o ke his pip e b e fore h e l e a
n ati ve c o u n t ry p ip e is in the ft h p l ac e an d
w he n h e h as n i she d s m oki n g h e c al l s fo r h is
n i ht c a
h
c h w il l b e fo u n d in the
w
i
s ixt h
p
g
p l ac e ; b e fore he re ti re s to re s t he w i she s for
an o t h e r tan kard o f al e ; tan kard o c c u i e s the
p
s e ve n th
ac e
I
n th e
m
n
l
o
i
t
i
rn
h
e
n
h
w
s m an
p
g
awakes
a b oat is r e ad
t
y o c on ve y h im t o the
shi
h
i
s
b
i
s
n the e i hth
t
i
a
t
l
o
ac e ; a t re e
;
p
p
g

3 fou n d in th e n in th
a
l
l
l
a
c
i
h
e
e
s
b
t
a
p
,

N E W A RT or

M E M ORY

t re e an d m u s t gro w b y the w at e r s i de ;
v e ry i d e n ti c al b an k fro m w h i c h the man
o n t he
Aii y d i e re n t obj e c t s
th e boat
e in b ar ks i n
m ay b e t ake n p ro m i s c u o u sl y an d the c o n ne c
ti o n m ad e b e t we e n t he m at th e m o m e n t as
o r fan c y b i d s
c h an c e
Th e c hi e f u s e o f th i s
e xam l e is to i n d u c e a hab it o f xi n g c e rt ai n o h
p
a re u l ar o rd e r
t
h
at w e
a
al w a s
e c ts i n
m
y
g
y
j
Fo r t h is p u rpo s e th e
kn o w w h e r e t o n d th e m
h
m
s e l f i n th e n u m e r i c al
i
u i l s h o u l d e x erc i se
p p
an d b e e n ab l e d
s it u ati o n o f th e d i ff e r e n t o bj e c t s
t o d e t e r m i n e i t q u i c kl y
T he o o r an d t h e w al l s are l o c a l i ti e s on
w h i c h the gu re s an d w o r d s m u s t b e arran ged
in the s e v e r al p l ac e s o r s q u re s in the o r d e r
a
ab o ve
d e s c ri b e d
We re a s e ri e s of t we nty s ir;
gu re s to b e t ake n for i n s t anc e the fo l l o wi n g :
W il l o w

Or
f

t thu s :

a s e r e s of c o n s on an s

l l m

( Ful l

man y

the r

g m
l

ge m

se rie s o f

r s r n

of

p u re s

tr

ay , s_
e re n e

re s
o r c o n s on an t s
u
it
g
y
w o u l d b e fo u n d ve ry d i f c u l t to re m e m be r the m

The gu re s, an d the l e tt e rs, are m e re l y sigiis Of

o r an

x
,

'

45

P RI N C I P LE S .

il y b e xe d in the me m ory ;
T he e l e
the u n d e rs t an d i n g havi n g n o e xe rc i s e
m e n t s o f w ord s m u s t t he re fo re , b e so u gh t for
D R G RE Y c han ge d gure s i n t o l e tt e rs an d
b u t th e s e w o rd s c ou l d n o t b e
thu s m ad e w o rd s
xe d in the m e m ory w ith ou t c on s t an t re pe ti
ff
e re n t
d
an d
l
i
t
h
e
i
a
s t re n u ou s
ati on ;
ti o n
c
pp
W o r d s r e q u i re d t o b e re m e m b e re d in h is M e m o
r ia Te c hn i c a b e i n g al m o s t e q u al l y b u r th e n s o m e
w ith the fac t s an d d ate s w h i c h t he y w e re i n t e n d
h
e m ode
e d to i m r i n t u o n th e m e m o ry
T
p
p
o f c h an gin g gu re s i n t o l e tt e rs w as kn o w n l on
g
b e fo re t he t im e o f D r G re y
The s u b s tit u ti on
o f l e tt e rs for gu re s w as p rac ti se d b y m os t an ti
e n t n ati o n s; in t h e H e b re w an d G re e k l an gu age s
th e re are n o ari th m e ti c al s i gn s b u t the l e tt e rs o f
th e a l ph ab e t are u s e d in t he i r p l ac e
S ho p
ke e pe rs an d o t h e rs
fro m an e ar l y p e ri o d h ad
ki g t h
t ic l e w hic h
b e e n in the hab it o f m
th e y h ad to s e l l , w i th c e r tai n l e tt e rs as a rb it rary
s mb o l s
f
o r the pr i c e s in
y
po u n d s sh il l i n gs an d
s

i gn s

an d c an n o

e as

'

ar

ar

enc e

We
or

n ow

m o re

to

take
th e

th e c

se r e s

5 , 6 , 7, 8 , 9 , 0 ;

tt ac h

an d a

o n so n an s ,
of

gu re s

on e

1 , 2, 3 , 4:

gu re h avi n g its ap
r 0 riat e c o n s o n an t
The
p p
( Se e Pl at e 1 g
c o n s o nan ts o n l
y are re s o rt e d to fo r the y c o m
p ose , l i ke the s ke l e t on o f th e hu m an b o dy, the
e ac

46

N E W ART o r M E M O R

r nc

ipal p art s ; th e

m e n ts

vowe s

b u t the

are

l i ga

T he

l e tte rs appropri at e d to the gu re s are n ot

m e re l y ar b it rary b u t are ad ap t e d as n e arl y as
o ss i b l e to t he fo r m of the u re s
p
g
l i ke the gu re 1 is a pe rpe n d i c u l ar o r
d o w n s t ro ke an d d i ff e rs o n l fr o m i t in t he ad
y
d iti o n o f th e s m al l h o r i z o n t al l i n e d raw n ac ro ss
th e u ppe r p ar t o f it ; t is m ore l i ke th e u re 1
g
,
t han a n y o t h e r c o n s on an t if
e r ha s
we e x
p
p
de p t the l e tt e r Z An ad d iti o n al re as o n fo r as
s i gn i n g the l e tt e r t to l is
t hat it o c c u rs i n the
w o rd u n i t
72
is the appro pr i at e l e tt e r to r e p re s e n t Q
t he re are tw o d o w n s t ro ke s in it
m fu rn i sh e s u s w it h t h re e d o wn s t ro ke s i t
w il l t he n gi ve th e i d e a o f
if w e p l ac e a 3
t h u s 09 i t w il l affo rd a t o l e rab l e o u tli n e o f t he
l e tte r m
r
is to re p re se nt 4 : 7 w h e n w r itt e n ( S e e
,

'

D
to

r.

G re y

gu re s

l ow i n g

in

ho

ass ign e

t v ow l
d o
fe c tl y ar b i t ra y h as

d bo h

m an n e r p e r

e s

an

n s on an

t h e f ol ~

sc a e

e re a an d

tan d

for 1 ,

e an d

d for 2,

'

z an d

t for 3 ,

e tc .

N E W ART o r M E M O RY

48

i n t o b e e hives, an d if on e b e pl ac e d
the re w il l b e a t o l e rabl y ac c u ~
u p o n th e o th e r
r at e i d e a o f th e u re 8
n
t
h
I
e w o rd b e e hive
g
ar e ob t ai n e d 6 h a ; an d to m a
y b e add e d , for
c on ve r e d

i t I S c om

ou n d e

o f an .

The

gu re 9 is n o t u n l i ke a p ip e an d
as a p i pe is s e l d o m u se d w ith ou t a
f
m
k
e
o
s
o
u
p
issu i n g fro m i t w e have the p an d f in t he se two
w o rd s ; the y ar e i n se parab l y c on n e c t e d an d c an
n ot e as il y b e fo rgo tt e n
s x z
The 0 b e i n g a r ou n d b o dy it m ay
b e c o m pare d to a whe e l or gri n d e r in a m il l ; th i s
w h e e l w he n in s w i ft ro t ati o n gi ve s ou t a h i s s i ng
s ou n d , and the h i ss i n g c on son an t s s x z , are at
x is for m e d fro m tw o h al f
t ac he d to the c i phe r
c ir c l e s ; an d z is th e rs t l e tt e r o f th e w ord z e r o
The s e l e tte rs, an d the gu re s wh i c h th e y are
in t e n d e d to re pre s e n t , shou l d b e i m pre ss e d s t ron g
l y u p o n th e m e m ory as the l e tt e rs m u s t b e c on
ve r t e d i n t o w ord s, b y the i n t r od u c ti o n o f vowe l s
p,

P RI N C I P L E S .

The two

49

t re pre s e n ti n g two gu re s
m u s t b e c on v e rt e d i n to a w ord to w h i c h sh o u l d
b e af xe d s o m e s t ri ki n g i d e a ; an d th e i m age s
t oge the r T he obj e c t s
re pre se n t e d
c o n n e c te d
w he n s e l e c t e d e ac h b e in g a w o r d m u s t b e
b
e gi n n i n g w ith
l
arran e d in the d i ff e re n t
ac es
g
p
se
to the rs t
the fl oo r
an d
p ro c e e d i n g
an d th i rd
w al l s
e tc
I n m aki n g the se
c on d
w o rd s i t is n e c e ssary th at th e tw o c o n s o n an t s re
qu i re d sho u l d b e the tw o rst in the w o rd ; if
t he re b e m ore th an tw o it is of n o i m p o r t an c e
as the t wo rs t on l
n ot
il
l
It
il
l
b
e e d fu l
w
e
n
w
y
b e d i f c u l t to m ake a pe rfe c t gu re from the ske
l e t on we have ju s t se e n
c on son an s

Fl oor

B aT

the

Fi rst Room

M ou S e

Ne e D l e M u T t on
Tn B

8 03 1

Firs t Wal l (f the First Room

P n D d in g

N E w A RT o r

50

is se e n

yi n g afte r a m ou se ; w hi c h s he l
t e r s i t se l f n u d e r a c ap s t u c k f u l l of n e e dl e s
The re is s o m e m u t t on fe r d i n n e r an d a r ol l t o
e at w it h it
T he Pu b an d s oap s how th at i t is
wash i n g d ay ; th e s e r v an t s pl ayi n g w it h th e c hi l
d r e n an d t he i r d ol l h av e forgo
tt e n to b o i l the
A ha t

c a b ba

e an d t he

p d d ing
u

As

r o

p e n satio n
'

l arg e b ottl e o f r am i s p ro d u c
B y t his m e th o d i t w il l b e e asy t o c om m i t
ed
t o m e m o ry a l o n g s e ri e s o f gu re
t o r e p e at
the m b ac kward s o r fo rw ards to n am e the rs t
f ou r th fth e i gh t h e tc o r to s ay h o w m any
f o u rs v e s dro u gh t s e tc a re c o n t ai n e d in the
s e ri e s
T he c on v e r ti n g o f gu re s i n t o l e tt e rs an d
m aki n g s e n s e b y the i n t ro d u c ti on o f v o w e l s w i l l
f
b e fo u n d appl ic ab l e to m an y o f the pu rp o se s o
I f w e pu rc h as e an y arti c l e s an d
c o m m o n l i fe
th
u e o r w e i h t o f the m
m
w o u l d re m e m b
g
i t is
an d t h u s pre ve n t frau d in t he s h o p ke e p e r
o n l y n e c e s s ary to c han e th e g u r e s i n t o a w o r d
o r w o rd s an d c o n n e c t t he m w it h s o m e s t r an ge o r
l u d ic ro n s ide a S h o u l d w e b u y
yard s o f c l o th ,
m u s li n e tc i t is e asy to s ay t hat a m an b ro u gh t
fo r

th i s l o s s

'

'

'

'

e r

e as

h o m e th e
if S Ol b s
in g

t he

d iate l y

l ut h ,

of c
c

and

he e s e ,

he e se

T he

:1

the

m e as u re is gi ve n t o

'

m ouse

w ou

ld

"

had b e e n gn aw
the w e i gh t i m m e

t hat

fi x

n u m b e r of a

us

hac kn e y

c oac h, o r o f

5)

PR I N C I P LE S .

ho u s e , may b e p re s e rv e d in the s am e m an n e r
The pu rpo se s in d o m e s ti c l i fe t o w hi c h t hi s sys
a

are
a l m os t i n n it e
l
i
a nd n e e d
c ab l e
pp
n o fu r the r s pe c i c ati o n
e al re ad y l e arn e d t o d i vi d e a r oom i n t o
We h av
to s u b d ivi d e t h e s e
art s as th e oo r an d w all s
p
i n t o p l ac es
to c ha n ge gu re s i nt o l e tt e rs ~ an d
t o for m w o rds ; a n d b y t he s e m e an s to r e m e m b e r
I t w o ul d b e a
o r o f t hin gs
se r ie s o f g u re s
m at e ri a l ad v an t age t o u s to h av e s o m e xe d o r
fo r i ns t anc e t ho s e
c e r t ai n r o o m s : w e m ay t ake
w i t h w h i c h w e are b e s t ac q u ai n t e d an d x th e
di ff e re n t p l ac e s u pon the v ar i o u s ar ti c l e s o f fur
What
n itur e as a c h ai r a c he s t o f d raw e rs e t c
we ha v e l e arne d h ithe r to is n ot s uf c i e n t : as
e t an i n t e l l e c t u al o rd e r o n l y h as b e e n o b t ai n e d ;
y
n u m b e r s h ave b e e n l o c al is e d
b u t t h e re is s ti l l a
d e c ie n c y th e r e a l i tie s are w anti n g
I f the re ade r has p rac ti se d o u r i n st r c t io n s in

te m

is

'

'

a roo m

in w h ic h h e is
his

t m e d to

ac c u s o

en

th e

h
ti
e
t
i s r oom sh ou l d
a
d
m
n
p
h av e b e e n h u n g w ith p i c t u re s e ngravi ngs o r
an s
o r o rn am e n t e d with b u s ts
l
he w i l l
e tc
p
h av e b e e n v e ry m at e r i al l y as s i s t e d in th e re m e m
b ran c e o f his p l a c e s o r l o c al iti e s
We c an afte r
a l ittl e
pr ac ti c e as c e r t ai n th e o rd e r o f d i ff e re n t
th i n gs p l ac e d in a ro o m w h i c h w e hav e l o n g fre
u e n te d
T he t ran s iti on is s l ight b u t the im
q

ar

g re a e r

of

52

n e

w A RT
be

w il l

re s s on

or

ME

e r m an e n
p

M O RY
Le t

l l

us

the

q u are s o r p l ac e s w i th so m e pi c t u re s o f o u r own
d raw i n g : t he t w o r o o m s n il l b e th e n fu rn i sh e d
an d it w il l b e as e asy to re m e m b e r th e s ym b o l s,
o r hie ro l
} ph i e s as t o r e m e m b e r t he s it u ati o n o r
ac e o f an y p i c t u re
r ar ti c l e o f fu rn it u re in a
l
o
p
ro o m
I n s te ad o f havi n g a c arp e t o n the fl o or
W e c an s u p p o s e t ha t th e o o r is i n l ai d o r c on
T h i s w il l a l l o w u s t o pu t
s tr u c t e d o f m o s ai c
sym b o l s t h e re
T he o u tl i n e s o f t h e sym b o l s are i n t e n d e d to
th e v ar i o u s
as ac c u rat e l y as p o s s ib l e
r e p r e se n t
gu re s in th e t u o r o o m s s o that t he y m ay
b e p e rm an e n tl y xe d in the m e m o ry
( S e
Pl at e s II a n d I I I ) An d he re w e d i sm i s s th e
n
a ge n e ral hi n t
ivi
t
h
a
t
u pil fo r a s e as o n
g
g
p
i t wil l b e ad vi sab l e t o m ake h i m s e l f p e rfe c t
s it u ati o n s o f the d i ff e re n t
il
i
h
e
t
ar w ith
f
m
a
T
y
b f
h e th i n ks o f l o o ki ng in t o th e
sy m b l
U n t il a k n o w l e d ge o f the se
c hapt e r
n e xt
n o f u r t he r
rog re s s c an
Sym b o l s b e ob t ai n e d
p
I t is at l e as t i n d i s
b e m ad e in th e sys t e m
e n s ab l y n e c e s s ary t h at th e pu pil sh ou l d an s w e r
p
w i t h fac il ity to an y q u e s ti on s pu t t o him re spe c t
i n g th e rst roo m c on t ai n i n g fty sym b o l s ; th e
s e c on d r o om m a b e ac u i re d at l e i s u re
y
q
s

o re

54

N E W ART

or

M EM

O RY

a tmn u
P igmal ion

54
55

56
57
'

76 G ar d e n e r

tr
Ne p tu n e
T i l e tt or Pe n e l ope
Fl e t
G i t r P l ay e
C o j e

5 2 J u pi
53

60 S

t ll
i

63 T e m p

6 4 Fam e

87 H

e of

G l or y

te

67 M u

ns

e r y , or

e r.

l gh t i n g

88 B

ul

89 H

e rc u e s.

92 H

tal

aw k e r ,

or

le e

9 4 Lim e T r e e
-

For t un e

9 5 S h e ph e r d
96 C

9 9 Ave n u e

74 Th re sh e r.
.

1 00

J u st i c e

c e

9 8 T rOp l i y

S por sm an

Lib e r y

ap of

9 7 S ol om on

e n au r .

Gard e n En gin e

as s .

u s.

93 G o d e n F

u rn .

73 Pe d l ar

tt
S at
C
t

M au sole u m

9 0 B ur n i n g G

r.

S c oe vol a

6 8 M e r c u ry

we r

un

T an

s.

75

66 Te n

72

a
e on

re

ab r io e

86 B

70 L o

Ac

84 C

6 5 S c h oo m as

t
ti

j
t

l l

83

C ym b a P ay e r
8 2 T r o an H ors e

8 5 E u ro pa

B agpipe s

Ap o th e c ary

81

6 2 Ph oe n i x

71

80

n u r r.

69

79 D ir e c ion P os

r.

78 P agan P r ie s

5 8 Or ph e u s
5 9 S ams on

61

77 M ow e r s

C H AP I I
.

@brnn e l ogy

TH

il
p

p
xe d al l th e

is , b y t h i s ti m e , s u ppo s e d to h ave
sym b o l s in the rs t ro o m , an d to b e

t e l l re ad il y the rs t s e ve th t hi r
t i e th fo rty n i n t h e tc an d al s o t o s ay w h at p l ac e
is o c c u p i e d b y M i d as S i syph u s e t c
I n m aki n g
th e ap p l ic a t ion to c h ron o l ogy w e sh al l c o n n e
o u rs e lv e s to th e s u c c e s s i o n o f t h e ki n s o f E N G
g
L A N D s i n c e th e c o n q u e s t
1
W i L Li A M T H E C O N Q U E R O R A w o rd
m u s t b e n ow m ad e fro m W il l i am
th e rs t h al f
an d t o t h i s is add e d l ow
tr
ail is t ake n
b y w hi c h
w il l ow is ob t ai n e d ; t h i s e n ab l e s u s t o r e m e m b e r
l Vil l ia m
The w il l o w is xe d u p on th e To we r
e h av e
l
u r rs t s ym b o l
w
t
B
e
o
h
a
b
e n We l
f
o
l iam I b u t an o t he r c i rc u m s t an c e re m ai n s ; h e
l

e n ab e

d to

'

'

w as th
re
u

w ard

on
p

c on

we

h an g

v al o u r an d the
wil l ow t re e
The

of

th e

u e r or
,

s om e

c ro w n

d ate is

l a u re l

the

q u e st
n
:
n
e
t
a
w
ti
g
y

of c on

56

A RT

NE W

O RY

M EM

or

is d e ad ; in the w o rd d e a d ,
1 000 b e i n g u nd e rs t oo d
are d , d for 6 6 ; t he
,
*
t hrou gh the w ho l e s e r i e s
we

s ay

the

l au re l

W I LL I A M RU FU S
T he re m u s t b e t wo wil l o ws
2

is pu t in t o

Lati n
H

st

Th e re is

Y I
t o ss i n g
.

en e d

li e n

on e

h
e
ro u n d
t
p
g

by

i ng

of

( t oss)

the

pon
.

is

th e r e

l ookin g g l ass is ve ry
a w at c h
p l ac e d b e fo re

T he

EN.

'

m uc h

th e m e an

re

E NR

S T E PH

d ( bag )

m ou n t a i n
4

a re

d , w e p re s e r v e
w o r d Ru fu s

m aki n g the b ag

'

t he s wan ; the s w an

t he

W I L LI AM I I
o n e o n e ac h s i d e o f
or

l ass ; t h i s is ( t im e l y) Th e w o rd s t if e n e d
w il l r e c al t o the m i nd th e n am e o f S tep he n
A ( tay l or) s itti n g u po n the
5 H E N RY I I
t hron e w ith t wo li e n s on e u n d e r e ac h a rm
6 RI C H A R D I
T hi s w as t h e f i r s t r ic h
th e g

the

m an ,

hor n

rs t r i c h m an

of

J OH

l
en
i
s b e fo re him
p
ty

b l y, p il fe r e d fro m
b e e n a ( th ief )

ro b a

h e m u s t h av e

l
e
p

T he

t h e r pe o ~

The g l a ss b l owe r

n am e

w as

J ohn

As

th i

t he

r e ad e r

l i ati

s ap
p

on ,

we

wi l

ll

sh a

nd

at

e re n

m e re y

t in g th e d iff
t i m ge s
gi v s t he d at e i n a pare n t h c sis

c on n e c

r vi e w o f
a
t
a
u
a
b
0
l
6
_
,
p
'

e xp l ain

in c

the

l osin g the

m an n e r

of

w or d wh ic h

RO N O LO G Y

l on g

th e

l II

EN R

he n s ; h e p u t s

in

one

m o u th , t he h e n s

are

e ac

s o n e ar

th e

or

j u s t r e c e iv e d

h as

e ars ,

M id as

57

to

re s e n

an

e ar ,

e ac

m an w ith

d
o

t o f th r e e
in h is

one

th e r t h e y
,

l m os t ( u n ite d )
To x the n am e o f Ed w ar d
9 ED W A RD I
w e c o n ve r t th e v e rb t o wa r d t h a t is t o w at c h
i n t o a s u b s t an tiv e an d s ay h e re is o n e war d
g u ard o r s o l d i e r w at e ri n g Nar c issu s o r th e
owe r w ith an ( e n g in e )
1 0 ED W A R D I I
T he re are two w ard s o r
ard s b e hi n d G ol ia t h e ac h in a ( m as k)
u
g
Th re e s o l d ie rs as gu ar d s
l l
ED W A R D I l l
b e t w e e n the P i l l a rs of H e rc u l e s p l ayi n g w ith a
ar e a

( m on key )
12

RI C

II

H A RD

m an , w h o m e e t s D

s e c on d r c

Th i s is th e

h
i
s ha n d i n t o
p
g

t he l i on s m ou th ; D av id is m o c kin g at th e l i o n s
s t re n g t h
m oc k )
H E N RY I V W e t ake a ( m ay) , pu t
a vid

u t t in

f ou r

he ns in

i t an d p l ac e i t o n th e py r a m id
D iog e n e s h as ve he n s in
l 4 H E N RY V
his l an t e rn ; t he y are v e ry n o i sy an d t ro u b l e
,

s om e

15
t or,

is

E NR

v e ry

( r u n n in g )
16

Y VI

m uc h

A e sc u l ap iu s ,

se r

ED W ARD I V

th e

d oc

d b y s ix he n s, w h i c h

an n oye

ro u n d t h e

or

en

are

e re

are

fou r

so

l d i e rs

O RY

N E W A RT o r M E M

58

t aki n g

aw ay

RI C

1 8,

e r e s,

tw o

w o rd w il l b e

are

tt i n g

th e s am e

of

he r i n

o r t he c ar e n e r .
p

p ol l o

II I
ki n gs

H A RD

As t he se

an d

V Ar c him e de s

E D W A RD

l 7

oo r

d at e ,

on e

i t H e re are ve
u a rds
g
pre pari n g to r ob th e ihir d r ic h m an ;
Ap ol l o is l o o ki n g o n an d am u s i n g t h e m w it h a
t u n e o n his l yre ; in the m e an wh il e , Ar c him e d e s,
o r the c ar e n t e r v o c i fe r at e s
p
1 9 H E N R Y VI I
Rob in son C r u soe is se e n
to s ho o t s e ve n he n s in a ( r e b e l l i on )
2 0 H E N RY VI I I
The re is a P e ac oc k
w ith e ig ht he n s in h e r n e s t ; th e y are yo u n g an d
c an n o t s e ak t he
are ( l is in )
p
y
p g
E D W A RD VI
We have he re th e vau l t
e r o r r i d e r ; o n e m an is a s u f c i e n t w e i gh t fo r a
h o rse ; b u t o u r h o rs e m u s t c arry s e ve n
T h e re
are s ix
u a r ds o r w ar d s u on t h i s h o rs e b e sid e s
p
g
th e vau l t e r w h o ar e al l s c ram b l in g fo r a p i e c e o f
su

i c ie n t

to

( l ar k)
2 2 IV
I A RY
.

w h e re

th at

the re

is

T he re m u s t b e
a c oc

the to w n m ay b e
.

E LI Z A B

ishin g a

re

P e g a su s

i gn t hat
,

so m e

is

v e ry

d
t
n
a
e
i
l
l
i
u
m
)
(

Th i s

que e n

re

j o i c i ngs
oss ib l e
p

had

he is ( a l l owe d )

to

so
r

ide

o u r
u

on

As t he b i s
t he

ET H

it

kg ht ;

'

23

are

d i n p ronu n c ia ion , t he
t he d a e

n o t s ou n d e

l e tt e rs w hic h give

r,

d, t ,

N E W A RT O F M E M O RY

.
.

m
D
O

Z
O
U

"
H
E
B

S
O

Q
Z
H

Z
Q
O

m
C

E
M

N
E

m
(

H
U
D

H
O

Z
O

m
U

N
E
H
h

m
<
a

m
<
h

C H AP I I I
.

@ engraphy

IN

l
i
ti
n of
a
o
c
pp
G e ography t hi s sc i e n c e
th e fo l l o w i n g h e ad s ;
n e ra l G e o gr aphy
S tati s ti c s
th e

Art

th e

w il l b e

of

M e m ory

c o n srd e re

Pri n c ipl e s

to

u n de r

Ge

Parti c u l ar G e o graphy

Sec t 1
.

P r in c ip l e s

u ati on o f
it
p
c iti e s t o w n s s e as c o n ti n e n t s e tc
o n th e g l o b e ;
b u t w e w rl l s u ppo se t hat n o th i n g o f t h i s ki n d h as
e ve r b e e n fab ri c at e d ; t hat t h e re are n o c h ar t s :
if w e w i s h t o as c e r t ai n th e re l ativ e s it u ati o n o f
an y
pl ac e s th e m e an s m u s t b e i n v e n t e d t o ao
c o m pl is h w h at is r e q u i re d
b e g i n n i n g w ith th e
rs t pri n c i pl e s \Vhe n e ve r the m e m o ry is to b e
t re ate d w ith w e s ho u l d e m pl oy the po w e rs o f
re ason
T he c h art s m u s t b e d rawn in o u r i n t e l
l e c t an d we sh o u l d pro c e e d s t e p b y s t e p ; w hat
is w an ti n g in th e m e m or , w il l b e s u
l
i
e
d
b
y
y
pp

G e ograph i c al

h art s

re

re s e n

r e as on .

th e

64

N E W ART

The

e ar

th

b e ing

M EM

o r

rou n d

O RY

b o dy

is

it

re

ro-a

d b y a g l o b e ; b u t as b o th s i d e s o f t hi s gl o b e
c an n o t b e s e e n at t he s am e ti m e , i t m u s t b e d i

se n e

vid e d

i n to h e m i s phe re s o r hal v e s : t he re w il l the n

b e an e as t e r n an d a w e s t e rn o r a n or th e rn an d a
s ou th e r n h e m i s p he re
S u p pos e a c i rc l e t o b e d e s c ri b e d an d a p o i n t
ac e d w i th i n i t ; t h e s it u ati o n o f t h i s
o in t m u st
l
p
p
b e d e t e rm i n e d w it h re l ati o n t o s o m e o th e r part
o f th e
c i rc l e
I f a h o ri z on t al l i n e b e d raw n
ac r o ss the c i r c l e an d d i vi d e i t e q u al l
y th e l in e
appe ars t o u s s t rai h t ; b u t c an n o t in r e al ity
be
g
s o b e c au se i t is h al f th e c i rc u m fe r e n c e o f a g l o b e
A p e rp e n d i c u l ar l i n e is th e n d raw n an d t he
h e m i s ph e re is d iv id e d in t o fo u r e q u al q u ar te rs :
e ac h q u ar te r c o n t ai n i n g 9 0 o r o n e fo u r t h of
e ve r c i rc l e c o n t ai n i n
e Pl at e I
S
e
(
y
g
g
Th e ho ri z o n t al l i n e m u s t b e t ake n for the e q u at or
T he q u art e r the n in w h i c h the d o t o r p o i n t ap
nes
e ars s h o u l d b e d i vi d e d b
b
u t as t h i s
l
i
0
9
y
p
w o u l d c om p l e t e l y c o n c e al the s u rfac e o f the
d i agram an d o b lit e rate the l ittl e p oi n t i ts e l f we
w il l d ivi d e it i n t o 9 p art s
( S e e Pl at e I g
T he p o i n t is n o w e vi d e n tl y w it hi n th e rs t
s t ri pe o r l i n e an d if t he s e l i n e s b e n am e d l a d d e rs,
,

T he

e ar

th

is ,

b u t i t w ou l d b e
ge n e ral i l

as e

ne e

l u s tration

v e ry on e

l e ss

k n ow s ,

l t
p ar t i c u l ars

an ob a e s ph e roi d ,

t o d e sc e n d t o

in

GE

O G RAP H Y

65

i
h
b
u
t
i
t
s it u a
i
t

rs t l ad d e r
s
s
o
n
t
e
y
ti o n is n o w o n l y h al f d e t e rm i n e d T he se l ad de rs
a re d ivi d e d i n t o s t e s ; an d e ac h h as n i n e s t e s
p
p
T hi s w i l l b e e ffe c t e d b y d raw i n g 8 h or i z o n t al
l i n e s ac ro ss thos e al re ady m ad e ( S e e Pl at e I
g
T he p o i n t is s til l o n the rs t l ad d e r
b u t o n w h at s t ep
I t is on the s i xth s t ep
T w o ro o m s s hou l d b e p ro vi d e d w ith fou r w al l s
i n e ac h ; in th e u pp e r r o o m is t o b e p l ac e d th e
an d th e s ou th e rn is t o b e
n o rt h e rn h e m i s ph e r e
su
os e d u n d e r t h e n o r t h e rn in th e l o w e r roo m
pp
W e w il l b e gi n w ith th e n orthe n i he m i sphe re d i
vid in g it i nt o fo u r e q u al
part s o r q u art e r s ; t ran s
f e rri n g o n e q u ar t e r t o th e rs t w al l
( S e e Pl ate
I g
T he fo rm e r d i vi s i o n o f a wal l was thus
sha

ll

we

sa

il l not h ow e ve r b e m ore d i i c u l t to re
m e m b e r n i n e gu re s in o n e l in e th an in t hre e
T he o o r o f t he u ppe r ro o m in w h i c h w e s t an d
is the e q u at or ; u po n t h i s w e r e c ko n the l on gi
t u de Fro m the po l e to th e e q u at or the re are
"
b u t w e o n l y p l ac e 6 0 on th e w al l th e re
m ain i n g 3 0 b e i n g xe d in the c i e l i n
I n e ac h
g
o f t h e s e s q u are s t he re are 1 0 o f l on it u d e
,
g
, an d
1 0 o f l atit u de
It

66

N E W ART o r

M E M O RY

The ho ri z on t al
an d

l i n e s are paral l e l s o f l ati tu d e ,

e r e n d i c u l ar l i n e s are m e r i d i an s o r c ir
p p

the

c e s of

T he

l on g itu d e
s e r e s of

wal l s in th e

rs t

roo m

w il l b e

as

fol l ows

re fe rr n g

U po n

to th e gl o b e ,

h e m i s ph e re ,

it

w il l b e fou n d

th o f t he e q u ato r,
h as b e e n t ran s fe rre d i n t o th e rs t o r u p pe r r oo m ;
th e sou th e rn h e m i s ph e re b e i n g re s e rve d fo r th e
r oom b e n e ath
B e fo re w e p ro c e e d fu rthe r th e m e r id ia n m u s t
T his in En gl i s h c h ar t s is t ake n fr o m
b e xe d
Lo n d o n o r m o r e c b rre c tl y fro m G re e n w i c h
c o u n ti n g t he l on git u d e e as t an d w e s t fr o m t hat
h e i r m e ri d i an in
l
re n c h p l ac e
t
F
h
e
T
ac e
p
Pa ri s b u t th e y m ark al so in t he i r m aps the 1011
f rom w h i c h i s l an d al l the
e rro
F
u d e fr o m
i
t
g
th e irs ; b y
o th e r E u r o pe an n ati o n s c o m m e n c e
t he se m e an s th e l o n gi t u d e w h i c h is l ai d d o w n o n
an d
a fo re i gn m ap is c o m pr e h e n s i b l e b y t h e m
th e Pari si an m o d e is e as il y u n d e rst o od b y an y
th at

th e wh o

le

n or

(38

N EW

ART O F M E M

O RY

it u at e d ? we kn ow th at s ou th l atit u d e m u s t b e
in the l o w e r ro o m an d t h at 3 6 b e i n g m o re than
3 0 m u s t b e o n t h e 4 th l ad d e r s t e p
For the
l o n g it u d e as i n th e fore go i n g e xam pl e w e c u t
432 4 is m o re t han 3 2 0 t he re
o ff th e u n it
fo re it m u s t b e o n t he 3 3 rd l ad d e r ; t he s e t w o
gu re s are n o w ad d e d t oge the r the p ro d u c t 6
an d b
iv
c ou n ti n
e s th e s i t u ati o n o n t h e w al l
y
g
g
fro m 3 to 6 3 4 5 6 w e ge t 4 wh i c h is the
T hi s e v e n t t h e re fo re t o o k
n u m b e r o f th e w al l
l
ac e n e ar th e m ou t h o f th e Rio d e l a P l at a ; o n
p
th e 4 th w al l 6 th l add er an d 4 th s t e p o f the
s o u t he rn ro om
is

Se c t

G e n e r a l G e o r a h
g p y

We are n ow p ro vid e d w i th a ge o graph i c al n e t

w ith w hi c h al l th e d iffe re n t pl ac e s m ay b e t ake n
W h at w e h av e
f ro m th e s m al l e s t t o the l arge s t
l e arn e d in the c o m m o n w ay o n gl o b e s is s o on
e
n
n
c ti n
m
e d ia t o
o
n
o
c
tt
t
i
n
e
e
b
h
e
r
e
n
o
g
fo rg
g
b ri n g th e d iff e re n t C o u n t ri e s to o u r r e c ol l e c t i on
S u pp o s i n g w e are l o o ki n g at a gl ob e an d w e x
we c an n o t s e e i t s an t i
o u r e ye s u p o n E n gl an d
e
d
r
c ti on
n
e
o
i
n
n
n
l
i
e
e
o
s
a
b
e
c
n
l
e
s
c
a
od e s ; p
y
p
o f th e w or l d
a
m
i
a
n
h
e
n
h
o
w
s
w
e
s
n
e
e
h
C
h
T
p
re i n th e
e
a
w
e
r
?
n
c
o
r
s
u
i
n
a
u
u
t
h
s ai d
w y p
p
d
n
a
e
c
e
n
r
h
e
t
i
s
t
t
r
h
t
e
e
e
v
e
r
c
w
f
a
n
c e n re
I
,
y
,

69

G E O G RAP H Y.

is

whe re

The whol e

i
fe re n c e is e q u al l y d is t an t fro m u s w h e re v e r w e
T he f o u r q u art e rs o f the n o r th e rn
m ay b e
h e m i s phe re b e in g arran ge d o n th e fo u r w al l s
wh e n we are in t he r o o m w e c an in an i n s t an t
s e e e ve ry p ar t o f t h e h e m i s ph e re
( S e e Pl at e
the c e n tre

e ve ry

c rc u m

I V)
.

O n the

O c e an
Afr i c a

w al l w il l b e

rs t

the w h o
an d

O n th e

As i a

On the

No r t he rn
AJ n e r ic a

ll

w il l b e fo u n d th e

wa

an d a

Pac i c O c e an

E u ro pe

t
o f th e Atl an ti c
p
ar t o f
an d a gre at
p
ar

s e c on d

d e r o f As i a,

of

le

l arge

or
ro
p p

ti on

of

re

t he

m ai n

No r th

t hi r d wa

is

Pac i c

an d

l l the re

O c e an ,

a c on
a

ti n u an c e o f the
ar t o f No r t h
p

On th e f ou r th w al l the re is the re m ai n d e r o f
No r t h Am e ri c a, par t o f S o u th Am e r i c a, the

We s t I n d i e s an d a gre at
p ar t o f t he Atl an ti c o r gre at We s t e rn O c e an
Thi s c o m p l e t e s t he n o rthe rn h e m i s p he re an d
o c c u i e s th e rs t o r U
e r ro o m
p
pp
I n the s e c on d o r l owe r r oom ( s e e P l at e V )
o n th e rs t w al l
w e h av e a p ar t o f the S o u th e rn
Atl an ti c O c e an part o f Afr i c a an d the I n d i an
Am e ri c an I s l an d s

or

'

( ) c e an
The
of

th e

an

d by

s e c on

d w al l is

I n d i an O c e an
Ne w H ol l an d
.

i
i
ed b
t
h
e
m
e
r
a
n de r
p
y
t he I n d i an Arc hi e l a o
p
g ,

oc c u
,

70

N E W ART

The thir d
an d

O c e an ,

w al l
the

o r

M EM O RY

the

c on ai n s

S o u the rn Pac i c

S ou th S e a

I s l an ds
n e ar l
y the w ho l e
.

T h e f ou r th wal l has

Ame ri c a

of

S o u th

th e rn Ro o m the
wh o l e C on ti n e n t o f Eu rope an d As i a th e g re at e r
r t o f Afric a
a
th e w ho l e o f No rt h an d par t o f
p
S ou th Am e i m ; the l owe r o r S o u t h e rn Ro o m
c o n t ai n i n g th e re m ai n d e r o f Afr i c a an d S ou t h
Am e r i c a the As i ati c I s l an d s, Po l yn e s i a an d
Au s t ral as i a
S u ppo s i n g th e w i n d o w s o f o u r ro om t o b e o n
if w e s t an d w ith o u r b ac k to t h e m the
on e s i de
rs t w al l is o n th e l e ft ; t h i s w al l is d ivi d e d i n t o
an d e ac h
n i n e l ad d e rs , w h i c h s h o w t he l o n git u d e
l ad d e r i n t o n i n e s t e ps givi n g the l atit ud e
O n the r s t l ad d e r rst s t e p t h e re i s al m os t
e n ti re l y s e a b e i n g a par t o f th e Atl an ti c O c e an
is d i s c o
a s m al l p o r ti on o f Afr i c a h o w e ve r
On t h i s p ar t S i e r ra Le o n e is s it u at e d The
ve re d
s q u ar e o n w hic h t h i s fal l s is kn o w n b y t he n u m

m
b
e
s
ol
h
t
h
e
r
e
e
l
d
e
l
s
t
s
t
y
t
a
d
r
1
l
s
1
ber
)
p
(
Th u s t he re

in

are

th e

n or

for 1 1 is ,

l ars

a re

in the
to m

th e

th e

ind

th e

in th e
o

th e r

n am e

s e c on d

e rc u l e s

q u are ;
o n l an d
s

on e

Le on e

Lion

T h e s e pil
ar is xe d
il
l
p

l i on

rc c al

il l

m u st b e

il
l
an d th e s i t u ati o n o f
ars
p
b e xe d in the m e m o ry
t
ste
h
e
re is a part o f th e At
p

l
ac e d b e t w e e n th e
p
t hi s p l ac e w il l th e n
On t he

Pi l l ars

l
ac e d
p

s e a,

N EW A RT

72

or

M E M O RY .

i
s I c e l an d
The sym
p
b o l fo r 1 7 is Ar c him e d e s, o r th e C ar pe n t e r :
he is b re aki n g u p th e i c e , an d t hat w e m ay re

On the

m e m b e r th e

e c a,

s e ve n t

s e

sa

y,

gre at e c l a t
Th e s e i l l u s t rati on s

ve ry

the

of

n am e

w e w il l

th at

he

/
d m ou n t
c e l e b rat
ac

2.

wit

q u it s h i m se l f

e t th e

se e m am

l
py

i t
o f thi s

su f c e n

t l
i

h i? h i
l
i
c ati o n
p
pp
e o g ra h ; s o far as i t re l at e s to the u s e o f
g
p y
a n d th e c on n e c ti n
e as to b e as
i
sym b o l s
d
g
c iate d w i t h t h e m
W hil e w e c o u n t o u r m e ri d i an s al l e as t fr om
Fe rro i t m u s t b e re m e m b e re d t hat in En gl i sh
m aps Lo n d o n o r rathe r G r e e n wic h is t ake n
e r i d i an
fro m w h i c h the d e gre e s
for the rs t m
are c o u n t e d 1 8 0 Ea s t an d 1 8 0 We s t
I f a p l ac e
b e d e s c r i b e d in l o n gi t u d e 1 2 1 w e s t o f Lo n d o n ;
t o re d u c e it to th e m e r i d i an fro m Fe rro 1 l m u st
b e s u b s t rac t e d fro m
( the w ho l e n u m b e r o f
d e gr e e s w e s t ) th e re m ai n d e r is 5 9 w h i c h ad d e d
t o 1 8 0 an d the 1 8 d i ffe re n c e b e t w e e n th e c al
c u l ati o n fr o m Lo n d o n an d Fe r ro
w i l l gi ve th e
ac e t he n w h i c h is 1 2 1
A
l
ro d u c t
w e st
p
p
m ay b e s ai d to b e 2 5 7 e as t o f
o f Lo n d o n
FC r ro T he m e ri d i an o f Par is is 2 0 e as t fr o m
Fe rro an d 2 fro m the m e r i d i an o f Ld n d on
Th i s pro c e s s is at o n c e s i m pl e an d c o rre c t an d
wil l al l o w us to u se a ge n e ral m e ri d ian whi c h

r c

i
l
p

in

the

73

e s o e a u n v.

wil l b e in t e l l igi b l e

maps

ll

on

an d

to

al

l pe r

s on s .

l e arn i n g the ge ography is to

a
M e rc at o r s proj e c ti on of th e
c hart of
e arth in w h i c h the d e gre e s o f l atit u d e an d l on gi
e are
m arke d b y t e n s t hat i t m ay c o i n c i d e
a t t he d ivi s i o ns o n the w al l s e ac h o f the
re s th e re
1 0 b ot h w ays
c on t ai n i n g
s q u are s in the
m ap m u s t b e c ove re d
t i l th e
with a sh e e t o f pape r e xc e pt o n e t hat is
the rs t s te p o n the rs t l ad d e r ; th e s pac e
t ake n u p b y th e l an d in t h i s s q u are s h o u l d b e
an d the ou tl i n e o f the l an d d e sc r i b e d in
n o ti c e d
th e m ap an d t rac e d u po n a d raw i n g or d i agram ,
o f the r s t w al l d i vi d e d i n t o l ad d e rs an d l add e r
as s e e n b e fo re
s te s
e se s q u are s s h o u l d be
Th
p
s u f c i e n tl y l ar e t o s ho w s o m e o f t h e
g
p ri n c i pal
h
at th e m o s t r e m ark
t
roj e c ti o n s o f t h e l an d
p
ab l e pl ac e s m ay b e i n se r t e d ; t hus c o ns t ru c ti n g a
s m al l c har t
I n the l owe r r ooin w h i c h c on t ai n s the s ou th
e rn
h e m i s ph e re
w e m u s t c o u n t d own war d
1 2 3 4 5 6, 7, e tc s ti l l b e gi nn i n g w it h the
e q u at o r
Ev e ry o n e o f the sm all s q u are s m ayb e d i vi d e d
in t o d e gre e s
T he b e s t m o d e

of

,,

N E W 1 11

74

O E M EM

O RY

i t

e se n t
e
r
o
r
a
r
e
t
u
s
s
h
t
i
q
p
S u ppo s e th e p
e f t h o f th e
n
i
u
t
o
o
a
b
i
s
d
n
o
M ad e i r a T h s p
a
n
d
d
a
e
l
t
i
u
n
o
o
f
n
2
s
i
i
it
g
w h ol e th e re fo re
l ittl e l e ss t han o n e fth o f the wh o l e 1 0 o f l ati
l
on i
f
o
d
n
2
a
d
e
i
u
t
t
l
O
a
f
n
e
g
t u d e w e s e e tli
%
5
e
r
e
d
e
f
a
o
f
O
r
t
n
o
a
e
rr
o
g
i
t u de ; he re is n t
o n

in

76

N E W ART O F M E M O RY

r st wal l ,

T he l oc al ity

se c on d .

xe d

as

S ie r ra Le on e ,

or

to d e fy

Se c t 3

an

I n p ar tic u l ar

thos e in
m uc h s ma l l e r
fr om

y th i ng

h is

l i ke

G o re e ,
so

on

c o n fu s o n .

har ts the d ivi s i on s

en
e r al c
g

the

pe rm ane n tly

P ar tic u l ar G e o r a h
g p y

'

o f e ac

or

hart s ; b e

ar e

d i ffe re nt

i n g d i vi de d i n to

a
r
t
s
.
p

28

27

is

29

30

31

32

a c h ar

33

35

34

t w it h a s e ri e s o f gu re s
The gu re s w hi c h ru n al o n g the b ot t om o f th i s
char t ar e the de gre e s o f l on git u d e ; t ho se w hi c h
Th e
ru n u p th e s i d e s ar e the d e g re e s o f l ati t u d e
Latit u d e m u s t b e c o u n t e d No r th o r S ou th of the
Eq u at o r an d th e Lon git u d e Eas t o r We s t Of the
Th e re is he re a se ri e s o f ladders
rs t m e rid i an
ab ove

an d

b ut

s,

GE

O G RA P H Y

v e ry

d i ff e re n tl y

p
w hi c h hav e b e e n

s e

t ho se
i n l o n git u d e
g e t he r w i l l

77

n u m b e re d

b e fo re

'

T he

fro m

q u are
an d l atit u d e
i f b r o u gh t to
m ake 2 9 5 5 ; t he t e n s m u s t b e r e
e ft
W
e kn o w t hat
e c te d
u n it s o n l
l
an d t h e
y
j
fr o m Qt ) t o 3 0 a re o n
the s q u are s in l o n git u d e
the t h i r d l add e r an d fro m 3 0 to 4 0 o n th e fo u r t h ;
a n d t hat the l atit u d e b e gin s o n t h e s i xt h l add e r s t e p
To re m e m b e r t hi s so m e w o r d m u s t b e fo r m e d
H avi n g c u t o ff the t e n s
f r o m t h e t w o gu r e s
w e n d 2 9 5 5 b e c o m e s 9 l o n g it u d e an d 5 l ati
t u d e T he m in u t e s are n e xt t o b e d e t e r m i n e d
The d i s t an c e fro m l in e to l i n e is 6 0 m i n u t e s o n e
4 5 ;
h al f w il l o f c o u rse b e 3 0 m i n u t e s ;
se e n

19 ;
3
I

3,

\Vhe n

th e

ge o gr aph y

of

En g

l e ar n e d w e s ho u l d c o m m e n c e fro m
th e b o tt o m o r S o u t h o f t h e m ap as En gl an d is
ab o v e th e e q u at o r : w h e n a n y c o u n t ry is b e n e ath
t he e q u at o r w e m u s t o f c o u rs e c o u n t d o w n
Al t ho u gh t he o or is n o t u s e d in ge e
w ard s
i
t
i
l
e
c o n ve n i e n t
t
o su
w
l
ra h
b
g p y
p po se t h i s
c h a r t o f En gl an d p l ac e d u po n t h e o o r t h at th e
d i e e u t c o u n ti e s m ay b e arran ge d in o rd e r ; o r
it m ay b e s u ppo s e d to b e o n a t a b l e SC C o r o n
an y o t h e r o bj e c t
En gl an d is ge n e rall y d ivi d e d i n t o C i r
c u i ts
e ac h o f w hi c h c o n t ai n s a c e r t ai n n u m b e r o f
c o u n ti e s
l a n d is

to b e

'

78

NEW

ART

M E M O RY.

or

C i r c u its in
I

IV

II

VI

VI I I

VI I

3
4

The
H

C ir c u its,

om e

he re

ed
t
p

ad a

of

the m
1

d i vi s i o n

u su al

e tc

bu t

is in to

ti e s
t hi s w il l

The fo l l o w i n g is

oun

n ot

be

ge m e nt

ou r arran

S ou th East

e tc

th e

of

S u s se x , H

M i d d l e s e x E sse x, S u rre y
,

er

t fordshi re

Ke n t,

We st H am pshi re Wi l ts hi re D o r
C o rn w al l
S o m e rse ts hi re D e von sh i re
s e tshir e
S u ff o l k No rfo l k C am b r i d ge
1 1 1 E as t
B e d fordshi re , H u n ti n gd o n shi re B u c ki n g
sh i re
ham sh i re
I V We st B e rksh ire O xfo rdsh i re G l ou c e s
t e rsh ire Wo rc e s t e rs h i re M on mou t hshi re H e re
II

S o u th

f o rd s h ire , S hro pshire

31

M id l an d

North amptonshi re , Ru tl an d

N E W ART o r m n mo n v

80

Whe n thi s is d o n e i t m u s t b e
r e m e m b e re d t h at t h e n u m e r ic al o rd e r o f the C ir
t e d by the d i ff e re n t c o l ou rs T he
c u it s is r e pre s e n
fi rs t c o l ou r w il l b e b l u e t he se c o n d ye l l o w
W he n the c o u n ti e s are n u m b e re d t he pu pi l
c o m m e n c i n g w it h
m u s t c o u n t u pw ard s
t he
T h e m o re e ffe c t u al l y to d i s ti n gu i s h
l o we s t
t h e i r n u m e ri c al o rd e r w e u s e the c o l o u rs
The rs t c o u n t y in th e rs t c i rc u it m u s t b e
b o rd e re d w i t h b l u e ; t he s e c o n d c o u n ty w it h
h
r d w it h
re e n
e tc
t
i
e l l o w ; t he
a n d th e l i ke
g
y
w it h the o th e r re m ai n i n g c o u n ti e s in th e c i rc u i t
T he n u m e r i c al o rd e r o f t he c o u n t ie s w i l l th u s b e
rm l y i m pre ss e d o n the m e m o ry
Fr an c e c o n t ai n s o n e h u n d re d an d te n d e p ar t
m e n t s T he s e are to b e d iv id e d i n t o e l e v e n Re
t
e n d e ar t m e n t s in e ac h
h
on s c o n t ai n i n
T
e
i
p
g
g
r e gi on s s h ou l d b e ar ran ge d in ge o graph i c al o rd e r
fro m t h e e q u at o r an d c o u n ti n g
c om m e n c in g
m
i
h
e
e r i d i an
s t ake n fr om
w
T
P
ari s
u
ar d s
p
We s t o f t h i s m e r id i an w e c o m m e n c e w i th O t he
O n th e Eas t is I t he
r e g io n o f t he Pyre n e e s
Re gi o n o f th e M e d it e r ran e an II o f Pi e d m o n t
I I I o f C hare n t e I V o f Lake Le m an VC e n t ra l
Re gi o n VI Fm is te rre VI I Re gi o n o f J u rat ,
VI I I o f the S e i n e IX o f th e Rho n e X n o rthe rn
Re gi o n

r
k
n
o
h
i
o
t
h
t
i
t
t
w
e
I f w e w sh
y fi fth d e par t
m e n t , i t w il l b e fou n d in the thi rd re gion , ft h
aga in .

b e gi n

d s

G E O G RAP H Y .

81

d e part me nt : To d is ti ngu is h the re gio n the re

ve c o o u rs

se c o n d

In

th e

i
u
she d
g

'

fo r

II

an d

s am e

fr om

VI I,

m an n e r
an o

VI a
I II an d VIII

fo r

c o ou r s e rve s

on e

an d

is d i s ti n

the r
.

I t h as b e e n sh o w n t hat b y th e

id

of

t he

rst
d i ffi c u l t

h
t
i
i
t
il
l
n ot be
w
s sc ie n c e
p
t o n d th e s it u at i o n o f ki n gd o m s pro vi n c e s e t c
t he i r re s pe c tive l o n gi t u d e an d l atit u d e
an d
ho w e v e r m any o the r par ti c u l ars
The re are
w h i c h i t is i m po r t an t to r e m e m b e r as th e n u m
b e r o f i nh ab it an t s
th e
t h e n at u ral pro d u c t s
m i l it ary p o w e r t he e xt e n t in s q u are m il e s the
fo r m o f go v e rn m e n t t he s t ate o f c o m m e rc e o f
th e art s e t c
e tc
T he se in ay b e al l xe d in
t he m e m o ry w it h e q u al fac il ity
S u ppo s e t hat
t he re is b e fo r e u s
an d th at all t he
a t ab l e
k i n gd o m s o f Eu ro p e are p l ac e d u po n it an d
arr an e d ac c o r d i n
t
o t h e i r r e l ativ e im p o r t an c e
g
g
T hi s is shown in the fo l l owi ng s tati s tic al tab l e
r nc

i pl e s

th i rd fo r
one d e part m e n t
a

S e c t 3 S ta tistic s

are

of

N E W ART O F M E M O RY.

m
G

M
6
9

m
.

a
o

8
3
z
e

E
o
t

mo

8
5

0
w
e

8
8

w
e
.
e

2
8
6
m
.

N EW ART

84

d iate l y

M Y

fo r 3 , the m il itary powe r wil l i mm e

symb o

the

o r M EM

to

oc c u r

us .

Exte n t in s q u ar e m i le s The l o o ki ng gl ass ,

w h i c h re pre s e n t s 4 , wi l l b y its fo ur s q uare gu re ,
4

m i n d the

l l to

c a

G ove r n m e n t

c on n e c

It

wi

ll

n o t\

m e n t , w he the r i t b e m o n arc h i al ,

the r fo rm
sym b o l fo r 5

of

an y o

d i ffi c u l t to

be

t hr on e , w ith t hat

i de a of a

the

m i le s

u are

go ve rnm e n t

re

ub

f gove r n

l i c an

, or
p
thr on e is th e

l
ent
y
p

of

l e n ty , t he

7 Ar ts
th e se

it

sy m b o

w il l

be

re s e n e
p

re

fo r 6

on

ly

s ou rc e

or n

To

re

m e mbe r

th i n k o f

t
o
y

th e

d b y the H

n e c e s s ar

the sym b o

G l ass b l owe r ,

o m m e rc e ,

M an uf ac tu re s

an d

c omm e r c e .

m ay w e l l b e

St a te

the

fo r 7

The s ym b ol fo r 8 , M id as,
o r th e m an w it h l o n g e ar s , is c apac it at e d f or t he
r e c e pti o n o f al l b ran c he s o f s c i e n c e
8

The S c ie n c e s

The re is he re

l ad d e r

the

ir

s e

re s

se r e s

wh i c h m u s t

s,

ec

a an
g

ti ve

n u m n e rs .

be

In

l add e rs
d e n o mi n ate d
of

t he

an d

by

n um be r

is 2 fo r S pai n , an d 4 fo r t he e xt e n t in
s q u are m il e s , o r t he s e c on d l ad d e r, four t h s t e p t
th e r e

is t he C

i th s t e p

s x

I n th e

o m m e rc e o f

l t abl e m ay b e p l ac e d e ve ry
it is n e c e ssar to kn ow re spe c ting
y

s ta t s t ic a

tic u l ar that

ar

S we d e n ; fo ur t h l ad d e r,

G E O G RAP H Y.

The m an n e r

ti

a n a on .
s

q u are
1

is

n o w c o n si d e r e

P op u l a t ion

of a

ati on
i
c
l
pp

for

e ac

Th i s is

35

h an gi n g

v e ry ye ar ;

t ho u san d s an d h u n d re d s m u s t t he re fo re b e
re s e r v e d
an d th e m i l l ion s o n l y
o m itt e d
The
p
o u l ati on for En gl an d w i l l b e the n u m b e r 1
I,
p p
rs t l ad d e r rs t s t e p t h is is re pre s e n t e d b y the
i
l
l
E
n l an d c o n t ai n s 1 6 m il
ars o f H e rc u l e s
g
p

o
f
I
h
a
b
i
s

Thi s n u m b e r w il l b e xe d
tan t
l i ns o n
in the m e m o ry b y c han gin g the g u re s i n t o a
w ord ; t d w i l l b e the c o n s o n an t s giv in g the n u m
b e r ; it m ay b e s ai d t he n t hat t he re i s a Toad
c raw l i n g u p th e p il l ars of H e rc u le s
I f a c ou n t ry b e r e
2 Natu ra l P r od u c ts
m arkab l e fo r the e xc e l l e n c e o f i ts h o rse s a ru d e
an i m al
m ay b e d rawn in the
o f t hi s
o u tl i n e
I f it
s q u are b e l o n g i n g t o th e n at u ral p r o d u c ts
sa l t m i n e s
a b arr e l o r b as ke t
c o n t ai n e xt e n s iv e
o f s al t m ay b e p l ac e d b y t he h o rs e ; if g o o d
w i n e t w o b o ttl e s o f w i n e s ho u l d b e ail d e d ; i r on
m ay b e re p re s e n t e d b y b a rs an d s he e p b y an
h o rs e
as w it h t h e
o u tl i n e
To c o n n e c t t he s e
n arr ativ e
s ho u l d
c i rc u m s t an c e s t o ge th e r
so m e
b e i n v e n t e d th e m o r e i m pro b ab l e an d l u d i c ro u s
The h orse b e i n g pre s s e d by h u n ge r,
th e b e tt e r
e at s the s al t
b u t b e c o m i n g t hi rs ty in c o u s e
the

'

Ac c or din g to the

last Popu lation Re t urn s

86

N E W ART

ue n c e

i ro n

The

an d

e n d an

th at

c om m

ge rs the

s afe

ty

of

an e f e c

the

the

t he

h o rs e ,

Li on d oe s

the

n ot

if

t o m e m o ry

r e sp e c

be

m arkab l e
s ho u

es

re

i l

pe c a
.

q u i re d

i
t ake

c rc u m

ld
a
a e r an d d ivi d e i t as o u r t ab l e is d i
s he e t o f
p p
n th e a
vid e d
ac i n
i
l
p
g
p pro pri at e s q u are s a re
o r r u de
o u tl i n e
o f the
o bj e c t o r
s e m b l an c e
t o b e r e m e m b e re d
s t an c e
Thi s m o d e
c i rc u m
wil l ass i s t the m e m o ry ve ry m at e ri al l y an d e x
c it e a gr e at e r d e gre e o f att e n ti on t h an th e m e r e
id e a w h i c h is pre se n t e d to the m i n d b y re ad i n g
T he s t at e o f the m il i
3 M il itary P owe r
tary forc e in ti m e o f pe ac e as w e l l as o f w ar
m u s t b e c o n s i d e re d w ith t he d ivi s i on s i n t o ar ti l
l e ry c aval ry an d i n fan t ry ; o r an y o t he r ar
r an ge me n t m ay b e m ad e w h i c h the n at u re o f t he
m il it ary fo rc e in an y parti c u l ar c o u n t ry m ay
d e m an d
The s q u are m ay b e thu s d i vi d e d :
s an c e

ti n g

an y re

it

Lion ;

d e v o u r t he s he e p

c ou rs e o f o u r re ad n ,
g

it

t ake

an d

b ars

s he e

ym b o l fo r 1 2 is D avid wit h the

I n th e
to

O RY

d ri n ks the win e ; the w i n e has

D avi d m u s t h ol d
c are

M EM

him , h e b e c o m e s fran ti c , b re aks

u po n
of

or

we

a c ou n ry,

Nav y
9
3

Ar t i ll e ry

as

0
3

a va ry

I n fan

ty
r

T H E pu pil

havi n g

i d

u re

ac

kn ow l e dge

s om e

th e d e t ail s

q
of
ge ography, in c l u d i n g

b l e s,

the

an d a s o o f

m o ry t he

m od e

hro n o l o gi c al

w il l pro c e e d to th e

of

t ti ti c al

s a s

xi n g

of

ta

in h is m e .

i
s t u dy o f h is t or w it h
y

i gn s ,
e c u l i ar
p

s u c c e ss o n o f s o ve re

ad van age s .

T he fo ll o w i n g

i n t ro d u c e

us

arran

to the

e
m
e
n
s
m
e
t
o
f
o
g

ppl i c ati on

l prin c i p l e s to h i s t ory

c a

Room

8
2
6
0
7
8

1 5
14
1 2

The re

he re

the m n e m on i

tr ipe

1 7

of

d ate s w i l l

Pl ac e
6
4
0
7
4
7
9

t e n s o f ye ars, o r
d e c e n n i al s ; an d hu n d re d s or c e n t u ri e s
As the
d i vi s i on i n t o ro o m s al re ady n o ti c e d w il l b e h e re
r e s o r t e d to w e c u t o ff the rs t se r i e s o f u n i t s
an d c al l t he m
l
h
h
are rej e c te d
c
s
i
c
a
e
t
h
e
e
x
n
t
w
;
p
are

un

its

of

ye ars,

H I ST

a re

n am e

Fo r

r oom s .

t e e n th
1 524,

s tr i

ro o m

es

O RY
th e

an d
,

fte e n t h

se c on d

r oo m ,

ac e ,
an d s o o f t h e re s t
l
p
t h e r oo m o f u n it s an d

i i
gu re s
w ou l d b e s e v e n
an d
s i x th
l
ac e ;
p
an d fo u r th
s t ri pe

re m a n n g

l
e
1
6
8
7
p
e igh t h
s t ri e
p

e xam

89

8 7 is in 0
e

ro o m ,

or

i ghth s t ri pe an d
a c hoi c e
c ol l e e

v e n th pl ac e Whe n w e vi e w
ti o n o f pi c t u re s s o m e i m p re s s i o n s o f th e e xc e l
l e n c e o f a p arti c u l ar pi c t u re an d o f its s it u ati o n
in the r o o m o r gal l e ry are ge n e ral l y xe d in the
T he re m e m b ran c e o f o n e p i c t u re w il l
m in d
s it u at io n
o f an o t h e r
an d
i n t hi s
s u gge s t t h e
m an n e r i t w il l n o t b e d i f c u l t t o x t he p l ac e s
o f th e m o r e c o n s pi c u o u s p ai n t in gs : an d if t he re
ar e m an y r o o m s
the par ti c u l ar r o o m m av b e
I n s t e ad o f a ro o m b e i n g l l e d
d i s ti n gu i s he d
w ith p i c t u res i t is e asy t o i m agi n e that i t is o c
n t hi s
i
c u i e d b y th e e v e n t s o f a w ho l e c e n t u ry
p
se

l l th e ye ars , re d u c e d
A ro o m is n o w t ake n w it h

r o o m ar e a

to

l o c a l i t ie s

l l s (s e e
Pl at e I g 7 ) e ac h o f inc h is d ivi d e d i n t o
th re e s t ripe s an d e ac h s t ripe in to n in e c o m par t
m e n t s o r q u are s as w e hav e in so m e i n s t a n c e s
d on e o n o u r w al l s
Eac h o f t h e s e s t ri pe s is n o w a te n ; an d b e fo re
th e rs t te n t he re i s O s t ri pe
is pl ac e d
\t l l l C ll
.

t hre e

wa

Th e

se c on d

is t h e
1

r o om of c e n u rie s .

m m ART

90
on

the

The

o or :

this

on

M EM O RY

or

ut

are

} , 2, 3 ,

e tc

to

b e r 1 00 m u s t b e p l ac e d o n the c i e l i n g
o f th e se c on d roo m , w hi c h s hou l d b e d ivi d e d in
th e

num

s am e

Th i s

w ay

nu m be r

wi l l

a so

s e rve as

i n s c ri p ti on to d e s ign at e the ro o m
As it w il l b e n e e d fu l to ap pro pri at e a r oo m to
e ac h c e n t u r
h
e re w il l b e oc c as i o n for a s e ri e s
t
y
o f room s
Thi s s e ri e s w ill b e th u s arran ge d
an

ar e

is

th e

e re are
ac e d
l
p

in

h u n d re d s ; an d t h ose b e fo re 1 00
the p re c e d i n g o r 0 r oom
The re
.

ity fo r a t e n th ro o m
th i s i n c on ve n i e n c e i t w i l l b e e asy to
n ow a n e c e s s

t he h ou s e

is

d ou bl e hou se

f u rn i she d w ith

ro om s

B u t w he n c e ,
r o om s

w it h
th e se

rs t,
to

to

the

T o ob vi at e

it

su

Thu s w e

fo r 2 000 ye ars

w il l

be

that
sh al l b e

se
o
pp

aske

d,

ar e

so

m an y

b e pro c u re d ? Eve ry on e is fam ili ar

o wn
h
o u se
a ar t m e n t s in h is
Al l
p
.

r oo m s
s e ve n

h oose

m ust

t h,

be

f o u rt h ,

r o om s

t u re s , fu rn it u re ,

em
e tc

wh i c h
or s o m e

o ed
l
p y

an d

an d

n am e

d,

it w il l b e b e tt e r

ppl i e d w it h p ic
o t he r r e m arkab l e o h

are s u

E
ac h
i
c h n u m b e r s m ay b e xe d
j
r oo m w il l b e d i s ti n gu i she d b y o n e o f th e sym
b ol s
T he rs t ro o m w il l have the t ow e r o f
B ab e l pain t e d upon it ; an d to x thi s m ore
e c ts , u pon

wh

92
an y o

the r

s im

il ar q u al ity

Wil l ia m Ruf u s
y

or

N E W A RT

e ar

h e w il l ,

1 08 7 ;
roo m ,

s am e

w ho

the

on

M E M O nY

The

as c e n

s e c on d

ki n g is

d e d th e t hro n e in the

b e pl ac e d in the
e i gh t h s t ri p e , an d s e v e n t h

o f c o u rs e ,

l
an d t he w ho l e
ac e
o f th e
p
b et w e e n t hi s an d the fo rm e r
Wil li am th e C o n q u e ro r
,

t i pe s

s r

m ay b e

l
p ac e s
d e vo t e d to
an d

C ha r l e m ag n e ,
th e ye ar 8 00,
of

t he

M i d as

Eg b e r t ,

is ,

i gh th
With

or

an y

w h o w as

l ly

n a u ra

r o o m ,

pl ac e d

th e

of

an o

th e

on

room

may

C har l e m agn e
kin g

E m p e ro r in

c ro w n e d

i l in g

c e

b e l o n gi n g to

be

ge d
c ou n tr
h
w
os e
y

th e r

arran

i gn w as c oe v al w ith t hat o f C harl e m agn e

Whe n the pre s e n t hi s t o ri c al arran ge m e n t has
b ec o m e fam il i ar i t w il l b e pro pe r t o take a
she e t o f
pape r for e ve ry c e n t u ry fo rm i n g a ro o m
an d m aki n
g the p ro p e r d iv is i o n s o f th re e w al l s
an d a oo r
as ab o ve
d e s c ri b e d
A p ar ti c u l ar
fac t m ay be t h e n pu t u p o n p ap e r b y s ke t c h i n g a
b y gu re s o f
r u d e o u tl i n e
o f t h e c i r c u m s t an c e s
an i m at e o r i n an i m at e b e i n gs ; t h i s t ho u gh i t m ay
l
r in t
h
a pe ar to s o m e
u n n e c e ss ar
i
l
i
m
t
e
w
p
y
p
d i ff e re n t fac t s u po n the m e m o ry m o re fo rc i b l y
th an the u s u al m o d e o f c o m m itti n g t he m to
w ri t i n g
T hi s w i l l b e s u f c i e n tl y e xe m p l i e d by
the fo l l o wi n g hi e ro l
i
h
c
y
g p
re

'

93

H I S TO RY.

thus e xpl ai n e d A c on ve n ti on was e n

t e re d i n t o in Egypt b e t we e n G e n e r a l K l e b er
o n th e par t o f th e Fr e n c h an d the G r an d Viz ie r ,
ar t o f t he
S
u b l i m e Po r t e
o n th e
wh i c h w as
p
ab i n e t
ro v e d b y th e
C
of
a
Lo n d o n
The
pp
s t rai gh t l i n e w it h the c re sc e n t on its t o p d e n o t e s
t h e G ran d Vi z i e r b y its s u pe ri o r h e i gh t t o the
e r e n d i c u l ar l i n e w h i c h is t o r e re s e n t G e n e ral
p p
p
K l e b e r ; the l i n e d raw n t hro u gh th e c e n t re o f
t h i s l i n e fo rm i n g 2 ac u te an g e l s is in t e n d e d fo r
T o d e n o t e the c o n v e n ti o n
th e G e n e ral s s w o rd
t w o l i n e s a re d r aw n w h i c h m e e t t oge th e r in th e
an d r e re s e n t th e s h aki n g o f h an d s
or a
c e n t re
p
T he c o n v e n ti on was form e d in Egyp t
m e e ti n g
T he C ab i n e t
wh i c h is s i gn i e d b y a pyram i d
o f Lo n d o n is ty i e d b y t he o u tl i n e o f a c ab i n e t
p
o n th e r i gh t o f th e d i agram
the h e ad o f a sh i p
p l ac e d in the s q u are d e n o t e s Lo n do n as it is
fre q u e n t e d m ore t han any othe r por t b y sh i ps
It

is

'

t?
N E W Ar

94
I t is

o r M E M ORY .

h
at e ac h d i vi s i on w il l
t
pp
b e c o m e m o re d ii c u l t in p r opo r ti o n as i t is ll e d
w it h e ve n t s
T he re v e rse i n d e e d w il l b e th e
I t is a m u c h gre at e r l ab o r to re tai n a fe w
c as e
fac t s s c att e re d t hro ugh ou t the d i ff e re n t s q u are s ,
than i t is to re m e m b e r a m u lti p l i c i ty o f the m
e ac h b e i n g arran e d in o r d e r
I f w e t ake a fe w
g
in su l at e d fac t s t h e re c an b e b u t l ittl e c o n n e xi on
b e t w e e n t he m
b u t w he n t h e re is a m u l ti p li c ity
o f e v e n t s d i s o s e d in ord e r
b y ass o c i ati n g th e m
p
t oge th e r the on e ass i s t s the re m e m b ran c e o f the
o th e r
an d a s t r o ng c on n e c ti n g c h ai n is fo r m e d
t h e l i n ks o f w h i c h c an s c arc e l y b e b ro ke n
T he
fac il ity o f c o m m itti n g t h e s e fac t s t o m e m ory is
I n s e l e c ti n g the
in c re as e d b y t h e i r n u m b e r
f ac t s we sh ou l d b e c are fu l to t ake th e s i m p l e
fac t s ; an d n o t to m i s t ake t h e i r c o n n e c ti n g c ir
c u m s t an c e s o r c on s e u e n c e s fo r th e fac t s t he m
q
s e l ve s
I t m ay b e as ke d ; p e rh ap s is th e re n o t C e c a
?
s i on fo r a d i ff e r e n t r o o m fo r e ve r
y c o u n t ry C e r
t ain l y n o t
T he h i s t o ry o f o n e c ou n t ry m u s t
n e v e r b e se arat e d fro m t h e h i s t o r
o f an o th e r
p
y
c ou n tr
We c an s c arc e l y s pe ak o f an e ve n t o f
y
ve ry g re at
l
iti
l
i
m
o r t an c e w h i c h h as h ap
c
a
o
p
p
e n e d in E n l an d
it
t
i
h
n vo l vi n g the h i s t o ry
u
w
o
p
g
o f m os t o f th e
Eu ro p e an S tat e s o f th e Eas t
I n d i e s e tc e tc T he po l iti c al i n t e re s t s o f on e
c ou n t r
h
m
h
os e o f
l
t
l
it
it
t
are
a
o
d
s
a
s
u
e
n
a
w
w
y
y
n ot

to

be

Su

o se d

96

n e

Pl at e

an d o n

t u rie s ,

w ART

the

re

o r M EM OR

re s e n ts

left

B irth o f C hri s t

th e se rie s of c e n

thi s se ri e s are p l ac e d the

fro m the c re ati o n to the

of

t h at h appe n e d

e ve n s

i gn to e ac h ye ar its
e ars are s o
l

rs t
ro e r
ac e ; b u t th e
0
0
0
8
y
p p p
b arre n o f e v e n t s t hat it w o u l d b e u s e l e s s t o d o
s o ; an d t he d if c u l t
o f r e m e m b r an c e w o u l d b e
y
e n han c e d b th e
au c i t
f
d
at e s w o r thy o f b e i n g
o
y
y
p
e
c o m m itt e d t o m e m or
W
o u gh t n o t t o t ake
y
I t is o n l y
ro o m s whe r e t he re is h othin g t o x
t ru e se r i e s o f fac ts ; the
n e c e s s ary t o kn o w t h e
h
e ars m u s t b e
u t i n t o w o rd s
T
re are b ut
e
p
y
In
f o u r ye ars b e fore th e fou r th o u san d t h ye ar
th e se th e C re ati o n an d t he b i rt h o f C ai n an d
Ab e l are th e p r i n c i p al e v e n t s Fro m 4 000 to
1 000 t he re are n o t m ore t h an th i r ty p ri n c i p al
fac t s
I f th e r e w e re 3 00 n o t m o re than t h re e
r oo m s w o u l d b e r e q u i re d
T he p e ri o d wh i c h
in c l u d e s th e h i s t o r i e s o f G re e c e an d Ro m e w il l
p ro d u c e a g reat e r nu m b e r o f fac t s ; an d t h e re
w il l b e m o re c e r t ai n ty as t o th e d at e s
From
th e b u il d i n g o f Ro m e th e n to t he B i rt h o f C hri s t,
the re w il l b e oc c as i on for s e ve n ro om s ( Se e
P l at e 1 g
The s e re m arks w il l s u f c e fo r the an ti e n t an d
m o d e rn h i s t o ry fo r the an t e d il u vi an an d po s t
d il u vi an pe r i o d s
We m ay ho w e v e r w i sh to
re m e m b e r n ot on l y the
ri nc ip al f ac t s in ge n e ral
p
wou ld b e

It

'

e as
y

to

ass

H I ST

b u t to

h i st ory,

enc

O RY

h ai n

97

an

x th e

e e ti n g
in c i d e n t s

the m o m e n t t h os e
i i
pass i n g
w h i c h i n t e re s t am u se o r i n s t r u c t u s
T he

t re asu re o f the p ast is n o t th e on l y

sac re d

s u b s t an ti al s h ad o w
w hi c h w il l b e r e g i s t e r e d
We shal l b e e n ab l e d to
in o u r i d e al r e p o s i t ory
an d th u s hav e an o r d e r l
arran ge f u tu r e e ve n ts
y
d is pos iti o n o f e v e ry c i rc u m s t an c e o f b u s i n e ss o r
l
e as u r e
i
n wh i c h w e m a b e e n a e d
i
I
n
t
h
s
g g
p
y
t hos e
re po sit o ry m ay b e p l ac e d p as s i n g e ve n t s
a l r e ad y e n t o m b e d in t he grav e o f ti m e an d t h os e
w h i c h are ye t to s e e k th e s am e s e p u l c h re
Ou r
i d e a l a l m an a c ]: w il l e n ab l e u s n o t o n l y to r e g i s
t e r appo i n t m e n t s b u t to e n r o l the p aym e n t o f
T o the
b i ll s an d o th e r m e rc an til e c o n c e rn s
d ia r is t it w il l b e a n e ve rfail in g s ou rc e o f pro ta
b l e is t ru c tio n an d am u se m e n t
T o x the e v e n t s o f a w h o l e ye ar m o re p l ac e s
Ou r ye ar is d ivi d e d i n t o m o n ths ,
are r e q u i re d
We e ks an d d ays ; and i n t o fo u r s e as o n s Ev e ry
has fo u r s i d e s
E v e ry s e as o n c on t ai n s
roo m
an d e ac h
w al l c o n t ai n s t h re e
m o n ths
th re e
T he m on ths are
s t r i pe s
( S e e P l at e I g
t hi rd fo u rt h an d s o o n ;
n am e d rs t se c o n d
are th e d ays o f t he m o n t h
an d
o n e ac h s t ri pe
c on s e q u e n tl y a s u f c i e n t n u m b e r o f s q u are s o r
f
ac ts an d e ve n t s m a
l
i
n w hi c h t h e
ac e s
b
p
y e
arran e d
o re m e m b e r the rs t
T
s
o
n
d
e
c
an d
g
t hi rd m on ths, the gu re s m ay b e c han ge d i n to
v s ons of

'

'

N E W A RT o r

98

l e tt e rs,

an d

th e

l e tt e rs

M EM

in o

O RY:

w o r d s , if

n e c e ss ar

q u ire d to c om m it to m e m ory s o m e
b l e c i rc u m s t an c e w h i c h happe n e d o n th e
r e m arka
Q5 th of J u n e w e sh o u l d t ake the gu re s
th d ay ) an d c h an e th e m i n t o
s i xt h m o n th
2
5
g
(
l e tt e r s t he se w ou l d b e d a Z o f t hi s w e m i gh t
m ake D an ie l o r an y o th e r w o r d that Wou l d
ass o c i at e b e tt e r w ith th e n at u re o f th e e ve n t
If
it be
( J u n e 8 th) w e m i gh t s ay d 1) ( cl ove )
an d c o n n e c t i t w it h the l e ad i n g fe at u re o f the
e ve n t
Th e ad v an t age o f r e so rti n g t o sym b o l s fo r
th e re pre s e n tati o n o f s e n s i b l e o bj e c t s h as al
i n s i s te d u po n : it m u s t h o w e ve r
r e ady b e e n
b e re pe at e d t h at the r u d e o u tli n e o f an y o n e
if d raw n u pon th e pape r w il l c o n t ri
obj e c t
b u t e m ore e ss e n ti al l y t o i m pri n t th e c i rc u m
t han wh o l e p age s o f
s t an c e u po n the m e m ory
l ab o u re d d e s c ri p ti on an d m i n u t e d e t ail T he
Egyp ti an h i e ro gl yph i c s w e re form e d in t his
w ay an d th e ke y t o the i r i n t e rpre t ati o n ( th e
c om b i n ati o n o f th e d i ffe re n t i m age s ) w as a s ac re d
T he sym b o l s
t ru s t re pos it e d w ith th e pri e s ts
w h i c h m ay b e fo r m e d w il l s e rv e the p u r p o s e o f
fo r w e m ay b e w e l l ass u re d tha t
s e c r e t w riti n g
th e y w il l b e as u n i n te l li gi b l e to e ve ry o n e b u t
as
th e pri e s t wri ti n g was, t o the
o u rs e l ve s
c u l u s o f Egypt
r
m
a
n
u
g
p qf
If

it

be

re

1 00

n e

as ?

M EM

or

O RY

re n de re d an e xpe d

iti o u s an d u n l ab ori ou s t ask, it

B u t i t m ay
w ou l d b e p re s u m p t u o u s t o e xpe c t
b e re as o n ab l y ho pe d that in the pro gre s s i ve im
n e w m e th o d s
r ove m e n t o f h u m an e x e ri e n c e
p
p
in t hi s as w e l l
o f i n s t ru c ti o n m ay b e i n t ro d u c e d
as in o th e r s c i e n c e s w hic h m ay a ffo r d a dd iti o n al
f ac iliti e s to l e arn i n g an d c l e ar aw ay m an y o b s t a
c l e s to i m p ro ve m e n t Wh i c h form e r age s w e re
u n ab l e t o re m o ve
I t is q u it e o b vi ou s th at th e d i f c u l ty in ac
u ir i n g a fo re i gn l an gu age c o n s i s t s i n the c on sti
q
t u t i on al d if e r e n c e o f o u r n a tiv e t o n gue an d t hat
I f the g ram m ati c al
w hic h w e p ro p o s e t o l e arn
ro e rt i e s o f t h e t wo l an gu age s w e r e s i m il ar the
p p
m e r e o b t ai n i n g o f a c op ia ve r b or u m w ou l d b e
B u t h ow
an u n d e r t aki n g o f n o g re at d i f c u l ty
c on s i d e rab l e a l a b ou r i t is t o o b tai n a pe rfe c t
kn o w l e dge e ve n o f the ge n de rs an d d e c l e n s i on s
o f n o u n s, th e c o nj u ati o n s o f ve r b s
an d o t he r
g
m att e r s w h i c h are th e v e ry i n it ial s o f l an g u age ,
an y o n e w ho has had the l e as t e x e ri e n c e o f the
p
d r u d ge ry o f t e ac h i n g c an w e l l t e s ti fy
It w ou l d s e e m t he n t hat o n e o f the m os t
e xt e n s i ve fac i liti e s w h i c h c an b e affo rd e d in t h i s
m att e r is t o p o i n t o u t the af n iti e s o f d i ff e re n t
l an gu age s to sys te ma tise as far as c an b e the i r
s i m il ar iti e s ; an d w he re it i s
ac ti c ab l e t o tr ac e
r
p
an d n o tify the ir var i anc e s
In o th er w ords ,
.

1 01

LANG U AG E .

if the

ex

re ss on

p
u n ive r sa l i t i e s

l l owe d,

m ay b e

to

hi b it the

ex

l an gu age
S o m e th i n g o f t h i s n at u re w il l b e att e m pt e d in
l t is i n se rt e d b e c au s e it
th e p re s e n t c h ap t e r
ar t o f M
o n Fe in aigl e s in
a
V
c o n s tit u t e s
p
s tr u c tio n s ; a n d b e c aus e t h e Ed it o r h o p e s t hat ,
i t w il l b e fo u n d to c o n t ai n s o m e u se fu l m att e r
B u t h e d o e s n o t m e an t o d e l u d e th e re ade r i n t o
an e x e c t a ti o n t hat h e w il l b e h e re p ro vi d e d w ith
p
a s or t o f t ali s m an i c ke y w h i c h s hal l e n ab l e h im
w it h o u t l ab o r an d w it ho u t l oss o f ti m e to u n
l oc k the j an u a l in g u a r u m I n d e e d that ( what
e ve r So m e i n t e r e s t e d e n t h u s i as ts m ay p re t e n d ) is
w h at n o i n t e l li ge n t re ad e r w o u l d e xp e c t n or
an y h o n e s t m an v e n t u re t o p ro m i se
Al l t hat
w il l b e h e re att e m p t e d w il l b e t o e xh i b it s o m e
o f t h e m o s t i m o r t an t s i m il ar iti e s o f d i ff e re n t
p
l an gu age s to sh o w t hat n o t w i thst an d i n g in d ivi
d u al p e c u l i ar iti e s t he y s t il l r e t ai n s t ro n g m arks
o f affi n ity in m an
y e s s e n t ial p art i c u l ars
of

Fac ie s

Ne c

tams u

di

ve

n on o m n i b u s u n a,

gn a e m d e c e t e ss e s or oru m
o u di e t I 2 v 1 3

r sa

An d , to b ri n g the
to

of e r

one

som e

l an gu age

As

we

are

m atte r m o r e ho m e to prac ti c e ,

ru e s ,

m ay b e

u is it io n o f an o

i t
li
u s e fu l l
a
e
d
y pp

t he r
a b ou t t o

b y th e

of

ass s an c e

w hi c h

to the

ac

i de r s om e

c on s

of

the u n i

N E W ART

1 02

o er
r
p p

ve rs a

O RY

l an gu age it

of

ti e s

OF M E M

m ay

n ot ,

t h o u gh t i m pro pe r to e n t e r o n
s u b j e c t w ith a s l i gh t s ke t c h o f th e o r i gi n o f
be

h aps ,

age
u
g

ep

th e

lan

e c t.

We

S ke tc k of

t he

Orig in

La n gu ag e

i n fo rm e d b y S c ri pt u re th at wh e n
th e b u il d in g o f B ab e l w as b e gu n ab o u t e igh t e e n
h u n d r e d ye ars aft e r th e fal l th e w ho l e e ar th was
An d h ad n o m i rac u l ou s i n t e r
o f on e sp e e c h
i
s
r o b ab l e
i
t
t
h
a
t
s om e
o s iti o n t ake n p l ac e
p
p
t rac e s of i t w o u l d h av e re m ain e d in e v e ry Ian
h
or
o u gh
i
n so l on
F
t
o t h i s d ay
t
age
u
g a
g
b e e n c h an ge d
m an y w o r d s m u s t h av e
ti m e
m an y i n t ro d u c e d an d m any f o rgo tte n i n e ve ry
c o u n t ry ye t m e n b e i n g al l o f th e s am e fam il y
an d al l d e rivi n g t he i r s pe e c h fro m the o n l y o n e
m
r e s u m e d t h at s o m e
ay b e
i
iti
i
t
ve t o n gu e
r
m
p
p
o f the o ri gi n al w or ds w o u l d s ti l l h av e b e e n in
t hr o u gho u t th e w h ol e e ar th : e v e n as in al l
u se
s o m e G re e k
t he m o d e r n l an gu age s o f Eu rop e
an d a
e at d e al o f Lat i n
r
13
an d so m e H e b re w
g
B u t Pr o v id e n c e t h o u gh t t to
s ti l l d i s c e rn i b l e
r e ve n t t hi s ; an d b y c o n fo u n d i n g th e l an gu ge
p
a
t o e s t ab l i sh in the
o f th e b u il d e rs o f B ab e l
w orl d a v ar i e ty o f pr i m iti ve t o n gu e s
ar e

a:

==

Langu age s

a re

a
s

a:

i t he r Prim iti ve
.

or

D e rive d

N E W ART

Th i s is the g e n e ral

or M

EM O RY

i i

ti n g the or i
n o f t h e d i v e rs ity o f Lan g u age s ; b u t it is n o t
i
g
D R P RI E S T L E Y *
an u nc o n t ro v e r t e d d oc t r i n e
h as argu e d u po n t hi s po i n t in t he fo l l o w i n g m an
o p n on

re s pe c

'

The

l an gu age is ge n e
h ave t ake n its r i s e fr o m the
r al l y b e l i e v e d t o
b u il d i n g o f B a b e ] an d t o h av e b e e n b ro u gh t
ab o u t b y t he i n t e rp o s i ti o n o f th e D ivi n e B e i n
g;
b u t i t is n o i m pi e ty t o s u pp o s e t h at t h i s ( agr e e
ab l e
to m os t o t he r O pe rat io n s o f t he D e ity)
m i gh t h av e b e e n b ro u gh t ab o u t b y n at u ral m e an s
T he po s s ib il ity o f t his n at u ral d e vrat io n s e e m s
t o b e d e d u c e d fro m t he fo l l o w i n g c o n s i d e ra
ti o n s
Fi r st
The pri m it ive l an gu age
or t hat
m il y o f t he
w hi c h w as s po ke n b y the rs t fa
h u m an rac e m u s t h ave b e e n ve ry s c an ty an d
in s u f c i e n t fo r t he pu rpos e s o f t he i r d e s c e n d an ts
i n t he i r gro w i n g ac q uai n t an c e w it h the w o rl d
No t b e i n g xe d b y t he prac ti c e
S e c on d ly
w
o u l d b e v e ry l i ab l e t o v ar iat io n
i
t
riti n
of w
g
T/z i r d ly
S u ppo s in g the p r i m itiv e l an gu age
t o h av e ha d fe w i n fl e c t i o n s ( b e c au se fe w w o u l d
h av e b e e n s u f c ie n t ) it w o u l d e as il y ad m it an y
i n e c t io n s w hi c h c han c e o r d e s ig n m igh t s u g
pre s e n

d iv e rs ity

of

Le c t ure

on

the

The ory of Language , p

287, an d

se q .

La n e u m s

ge nt

to the fou n de rs

th e i r

io n s

an d

c o ns e

f dia

The s e

s u c c e s so rs .

w ou l d

e nt

w or d s ,

th u s

w ha

are

lle d

c a

ru e s

the

or

to

in e c tio ns

d itf e re n t

d iffe re n t

an d

famil i e s ,

di ff e re n t

q u e n t l y in tr odu c e

of

1 05

c on s tru c

of

yn t ax

ve ry s ta m in a

of

l an gu age s w ou l d b e fo rm e d i n d e pe n d e n tl y o f
on e an o t he r an d ad m it o f al l p o ss i b l e vari e ti e s
C o n s i d e r i n g i n t o w h at d i ffe r e n t
Fou r t/z ly
c l i m at e s m an k i n d w e r e d i sp e rs e d fu rn i s h e d w ith
t he b are r u d i m e n t s o f th e ar t o f s p e e c h i n t o
w h at d i ffe r e n t w ays o f l ivi n g t h e y fe l l an d ho w
l on g t he y c o n ti n u e d w i t ho u t the art o f w riti n g ,
f
t
i
xe d ) it
h
i
o ut w h ic h n o l an gu age c an b e
w
(
s e e m s t o b e n o w o nd e r t hat l an gu age s sh o u l d b e
s o d iff e re n t as t he y ar e ; b o t h w it h r e s pe c t t o t he
w ith the f u n d am e n t al s o f
r u l e s o f i n e c ti o n
e nd u
h
i
c h de
am m ar
on
t
m
nd
h
w
r
h
e
a
t
e
p
g
p
w o rd s o f w h ic h t he y c o n s is t
T he d iffi c u l ty w h i c h s o m e al l e ge th e re is
in c o n c e iv in g h o w l an gu ag e s s h o u l d ari s e in t he
w o r l d s o v e ry d i ffe re n t n o t o n l y in th e w o r d s
b u t i n t h e m an n e r o f u s i n g t h e m s e e m s t o a r i s e
w h o l l y fr o m th e s u ppo it io n t h at t he p ri m i t i v e
l an gu age w as c 0 pio u r e gu l ar an d pe r fe c t in al l
i ts p ar t s : the d i ffi c u l t y o f c han gi n g s u c h a l an
e is al l o w e d
e he n d e d
u
a
h
e
f
t
a
r
i
s
b
u
ac
t
t
g g
pp
is m u c h e as i e r ac c o u n t e d fo r u p on the pre s e n t
hypo th s is
To t he se argu m e n t s i t m ay b e add e d t hat
,

1 06

N E W A RT

M EM O RY

or

h
o r o u hl a
c
t
g
y
q ti ain te d with the pre
p
the p
s e n t s t a te o f m ankind
ro d i i o u s d iv e rs it
g
y of
h u m an m an n e rs an d c u st o ms may pr ob ab l y ap
e ar a l m o s t as d ii e u l t t o b e a c c o u n t e d for
as
p
ive rs ty o f l an gu age s o n ly
t he
d
The l at e D R G G RE G O RY h as o b se rv e d
o n t h i s subj e c t
t hat i t is i m po ss i b l e t O s ay what
w as t he n at u r e o f th e c o n fu s i o n o f l an gtiage at
B a b e l w h e t h e r i t c o n s i s t e d in th e i n ve n ti o n o f
n e w t e rms
o r in t h e i m
ro e r u s e o f th e o l d
p p
T he m i rac l e at Ba b e l h e ad d s m i gh t be o n l y
a t e m po rary c o n fu s io n f s u ffi c i e n t t o s e t as i d e
t hat u s e l e s s an d ab s u r d u n d e rtaki n g : a n d i t is
m o re n at u ral to s o ppo s e t h at th e c o n s e q u e n t
d i sp e rs io n o f m an ki n d w as t he e ff e c t o f di s s e n
ti o n s o c c asio n e d b y h av in g m i s u n d e rs to o d e ac h
o t he r
t han t hat the y c o u l d n o t l iv e t o ge the r b e
c au s e t h e
y d id n o t al l c o n ti n u e t o s p e ak the s am e
l an g u age
1 1 T he o r i gi n o f a lp ha b e tic a l w ri ti n g is ih
v o l v e d in as m u c h d o u b t as that o f the C l l VB I Sl ty
to

e rso n

'

'

'

j t

t t i a t
m a ks
i
i t ic i m f M
B y
t wh
f m d by
e al l y
i
hi
f A i t M y t h l gy t h t
al y i
ot
i
w
t
h
m
e
t
l
s ig i
l
l ip
d th t c
y
q
a y al t
t io i th e l a g g b t a f il o i c apac i ty
i
l ab i l tt an c e wh ic h soon afte r th e ir se parat ion
T h is

s c on i r

c on e c

e ra

th e y

s s o

an

re c ove re

er

d.

nc

o o

o n se

en

an

D R G REG O RY

a c r

es

as

u re ,

ua

an
,

re

as n

ra c

u re

ue n

no e
,

s a es

1 08

n e

b il ity that

so

wART

or

i m po rt an t

M E M O RY.

fac t w ou l d have b e e n

itt e d b y the s ac re d his to r i an ? T he re ar e va

r io us o t h e r argu m e nt s in t h i s m a tt e r, b u t t he s e
f o rm th e h i n ge o f t he d i s pu t e ; an d we s hal l c l o s e
th i s s u bj e c t w ith a ve ry s at is fac t or y o b s e rvati o n
w ho r e m arks t h at the i m pe r
o f D r Pri e s tl e y
fe c tio n s o f al l al pha b e ts th e H e b r e w b y n o
m e an s e xc e pt e d s e e ms t o argu e t h e m n o t to
h ave b e e n t he pro d u c t of d ivi n e s kil l b ut the
o f ac c id e n t an d
r esu l t of s u c h a c o n c u r re n c e
l
i
and
a
d
m
ro v e m e n t as al l h um an art s
u
a
r
g
p
w ha t w e c al l i n v e n t io n s e w e th e ir b i rt h t o
For
C e r t ai n l y th e al ph ab e t s i n u se b e ar n o m ar ks o f
th e re gu l arity an d p e r fe c ti on o f t he wo rks o f n a
t u re
th e m o re w e c on si d e r t h e l a tt e r th e m o r e
re aso n w e se e t o ad m i re t h e i r b e au ty j us t pr o
an d c on se q ue n t t n e ss to an s w e r t he ir
o r ti o n s
p
th e m o re w e e xam i ne
r e s pe c t iv e e n d s ; w h e re as
th e fo rm e r t he m o re d e fe c t s s u pe r u it ie s and
im pe rfe c ti o n s o f al l ki n d s w e d i s c o v e r i n t he m
B e s i de s had th e re e ve r b e e n a d ivi n e al phab e t
it wo u l d c e r t ai n l y h av e e s t ab l i she d i ts e l f in the
w o rl d b y its m an i fe s t e xc e l l e n c e par ti c u l ar l y as,
u p on th i s s u
o si ti on m an ki n d w e re i n c a ab l e of
pp
p
d e vi s in g o n e t he m se l ve s
I
B u t w hat e ve r m ay b e the o ri g i n o f a l
a be ti c a l w r i tin
h
it
i
s c e r t ai n t hat al l al pha
p
g
b e t s are m o re o r l e s s d e fe c ti ve
In t he o r
th ogra h o f m ode rn l an u a e s, in
ar, i t
ar
ti
u
l
c
p
p y
g g
om

'

1 09

LA N G U A G E .

i n c on ve n i e n c e a has Be e n t rul y
g
*
o b se rve d
that the pro n u n c i ati on d o e s n o t c or
b
u t t h at th e s am e l e t
r e s o n d w ith th e w r iti ng
p
t e rs hav e d iff e re n t s o u n d s an d the s am e s o un d s
ar e o ft e n r e re se n t e d b y d i ff e re n t l e tt e rs
s
om e
p
l e tte rs al so ac c ord i n g to th e pro n u n c i ati o n are
in o th e rs l e tt e rs are
su pe r u ou s in s o m e w o r d s
T hi s is c h i e y a m ark o f t h e i r d e ri va
w an ti n g
ti o n fro m o t he r l an gu age s : s i n c e in m any o f
th os e d i ff e re n c e s th e s p e l l i n g l e an s to th e an
Th u s
t ie n ts w he n th e p ro n u n c i ati on is m od e rn

is

re at

( p ) in the

the

it

b ut

hows

O the r
in th e

w o rd s,
s am e

v
p
an d I h av e

to

re se r e

Se c t 3
.

the w o rd

of

of

w o rd s

c o n rary,

wh i c h
'

are

r o n ou n c e

d i s ti n c ti o n in

a u n ive r sa l

l ph ab e t s
WI L K I N S

th e

OP

th e

m an n e r ,
a

ro no u n c e

d;

fro m

th e

s am e

d i ff e re n tly , t o p re s e r v e a d is
as a ir , heir
h air , har e , e tc

Ac c azm t of

i g

BI SH

n ot

e ak n

are

as

l le d
n tl
y

pe

d d i ff e r

g;

rea

d;

r e ad .

o rm n

All

on

is

S om e

s pe

in

r e c e ip t

d e r iv ati on

lle d
w riti n g

are

i n c ti on

th e

Lati n

o in
i
p

re c i

s ou n d

w o rd

Pr ie s

t
s t owar d s
p

s om e

a tte m

C ha r ac t e r

t t

e x an

w ith

tl e y s Le c t u re s on

or

are

gre at

Alp ha be t
c

h arge d

by

i rre gu l ariti e s,

Lan gu age , p 43
.

N E W A RT O F M E M O RY .

1 10
w ith

r e s pe c

gu re
As
p

e tc

b o t h to

ord e r,

or d e r

it

re d u c e

s on an s are n o t

n a u re s

G re e k

re c e

de n c e

w i l l b e ar

l phab e t

he , in ar ti c ial ,

appe ars, s ays

re c ar o u s, an d c o n fu se

of

p owe r,

to th e

or d e r

n u m b e r,

d,

as the vo w e s an d C on

d in t o
an d

Of

c asse s ,

s u b se

th i s

w h i c h is

w ith

ue nc e

su c h

th e i r

as

im p e rfe c ti o n

on e o f

the

th e

l e as t d e fe o
t i ve is far fro m b e i n g fre e : fo r i n s t an c e , the
G re e ks sh ou l d h ave s e parat e d the c on s on an ts
f ro m th e vo w e l s ; afte r the vow e l s t he y shou l d
h ave p l ac e d th e d i ph tho n gs an d the n the c on
in fac t the ord e r is s o p e r
s on an ts ; whe re as
ve r t e d , th at w e n d th e o th e ft e e n t h l e tt e r in
th e o rd e r o f t he al phab e t an d the w o r l on g 0
th e tw e n ty fo u r th an d l as t : the s the fth an d
the n th e s e ve n th l e tt e r
With re spe c t to n u m be r the y are b oth re d un
d an t an d d e c i e n t ; re d u n d an t b y al l o tti n g the
as in th e Lati n 6
sam e s ou n d to s e ve r al l e tt e rs
an d k f and p it ; o r b y r e c ko n i n g d o u b l e l e tt e rs
am o n g th e s i m p l e e l e m e n t s o f s p e e c h as in the
the Lati n q o r c u x or e x, an d
G re e k 5 an d
The y are d e c ie n t in m an y
c on s o n an t
th e
of
ar ti c u l arl y w ith r e gard to vo w e l s
re s pe c t s
p
w h i c h s e ve n o r e i gh t ki n d s are c o m m on l y u s e d
th ou gh the Lati n al phab e t t ake s n oti c e on l y o f
ve
Add to t hi s, that the d i ff e re nc e am ong
a

1 12

N E W A RT

or M EM OR

var o u s an d u n c e r a n ,

is ye t s u ffi c i e n tl y i rre
s o m e hav e e n d e avou re d

t i

an d

the s e re fo rm e rs
to ac c o m m od at e o r th o graphy b e tt e r t o the pro
n u n c iatio n
w i tho u t c on s i d e r i n g t h at th i s is to
m e as u re b y a shad o w ; t o t ake t h at fo r a m o d e l
o r s t an d ar d
w h i c h is c h an g i n g w hil e th e y ap pl y
it
O the rs l e ss ab s u rd l y i n d e e d b u t w ith e q u al
u n l i ke l i ho o d o f s u c c e s s
h ave e n d e avo u re d t o
o r ti o n
h
e rs
r
o
t
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
l
e
tt
to t h at o f
p p
s ou n d s
that e ve ry s ou n d m ay have its o wn c ha
r ac te r an d e ve ry c harac t e r a s i n g l e s ou n d
S uc h
w o u l d b e t he o r th ogra hy o f a n e w l an gu age to
p
b e fo rm e d b y a syn od o f g fam m arian s u po n p ri n
c r le s o f sc ie n c e
B u t w h o c an ho
e to
re vail
p
p
p
o n n ati o n s t o c h an ge t he i r p rac ti c e
an d m ake al l
t h e o l d b o o ks u se l e ss P o r w h at ad va n t age w ou l d
a n e w o r th o ra hy
o c u re e q u iv al e n t to th e c on ;
r
g p
p
fu s i o n an d pe r p l e xity o f s u c h an alt e rati on
O n e o f th e rs t w h o pr o p o se d a s c h e m e o f
re gu l ar o r t ho g ra phy w as S I R T H O M A S S M I T H
S e c r e t ary o f S t a te to Q u e e n Eli z ab e t h a m an o f
r e al l e arn i n
r ac ti s e d in
an d m u c h
ram m ati c al
g
p
g
*
d i s q u i s iti o n s
Aft e r him an o t he r m o d e o f
g u l ar :

of

I n th e p r e fa

r om vvh
c

a on of

hi s

to D

re r

rt

J oh n s on
x:

p hy

r r
_

t r es,

o ve ve r ,

rrd c rs

i d

po ss i

l he

bl e

En g ish D i c ion ary

r

to

{ m e n m ay b e
wn t of p r ope r
,4

e s tri

bit

this an d

1 13

L AN G U AG E .

d b y D R G I LL, the c e l e

Pau l s S c h o o l in Lo n d on
of S t

o ff e re

writi n g w as

b rate d M as t e r

D r G il l w as fo l l o w e d b y C H A RLE S B U T L E R,
a m an w h o d id n o t w an t an un d e rs t an d i n g w h i c h
.

m i gh t h ave

q u al i e d him for b e tte r e m p l oym e n t

H e s e e m s to h av e b e e n m ore san gu i n e t han his
re d e c e s s ors
f
or he
ri n t e d his b o ok ac c ord i n g
p
p

to

h is

o w n sc

I n the

he m e

i
Of C H A RLE S I
the re was a
ve ry
re val e n t i n c l i n ati o n to c han e the or tho
g
p
i
r
a
h
a
n
t
h
e
r
b
o
k
s
n
as
e
ar
s
a
m
o
o
o
;
g p y
g
pp
su c h e d iti o n s o f th e vr o rks o f M il t on as we re
b
l
i
s he d b
h
i
m
l
f
t
h
e s e re form e rs e ve r
u
s
e
f
O
y
y
p
m an had h is o w n s c he m e ; b u t t he y agre e d in
on e ge n e ral d e s i gn Of ac c o m m o d ati n g the l e tte rs
to the pron u n c i ati o n b y e j e c ti n g su c h as th e y
t hou gh t s ope ru o u s S o m e o f the m wou l d have
wr itt e n t he s e l i n e s t hu s
t me

Al l the

ll th b e par
T h an th is o f Ed
S ha

en

er

th
l

far h ap p ie r p ac e
an d far h ap i e r d ais
p

ad is,

e n,

O P W I L K I N S aft e rw ard s in his gre at

w ork o f t he ph il o so phi c al l an gu age pro po se d
w i tho u t e xpe c ti n g t o b e fo l l o w e d a re gu l ar o r
t l ro graphy
b y w h i c h th e Lo rd s praye r is to b e
wri tt e n t h u s :
BISH

Ya r Fad he r l rs its h
d hyi
er

n am ,

th as i t

d hi

art

c in gd yrn c

is in hve n ,

tc

in hve n , l ral l o e d b i

ym , d hy

L3

il l

b i dyn in

1 14

N E W A RT o r M E M O R

e re

DR J
.

OH

N S O N h as

c o se

d h is

ac c ou n t,

sh a

l l e n de avou r to c o m pl e te b y n o
ti c i n g som e o t he r ph il o s o ph i c al s pe c u l ati on s o f a
s i m il ar n at u r e t hat have b e e n s u b m i tt e d t o th e
B
u t we
sh al l rs t
re se n t t he
d
er
ub l i c
re
a
p
p
isho p W i l ki ns
w ith a m ore d e t ail e d ac c o rg tt o f l
pl an o f a u n iv e r sal a n d phi l os oph i c al l an gu age
T hi s ac c ou n t w e shal l g i ve i n an e xt rac t fro m
D u P RI E S T L E Y S Le c t u re s on th e T he ory O f
Lan gu age b e c au se it c o n t ai n s th e m os t c l e ar
h
at c an
o s si b l
e
t
b
an d c o n c i se e x o s iti o n o f it
p
y
p
en
i
v
g
H avi n g in the fi rs t pl ac e , w ith pro d i gi ou s
l ab ou r an d e xac t n e s s d i s t ri b u t e d al l th i n gs
t o w h i c h n am e s are g ive n i n t o c l ass e s ; u n de r
for ty ge n u s e s o r ge n e ral he ad s ( so m e o f w h i c h
h o w e v e r are su b o rd i n at e to o th e rs) he ass i gn s a
s h o r t an d s i m p l e c harac t e r t o e ac h o f th e s e fo r t y
a d e n it e v ar i ati o n o f th e c har ac t e r t o
e n u se s
g
an d a fu r t h e r
e ac h d i ff e re n c e u n d e r t he ge n u s e s
e tc
B y t hi s m e an s
vari ati o n fo r e ac h s pe c i e s
th e c h ar ac t e rs r e pre s e n ti n g al l t h i n gs t hat hav e
n am e s h av e t he s am e an al o gi e s w it h o n e an o th e r
t h at t he t h i n gs t h e m s e l v e s hav e
C h arac t e rs b e i n g pro vi d e d for th e n am e s o f
th i n gs th e g ram m at ic al d i s ti n c ti o n s o f w or ds
are d e n o t e d
n u m b e rs t e n se s p e r s ons voic e s e tc

w hi c h w e

by

som e

In

e n d age

to the c h arac te r

pp
thi s m an n e r m ay we b e fu rn i sh e d with
a

an

N E W A RT

1 16
as
as

an y o

we l l

ME

or

M ORY

the r

as

pe opl e ; whe re b y, in c on ve rsati on

in w r iti n g, t he y m i gh t m ake the m se l ve s

p e r fe c tl y u n d e rs t oo d b y o n e an o t he r
The e l e m e n t s o f t hi s c harac t e r an d
.

fe w,

an d

the

l angu age
t he m s o

i ti on of
e asy
that the D o c t o r ( Wil ki n s ) says he has n o
d ou b t t hat a pe rso n o f a go o d c apac ity an d m e
m o ry m ay in o n e m o n th s s pac e att ai n to a
d
re ad i n e s s o f e x re ss i n
a
oo
h
i
i
t
h
i
s
m
n
d
s
w
g
g
p
y
e it h e r in the c harac t e r or l an u a e
g g
AS th e n am e s o f i n d ivi d u al s c an n o t b e c o m
r e he n d e d in t ab l e s O f ge n u se s an d t he i r d i ff e r
p
the D o c tort Wil kin s ) h at h c o n t ri ve d an
e nc e s
A LP H A B ET o f al l the s i m pl e ar ti c u l ati on s O f t he
h u m an v o i c e ; to w h i c h he h at h as si gn e d two
to b e u s e d at pl e as u re : the
s e t s o f c h arac t e rs
the o t he r
o n e c o n s i s t s o f s ho r t an d p l ai n s t roke s
is a ki n d o f d e l i n e ati o n o f th e po s iti o n o f the

o rgan s in fo rm i ng th e ar ti c u l ati o n s
Thi s pl an D r Pri e s tl e y c o n s i d e r s the m os t
r ati on al o f al l the p l an s o f a u n i ve rs al an d phi
An d he ad d s whe n e ve r
l o s o phic al l an gu age
th i s n ob l e proj e c t is re s u m e d i t se e m s to b e im
h
t
an
O p l OC GB d u pon a b e tt e r p l an
ss i b l e
t
o
p
th i s T he pr i n c i pal t hi n g t hat is w an tin g to the
e r fe c ti o n o f i t is a m o r e pe rfe c t d i s t r i b u ti on o f
p
thi n gs i n to c l asse s t han pe rhaps the pre se n t
s t at e o f kno w l e d ge c an e n ab l e u s t o m ake
are

so

c om b n a

'

LA N G U AG E

[ 17

M r LO D W I C K , in the Phil osoPhic al Tr ans

ard s an u n i ve rsal
a c t i on s
i
v
s
sa
t
o
w
n
e
s
a
E
g
y
.

Al phab e t

H is p l an was t o c on t ai n an
o f al l s u c h s i n gl e s o u n d s , as are

e n ume

ti on
u s e d in
l
an u age : b y m e an s o f wh i c h
e o l e sh o ul d
an
y
g
p p
b e ab l e to pro n o n n c e t ru l y an d r e ad il y an y l an
gu age ; to d e s c r i b e the pro nu n c i ati on o f an y
l an gu age that shal l b e pron ou n c e d in th e i r h e ar
ing s o as o the rs ac c u s t o m e d to th i s l an gu age ,
t h o ugh the y had n e ve r he ard th e l an gu age pro
n ou n c e d
s hal l at rs t b e ab l e t ru l y t o pro n o u n c e
i t an d l as tl y thi s c h arac t e r w as to s e rve to
p e rp e t u at e the s o u n d s o f an y l an gu age what
ra

e ve r .

T he

ti on

m o de

of

c on s ru c

r e form e d

of

an d a

h
l
i
l
n g,
as al so o c c u p i e d
p
c e l e b rat e d Ph il os o ph e r, D r

th e a e n

tt ti on o f that
FRA N K L I N
H is pl an
.

c e l l an e o u s

l phab e t,

a ne w a

m ay b e

In

w orks d

'

th is

se e n

al

in his m is

h
ab e t h e
p

h as

vi d e th at n o l e tt e r s ho u l d have
t wo so u n ds an d e v e ry so u n d s h o u l d b e r e pr e
s e n te d b
It is to b e ob s e rve d
y a d i s t in c t l e tt e r
h
( e s ays ) t h at i n al l the l e tt e rs v o we l s an d c o n
s o n an t s
w he r e ve r t he y are m e t w ith o r in w hat
e v e r c o m an
e
h
e
r s ou n d is al w a s the
a
m
t
i
s
p y
y

tt e mp t e d

to p ro
,

Vol
1

'

Vol i i p
.

xv i .

3 57

p 1 26
.

d Lon d
.

1 8 06

N E W A RT

OF

M EM

O RY

I t is al so i n te n de d t hat the re b e n o sup e ru ou s

l e tte rs u s e d in s pe l li n g ; i e n o l e tte r that is n ot
soun de d ; a
n d th i s al hab e t
b
s ix n e w l e t t e rs ,
p
y
v
ro
i de s t hat t he re b e n o d i s ti n c t s ou n ds in the
p
l an gu age wi thou t l e tte rs to e xpre ss th e m As
to t he d i ffe re n c e b e t w e e n shor t an d l on
vow e l s
g
i t is n at u ral l y e xpre sse d by a s i ngl e v owe l w he re
s ho r t ; a d o u b l e o n e
wh e re l on g : as for m e n d
w ri te m e n d ; b u t for r e m ain e d ,
w r ite r e
m e e n d ; for d id write d id , b u t for d e e d w rit e
,

'

d iz d ,

'

e tc

In

th i s al phab e t c is o m i tt e d as u n n e c e ssary ;
k s uppl yi n g its hard s ou n d an d s the s o ft ; It
al so s u
l
i
l
l
l
f
an d w it h an 3
e
s
e
h
e
w
t
e
ac
o
z
pp
p
add e d
the pl ac e o f x : q an d :2? are t he re fore
o m itt e d
The vo we l u b e i n g s o u n d e d as 00,
,

T he y , whe re u se d
as a d i h
s i m p l y, is su
h
e
r
e
l
i
W
n
d
ed b
a
i
p
y ,
pp
thon g, b y t wo vo we l s : that l e tt e r is the re fo re
o m i tt e d as u se l e ss
T he jo d , j , is al so o m itt e d ,
m ake s the

an u n n e c e ssary.

its

s ou n d

b e in g

su

l
i
ed
pp

by

a new

l e tt e r,

wh i c h

the r pu rp o s e s
T he ph il oso phi c al c o n s t ru c ti on o f the al phab e t
m ay b e b e s t s e e n in t he fo l l o w i n g ac c ou n t w ri t
te n b y h i m s e l f, an d e n titl e d
s e rve s o

w ART

1 20

n e

c arr e d o n

b e t we e n the

e n s on ,
h
p

f orm e r

th i s

on

D oc t or

sub e c

j t
u til it
y

th e

u rge s

e n d e avo u rs

M iss S te

in w hi c h

the

he m e ,

an d

his

of

an d

an d

the

an sw e r

to

O RY

o r M EM

sc

ti
on s
j

ob e c

r a se

w
e
agal n st it
.

Mr

th or,
vati on
r e gu l ar
au

NO AH W E B S T E R

the r Am e ri c an
m o d e rate in n o

an o

has p ro pos e d a m ore

t o re n d e r o u r o r th ogra hy
p

an d e asy

s u i c ie n tl y

T he

o m ss o n o f

i i

ll

su

u ou s

er

or

i l e nt

T h u s br e ad , he ad , g ive , b r e ast , bu il t,
m e an t, r e a l m , f r i e n d , w ou l d b e spe l t , b r e d ,
h e d , g in , b r e s t, bil t, m e n t , r e l m , f r e n d

l e tte rs

tit u ti o n o f a c harac te r t hat h as a

c e r t ai n d e n it e s ou n d for o n e t hat is m or e vague
T hu s m e an n e a r sp e ak,
an d i n d e t e rm i n at e
w o u l d b e c o m e m e e n n e e r sp e e k
r ie ve
z e al
g
h
T
u s ke y s ho u l d b e w r itte n ke e ;
r e e ve
z eel
g
2

su b s

l au gh l af ; d aug ht e r , d awt e r ; b l ood , bl u d ;

c ha r ac t e r , ka r a c t e r ; c hor u s, Ic ar u s, e tc
,

3
ad d

A t ri ing al t e ra t i on in

iti o n

s ou n d s,

of

i t

o n

w itho u t th e

Mr Wse
.

'

a c

h arac t e r,

the

or

w o u l d d i s ti n gu i sh d i ffe r e n t
su b s

t t

sr s n s a e s,

ti tu ti on

t h at t h e

of

ne w c

ha

t or am i d t al l
pr i v t e ac t all y c
D oc

h is

th e m pl oym n t p u b l ic a d
m
l
i
a D i c t io ary on t h i s c h m e of r e f rm an d p r oc u r e d
d
p
t yp e s t o b e c as t for prin t in g i t B u t i t n e v e r w as
p r in t e d
e

r e

s,

LANG U AG E .
rac te r

Thus

1 21

l l st roke

ac ross

t he

A po i n t

ove r

sm a

a ve ry

w ou l d d i s ti n gu i sh it s tw o

s ou n ds

a vo w e

m i gh t

ll

an s w e r

the

ur

d if

of

ose s

p p
d i ph tho n g

l e tt e rs An d fo r the
on l e t th e
two l e tte rs b e u n it e d b y a s m al l s t ro ke or b oth
e n grav e n o n the s am e
p i e c e o f m e t al w it h the
l e ft han d l i n e o f the w u n it e d to the 0
T he s e w it h a fe w o the r i n c o n s i d e rab l e al t e ra
ti on s M r We b s t e r th i n ks
w ou l d an s we r e v e ry
u r os e
an d re n d e r the or t h o ra h
i
tl
e
u
f
c
n
s
p p
g p y
y
c o rre c t an d
The o n l y o th e r s c h e m e o f re form ati on we shal l
n o ti c e is t h at p u t fo r t h b y M r E L P H I N S T O N
We s hal l t ran s c ri b e the rs t p aragraph of h is
fe re n t

Evve ry

o d dhe r .

t u r al

l )

ru e

iz

tung

ooe vve r

o v an n y

in d e pe n d an t

s e e ks

d he

e vve r

0v

l l o gy

an a

m u s t d he r fo re

t un g

h om e ; n o r w il d he se e ke r s e e k in vai n
d ic c ion d he n haz n o l aws , b u t he r o wn
an d

c on se

q u e n tl y in

he r l ivvin g p rac ti c e ; hav an n y

an y l awl e s n e s , b e e n p re e r ab ly

o d d he r

m or e

c an an n y

o d dh e r

; dhan

l an gu age

ad o

ar my n ac o n ,

re

d
h
e
t
p

l aw s ,

or

No

o v an y

d he ho al po l l ity

tat ion s o th e En gl i h La g age

t Propri e ty asc e r t ain e d in h e r Pic tur e

D isse r

ov

Ye t,

m uc h

ar d e

s ys e

it at

nd

I n gl i sh

in he r p ic t u rage ,

o r n at

p 3 91
.

ov

1 22

N E W ART

or

for

su c

a n o ddhe r n ac on :
a

i
d i s ti n c t n ac i on

re l ,

S ec t

or

o r an e c c oe

M E M O RY.

h ad op t e r w e r

l an gu age

; war b u t

m ore
m on

P r op ose d P hil osop hic al

Alp habe t as app l ie d

m e n t Qf the
i n g e n e r al

no

to

Ar ran g e
Lan g u ag e

The

o rd in ar

arran ge

in g thu s d e fe c ti ve

an d

me nt

of

the

l phab e t

be

h
l
i
03 0 h ic al , w e s h al l
p
p
h
o f d i s o si n
t
e l e tt e rs ,
g
p

un

h
e r m ode
t
p
wh i c h w e shal l e n d e av ou r to j u s ti fy b y as s i gn i n g
a r e as on fo r al l o tti n g t o e ac h l e tt e r the p ar ti c u l ar
l
ac e w h i c h i t o c c u p i e s
e s h al l e xh i b it o u r
W
p
al phab e t the n , in t h i s form
ropose

an o

Ac ordin g

l e tt e rs are d is
tri b u t e d i n t o fo u r c o l u m n s, e ac h c o l u m n c on
t ai n i n g ve l e tt e rs
Th i s arran ge m e n t is n o t an
arb it rary o ne
b u t is m ad e u pon pri n c i pl e s of
ph il osophi c al p ropri e ty
to

th i s

sc

he m e ,

th e

-v

NEW ART o r M EM O RY

1 24:

i tic al P r on ou n c i n g D ic tion ary

hib i tin g

d e t ai l e d

o f th e vo we s,

b e fo re

i
d i ffe r i n g

Afte r

g i

fo rm ati on

V e w o f th e or an c

n ot

e x~

m at e r i al l y fro m

t hat

h e re m arks t hat in t h i s vi e w we
t t
n d th at a e an d o are the o n l y s i m pl e o r pu re
vo w e l s : t h at i is a d i h th o n
an d t ha t u is a
p
g
s e m i c o n s o n an t
I f w e w e re i n c l i n e d ( he adds)
t o c o n t r i ve a s c al e fo r m e asu ri n g th e b re ad t h o r
n arro w n e s s o r, as o t he rs t e r m i t th e o pe n n e s s o r
c l o s e n e ss o f the v o we l
w e m i gh t b e gi n w ith e

op e n
as h l r El h in s to n c al l s i t
an d w h i c h h e
p
an n o u n c e s t o b e
th e c l os e s t o f al l t he vo c al
o w e rs
I
n th e
n c i ati o n o f t his l e tt e r, w e
r
on
u
p
p
n d the ap e rt u re o f the m o u t h e xt e n d e d o n e ac h
the l i ps al m o s t c l o s e d
s ou n d
side
an d t h e
is s u i n g h ori z on t al l y
The s l e n de r a in waste
o e n s th e m o u t h a l ittl e w i d e r
n
a the r
h
e
a
i
T
p
f
o e n s the m o u t h s til l m ore
w ith o u t c o n t rac ti n g
p
s a e d,

th e

T he G e rm an

c o rn e rs .

card ], n o t

h e ard in

p e n s th e m ou t h w i d e r t h an th e fo rm e r a,
b u t c o n t r ac t s th e c o rn e rs o f th e m o u th, s o as t o
on

ly

a,

m ake t h e
w h il e th e

pe r t u re

O pe n s

pp

ro ac

th e m o u

t rac ts

th e c o r n e rs s o as t o

d am ,

n e are r

i l

to

a c rc e

th s til l

m o re ,

m ake

it

t he

an d c o n a
os r ot an

i
c t u r e o f th e l e tt e r it s o u n d s
p
C o n s on an t s are d ivi d e d i n t o d i ff e re n t c l ass e s
ac c o rd i n
f
ro m
n ati o n
t
t
h
e
t
t
e
i
i
t
o
r
n
o
s
e
a
o
f
h
r
o
g
th os e o rgan s o f s pe e c h whi c h are c h i e fl y e m
p l oye d in form i n g t h e m The d isti n c ti on wh i c h we
.

LA NG U AG E

32 5

t is that wh i c h d i vi de s the m i n t o
l ab i al s gu tt u ral s d e n t al s an d p al at al s ; as th e y
are form e d b
t
h
l
i
t
h
at
h
e t e e th
or
t
e
s
t
h
e
ro
y
p
th e pal at e
or
in o the r w o rd s b e c au s e the
b re ath in p as s i n g fro m the l u n gs is i n t e r c e pt e d
in t ho s e se at s or p l ac e s o r at l e as t is ve ry s t ron gl y
c o m re sse d t h e r e
p
I n th e s e c o n d c o l u m n are the c on son an ts b,
f ; in 0
B i s a l ab i al : i t is form e d b y i n t e rc e p ti n g the
p assage o f the b re at h th ro u gh th e m ou th b y
c l os i n g t he l i s
p
F m ay b e r e p re s e n t e d b y p h
P h o c c u rs
c hi e
i
n w o r d s d e r iv e d fro m th e
eek
r
n
d
a
G
y
w ritt e n in t hat l an gu age (I)
The It al i an s,
in s u c h w ord s w rite f ; th u s w h il e w e adhe ri n g
s t ri c tl y t o d e r i vati on w r it e
l
hi
os o he r t he y w r it e
p
p
s

hal l

ad op

'

l os qfo

P is

l ab i al form e d ( l i ke b) b y c l os i n g the
l i ps ; b u t in a l e ss fo rc i b l e m an n e r The Ara
b i an s ( s ays M r Wal li s) h ave n o t t hi s l e tt e r b u t
s u b s tit u t e for i t e it h e r B e o r P he
T he il lit e rat e
J e w s in th i s c ou n t ry u s u al l y c o n fou n d b an d p
in t he i r pro n u n c i ati on u s i n g th e o n e fo r th e o t he r
a

Eu n d e m
ve

te r e s

l im

(p k)

c on r m an t
,

a d hi b e r i

c e rn im u s
.

h ab u is s e

ac

f in s c r ip t ion e s

lt

in q u i b u s a e ru m pr o al t e r o p r om is c u e

u t p hi d e l i s
ro
s
M id d l e t o n d c
e
l
i
d

La t Li ter Pr on D is c
.

s on am

'

1 26

wu m

n e

or

M E M ORY

V is a l ab i al : i t is for m e d b y a tou c h of the

I t is i n de e d , th e
U p pe r t e e th an d th e u n d e r l ip
at f , to w h i c h l e tt e r i t b e ars th e s am e r e l ati on
T h e Arab i an s an d Pe rs i an s h ave
as p d oe s t o b
n o t t h i s s ou n d ; an d Wal l i s is o f o p i n i o n t h at th e
En gl i sh S axo n s e ithe r h ad i t n o t o r w r o t e i t b y
h
e sa s
f
n o u c o n s o n an t , an d
o r t he y u s e d
;
y
f
t h e y w ro t e m an y w o r d s w ith f , as th e En gl i sh
d id aft e r th e m fo r s o m e age s w h i c h are n ow
w ritt e n w ith v, as w e l l as t h o s e wh i c h are n o w
i
e tc
h
h
ar e
i
as
h
o
n
w
c
e
w r itt e n w ith f
,
gf
qf
h e a ve n
An d Pr i s c i an ao
n o w w r it te n g ive
kn ow l e dge s t h at th e Lati n s for m e rl y p ro n ou n c e d
h
h
it
h
h
e
s am e
s ou n d
w
it
i
t
w
c h aft e r wards
w
f
the v c on s o n an t w as pr on ou n c e d
I n the t h i rd c o l u m n , are c g g x
C an d g are b o th gu tt u ral s ; c h as the s ou n d
.

o f s an d

It ; g

of

As th e

an d

s ou n d o f

k is

l l y giv e n t o c t h e re is gre at r e aso n fo r s u p

os i n g t h at t h i s w as its o ri gi n a l
I n the
p
l e ss fre q u e n t s ou n d o f c the gu tt u ral b e c o m e s a
h iss i n g s ou n d
T he h ard s o u n ds o f e an d g ( ka,
ge ) are p ro d u c e d b y a s t r o ke in th e t hro at an d
s th e
are c o n s e q u e n tl y gu tt u ral s :
i
o n l y w e ak
g
s o u n d o f t c h, as in c hu r c h ; c h is a gu tt u ral as
p i rat e d
u su a

W all is
for

c :

ob se r

fo r t h e

K al c nd ce

v e s t hat th
,

Roman s

wro

La i n It w as f or m e r y
e in d iff e re n y C al e n d ce

tl

u se

an d

1 28

N E W AM

o r M EM O R

t on gu e T he G re e ks s o m e ti m e s w ro t e th i s
t e r w it h an as pi rati o n an d w e fo l l o w t he i r
am l e in r h e t or ic
r h t hm
e tc
p
y
S is a h i s si n g pal at al an d is for m e d in
.

m an n e r

as z

ex

s am e

le t

the

ac e d b e t w e e n th e h i h e s t vow e l s
l
p
g
an d th e w e ake s t c o n s o n an t s
W e shal l s u bj o i n the fo l l o w i n g t ab u l ar Vi e w
o f th e p o w e r s an d q u al iti e s o f t h e c o n s o n an t s ,
ac c o r d i n g t o t h i s s vs te m

an d v are

La b i al s

G u t t u r al s

l ab ial w i h a g u t tu r al w i h a w e ak
a w e ak ou c h t h e s ou n d o f l c , t al
a w e ak
ou c h
a

l ab i l

gu tt u ral , w e ak a d e n t a
r ate d
a s t r on g ou c h s o u n d of c he
as pi ra e d
a

wi h

l ab i

l w i th
ch
g t

p al a

tr

on g

a ab ia
s r on

t a]

w e ak pa a
t a]

de n

t a]

a t h e s tron gsou n d a s ron g

ou

of c .

la

pa

t al

den

tt

l ab ia w i h a gu u ra as a h iss in g d e n
a w c ak t o u c h , p ira t e d , w i t h a t al
b u t as p i ra e d , h iss in g s ou n d
i t is t h e w e ak
s ou n d of
ph
a

1 29

LANG U AG E.

As in the

thi s c hapte r we have n o

ti c e d the s c he m e s o f d i ffe re n t au tho rs o n this
s u bj e c t i t m ay b e as w e l l to i n s e r t h e re t he fo l
l ow i n g t ab l e s o f the c o n so n an t s ; e xt rac te d from
D r \Val li s, M r Wal ke r, an d M r Elphins ton
c ou rs e o f

( I Fro m D r
.

Syn ops is

of

Mu

Lab ial
Li p

or

th e

Le tt e rs

l f M te

l f Vow l
e

l f M te

Lo w i n g

M u te

t
l t

P al a in e
Pa a e

tt

or

l or

G u u ra
T h roa

al f

Vo w e l

a s igh

M u te
H

lf M t

u e

G
a s igh

G rammatic a Ang l ic ana, p 35

.

NE W ART

1 39
of

th e c

o n s on an s,

it is

r ad c a

M EM ORY .

or

c u r ou s

to

ob s e rve on

how

i l pri n c i pl e s the al m os t i n n ite vari e ty

ati o n in l an gu a e d e e n d s
It
i
it
s
h
o f c om b i n
w
g
p
s om e d e gre e o f w o n d e r w e p e rc e i ve t h at the
s l i gh t e s t as pi rati on the al m os t i n se n s i b l e in e xion
o f n e ar l y s i m il ar s o u n d s o ft e n ge n e r ate th e m os t
I n t hi s Vi e w
d i ffe re nt an d O pp o s it e me an i n gs
as in e v e ry o t h e r
w e n d u n i form ity
o f n at u re
The s i n gl e at,
an d v ar i e ty v e ry c o n s pi c u ou s
s e e m s to o e rat e
at rs t i m pri n t e d o n t h e c h ao s
p
o n l an gu age s ; w h i c h fro m th e s i m p l i c ity an d
an d th e e x t e n t an d
au c i ty o f t h e i r p r i n c i pl e s
p
o w e r o f t h e i r c om b i n ati o n s p ro ve th e go o d n e s s ,
p
W i sd o m an d o m n i po t e n c e o f the i r o ri gi n
T hi s an al o gi c al ass o c i ati o n o f s o u n d s is n o t
b u t u s e fu l : i t giv e s u s a c o m pre
o n l y c u ri o u s
h e n s ive vi e w o f the p o w e rs o f th e l e tt e rs : an d ,
fro m the s m al l n u m b e r that are rad i c al l y d i ffe r
e nt
e n a b l e s u s to s e e t he r u l e s o n u hic h t h e i r
Vari e ti e s d e pe n d : i t d i s c o ve rs to u s the ge n i u s
an d p r o pe n s i ti e s o f s e v e ral l an gu age s an d d ia
l e c t s ; an d w he n au tho rity is s i l e n t, e nab l e s us to

d e c i de agre e ab ly to an al ogy
fe w

'

'

'

1 33

L AN G U A G E .

S e c t 5 ~ T}2e d e r iva ti on
.

shown

to

c on sis t ,

l
i
m
l
i
p y
p

l e t t e rs

c e r ta in

Fr e n c h fr om Latin,

r nc

ac c or d in

2n

to

c han e

th e

g
e s ta bl is he d

r u l es ,

Whe n tw o d iif e re n t n ati on s h ave an i n te r

c ou rs e to e t he r e ith e r b y m e ans o f war o r c o m
g
m e rc e an atte m pt is m ad e o n b o t h s i d e s to re n
d e r the l an gu age o f e ac h m u t u all y u n d e rs t oo d
Fo r e xam pl e Fran c e w as o n c e c on q u e re d b y
T he Fre n c h p e o p l e w e re
th e
Ro m an s
of
s u bj e c t t o th e l aw s o f t he i r c on q u e ro rs ,
c o u rs e
an d if t he y had an y c o m pl ai n t s to p re fe r b e fo re
t he c o u rt s w e re o f n e c e ss ity c o m pe l l e d to make
t he m in Lati n
T he pe o pl e in ac q u i ri n g th i s l an gu age d id
to gram m ars ;
the y had h e ard a
n o t re s o r t
en
iv
t
art c u l ar n am e
o a
arti c u l ar o bj e c t,
g
p i
p
e tc
an d
had c on
an o t he r n am e t o an o t h e r
t
s t an t l y s e e n t he o bj e c t s c h arac t e r i s e d b
h
e se
y
T he Fre n c h h ad he ard the Ro m ans
n am e s
m e n ti o n a b r id e w h i c h t he y c al l e d p on e ; t he
y
he ard t he m s pe ak o f t he e xpe n s e o f a b r i d ge ,
( p on tis) o f go i n g to a b r i d ge (p on ti) o f d e s t roy
in g t h i s b ri d ge (p on i e m ) o f go i n g far fro m i t
( pon te ) o f m o re b r i d ge s ( p on i e s p on tiu m p on
t ib u s e tc )
T h e c o m m o n pe o pl e s e e i n g s u c h
t e r m i n at io n s affi xe d to e ac h w o rd an d n o t c ari n g
t o u n de rst an d o r re m e m b e r t he m , reje c te d the m
,

1 34
o

N E W A RT

"
t

on c e ,

ou t ,

an d

p
S pam ard s

re se r

or

vi n g

The

I tal i an s

te rm i n at io n s
d e c l e n s i o n s w e re
,

in m an y

om

the

of

Fre n c h p on te
fo l l o w e d the

itte d ;

w or d

T he

e xam

l
pe

Lati n , fo rm e d the

whi c h , in

O RY

bo dy

the

form i n g th e
an d

M EM

an

in

th i s l as t
fro m Lat i n

as

the r d e r iv ativ e s
e
h
e l l ativ e s
t
l as t vo w e l on l y w as c han ge d
a
pp
an d a g re at p ar t o f th e o r i g i n al w o rd r e m ai n e d
What IS d on e iii adj e c tiv e s an d s u b s t an tiv e s al so
t ake s pl ac e in ve r bs
I n La tin th e v e rb s have the i r i n n itiv e m oo d s
t e rm i n ate d in r e ; o n c e pre c e d e d b y a o n c e b y
as
It has b e e n
e an d o n c e b y
that the c o n s on an ts are w e ak s t ro n g
o b s e rv e d
Al l n ati o n s u se d the
an d h i s s i n g
as pi rat e d
l e tt e rs o f th e al phab e t b u t th e y c h an ge d the
en
u s o f th e i r
i
ro n u n c i ati o n ac c o rd i n g t o th e
g
p
e l an gu a e o f o n e
eo
T
h
r e s e c tiv e c o u n t r i e s
g
p
p
l
e ab o u n d s w ith w e ak l e tt e rs o t he rs w i th s t ron g
p
h i s s i n g o r gu tt e ral l e tt e rs e tc
T he Lati n w ord f r a te r w he n c han ge d i n t o
Fre n c h has the l e tt e r a w e ake n e d an d i t b e

h
d
ee
R
e
o m an a is
t
r e re :
as in
o
m
e
s
e
c
p
f
t ake n aw ay an d the w e ake r l e tt e r e is s u b s ti
ate r
c he r e ;
m e r : c h arc
t u te d as in m are
,
p
s i t is th e ge n i u s o f t he
A
e r e ; c ate n a c ha i n e
p
Fre n c h l an gu age t o s ho rt e n t he i r v e rb s the
Lat in i n n iti ve a r e b e c om e s e r ; as in am are
a im e r
I n the thir d c onj u gati on the n al e on l y
w or d ,

so

1 36

b ut

A RT

N EW
re

Thi s

u l a te d .

M EM

o r

oir c an

on

O RY

l y s t and

fo r t he

i n n it i v e m o o d ; i t is in s te ad of c a l r e : i f the
in n i t i v e m o o d b e n o t fo u n d re gu l arl y the fu t u re
As 7 is i n d i sp e n s ab l e w e m u s t
c an n o t b e giv e n
h
e Lati n w o r d c a l m is m ad e
T
ar t w it h th e l
p
b u t in pro n o u n c i n g t h i s w i nd
c ha l k in En gl i s h
the Zis o pe n e d an d th e pro n u n c i ati o n b e c o m e
l
h
h
h
e
n
n
s
a
l
s
c
a
n
i
t
6
t
o
c
n Fr e n c h
i
h
w
)
(
g g
c a l m be c om e s c ha u x ; i n t he Lati n w o r d a l t er
th e Zis O pe n e d an d a l te r is c o n ve r te d in t o a u t r e ;
s al t are i n t o s aa t r e
Fro m th e Lati n p u l ve r e th e Fre n c h in n itc
wo u l d h e p u l ve r y b u t th e l is re so l v e d i n t o e a
and o is c h an ge d i n t o d ; t h us p u l v e r e b e c o m e s
I
n oaa d r e
t he I m u st
c in d r e
oa d r e ; ci n e re
p
b e re j e c te d an d d a s u ppl i e d ; th us val r e vaa
I n t he fu t u re the Fre n c h d o n o t say as in Lati n
I wil l d o
b u t I have t o d o ; t he y
o r En gl i sh
take the pre s e nt o f wooir ad d i t to th e i n n itiv e
va u d r a s,
an d t h u s for m th e f ut u r e vau d r ai
I n the p re
( toad s a ; w e c ann o t s ay c ou l e ra i
d d ; the e is r e
in Lati n th e r e is a
se nt te ns e
and as the l an d t c an n o t st an d t o ge th e r
e c te d
j
I is ope n e d as b e fo re an d w e i m m e d iat e l y h ave

va u t .

It

has b e e n sh o w n

m o od s
c

o f th e

i n to er r e
l as t c o nj u gati ons

h an ge d

an d

Lati n
,

a r e ad y,

e n d ng
,

t r,
are

in

in

that

t he

ar e ,

e re ,

i n n i ti ve

'

Fre n c h

b o t h m ad e b y

ir e ,

The

are

rs t
r e j e c ti n g

1 37

L A NG U A G E .

n al

the

in

gat o n

fo r m e d ,
no

Aft e r w ard s

or

c on u

Fr e n c h l an gu age s

an d
,

o ir .

is fo r m e d fro m

e rs on

t oge t he r

fo u r th

I f t h e Lati n
ar e

nd

i t has b e e n s h o w n ho w th i s is
t hat i t is n o t a n e w c o nj ugati o n for

oi r

an d

te n s e

we

it w il l b e

e as

are

c om

h
r
ov e
ow
p

to

t he r an d ho w
v e ry m at e ri al l y th e s t u dy o f t he Lati n an d Fre n c h
w il l fac ilit at e th e ac q u i s iti o n o f o t he r l an gu age s
T ho se w h o are ac q u ain t e d w it h the Lati n l an
gu age kn o w t h at m u s is th e t e rm i n ati o n o f t he
rs t pe r so n pl u ral s o that fro m a r e w e ge t
m uch

one

is d e riv e d fro m

the

fr o m

a m as ,

e re ,

rs t pe rs o n
vou e l m ust

l
u ral
p

in Fre n c h b e

be

itt e d

om

T he Fre n c h w o rd s
tro u n c e

d in

n al it
,

s ou n d

wr

it e

m i t s , fro m ir e ,

th e

an d se ts

t ma s .

q u i re d t h e
w il l b e giv e n
re

an n e r

n on , n om , n om s ,

s am e

I f t he

al

l pro ~
w h e n m is

are

; fo r

is p ro n o u n c e d as n , w h i c h h as a n as al
m , t h e n , is n o m o re n e c e s s ary, fo r if w e

ac c o rd n g

t o th e

p ro n un c i ati on

i t w ou l d

be

71 0223 .

v e rb d a n e r fo r e xa m p e the in n i
tiv e t e r m in ati on e r is c han ge d in t o 071 3 an d w e
he s e c o n d p e rs on in Lati n is
h av e d a n son s
kn o w n b y th e t e r m in at io n t is a t is e t is it is ;
th e s am e pr i n c i pl e t h at d i re c t e d th e Fr e n c h t o
i
e rs o n
s h o r t e n t h e fo r m e r
n d u c e s t he m t o
p
pu r
s u e th e sa m e m e t h o d h e re
T he i is t ake n aw ay
n h ic h h as t he s am e so u n d as
an d
an d ts is l e f t
In

th e

N3

N E W A RT o r M E M O R

138

m ay b e

su

ed b ,
l
i
p
y
p

T he w or d is w ritt e n

s
o n u n c i ati o n , an d fro m d am e r
i
t
r
g
p
is pro d u c e d d an s e z
The Lati n t e r m i n ati o n e a t

ac c or d n

to

in Fr e n c h, b u t is m u t e ;
d an se n t ( d e n se ) as if t he r e w e re n o e a t

is

ti n u e d

c on

t he y

s ay

I n the

ne x

t t e n se

p as t ti m e
fo r t he

t he

d an c e d y e ste r d ay : agai n
l
ur al th e r e is on s, b u t t hi s
p

o c c u rs

rs t

; we

pe rs o n

w ou l d d e n o t e

th e

e n s e ; to d i s ti n u i s h
t
t
t
h
t
h
e r e for e
e im
g
p
f
r o m t he
re s e n t
t
e n se
e r fe ct
an d to s h o w
p
p
that it is pas t t is p l ac e d b e fo re 0223 as i on s ;
an d t hi s is a l w ays fo u n d in t he i m e r fe c t in al l
p
I n th e s e c o n d pe rs o n pre se n t
c o nj u gati o n s
the re is e z ; t o de n o t e t he im p e rfe c t i m u s t b e
add e d
as te z
Fo r the t hi rd pe rso n e a t w it h
t h e i b e fo r e it i e n t ; b u t t h i s re q u i re s s o m e l i t
is p l ac e d b e fore the
t l e ad d it i o n ; 0 t h e re f o r e
Th i s t e n s e t he n is d an
i an d o ie n t i fo rm e d

re se n

d a rz si e z , d a rz soie n t

s on s,

are sha l t

The fu t u re ,

thi n g
t ake n

d an c e , w il l

an d

t he

m ore t han

q u i re
w h o l e i n n it i v e

t e rm i n at i o n

the

ons

re

is

w e h ave d a rz se r , d a rz s e r on s , d a n se r e z
se r on

to

Fro m

d an c e

On t

Th i s f u t u r e

wou l d da n c e ;

'

2 th e

d a rr se r ion s ,
ad d e d ,
'

o b ta n e

th u s ,

d a nc e

c om e s

If

t he
r

al s o

Loars

dd e d ;
,

d an
,

d a n s e r oz rrt ,
'

,
'

an d

thu s

i n n it iv e d a ns e r
has an i m pe rfe c t I
t he i m pe rfe c t b e i ng

d a /rs e r i on s b e

w o rd

is he re

the

ign fo r
d a zrs e r iez

som e

it w il l be

are

l ys e d
fo u n d: t he ir
an a

N E W A RT o r M E M

1 40

O RY

vi d e n tl y de r iv e d fro m th e Lati n p /ac e r e :

t o c o n v e r t t h i s w o rd i n t o Fre n c h, it m u s t b e c u r
t ail e d an d th e rs t s t e p t o w ard s t hi s w i l l b e to
l e av e o u t th e 6 b e fo re the
t h e r e w i l l t he n b e
u t as c an d 7 c an n o t c o m b i n e t o e t h e r
l
b
ac r e
g
p
th e 0 m u s t b e
an d th e 7 I S ab s o l u t e l y n e c e s s ary
d is pe ns e d w it h ; t he a b e i n g c han ge d i n t o t h e
w h i c h fo r m s p l a ir e
To for m
s o ft e r s o u n d a i
t he d i ff e re n t pe rs o n s an d t e n se s i t re m ai n s o n l y
t o rej e c t the n al e an d ad d the p ro pe r t e r m i n a
ti o n s
T he Fr e n c h v e rb c on n oit r e is d e riv e d fro m th e
We w il l n ow c o n s i d e r th e
Lati n c og n os c e r e
vari o u s c h an ge s w h i c h t ake p l ac e d u r i ng the p r o
I n the w o r d c on n oisse u r s
c e ss o f d e ri v at i on
w h i c h is al s o d e r iv e d fro m c og n os c e r e t he s o is
an d t h e 0 is s h o r t e n e d i n t o oi
c h an ge d i n t o 3 3
th e n h av e c og n oisse r e ; b u t as the re
oiss : w e
c an n o t b e a d o u b l e 6 th e rs t is t ake n aw ay b e
c au s e the l a tt e r is w an t e d fo r th e i n fi n itiv e t e r
m i n ati on ; th e w o rd b e c o m e s t h e n c og n ois sr e :
i t m u s t be
th e 7 b e in g t o o w e ak b y i t s e l f
s t re n g th e n e d b y a d o r t ; a t is pre fe rre d ; th e

n
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
o
s
at
i
t
l
l
t
e
d
d
o
b
3
s
n
h
a
e
u
c
i
s
g
g
l as t c on n oitr e is o b t ain e d
I n th e f u t u r e t h e r is re t ain e d ; as c om t oi tr a i
e tc
b u t in o the r te n se s the r is
c o rm oi t r as

t
e c orm ois
u c on
t
t
i
i
l
s
r
n
o
a
s
i
i
n
n
e
d
o
c ha g
g
j
v e rb

is

'

'

LA N G U A G E

An o t he r
In

Lati n ,

t he

ti m e s

e xam

an

d t he

is

re e c

tc

is

0 sof e n e

j te d
In

om

itt e d

e u,

as

in

in t o

p
an d

b ut

'

w he n
sho r

the

s;

m om

i n to

an d

c ou l e u r

t he y

an

th e

an s

on

e tc

i n n itiv e

w o rd

d,

as ,

m om s ,

is

in

han ge d

I n th e

s am e

m an n e r ,

d ol or

th e re

are

t wo

t he n e d an d c on v e r t e d
d o l or
d ou l e u r ; c o l or
,

c om e s

d ou l ou r e u x

w o rd d e be r e is to b e

I) m u s t b e

se c on d 9

as

t i on

d fr o m d ol or os as

t he

ir

t e rm i n a

l on g i t

t oo
.

th e

m o u r ai tu m ou r as ,

add e

is

fro m m or z r z ,

s re n g

are

en

is

To fo rm

t ake n

s om e

; fo r th e fu t u re ,

the

re se n ,

Whe n t he Lati n
Fre n c h,

on

w e h ave

Lati n

an d

on

i n to

in e u rs ,

the

o s,

i m u st be

th e

as

i n n itiv e

th e

fo r

IS

b u t ge n e ral l y m or i

n al

m ow ir , t he
'

m ay b e fo u n d in m ou r ir

l
e
p

t he re

m or ir i,

J4 1

h an ge d

i n to

1)

sough

t in

( d e ve r e , )

j t e d it b e c o m e s d e vr e
b u t as the v an d r c an n o t c o m b i n e t o ge t he r th e
t e rm i n ati o n r e is c han ge d i n t o oir d e voir T hi s
ve rb t h e n is n o t re u l ar
e u l at e d
I
t
b
u
t
r
i
s
g
g
i m poss i b l e to ob t ai n th e fu t u re fr o m d e voir as
i t is i rre gu l ar an d m u s t b e de r iv e d fro m th e re
I n the pre s e n t the r is re
gu l ar v e rb d e vr e
e c te d an d i t b e c o m e s d e vs ; b u t as v an d 3 c an n o t
j
s t an d t o ge t he r an d as s is the
e rs o n al c harac t e r
p
i t m u s t re m ai n an d the v b e o m itt e d ; th e w ord
(1 63 is t he n l e ft b u t as t he c is t oo w e ak i t m u s t
b e s t re n gt he n e d b y c h an gi n g i t i n t o
w e h av e
d oi t
W he n in
the n d ois y e d ois t u cl ots
b e i ng

re e c

'

'

th e

s o re

A RT

NE W

1 42

l
u ral t he re
p
d,

t ain e d

an

tw o

are

yl l ab l e s , the

d e ve z ,

d e von s,

O RY

O F M EM

d o ioe n t ,

is

re

oh

are

ti
ns
h
i
o
T
s
g
m ay b e e as il y d o n e b y o b s e rvi n g w h i c h o f th e
vo w e l s a e
i pre c e d e s the pe rs o n al t e rm i n a
ti on s r e m r e z r e n t T he Lat in c o nj u gati o n s
m av b e l e arn e d in the s am e w ay
I n t h e ve rb
al l e r
w e d o n o t in th e p re s e n t t e n s e s ay j a l l e
b u t j e c a fs ; th e r e fs is n o t th e n d e r iv e d fro m
al l e r
I t t ake s
b u t fro m th e G e r m an we n d e n
r t o f t he
a
e
se
n
f
m
n e v e rb
an
d
h
e
e
t
r
ro
o
t
r
p
p
m ain d e r fro m an o t he r
Whe n the Lati n v e rb
[ whe r e is to b e c o n ve r t e d i n t o Fre n c h the b is
c h an e d i n t o
an d fra me
is fo r m e d ; t he l a
g
n ot b e i n
o m itt e d
it
i
as
s o u n d e d in Fre n c h
s
g
( we r e ; the r s t e is re j e c t e d
an d the r e b e i n g
c han e d i n t o air w e h av e a voir
g
I n th e p re s e n t the oir w o u l d b e s a vs ; b u t
0 an d s n o t c o m b i n i n
t
t
h
e 1) m u s t b e
e
h
e
r
t
o
g
g
o m itt e d
an d t he a is s o ft e n e d i n t o a i m aki n g
m s ; th e s n o t b e i n g pr on o u n c e d it is t he r e fo re
d ro p pe d ; w e h av e t he n a i j a i : th e fu t u re
c o m e s fr o m th e i n n iti ve
c ar e ; th e 0 b e i n g re
s o l v e d i n t o 11 ; as a vr a i au r a i
a z t i as a u r a
T he se c on d pe rson s i n gu l ar al u ays t ake s 8 fo r its
c h arac t e r
d e b e s d ois
as in Lat in 4 1 a 66 84 as
T he thir d pe rs o n h as t fro m the Lati n b u t as
th is l e tt e r w as n o t pro n o u n c e d in so m e c as e s it
It

re

m ai n s

on

ly

to

x t he

c on u

'

'

N E W A RT

1 44

v o l u ti on

o r re

e tc

is

e tc

O RY

; whe e l fro m

ti m e

of

O F M EM

ar

m ) to

r ol l ,

Th e pre xin g o f the l e tt e r s to G re e k w ords

r i n c i l e that pe r vad e s the La t in t on gu e ; as
p
p

thu s
in sp e rn o, to d e spi s e , fr o m a r s gvn, th e he e l
th e p r i m ary s e n s e o f sp e r n o is , t o pu t the h e e l
u

prin c ipl e is s al i o, i n sil io, ia

fr o m d ammi t
The Fr e n c h ge n e

on the

on

s am e

l t t ake n
ral l y d r o p the
su

at

tt u ral s e ithe r

u
g

an

i n v ariab l e

wa te r , is fro m

or

h e n c e w e sho u l d b e j u s ti
an al o y in s a i n , t hat c an ,
g
y g

th e e n d o f w o rd s ;

e d by

in the m i dd l e

aq u a ,

an

se n t

fro m

s in

u l u s.

T he I tal ia n s ge n e r al l y d ro p th e l iqu id 1 agre e

ab l
y to t h i s c u s t o m o f the l an gu age , a m e is
d e riv e d fro m u m e n , a s t re am , an d p ian o fro m
l
an u s ,
p
w o rd s
s

as

th e

I n G e r m an , m o s t

l
ai n
p
wh i c h hav e
a

r
c a te r

was e r ,

on of
ti
p
t hat r u n s t h ro u gh

an d

mor e ,

We
c e

lle n t

in En g li sh , are u se d
; b e ss e r , b e t te r ; e s, i t

va r ,

772

as c e r a n n g

E s s ay

'

ru e s

t i i

an

d ma
or
j
s hal l c o n c l u d e

an

i n t o f o r v is a p ri n c i p l e
t he We l s h t o n gu e ; t hu s 06
a re b u t t he
Lati n w o rd s m e ,

c o rr u

r oe r ,

t hose
w it h an

of

en
iv
g

w he n

t ow a

rd a

thi s

se c

ti on

i th

so m e e x

by M R

fo r

an

El i g l is h w or d is d e ri ve d

P r ac ic al En g ish G r am m ar , p

LANG U A G E .

Lati n ,

rom

an d

1 45

ho w it m ay b e m ad e Lati n

aga n .

are

M os t En gl i sh w ord s, e n di n g in m e , or cy ,
d e r i ve d fro m Lati n w o rd s in t in ; Te mp e

C l e m e n tia ; Te mp e r an c e , C l e m e n cy
2 Wo rd s in i on , in En gli sh, are m ad e Lati ti
b y c as ting aw ay as ; as, Qu e stion , Qae sti o Re
ra n tia ,

Re l ig io
3 Wo rd s e nd i n g in ty are m ad e Lati n b y
i
n t o t as ; as
ib
ert
c h an gin g t
r tas ;
i
b
L
e
L
y
y
l ig ion ,

C hari ty , C har i tas

Word s

end ing

in

Lati n , b y c h an gi n g

t ud e

i n to

are

For titud e , Forti

tu de ; G r ati tu d e , G r atitu d o,

Adje c ti ve s ,

m os t par t b e c o m e
as Rig id , Rig id us

Wo rd s

wh i c h

d e r i ve d from the
e tc

in d , d o fo r the

e nd

Lati n , b y the

ad d

iti on

P u t r i d , P u t r id u s ,

e n d ng

in t,

n,

or r ,

e tc

o f us

b e t we e n t wo

Lati n b y c han gi n g the l as t vo we l

i n t o us ; as , M u te , M ut us ; Obsc u re , Obson
m s ; Obsc e n e , Obsc n n u s, e tc
7 M os t w drds e n d i n g in n t are mad e Lati n ,
b y c han gin g n t i n t o u s ; as Late nty Lat e n s ;

vowe s

b e c om e

Vig i l an t Vig i l an s
,

M an y w ord s

e tc

e n d ng

in

al ,

b y the

is Be c om e Lati n ; as Libe r al ,
S u bstan tial , S u bst an t ial is

of

add

i ti on

Libe ral ia;

1 46

N E W A RT o r M E M O RY

6 M od e o
f l e arn ing the C onju gation:
a Lan u a e
an d D e c l e n s ion s o
f
g g

S e c t.

In

Lati n

th e

i n n itiv e a r e e r e i r e are th e
t e rm i n at i on s o f th e pr i m ary c o nj u gati o n s the re
are t w o m ore in Er e w h i c h are s e c o n d ary
T he
rs t p e rs on S i n gu l ar is g iv e n b y the t e rm i n ati on
,

d e l e o fro m d e l e r e ; an d i a a u d z o fr o m
; b u t w e d o n o t s ay am ao fro m a m ar e ,

o, as e o
a u d ie r e

but

amo :

the

of

th e

a an d o are

t wo

is m e rge d in the

l an gu age

; fo r

l i n gu al vow e l I n
l i n gu al an d the n
u e n tl y h ave
q
.

am are

0 ac c o r d n g

l ab i al

co
a

d e pe n d an t

to th e

c an n o

l ;
ge n i u s

vo w e s

re c e

p
is

de

t he re
rs t a
l ab i al vowe l , we c on se
an d

i0

d e l e r e au d ire l amb e re f uge re

d e l e o au d io 1amb o fu gio

am o

The pre t e rpe rfe c t t e n se is t e r m i n at e d b y 05, as

amavi d e l e n i au d ivi, e xc e p t in the s e c o n d ary
'

j
ti
w h i c h o n l y c han ge the o o f th e pre

b
u io
Z
a
m
i
i n t o i as l am bo
se n t t e n se
f g

c on u ga o n s

ug i .

is kn ow n b y the t e rm i n ati on tu m,
l am bitu m
a m a t u m d e l e t u m au d it u m

Th e
as,

S up n e

i
t
um
g

gu ar o

The pe rs o n al

),

am o

har ac t e rs

( am ab am) ,

'

are

in the

am as -

s in

am ab as,

1 48

n e

The
kn own

w ART

M EM O RY

p t e rpl u pe rfe c t o f th e i n d i c ati ve is

b y th e t e r m i n ati on ve ram , e tc
e xc e t
p
re

w h e n the p re t e r pe rfe c

in whi c h

or

c as e

it

is

c r am .

visse m ,

s u b u n c i ve I S

is fo rm e d

or

T he

i m pl y with i,
s a m e t e n s e in the

i sse m :

a mave ram +

a m am ss e m 5 d e l e oe ram d e l e viss e m

'

] eg isse m

T h e f u t u re
am o an d

I n th e

in d i c ative is fo rm e d b y 60 in
an d b
i
n
d
n
l
m
o
a
u
i
o
a
a
b
m
y
f g

of

d e l e o,

su b u n c

th e

m oo d, the fu t ure

ti ve

is form e d fro m the p re t e rpe rfe c t

th e ad d iti on o f e r o t hrou gh ou t ;
u m ane r o

be r o

Z
eg e re m

d e l s bo d e l e ve ro

t e rm in ati on
in d i c at ive by
as

am a bo

Z
am
am bam Z

T h e fo l l o win g

t ab l e s

of

the

Latin

l -s
c on uga

d e c l e n si o ns m ay b e c om m itt e d to ni e
m o ry, b y p l ac i n g t he m o n a w all , a m an tl e
e c e , a d oor , e tc
n s of
i
i
it
ti
s
h
e
s
u
a
o
n
re
e
r
v
t
p
g
p
tion s

an d

t h e m oo d s,

in the tab l e s

t e n se s,
.

an d

d e c l e n sion s

as

d e sc ri b e d

N E W A RT

52

\Vh o

tiv e
e art h :
na

t d
W h at

c re a e
.

t
p
c an n o t

re se n e

c ae l u m

d to

G od

c re a e

d id he
et

us

M EM

on

our

d D 6 21 3 is the
? the h e aven

c re a e

t e r ra m

O RY

n om

an d

the

i l l i m m e d i at e l y

be

c aa/e s t ia l

t e r r e s tr ia l

an d

v e t h e m e an i n g o f th e se w ord s
an d t he n al 922 w il l p o m t o u t t o u s t h at t h e y are
in th e ac c u s at iv e c as e I n t h i s m an n e r w e sh ou l d
a es
n d t he n re ad
a
r o c e e d fo r t w o o r t h re e
p g
p
th e m fo r t h re e o r fo u r ti m e s m o re til l w e c an
t ran s l at e w ith t o l e rab l e fac il ity We d o n ot
b u t m e re l y
c o n su l t g ram m ars t o l e ar n t he r u l e s
I n th e
t o s o l v e an y d i ffi c u l ty t h at m ay o c c u r
h
e g r am m ar is l e arn e d in th e l an
re s e n t m o d e
t
p
i
n th e
ram m ar
age
an d n o t th e l an gu age
u
g
g
Eve ry ru l e is an ab s t rac ti o n an d c an n o t b e u n
d e rs to od w it ho u t an e xam pl e
I n s t e ad o f l o ng
l e arn e xam p l e s an d t he s e sh ou l d b e
r u l e s we
xe d u pon the w all s o f a ro o m in pro pe r o rd e r
T h e s t ri ki n g an al o gy b e t w e e n m an y m o d e rn l an
t
h
e n t fac ilit
u
a
e
an
d
e
c
n
s
e
q
u
q
i
i
s
o
r
o
f
a
c
u
n
g g
y
g
s e v e ral l an g u a e s
at t h e
s am e
e
ti
m
m u st b e
g
e vi d e n t t o e v e ry o n e
T h is is par ti c u l arl y the
c as e w it h the En l i s h
G e r m an Lati n Fre n c h,
g
I t al i an , o pan ish, an d Portu gu e z e l an gu age s
i
fa l

to g i

C H

AP VI
.

pstnnattc Wahl t s

TH

t
ti c Tab l e s is pe c n
l iarl y im po r t an t t o th e s t u d e n t in any b ran c h o f
"
wh e t h e r i t b e b o t an y z o o l ogy c h e m i s
s c ie n c e
an d
the m o d e o f xi n g
try, m i n e ral o gy e t c
the se t ab l e s in the m e m o ry m u s t b e d e e m e d o f
ve ry gre at u se t o al l w h o are c o n c e rn e d in s u c h
Th
e a
c ati o n o f t h i s ar t t o s u c h
l
i
u rsu it s
pp
p
t ab l e s w il l b e sh o w n in th e fol l ow i n g M in e ral o
al T ab l e o f H A Ii Y
i
c
g
Th e c h arac t e rs o f M i n e r al s are o f t hre e ki n ds ,
E

kn o wl e d ge

o f sys e ma

-o

C he m ic al

P hy sic a l , G e om e tr ic a l ,

an d

G
r
a
r
ca
t
m
i
m
s
s
a
b
abp

G ENERAL

S P EC

I FI C

G RAVI T Y ,

d ro s tat ic b al an c e
2

O H ES I O N

C
1

of

Nic h o l son )
.

I n S ol id s is p r ove d
By f ric t ion w it h
I
.

i Yie l d in g
ii

ac c ord in

Not yie l d in g

Fil e

t
o
t
h
e
H
g
y

1 54

M EM O RY

N E W ART O I

Physi c al

harac te rs ,

II

t in u e d

c on

B y r u b b in g t he

n e ra

t he r

again s

t
m in e ral

t he an gu ar

lt

i i B rittl e

mi

r s of an o
a
p

S te e l

t o b e b roke n

l in g

i G iv in g Fire

No t giv in g Fire
V B y e xion

hamm e r

ru m b

i ii C

By

on e

i D if c

I V.

par t s of

an gu ar

B y Pe rc u ss ion wit h

111.

p re s su re .
i S im pl y Fl e xib l e
ii El as t ic

or

t le

m D uc i

i v Soft
1

I n its

Liq u i d s ( yie l d in g w it h t he
I

By

n ot

m o is

t e n in g it

I M PRE S S I O N
I

B y Tas te
a
t

S al t

U P

ii As t rin ge n t

i ii S w e e t is h
i v Pu n ge n t
c

vi

B itt e r

U r in ou s

(As fo u n d b y the

u id

l igh t e s t pre ssu re )

B y m ois te n in g t he h an d

PART I C U LAR

11

II

g im b ib e d
of T rac t ion

By the fo rc e

own n a u re .

avin

2 H
VI

O N T H E TO NG U E

se n se s .
.

1 56

w A RT

n e

Physi c al

OE u s u on r

h arac te rs , c on t inu e d

22

f t he St reak

o ou rs O

S im il ar

2 D is s im il ar
.

o ou rs o f

S im il ar

the Powd e r.

ii i C

D iss imil ar

(Prod u c in g Lu s tre )
i B ril l ian t

ii D u l l

i ii G re asy

w Sil ky

Pe ar l y

M e t al l ic

vi

Ps e u d o M e t al li c

vii

II.

By

Refr ac tion

r an s are n c
T
(
p
y)
.

Limpid

2 Tr an spare nt b u t c ol ou re d .
.

3 . Tr an s l u c id

qu e

4 . Opa
II]

B y P hosp hor e sc e n c s

i By h e at in g
i i B y r u b b in g
.

6 ELE C
.

I.

T RI C I T

P ass ive
'

i t By
1
.

c omm u n

By

i c ati on

r u b b in g.

Vit re ou s

Re sin ou s

Physic al

Y S T E M AT I C

harac t e rs,

c on

T AB LE S .

ti nu e d

i ii By he at in g
(Vit re ou s

1 57

on on e sid e , an d re s nou s

the o

on

Ac tive
i Vitre ou s

the r )
.

II.

Re s in ou s

i ii

Ne ithe r vitre ous

7 M AG NET I S M
.

P ol ar

II.

FORM
.

ai ters .

El e me n t ary

S e c on d ary

II.

s.

D ET ERM I NAB LE
1.

I ND ET ERM I NAB LE
By

I.
11

rou n din

g
S t riat e d an d

II I.

nor re s inou s.

I I daw netrirat
1

the

rou gh .

Am orphou s b od ie s,
irre gu l ar form

I M I T AT I VE

su rfac e s and an e s.
g

i(

b od i e s

B od ie s form e d b y c on c r e t ion
I I Pse u d om orph o u s b od ie s ,
i
(

of an

hav e

as s u m e d

su c

as

t he form o f an o he r b od

for whi c h th e y
P

e.

are su b s

tit u te d )
.

y,

N E W A RT

1 58

G e om e t ric al

II

or

harac t e rs ,

c on

M EM

O RY

t in ue d

STRU C TU RE

LAM I NA T E D

LA M ELLAT E D

S T RAT I FO RM

FO LI AT E D

5 FI B E O U S
.

4 W it h paral l e l

Wit h rad iate d

ii

6 G RAN U LAT E D
.

7 C
.

b re s

O M P AC T

b re s

ELLU L AR.

FRAC TU RE,
1

O NS
1 Lon git u d i n al
I I Tran s v e rse
I I I I n d e t e rmi nat e

D I REC

TI

VARI ET I ES

I.
II

on c

III

I V.
y

II

hoid al

S m oo t h

Rou gh

S c al y

Ar t ic u l at e d

IRE
BY F

1.

WI T H
I.
II

S TRAW .

Fu s i b il it y

The

I II.

The

l t of Fusion
Re d u c ti on of me t al li c

re s u

Sub stanc e s,

1 60

N EW ART O F M E M O RY

m ay b e the b e tt e r

e n ab e

tic u l ar d ivi s i o n

the

H
we

t ake the rs t

s on o f

n e ar

c ohe si on ,

if w e

the para

h an d,

an d

rs t d i vi
to x th i s in

th e

y,

h arac t e rs ,

fou r wal l s,

l e ft

ra vi t

an d

ba l an c e is p l ac e d o n the tOp o f the

th e c i e l i n g
The n e xt d ivi si o n is
.

e n d Of

wh at p re se rve s th e

t rm

T h e re i s

are

o n ou r

w h i c h is p t b y the
u

ask

re se n

re m e m b e r

w h i c h is

th e ge n e ra
a

d to

t ab l e
w h i c h t h e re

wi th sp e c i

m i n ds

wal l ,

in

av n g a r oom

c om m e n c e

our

Of

t t

s a e,

n ow

who l e

th e an s we r w

o c c as o n

ill

ba l an c e ;

th e

w al l in its

be

c o e si on .

a, w h i c h is
h
p

fo r

a so

l
ac e d agai n s t th e l o we r p ar t Of th e w al l ; u p on
p
w h i c h the s o l i d s m u s t b e pu t ; c ohe s i o n in so l i ds
is p rove d in s ix d i ffe re n t w ays
I n o ne c orn e r o f
the S Opha a l e is p l ac e d w h i c h w il l c al l to
m i n d th e rs t m o d e fri c ti on w it h a l e ; in an o
th e r c o rn e r s o m e m i n e rai s of an an gu l ar s h ape ;
an d t h u s w e m u s t p ro c e e d to x th e six d ie re n t
d i vi s i on s
The s u b d i vi s i on s w il l b e e as il y re
m e m b e re d if c on n e c t e d in so m e w ay w ith the
h
s
e rm an e n tl
i
t
ri n c i al o u tl i n e s
h
c h are
u
w
y
p
p
p
xe d
H avi n g l l e d o n e w al l w ith the ge n e ral
h
arti c u l ar
h
i
al C h arac t e rs O f m i n e ral s
t
e
s
c
p
p y
T he p ar
c h arac t e rs are n e x t to b e c o n s i d e re d
tic u l ar phys i c al c harac t e rs o f m i n e ral s are kn o w n ,
I b y t as t e 2 b y ad he s i o n
An o th e r w al l is n o w
o n th i s
n e e d fu l
in w h i c h th e re m ay b e a d oor
d oor a ton gu e is p l ac e d as the e m b l e m Of t aste ;
.

Y S T EM AT I C

the d o or b e i n g d ivi d e d
the

rs t

is fo u n d

s ix c o m

i n to

a c u be

1 61

T A B LE S .

of

sa

l t, to

ar

t m e n ts

in

c on ve y th e

i d e a o f s al i n e ; o n the s e c o n d a s t r in g for
in t he t h i rd s om e s we e tm e a ts for
as t r i n ge n t ;
s w e e ti s h ; in t h e fo u r t h a kn
e for sh arp w h i c h
if
m ay c u t th e s t ri n g I n th e s e c on d c o m par t m e n t ;
b it te r in the ft h d ivi s i on w i ll c om e i m m e d i at e l y
u n d e r s w e e ti s h ; an d c an n o t fail t o b e r e m e m
b e re d b y the c on t ras t Wh i c h it pre se n t s ; u r in ous
is in the sixt h an d l as t d ivi s i on an d w il l n e e d n o
I n t h i s w ay m u s t th e pu pi l pro c e e d
sym b o l
w it h th e r e m ai n i n g d ivi s i o n s o f th e tab l e xin g
e ac h u on
an O bj e c t
an d
c o n n e c ti n
p
g som e
s t r i ki n
g C i rc u m st an c e w it h the O bj e c t , th at w il l
aff or d a
e
r
m
an
n
e
t i d e a of the syste m whi c h he
p
is d e s i rou s to ac q u i re
~

C H AP VI I
.

:
a
m
n
t
g
3
29mm

0
9

TH E

rs t m at e ri al s

ti
c e d i c e are t o b e
p
i n m e t aph o rs ; al l e go r i e s an d in v ar i ou s
ki n d s o f c ti on ; an d
i t is t h u s al l i m age s
c o m ar i s o n s
ar ti c u l arl y
al l u s i on s
an d gu re s
p
p
t hose whi c h pe rs on i fy m o ral s u bj e c t s c on c u r in
ad orn i n g s u c h a s t ru c t u r e
W he n the s e i m age s
are re d u c e d i n t o ve rse
t h e e ar is d e l i gh t e d to a
h i gh d e gre e an d th e m i n d i n s e n s i b l y r e pe at s
t he m Whil e t he e ye re ad s t he m Th i s is par ti
h ar
c u l arl y th e c ase w it h r hym e
C ad e n c e
m on y an d e s pe c i al l y rhym e affo rd th e gre at e s t
ass i s t an c e t o t h e
m e m o ry th at art c an i n ve n t ;
an d t he i m age s
or
e ti c
c ti o n s t h at s tr i ke
o
p
as s i s t in e n ravi n
o u r s e n se s
g
g t he m d e e pl y o n
our m inds
W he n a h i s t o ri c al n arrativ e is r e l at e d in p r ose ,
th e fac t s o n l y a re s t at e d in a l ai n re g u l ar o rd e r,
p
w itho u t an y m i n u t e d e s c ri pti o n o f t he d ie re n t
o bj e c t s hi c h o c c u r in the c ou rse of the hi s t o ry
of a

oe

-s

1 64.

Ne w A RT

M E M O RY}

or

l y b e n e e d fu l to c o u n t the l i n e s or w ord s if it
b e re q u ire d t o d e t e r m i n e the n u m e ri c al s it u ati on
o f an y l i n e o r w o rd
It w il l n o t b e d ic u l t to app l y the se p ri n c i
l
e s t o t he re e titi o n o f
oe t r
A
i
l
il
l
s
n
e
us
p
y
g
p
p
t ratio n p e rhap s w i ll b e s u f c i e n t ; an d fo r th i s
u r os e w e t ake t h e rs t s t an z a o f G o l d s m it h s
p p
on

-a

Ed win

An g e l in a

an d

tl

T u rn , ge n e h e rm i of the d a e ,
An d gu i d e m y on e y w ay
T o w h e r e y o u ap e r c h e e r s t h e a

W i h h os i ab e r a

We
a

t l

e c t,

an d

m u s t he re

re

e r m i t s an d n g o n

v le

t he

i m agi n e that

Towe r

we

se e

B a be Z
,

an d

t u rn i n g rou n d w it h i n c o n c e iv ab l e rapi d ity ; a

An
ve ry l arge t ap e r is p l ac e d u p o n h is he ad
e l in a is w al ki n g b y th e t o w e r an d c al l i n g o u t
g
l o u d l y to th e h e rm i t to gtad e he r l o n e ly w ay
th e t ap e r c an n o t fail t o s u gge s t th e r e m ai n d e r o f
the s t an z a
I n a po e m that is n ot d ivi d e d i n t o s t an z as w e
m u s t t ake 4 6 8 o r 1 0 l i n e s, p re se rvi n g th e
an d x th e m u o n a s m b o l
S
e
c o n n e c ti o n
y
p
ve ral s m al l pie c e s o f po e t ry m ay b e r e ad il y i m
r i n t e d u po n t he m e m o ry b y p l ac i n g t h e m u p on
p
o f the w al l o f a ro om
th e pi c t u re s o r fu rn it u re
T hou gh
w i t h w h i c h w e m ay b e ac q u ai n t e d
th e sym b ol s are n ot he re ac t ual l y re s orte d to ,
.

'

the

fo r

s am e ,

i
t
ure s
c
p
r oom s

As

l in e

whic h

is pu rs u e d , is pre c i se l y
are
th e
sym b o l s ,
b ut

t h at
what

t the pr i n c i pl e

1 65

AN D P ao s a .

r o xr a r
'

of o u r

the w a s

ll

i m agi n ary

?
fu rth e r

i ll u st rati on

of

the m o d e

of c om

m itti n g po e t ry to m e m o ry, w e shal l g i ve th e fo l

l owi n g e xam p l e s fro m Nol egar, as q u ote d b y
00,

in his C

a r tas

Er u dz tas
'

*
.

Fi rs t Exam pl e .
Fe n ix D ivin e
D

u mi l d e ,

tan b e l l as

Al C ie l o

al as

y p iad os a
te en s al z as

D i vi n e P h oe n ix,

Wi t h

'

su c

t l

h b e au if u win gs,

u m b e an d

T h ou

r ais e s t

M e r c if u
to H

e a en.

The Phwn ix in the rs t ve rs e

Nol e gar)

s ays

c am e n t o f
a

p p

th e

c ro w n ,

l on gi n g

m u s t b e pl ac e d
s

h
e re f r
p

or

ti ara

th e

on
or

t he

t hi s s t an z a,
rs t pre d i

i gh t h an d an d a
an y o t h e r t h i n
b
e
g
r

C hu rc h , m u s t b e pu t o n i ts h e ad ;
c an n o t ap l y an y o t he r m at e ri al o b
p

to the

b e c au se w e

T om i
.

t Th is w il
r oom .

on

of

l an sw e r to the s t pl ac e
r

i n t he

rs t

ll of a

wa

1 66

ec

N E W ART O F M E M ORY .

t, t o

re

en
e
s
r
p

Word

the

fl e c ti on

D ivin e ; w may

the s e i m age s ,
an d s ay, w hy h as a Phoe n i x, th e Pap al C ro wn
a D ivin e
o n its h e ad ? It is a D ivin e P h oe n ix
Phoe n ix
The n th e s e c on d pre d i c am e n t o f the
l e ft han d shal l b e t ake n for th e se c on d ve rse , an d
m ay b e p l ac e d
a d r u m w ith a s ti c k t o b e at i t
the re ; th e s ti c k m ay e xp l ai n the wo rd [d c ] w it h
99 3
I i m agi n e th at th e d ru m m e r b e i n g
re ady t o b e at i t , s ays [d c ] with an d the d ru m
l
d
t
a
n
u
n
h
i
t
h
e
a
e
l
ac
e
I
o
s
s
u
c
w
m
,
[ ]
p u t tw o
p
b e au ti fu l w om e n s itti n g b y the dru m m e r who
sh ou l d h ave
t w o w in gs lyi n g at h is fe e t ; an d
spe aki n g o f the s e c on d pr e d i c am e n t [ wou l d say,
D e tan b e iias a l as ( w it h su ch b e au ti fu l w i n gs )
On th e th i rd pre d i c am e n t O pp os ite the rs t o n
the r i gh t I w o u l d pu t a w o m an kn e e l i n g an d
s o l i c iti n g the
ar don o f a
oor m an c on d e m n e d
p
p
t o b an i shm e n t
w h o s h ou l d b e t h e r e w it h a
c hai n
an d b y t h i s i m a e I w ou l d re C al to m i n d
g
the w ord s o f the t h i rd ve rs e H u m il d e 3/ p i a d osa
h
( u m b l e an d m e rc i fu l ) On the fo u rth pre d i c a
m e n t I w o u l d pl ac e a p i e c e o f c arp e t ( a om br a)
if
o r an y t h i n g w h os e n am e b e gi n s w it h al
[to ] an d
I w o u l d o n l y u se thi s syl l ab l e to whi c h I Wo u l d
s aw th e t e s t e r o f a b e d an d w o u l d sa ( a l c ie l o)
y
t o he ave n ; an d fo r th e w ord t/z ou r a ise s t [ w ou l d
p u t a Pr i e s t r ai s i n g the H os t to w ho m the C u
r at e ( a u d an te
) shou l d h o l d Som e sal t, sayi n g
y
the n

m ake

a re

or

t wo o n

1 68

N E W ART o r M E M

O RY

i
e c e s o f ti m b e r w it h s o m e til e s , taki n
p
g
t he se fo r the who l e o f the ro o f o f a hou se whi c h
c on s i s t s o f ti m b e r an d til e s ; an d fo r ( a t r i bu t os)
I w o u l d p l ac e t wo t r i b u t ary Pri n c e s
att ri b u t e s
w ith an i m age o f the l e tt e r ( A) o n th e h e ad o f o n e ,
w ho m u s t b e go i n g to c o l l e c t t r i b u t e s o r t axe s
th e b e tt e r ; b e c au se
an d if h is n am e b e An d re w
th e ( A) m i gh t b e p l ac e d as a n i mag e o f th e n am e
The n su ppos i n g ou r food to b e d e p e n d e n t on th e
c o l l e c ti o n o f the take s i t w ou l d b e e asy t o t e
r e m e m b e r t h at An d re w w as b ri n g i n g s o m e o t tr i
b u te s b y the l e tt e r ( A) ; n ow at th e fe e t o f th i s
I w ou l d p l ac e an al e m b i c o f Qu i n t
c o l l e c tor
or a D is til l e r
w ith a gl ass fu l l o f wa
e sse n c e s
t e r ( Qu in te sse n c e al re ady d rawn ) w ho sh ou l d
m i n d n o t to b re ak it wi th his fe e t ; an d c l ose to
th e gl ass I w o u l d pl ac e a sma l l s tic k o r the
m ad e o f i r on t hat we may
s ti c k of a d ru m m e r
re m e m b e r i t is n o t t o b e b ro ke n ; b e c au s e i t
m i gh t b e u se d as w e h av e al re ady s ai d for an
m e an i n g ( d c tn) of thy
I n t hi s
ab e c e d ari o
I shal l re m e m b e r
m an n e r w h e n e ve r I w rit e
that I have th i s ve rse at m y ri gh t han d ; P ongan ,
or

thre e

M e d ia, y G obie r n o an d o n m y
l e ft, the o the r ; Los al tos atr i bu tos, de tu Es
S e n or ,

el

s e n c ia .

Whe n P rose is to b e C o m m itte d to m e m ory,

o r c h apt e r, sho u l d b e
th e parti c u l ar passage
re ad ove r c are fu ll y two or t hre e
time s, an d
,

PO E

T RY

A ND

1 69

P 11 0 3 13 .
i

h avi n g

l t

se e c e d

the

it w il l b e n e c e ss ary

i
p

r nc

ipal im age s

or ob e c s,

j t

ti

to fo rm

by

a n arr a ve

c om

t he m w ith the d i ff e re n t sym b o l s We

ro
an d
sh o u l d t ake a fe w l i n e s o n l y at a ti m e
p
c e e d grad u a l l y i n xin g the var i ou s o bj e c t s pre
s e n t e d to u s
T o re m e m be r the p ri n c i pal po i n t s in a S e rm on
w h ic h is r e gu l ar l y d i vi d e d i n t o part s , i t is o nl y
n e e dfu l to t ake t he d i ff e re n t he ad s o r titl e s as
t h e y are gi ve n a
n d ar ran e t he m on th e c i e l i n
g
g
O f th e c h u rc h o r c h a e l
l
ac i n
s
o m e o n the
p
g
p
c o rn i c e
an d o th e rs in var i ou s
art s
i
n r e gu l ar
p
*
o rd e r
Or a s o r t o f i m agi n ary tre e m ay b e s u p
o se d s ri n i n
m
h
e c e n t re
i
l
i
n
f
ro
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
p
g g
g
p
an d th e
pro o fs an d il l u s t rati on s add u c e d b y the

b i n in g

p re ac h e r, m ay b e s u sp e n d e d o n its b ranc h e s
Thi s m e t h o d w il l b e re n d e re d m o re e ffe c t u al ,

if

ym b o l

of

A pl an

s om e w h a

M a D U G A LD

th e

ide a

he

t o h is , i s m e n i on e d b y

t ol d of a y ou n g w o m an , i n

t ve d

c on r i

w h ic h

t io

n,

sh e

h e ad s

a tm e n t s of t h e

th at w h

as

ll c te d

en

ob s e r

ve
t ti

ry

ng

of

r o o f of

Ph il os ophy

ve s

l ow

I ha

ran k of

t he

th e

xi n g

e ,

h u rc h

s aw

c om par

the

he r

in

roo f,

tm e t

n s

w ho

se rm ons

d is c ou r s e ,
c

b e en

l if

t o m e m ory th e

s h e af e rw ar d s

th e or d e r i n w h ic h i t s

p ose d of, s h e r e c o
h ad ob s e r e d i n

t o h e ar , b y

ac c us om e d

c om p r

m an n e r
e

w as

of c om m i

d u r in g th e d iff e r e n

fe re n t

c o

m e t h od

f or

as

an a ogou s

S TE W A RT , w h o

for m e d ,

at e n e
on

d if

su c

h a

or r e

w e re d is

ll e c t e d t h m e th od w h ic h th pre ac he r
t at in g h is bj c t El e me nts of the

t he H

re

u man

su

M in d , p 456
.

70

J u s ti c e
e ve r,

w A RT

n e

is

of

a r

or

s c a e s,

ME
e tc

M O RY
e tc

Thi s, how

n ot

M r S t e w ar t ,

of

e ak n

the

i t

re n
g
d e re d to au o rator, o r p u bl ic sp e a ke r , b y th e to pi
c al m e m o ry, in r e c o l l e c ti n g the
l
an an d arran e
g
p
m e n t o f his d i sc ou rs e , c o n s i d e rs th e ac c o u n ts
.

ass s an c e

f
an s
b
a
iv
e
n
i
t
h
e
n
i
e
n
t
r
h
e
t
r
i
c
i
a
s
un
o
o
b
t
a
t
g
y
d au tl y s ati s fac to ry an d m ake s t he fo l l o w i n g pe r
S u ppos e
tin e n t O b s e r v ati o n s o n th e su bj e c t
( s ays thi s au t ho r) th at I w e re to x in m y m e
m o ry the d i ffe r e n t apar t m e n t s in s om e v e ry l arge
b u il d i n g an d t hat I h ad ac c u s t o m e d m ys e l f t o
t h i n k o f t he s e apar t m e n ts a l ways in th e s am e in
v ari ab l e o r d e r
S u ppos e far the r t h at in p re
ari n
i
l
se l f fo r a
b
i
d
i
rs e
n whic h I
m
u
sc
o
c
u
g y
p
p
h ad o c c as i o n t o t re at o f a g re at v ari e ty o f par ti
,

c u l ars ,

o rd e r

w as

ro

an x i o u s
ose

d to

x i n m y m e m or y, th e
Obse rv e in the c o m m u n ic a
to

p
ti o u o f m y id e as I t is e vi d e n t, t ha t b v a pro pe r
d s , an d b y c o n
d ivi s io n o f m y s u bj e c t i n t o h e a
.

ti
c u l ar a ar t m e n t
p
p
g
o u l d e as i l
m
se l f
v
n
e
n
i
I
i
i
w
t
h
c
d
b
o
c
h
o
c
(
g
y
y
y
as s t u d
t o b e s itti n g in t he apar t m e n t w h il e I w
y
in g t he par t o f m y d i sc o u rs e I m e an t to c o n n e c t
n e c t in

e ac

h he ad

it

w h

ar

The

h ap

e r an

v e r se of

t e x t m y b o xe d
h ie rogl yph ic an d
h i t

th e

n o a
b y c h an gin g th e n u m b e r o f e ac
fo rmin g an assoc iat ion b e t w e e n the t w o

e s

on

N E W A RT o n M E M O R Y .

1 72

ar l iam e n t , m ay al l prac ti s e t h i s m e t hod

P
o
f
w ith s u c c e s s The ap pl i c ati o n o f t h e s e pri n c i pl e s
.

w il l
c han

a so

an

re n

c on c e rns of

de r

t he

l i fe

e ss e n

m an
.

ti al

se r

vi c e

t o th e m e r

b usin e ss, in the

var ou s

C H AP

V III

arithmetic
TH

l i c ati on o f M n e m on i c s to arith m e ti c
w as e n ti re l y o m itt e d in the fo rm e r e d iti o n o f t h i s
w o r k b e c au s e the e d it o r d id n o t c on c e iv e at th at
ti m e t hat the sys t e m c o u l d b e re n d e re d s u f c i
An xio u s
e n tl y i n t e l li gi b l e t o th e ge n e ral re ade r
h o we v e r t o m ake th i s e d iti o n as c o m pl e t e as
h
e h as g i ve n fai t h fu l l y th e s u b s t an c e o f
o ss i b l e
p
hl r Fe in aigl e s Le c t u re o n Arit h m e ti c w ithou t
As t hi s Le c t u re h as
an y att e m p t at i l l u s t r ati o n

u
a
e
d
i
n
a
re
c
t
l
d
e
t
il
e
n
t
e
e
e
n
ac
r
a
c
u
l
b
y
p b ic ation
i t is e xt rac t e d from t hat w o rk b u t w i tho u t an y
o f th e re p or t e r s c o m m e n t ari e s an d o b se r v ati o n s
We h av e n o w to s e e h o w o u r m e tho d s w i l l
o Ar ithm e ti c
l
a
t
y
pp
I n thi s s u bj e c t w e t hi n k w e have , o r m ay have
fo r e v e ry parti c u l ar pro po s iti on
e vi d e n c e
B ut
l e t u s t h i n k a l ittl e ; in m an y c ase s w e h ave c e r
E app

ross

Examin at ion

of

Fe inaigl e

Ari thme t ic

N E W ART

74

b u t is

t ai n ty :

t i ty an d

c era n

For i ns t an c e

th i n g ?

M EM

or

we

O RY

i de n c e
that 6

ev

kn o w

th e

m u l ti pl i e d

b y 6 g i ve s 3 6 th i s is c e rt ai n ; b u t is i t
Al l we c an s ay is that w e have l e arn e d
w h e re

Is

the

i de n c e that
that 6 X 6 is

i d en t

ev

so

9
.

b ut

6 X 6 g i ve s j u s t 3 6 B
3 6, yo u an sw e r that

ev

Whe n you s ay
it is t hre e t e n s

s am e

its ; b u t s e e w e thi s ?
H ow are we c o n vi n c e d th at it is j u s t 3 6 an d n o
o th e r n u m b e r ?
I t is o n l y in ou r m ac h i n e b u t
h o w i t c o m e s w e kn ow n o t
We hav e the se
rod u c t s
p
gi ve n u s in o u r m u l ti p l i c ati o n t ab l e s ,
w h i c h w e all kn o w h o w d ifiic n l t it is fo r c h il d re n
t o l e arn ; n ay m an y gro w n p e rso n s c an n o t l e arn
it b e c au s e i t is fo u n d e d o n l y u po n the p oor n a
t u ral m e m o ry u po n w h i c h w e c an n e ve r d e pe n d
We m ake it o n l y a n obj e c t o f m e m o ry i n s t e ad o f
re s e n ti n g i t t o t he i n t e l l e c t an d we h av e n o e vi
p
d e n c e b e c au s e w e w an t the rs t e vi d e n c e
To
n d t he rs t e vi de n c e w e m u s t c on s i d e r the
re s t he m s e l v e s
L
e t u s s e e t h e n w hat is in the
u
g
gu re s : w e hav e
an d

s x

un

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 O 60
1 00, 8L0
1 000, &

What

c om e s

h i gh e r

un

th e

1 ;

No ; i t

it

now

Is

it

10?

m u s t t he re fore b e

w h at
.

7O 8 0 9 0

ft e r 9

is 20

an d

'

c om e s

Thus we

No ; 1 0 is a
pl ac e d b e fore

t e r 1 0 ? I s it 1 1 ?
nd t hose n ati on s did
af

N E W A RT o r M E M O RY

1 76

ihat t wo hal ve s are

e q u al to o n e ; an d t h at t w o hal ve s an d o n e are
I n the s am e m an n e r I have
e q u al to o n e t w o
f o r t h re e a c i rc l e d i vi d e d i n t o thre e s e c t ors ;
that thre e t h i rd s are
an d th e c h il d s e e s at o n c e
e q u al to o n e ; an d t h at t he h al f o f 3 t h i rd s is o n e
h al f ; and t hat th re e t hi rd s an d t w o h al v e s an d
on e are e q u al t o th re e An d s o o n fo r the h i ghe r
an d

th e

hi l d

at

se e s

on c e

n u m b e rs

il d s e e s at o n c e the p ro porti on s
b e t w e e n th e frac ti on s : t h o s e t h i n gs w h i c h are
m o s t d i f c u l t to b e l e ar n e d b y th e c o m m o n w ay
are h e r e t he r s t t o b e ac q u i r e d b e c au se t h e y go
I f I s ay giv e m e o n e
w ith the rs t c on c e p ti on
h al f o f thre e th i rd s o r o n e t hi rd o f o n e hal f o r
o r o n e t h i r d t o ge t he r wit h
o n e h al f o f o n e t h i rd
h e giv e s m e t h e m a t o n c e
o n e h al f o f o n e t h i rd
b e c a u s e h e has a c le ar c on c e pti o n o f t h e i r m e an
I giv e n o t t h e s e t h i n gs to t he c h il d , he
in g
m u s t gi ve t h e m t o m e ; a n d i t is w o n d e rfu l w h at
c al c u l ati o n s m an y c h il d re n w il l m ake w he n t h e y
g o o n W i t h t h e i r r e aso n ; b u t al l t h i s is g o n e
w he n t h e y b e gi n w i t h th e u su al m e t h o d s b e
an d c o m m on l
c au s e e vi d e n c e is t ake n aw ay
y we
n d t h at th e m ore i n s t ru c ti o n t he y re c e iv e the
d i f c u l ty is t he gre at e r
B u t in o u r m e t h od t he y
ro c e e d w it h
l
e as u re
b
e c au se the y c o n ti n u e t o
p
p
h av e e v i d e n c e ; an d I w i l l e n gage th at an y c h i l d
in stru c te d in t hi s m e thod, wou l d in on e for t n i gh t
Thu s the

ch

A RI T H M E T I C

1 77

l ti on s o f w hi c h yo u have n o i de a
S o t ru e is t h is t hat if w e w e re t o u n kn o w al l t hat
w e hav e l e arn e d an d b e gi n fro m the fou n d ati o n ,
i t w o u l d b e b e tt e r
We c an go o n w it h the s am e pri n c i pl e s to
M at he m ati c s ; in the m w e h ave th re e t hin gs
w e i gh t m e as u r e an d n u m b e r
b u t al l are re d u
c i b l e to n u m b e r
I f we n o w r e pre s e n t o u r s u c c e ss i on o f
u n it s t h u s an d d i vi d e t e n i n t o t w o h al v e s
f
as w e have s e e n t h at t h i s is n e c e s s ar
or
y
I f I as k w hat
r e pr e s e n ti ng t w o in o n e
is 6 t o 8 o r g iv e m e o n e h al f o f e i gh t
t he c h il d n d s
an d o n e f0u rt h o f e i gh t
w hi c h is s o m e t im e s th e s o l u ti on
th i s at o n c e
l f 8 go o n t o Add i
o f a d i ffi c u l t p ro b l e m
t i on an d as k w hat is 7 an d 8 ? th e c h il d s e e s
a n d t hat
at o n c e t hat 7 is e q u al t o 5 an d 2
8 is e q u al t o 5 an d 3 ; s o t ha t 7 an d 8 are
o r o n e t e n an d ve
e q u al t o t w o v e s an d ve
,
I n t h e s am e m a n n e r 6 a n d 6 are o n e
o r ft e e n
l

pe rfor m c a c u a

te n

an

d tw o , 8

d 8

are o n e

iti o n is

te n

an

d s ix , St e Si c
.

t l y d e m o n s t rat e d
th u s ; an d s u b t rac t i o n is as e v id e n t
Le t u s go o n t he n t M u l ti pl i c a ti on S ay that
w e as k ho w m u c h is e i gh t t ake n s ix ti m e s th e
an s w e r m u s t b e in t e ns an d u n it s
t he c h i l d se e s
t hat
8 is e q u al to 5 an d 3 ,
a n d 6 is e q u al to 5 an d l
so

t h at

an

we

s e e a dd

c e r ain

N E W A RT o r M E M

1 78

An d

O RY

m u l ti pl yi n g th e se he has

T hu s
w hat

e ve r

it

is in

n u m be r

m us

t be

25
c ons

nd 5
ppo r t to 1 0 a

ra

i de re d

by 1 5
5

3
48

B ut l e t

We

if thi s is

u s se e

h av e

i ly

c e rta n

fo u r d o t s , w h i c h
fou r,

an d a b o

ve

the

e s e i h t fo r
i
v
g
g

I n th e

s am e

w e h ave 6

or

te n s
u ni t s t hat
,

ab o ve

th e

are

n o t n ou r

d o t s al so ,

an d

te ns ;

b e l ow b

b o ve I) w e hav e

tw o ; tw o m u

l ti p li e d

t hat w e have
m an n e r 7 m u l ti p l i e d b y 9
an d on e m u l ti l i e d b
3
y
p
un

it s

so

is 6 3

an d 0

by fou r
48

N E W ART o r M E M O RY .

1 80

ad d

if w e

th

is

D i vi d e 54 b y 9

to

6, we h ave 9

the

uo

ti e n t

S u b t rac ti n g th e 9 from 1 0, an d add i n g th e

m ain d e r t o 5 , we h ave 6 th e q u o ti e n t

re

an d s o on .

so

An d in

c as e s

c on a n t he

t i

w he re th e d i vi d e n d

d e vis or,

as

doe s

n o t e xac

tl y

in

we n d b y m u l ti pl i c ati o n , th at 8 m u l ti pl i e d b y 9
i
ve s 72 , w e h av e t h e n 4 o ve r, w h i c h is c ou se
g
n i n th s
tl
4
y
q
T hu s in e v e ry c as e w e h ave al w ays th e an sw e r
H e re al so w e
t o th e n e are s t w h o l e n u m b e r
h av e n o n e e d o f the m u l ti p l i c ati o n t ab l e w h i c h,
is s o d i ffi c u l t to l e arn as the
as I s aid b e fo re
n u m b e rs t h e m s e l v e s
e u s t h e an s w e r ;
s in
i
i
t
v
i
g
t he r n at u re
Y
o u se e t he n h o w e as i t is t o ad
y
i
wan c e b y o ur m e t ho d an d w e c h arge n ot the

me m ory w ith what it is s o dif c u l t to x

ue n

PRI NC I PAL S YSTEM S

OF

artificial statutory.
C H

RONO LOG I C ALLY A RRA NG E D

As

tr e ati s e s o n th is s u bj e c t
e xt re m e l y rare
w e sh al l gi ve the titl e o f e ac h
the i r c on t e n t s ; b u t we
an d o c c as i o n al l y n o ti c e
s hal l n o t a tt e m p t a p arti c u l ar an al ysi s o f the e ar l y
b o o ks as the sam e p ri n c i pl e s w ill b e fou n d am ~
e v e l o e d in t h o s e o f a m o r e
r e c e n t d at e
l
d
p
py
In
fro m w hi c h c o pio u s e xt rac ts w il l b e m ad e
i n de e d om ac c o u n t of its
s o m e fe w i n s t an c e s
th e w h o l e w o rk has b e e n
o r u se fu l n e s s
r ari ty
r e p ri n t e d ; an d a s l i gh t s ke t c h o f th e au t h o r s l ife
has w he n p rac ti c ab l e b e e n i n t ro d u c e d
T he
art ic l e s t hu s n o ti c e d are al l n u m b e re d ; t he b o oks
ac c o rd i n
are
c h ro n o l o gi c al l y arran ge d
g to th e
d at e s o f th e i r pu b l i c ation ; an d the M S S are
e ri o d i n w h i c h the i r re s e c ti ve
re fe rre d t o t h at
p
p
rob ab l
fl
r
s he d
i
au t ho rs
ou
y
p
m an y

th e

of

1 82

P RI N C I P A L S

Th om a B

Y S TEM S

o r?

A r : M e mora

r a d w a r d im

m an u s c rip t is No 3 74 4 in the
i
S l oan e C o l l e c ti on pre s e rve d in the B riti s h M a
se u m
I t c on s i s ts o f thre e page s a n d a hal f o f a
l
s m al l d u o d e c i m o s i z e an d tre at s o f
ac e s an d of
p
i m age s o r sym b ol s to b e arran ge d in th e pl ac e s;
an d is e v i d e n tly an att e m t t h ou h a fe e b l e o n e
g
p
to fo r m a sy s t e m o f t op i c al m e m o ry, ac c ord i n g to
the pl an of the an ti e n t s
T H O M AS B RA D W A RD I N w as c al l e d the

Th i s

c u r ou s

ou n d
D
o
c t or ,
Pr o
f
ab o u

th e

an d

b e gi n n i n g

of

in

S usse x,

fo u r te e n th

c e nt u ry.

w as b o rn
th e

M e rto n C

ll e ge Oxford, o f
B e i n g c al l e d to
wh i c h he w as proc t o r in 1 3 2 5
c o u r t b y S t rat ford arc h b i shop o f C an t e rb u ry he
w as m ad e c on fe s sor t o Ed ward I l l an d pre se n t e d
w ith a c an o n ry o f Li nc o l n an d al so w ith the
Lo n d on
H e ac
c han c e l l o rs h i p o f S t Pau l s
c o m pan i e d t he ki n g in h is w arl i ke e xpe d iti on s ;
the
an d t o b i s san c tity o f l i fe an d pi o u s praye rs
s u pe rs titi o n o f th e age att r i b u t e d m u c h o f the s u c
H is
c e s s at t e n d in g the ar m s o f t hat m o n arc h
w r iti n gs w e re p artl y th e o l ogi c al ; an d h e appe ars
t o have b e e n on e o f the m os t e n l i gh t e n e d e c c l e
H e gai ne d gre at c re d i t b y his
s ias tic s o f his age
m at he mati c al works
H

w as

e d u c a e d at

1 84

ment

P RI
of

NC

ac e s
l
p

S e v e ral w o o d

I P A L S XS T E M S o r

he

b i n ati on

an d t

n
i
v
e
g

i m age s

t ru d e an d
h
ro t e s q u e d e s c r i ti o n
h
et
r
e
re
se
n
ti
n
t
e
a
l
a
b
g
p
p
g
p
b y sym b o l s t ake n fr o m d i ff e re n t o bj e c t s
-

of

c om

c u s are

of

t he m os

5
0

Ar e M e m or a t iva p e r J o han n e m F r i t s s
l
e
n t 1 4 88
A
o
f
rg
[51 l st ]
'

6 P e tm
.

No 6

o l on

m Ar s M e m or at iva
,

i gh t l e av e s w ith s e ve ral
b ad l y e xe c u t e d w o o d c u t s e vi d e n tl y th e p ro d u c
ti o n s o f a ve ry e arl y pe r i o d I t is w itho u t d at e
h
e arm s o f
l
T
o r n a m e o f the p r i n t e r
ac e
p
C ol o gn e o c c u py th e wh o l e o f th e l as t page ;
fro m t h i s c i rc u m s t an c e an d fro m th e a d d it ion
it m ay b e i n fe rre d t hat the w ork
o f t h e au t h o r
T he ad d re s s t o the
w as pr i nt e d at C o l o gn e
r e ad e r n o ti c e s t h e att e m p t o f P u b l ic z u s an d e x
r e s s e s th e au th o r s d e s i re to fo r m a c o m p e n di o u s
p
Ar t o f M e m o ry fo r th e u se o f al l
vi e w o f the
b
u t l ittl e d i ff e r
h
e re is
o f c ou rs e
e rso n s
T
p
e n c e b e t w e e n th e s c he m e s o f Pu b l ic iu s an d Pe
T he w oo d c u t s w h i c h are n u
te r o f C o l ogn e
m e r o u s are i n t e rspe rs e d w ith t he l e tt e r p re s s an d
c u l ar o b
are i n t e n d e d t o r e r e s e n t i m a e s o f
ti
ar
g
p
p
e c ts ; as a c ar e n t e r
am m e r ; a c o b l e r
a
b
h
y
,
p
j
.

i t

of

c on s s s

'

'

by

a s

hoe ,

e tc

e tc

ART I FI C I AL M E M O RY

1 85

Ar s ZlI e m or z ae ve n e r a bil z s B a l
d o m n i S a bod i e n sz s M e d i c w Ar t is

7 I n c ip i t
.

'

'

D
T hi s

'

'

'

oc t o r z s

P ar i s [BL

E x i m i s,
'

ti c l e is w ith o u t d ate p l ac e or n am e
I
t
o f t he
ri n t e r
i
s
n fac t
a re p u b l i c ati o n o f
i
p
P u b l ic iu s w it h s o m e i n t rod u c t o ry ru l e s w h i c h
a re d e liv e re d in Lati n h e xam e t e rs
ac e om mn ie d
M an g e t
b y a p ro s ai c c o m m e n t an d e xpos iti on
ar

h is B i bl io the c a

in

M e d ic or u rn ,

S c r ip tor u m

has th e fo l l o w i n g m e agre

th i s

v e n e rab l e

i n fo rm ati o n re s pe c ti n g
ill u s t ri o u s m e d i c al D o c t or

an d

B al d ovin u s
m e m or ice

De

Faem x D
'

l
oss is
g

c ar m i ne c u m

Ars

P ar is iis , i n

Rau e n a tz s M e
Ve n e t iis 1 4 9 1

P e tr i

mi

e o e xs tu t,

m o r i aa m ag is t r z ,

'

'

lI e m or iaz Ar s q u a P hoe n ix i n s c r i oil u r ,

9 Z
.

P a r is , 1 5 4 4
10

P l as ma: s e n A r t
I V D
.

n a t is

vi n o
ru m

'

M e m or ia C E
:

c i os a

m i l i t is D

et

J am

P e tr i

an o n i c a o

l i m i n P a ta

Gy n m asi o P r of c ss or is
'

Vi c e n ti ae

4'

Ro we n

T om I p

'

c e l e ber

1 86

P RI

N C I P AL s v s r a m s o r

I n t hi s w o rk,

N
[ os

th e

8, 9,

pl ac e s

an d

i m age s a re n o ti c e d at l arge w ith v ari o u s ru l e s for

I f we
fo rm i n g, arran gi n g an d c o m b i n i n g t he m
w o u l d re m e m b e r s ays Pe t e r an y par t i c u l ar c ir
c u m s tan c e s w e m u s t fo r m so m e vivi d i m agi n at i o n
an d as s o c iat e i t w it h th e n am e s o f
o f th e e ve n t

som e
re tty girl s o f o u r ac u ain tan c e I l I w o u l d
p
q
w i sh h i m t h at is m e l a n c holy (s ays B u r t on ) t o
P e te r Rave n n as an d
s tu dy C o s m u s Ro s se l iu s
,

S c he n c ke l iu s D e te c tu s

J ac o bi C ol in ce i C a mp am d e M e m o r ia
A r tz c z os a c omp e n d i os u m op y s c u l u m
P
a r is 1 5 ] 5
I mp r e s s i t A s c e n s iu s
]
[
Ve mm d a t m in Ae d z bu s As c en s ia m s
'

'

'

[at at )
.

12

Ni c kol a i C

kapp u s ii d e m e me

i be l l a s
m or i a Z
1515
e st

The
e

Ve n u n d a tm

b i impr e ssu s
'

t wo

titi o n

re c e

of

d i n g arti c l e s

t he

sc

he m e

v ti on s

ar e

of

me

P
a r is
[
]

'

i n A e d i ou s As c e n s ia m s

p
w it h so m e

a re

t z l z ss im u s ,

et

[ELl st ]
.

l it tl e m o re t han

Pe t e r

of

Rav e n n a,

the o ry o f n at u ral
T he y are b o t h b e au ti fu l s pe c i m e n s
m e m o ry
o f e ar l y t ypo grap hy an d h av e in th e titl e a l ar e
g
c o l o pho n [in o
o d ] r e re se n ti n g a roo m o f a
p
ri n ti n g o i c e , in w h i c h are a c o m os it o r at wor k
p
p
o b se r a

on

th e

I88

P RI N C I P A L S

th e re

woo d

Y S TEM S

0F

is g iv e n w ith the

c ut

sym b o s

gu re s as h igh as 30 m an y o f wh i c h re pre
s e n t v e ry ac c u rat e l t he o u tl i n e O f t he u re
The
y
g
a lp h a b e t is re p re se n t e d in t he s am e w a b
y y sym
b o l s ; an d in o n e i n s t an c e e n t i re l y b y b ird s of
d i ffe re n t s p e c ie s
In s pe aki n g o f l an gua ge s I n ord e r t o x the
n u m b e rs an d c as e s o f n ou n s i n t h e
m ind o f
M Ro m b e rc h re s or t s to th e fol
the p u pil
l o wi n g e xpe d i e n t A n ake d m an is to pe r son a te
th e S i n gu l ar n u m b e r ; t h e n o m i n at iv e c ase is to be
p l ac e d o n the h e ad o f t h i s m an t he ge n itiv e in
h is r i gh t h an d t he d ati ve in his l e ft the ac c u s a
tiv e o n his b re as t the voc ative o n his m i d d l e an d
t h e ab l ativ e o n h is kn e e s A m an c l o t he d giv e s the
p l u ral n u m b e r an d the c as e s are to b e d i sp ose d in
fo r

the
c

s am e

h ap t e rs

t he y

m an n e r,
are

as o n

th e

n ake

d m an

d e v o te d to t he m e rc ha n ts ;

In

Tw o
-

the

o ne ,

i n s t ru c te d to re m e mb e r the w e i gh t an d
m e as u r e o f t he i r go o d s an d in the o th e r the d e b t s
t o t h e m t he h il l s w hi c h th e y h av e t o pay
o wi n
e tc e tc
Th re e c h apte rs are d e d i c at e d t o g am
in g ; o n e e xp l ai n s th e ap pl i c ati o n o f the ar t to
d i c e an o the r to c ard s an d the l as t t o c h e ss
An o the r e d iti o n o f Ro m b e rc h s C on g e st or z u m
Lo
w as p u b l i s h e d at Fran c kfo rt in 1 6 08 8
d ooic o D ol c z tr an s l at e d t his h o ok in t o It al i an
b u t gav e i t a d i al o gue form 5 it was p ri n t e d at
Ve n i c e in
are

'

'

A RTI FI C I AL
14

O RY

M EM

D e M e m or ia r ep ar an d a ,
va n d a

ti

l ib

ne

c i os a

I e m or ia l ib

G r a t ar ol i

Rom m

A pri or e d iti on

1 5 55

ar

G u il l

a l te r

thi s t re ati s e

of

en d a , se r

d e l o c a l i vc l

et

an u s

an

1 89

w as p ri n t e d

at

B as l e in 1 5 5 4 , w ith G ratarol i s Op usc u l a , w hic h

w e re al l c orre c t e d b y h i m se l f
M an y o the r e d i

ti o n s

fo l l o we d ,

m ad e b y

titl e
15

an d a

En gl i sh w as

trans l ati on i n t o

Wil l iam Fn l zood

th e

u n de r

fo l l ow i n g

n or i e
M
a
f

The C
c on te

a s tc l o

in g

r e s t o r in

an d c o n s e r u in

r ic

th e

ned

an d

th e r e u n t o i n

an d

w is e

an y

au

t he

e o

Re m e m br an c e

r e m e d ie s ,

sa e s t

w h e re in is

m
en t
g

M em o

w i th

th e

be s t p r e c ep ts
a
e r t c in i n
pp
g

m a d e by G n l ie l m n s G r a t a r ol n s B

of Ar t e s a n d P hy
E n g ly s he d by Wi l l iam Fu l

om a t is

s i ke

w od

o c t or

T he C

e ar

er

in

th e

p
I mp r in te d

on t e n t s :

P ag e
at

w h e r of

n ext

L on d on i n

i g

o ow n

Fl e c te

il l ia m H o w d w e l l ing
by l V
a t T e m l e ba r r e
s
t
f
b
l
]
[
p

s t r e e ts

1 90

An

'

I P AL s r s r a m s o r

RI N C

l ie r

d iti on

of

this

l y rare b ook
is n o ti c e d in the C e n s u r a Lite rar ia
Aft e r the
l i n e I n th e titl e o f this e d iti on The c on t e n te s
e tc
the re is a c u t of the Pr i n t e r s s i gn w ith th e
m o tt o p os t t e n e bras l u sts
Pr i n te d at Lon d o n
b y Ro n l an d H al l d w e l lyn ge in G u tt e r l an e at
th e s i gn e o f th e H al f Egl e an d th e Ke ye 1 5 62
The ad d re ss t o the r e ad e r is d at e d Nov
2 0 1 5 62
The d at e to th e e d iti on from w h i c h
o u r e xt rac t s h av e b e e n m ad e is
l
ac e d at th e e n d
p
e ar

'

e x re m e

of

th e

ad d re ss ,

an d

No v

is

2 0, 1 5 73

An Epi s tl e
d e d i c ato ri e t o Lo rd D u d l e y,

(M ai s t e r o f th e Q u e e n e s M aie s tie s ho rse , fo l l o ws

th e

ti tl e
an d d u l l

T hi s

e n arge s

t
ain e ,
p

m an ,

an

ve rse

in

Aft e r

M r Fu l wo d
m e m o ry,

pi s tl e is
a s tu d i e d

th e

on

For w h at h e l p s i t good b ook e s

l t

Ex c e p

do

W h at
to

te

an d

ar ge

p e r fe c t e M e m or i e ,
h e r eo f t h e c h arge ?

pro

se e , or

I f ha t h e

i t m o s w o r h y h in g
e se t o h e ar e

in

s am e c om e

an d ou t a t

u sb an

t o r e ad e ,

ak e

t t

t he o h e r

Vol

v ii.

l ix

h is pat ro n ,
i m por t an c e o f

o b se rve s,

o r n ob e s or i e s

ro

J u dge , Pre ac he r,

M arc haun t, Lawye r,

d sh re w d l y

ve ry

e u o gy on

t o th e

ti
c u l arl
p
y
ar

at th e one ,

c ar e

p 209
.

1 92

RI N C

I I-A L S

Y S T EM S

LO h e r e ye e se e m y fu l l e ffe c ts
An d that I d oe e n te n d e

T he

se c r e e s

Tha

t h e rof t o d e

or

te c t

t th e re b y w i tt e s may m e n d e

The n I u d ge m e e ,

As I am w or thie

h ap t e rs

is, whe r e i t

c hie e

t he ir

i t is

si

or is he th,

h ow p r o
ta bl e an d n e
s e c on d
c on t e in e th t he

ld

The

wh e r by the m e m or ie is hu r t, with

n e s an

an d c o

d e c l ar e t h wha t me m or ie

c a u se s

se ve n

rs t

The

c essa r i e

M
or ie is d iv i d e d i n t o
e
m
o
f

as t e l

T he C

an d ,

in

t re ati n g

nc e rn i n g t he

b rai n s ,

d e n the pac ie n t,
d i re c ti o n s

c u re s

the re

th e

are

m oi s t

m e ate s fo rb i d

c o

of

fo l l o w i n g

c u r ou s

l fo rb e are M aro w ( whi c h is in

b o n e s ) C ran e s e sh e sh e e s pe c i al l y if it b e
c ol de
c l am m y an d n o u ri s h e d in d i e b e s o r h o l e s
k
e
e s e c i al l
m
il
m
c he e s e
uc h
or
o t h e rb e s
y
p
p
n au gh tie : fr u ite s m o i s t an d n o t r i pe o r o ft e n
b u t s o m e ti m e s t he y m aye c at e sh arpe r o r t art e r
m e ate s c h i e y in th e w i n t e r as C at li ke Pe n i
o r C al am i n t
C ape rs b e i n g w at e re d ;
royal l
m u s t ard is prai s e d o f Pithago ras t he y m u s t c at e
l ittl e an d s pe c ial lye at s u ppe r : t he y m u s t d ri n k
n o w at e r
e xc e
t
i
t
b
e so d w it h h o n
i
o
nna
r
c
y
p
m o n o r s o m e o t he r pl e as an t S pi c e s
Th e y m u s t
ab s t e i n from
o n e r m u t c h s le e e
n d n ot t o
a
p
Le t t he m

a so

A R T I FI C I A L M E M O R Y

1 93

d aye t i m e n o r u pon the n o d d l e o f

n o r u p o n t o m u tc h fu l n e s o f m e at e :
t h e h e ad
l e t t h e m al s o t ak e h e e d e o f o u e r g re at w atc h
i n g e s fo r i t we ak e n e t h the s p i ri t e an d re s ol u e th

i t an d s tu ffe th the h e ad
T h e t h i rd c h apte r s he we th t he p r in c ip al !
l

s ee

n th e
i
p
e

'

e n d am ag e s

e ue

be e

t hey

the m e m or ie i n

fo urt h

T he

so

t
h
he lp e s o
The
f e M e m or z e
c omp r e he n d e t h c e r ta in b e st app r o u e d an d

ft h

c omp ou n d e d

hos e n m e d ic in a b l e

s or t e ,

t e l l e th ly ke ze is e

t he p ar t ic u l ar

wha t

r e se r u a t z a e s

r e a tl

e n c r e as i n

reme

t he

d ie s

an d

M e m o ry

c o n t ai n e t h a r e c e ipt to m ak e Pill e s t h at are

g o o d fo r a l an gu i s h i n g b rai n e e s p e ci ally in ag e d

an o d o r i fe ro u s o r s w e e t s m e l l
an d o l d e fo l k e s
a c o m fo rt i n g w at e r
in g ap l e fo r the m e m o r i e
fo r th e as h i n g o f a c ol d e an d m o i s t
or l e e
h e ad al s o i t h e lp e t h the M e m o r i e an d i t m u s t
b e o f th e as h e s o f T w igge s o r o f an o ak e
T he s ixt h c h ap
An othe r an d ( m ot he r fo ll o w

an

dg e m e n ts ,

d P r e c ep t e s o Re m e m b r au n c e ; t h e s e
t w e n ty in n u m b e r the n i n e t e e n t h is as fol

Ru l e s
are

P hil os op hic a l l

e xp r e sse t h

te r

an

l ows :
Fo r the

ti o n

re c re a

f yo u : m yu d e

an d

th e

re

y o u r s t re n gthe si yo u m u s t n o t ye to
fyl th ie an d d i s h o n e s t t h i n g s b u t yo u s h al l b r i n g i t
to p ass e b y c h an gi n g o f xo u r s t u di e
for i t is b e tte r
s o m e w h at to r e fre s h
o u r m n d e t h e n al t og e t h e r
y
y

t i g

s or n

of

P RI N C i P A L S

1 94
to

l os e

it

Y ST E M S

or

Ye a, al so th e p l ai e s , p as t i m e s

or e n

of

te rl u d e s

C h ri s t i an s o u g h t t o b e sag e an d ho
Th e re fore aft e r e arn e s te an d g rau e s t u d i e s
n est
ou m u s te r e p ai r e t o l i g h t e r an d e as i e r
as to
y
H i s t ori e s or M u sic all e xe rc i se s for i t re s t ore th
th e s t re n gt h an d n o rish e th the c o n u e n ie n t r e s te
an d al s o v e r t u e is of m ore p ow e r aft e r l e asu re
Th e re b e s o m e t h at had r at h e r p l ay,
an d re s t
the w h i c h in d e e d e is g rau n te d an d p e rm i tte d so
t ha t the p l ay e b e e a pl ay an d n o t an e arn e s t or
an d l e t i t b e sho r te
h one s t w i t h ou t
s ai d t hin ge
d e c e ite h u rt o r c o u e tou sn e s i The C he s te s p l aye
e r e o f I l at e l y t ran sl ate d i n t o En
T
t
i
h
e
a
s
e
w
a
r
(
g
l ishe ) d o th m ou e an d s t i re u p the w it b u t in
t he s am e is o ft e n b e s t ow e d t o m u c h tym e an d
the w h i c h o u g h t t o b e b e tt e r appl i e d
s t it d ye
T he b au l e o r T e n yc e pl ay d o t h al so pr o te the
h o l e b o dye ( B u t ab ov e al l the n o b l e e xe rc i se o f
S h o o t i ng in t he l o n g B ow e is m o s t c o m m e n d a
b l e ) wal k i n g ab r o ad is g o o d c h ie ye fo r th e
h e ade b ut i t is b e tte r to d i s p u t e t o g e t h e r w al k
in g u p an d d o w n e an d m ou i n g th e b an d e s
Th is re c re ac ion of the m i n d e ou g h t n ot t o b e
d ail y n or o ft e n an d e s p e ci al l y i t m u s t n o t b e

u s e d at the h o u rs o r tym e o f s t u dy
e n tr e a t e t h i n f e vve
The s e v e n t h c h apt e r
a l l M e m or ie
i
l
c
oc a l l or a r tg
ze oor d e s o

f
Arti c ial l M e m ori e is a d is posyn or pl ac i n g
o f s e n s i b l e thin ge s in th e m yn d e b y i m agi n at i on ,
.

'

1 96

PR I N C I P A L S Y ST EM S

t m c t io n ,

w h e i b y t he

m th e

m ig h t

on e

di sc e rne d

be

t h e m to o b s e ru e a
s
d fa t an d u n m o u ab l e o rd e r t h at w e e m ig h t
al w y s
n t e r in
an d
g o o u t at th e r ig h t sy d e
A t h r Au th o r n o t u n s kil l fu l fay n e d pl ac e s
b y c e r t am e l y u in g c re at u re s an d d e r iu e d t h e i r
o rd r
u t o f th e Lat y n e a l h ab e t
i
n s u c h e s or t e
p
t h at e u e ry o n e o f t h e i r n am e s s h o u l d e b e gi n n e
W i t h s o m e o n e o f e u e ry l e t t e r
e u e n as i f t h e s e
w e r e the n am e s : an As s e a B e are a C at, a
D ogg e an El e p h an t a Fo xe a C o at e a H o rs e
a Lvon
a M u le
9 J aye , a Ky t e
a Nyght in gal e
,
an O u l e
a Par t ridg e
a Rabb e t
a Q u ail e
a
S he e pe a Th ro st l e a U n ic o r n e X y st u s the Phi
l os o phe r ( w ho w ro t e o f t h e s e ) Hy e n a Zac he u s
H e d e u yd e d al l t h e se i n t o fyu e pl ac e s : i n t o the
h e ad e i n t o t he fo re fe e te i n t o th e b e al ye i n t o
the hy n d e r fe e t e an d th e tayl e fo r t h i s o r d e r n a
t u re h e rs e l f m in i s t re th n e i t h e r c an t h e w it b e
c o u n ti n g o r
r e c ke n n in
t
h
e
m
c o n fo u n d e d i n
g
H au in g t h u s g o t t e n t h e n an h u n dr e t h an d fyfte n e
l
ac e s h e g r au e d in t h e m t h e I m ag e s o f thin ge s
p
w o rthye o f m e m o r i e an d al s o he c o m m au n d e d
that m an y th in ge s s h o u l d b e e w ri tt e n b y the
m yn d e o r w it in th e fac e o f h im t h at s p e ak e t h
in th e h e are s in the fo re h e ad in th e e y e s an d
But m e
s o to d e s c e n d d o w n e w ar d e t o t he fe e t e
thyn ke th i t a ve rye e asye th in ge t o d e n i s e an d
a i n e n o t o n h e an h u n d re t h b u t al s o i n n i t e
m
m
i
g
f

ro
te

th e r

an d

in

a so

or

'

'

A R T I F I C I A L M EM O R Y

pl ac e s

1 07

i g n o m an 1 3 i g n oran t o f the s i tu at i on
o r in the w h i c h
o f the e it l e w h e re h e w as b o rn e
h e h at h l o n g d w e l l e d
Th e re fo re w h e n the m yn d e e n tre th in at the
h
il
e s it c o n s i d e re t h th e d iu e rs itie of w a e s
at e
w
g
y
d i re ct i n g an d l e ad i n g t o di n e rs c o u n tre ye s an d
p u b l ik e
w h i l e s i t r e m e m b re th fre n d e s h o u se s
d w e l l in ge pl ac e s p al ac e s o r c o m m on pl ac e s o f
J u dg m e n t it s h all fyn d e o u t a m ai u e l o u s n u m b e r
H e re t o al s o i t m ay e I m ag i n e g re at
o f pl ac e s
c ou rt e s; o r pl ac e s o f l arg e r r o u m e w h e re i n i t
m ay d e n i s e as g re at a n u m b e r o f pl ac e s as i t l i s t
s o t h at e u e ry t h i n g m ay b e w r i tt e n t h e r e i n
e th
t h at h e w il l h au e
An d b e c au s e th e t e ac h i n g b y e xam pl e s is
b rie fe an d e ffe c tu al l n o w e w il l I pu t fo rt h s om e
t o th e e n d t h at t h e re b y th e m att e r
e xam pl e s
I w il l pu t fo rt h
m ay b e th e b e tt e r pe rc e iu e d
an d c o n s e q u e n tl y b y t he
an e xam pl e o f t e n n e
p ro p o rti o n t h e re o f s h al l b e d e u is e d the e xam pl e
o f a t h ou s an d
An d th e re fo re I t ak e o r c h o os e a g re at e an d
t o th e w h ic h yo u m u s te n o t go
e m ptie h ou se
an d app o i n t e o r s e tt e
o fte n b u t s e l d o m e
th e
fy rs t pl ac e w h ic h is at th e d o ore t h re e fo o t
d i s t an t fro m the d oore Le t the s e c o n d e pl ac e
b e t w e l v e o r fyfte n n e fo o t e d i s t an t fro m t h at as
for e xam p l e l e t t h e re b e on e c o rn e r or an g l e
Le t the thyrd pl ac e b e d i s t an t fro m the se c on d s
,

se e n

1 98

'

R I N C IP A L S Y ST EM S

or

v e n as m an y o r t we l v e foo t e an d t h e re m ay b e
p e rc h an c e an o t h e r c orn e r o r a m idd e s t b e tw e n e
The fou rt h s h al l
t h e rs t an d th e s e c o n d c o rn e r
The fyft sh al l b e a c o rn e r d i s t an t
b e a c orn e r
b y as m u c h e T he syxte l ike w yse : an d the h al l
b e yn g n is h e d yo u s h al l e n t e r i n t o on e c h am b e r
e di at e l y w it h i n the d o o re yo u s h al l n o t e
an d i m m

o r app oyn t e the

he ,

se u e nt

an

afte rw ard e

fyis t

in the

c orn e r o f the c h am b e r the e y g h t an d in t he

an d in th e t h rd t h e
s e c o n d c o r n e r th e n yn th e
y
An d yf yo u w yl l h au e
ten t h w i t h h is d istau n c e
pl ac e s go e o u t o f t he c ham be r an d
a n y m o re
o t h e r c h am b e r s p ro p o r
s o m ar k e o r n o t e th e
,

t io n al ly

is

B u t ye t r e m e m b e r
g e n e n is m o d e rat e

t h e re

t h at

t he

dys tau n c e w hyc h

an d c o n u e n e n t ,
b u t yf
y

fo u n d s o g re at d ys tau n c e b u t a
l e s s e r e u e n u n t o e yght e o r to l e s s e e u e n u n t o
As c o n
n e fo o t e ye t s h o u l d i t be t o l e rabl e
it o u g h t t o b e s u c h a o n e
c e r n yn g e th e t e m pl e
m u c h fre q u e n t e d
e s p e c i al l y o f
as m u s t n o t b e
y o u r s e l f t o t h e e n d e t h at yo u b e n o t c o n fo u n d e d
o r t r o u b l e d n i t h th e m u l t it u d e o f th e fygu re s o r
I m ag e s
Th e s e pl ac e s o ug h t t o b e m e m o rab l e
fo r t he c orn e r s
an d r e m ou e ah l e w i t h o n e s h an d
are n o t pl ac e s b u t fyxe d i m ag e s s e tt e and p l ac e d
c
e rs
U p po n th e w h ic h ( e u e n as u p o n
rn
o
h
e
t
n
i
p ap e r) are p ai n t e d o the r fygu re s w h ic h m ay b e
u p on p ap e r As fo r
u t o u t e u e n as l e tt e rs
p
be

not

P RI N C I P A L S Y S T E M S

00
ac e ,
l
p
I we l l

'

os

I w i l l se t the I m age s of Pe te r on e wh o m
3 3*
k n o w e w it h an
fu l l o f w ate r iu h ys
h an d e the w hyc h e he s h al l p o we r u po n J am e s
o n e al s o w e l l kn o w e n u n t o m e : an d so b y t h i s
I shal l r e m e m b e r t he s e t w o o an d
n o t abl e ac t
so pl ac e in m y re m e m b rau n c e t h e s e t w oo n a
me s
I n the s e co n d e p l a c e I w yl l pu t H e n rye
w h o is u n t o m e e ve rye w e ll kn o w e n ( for t h e se
fygu re s m us t b e e xac tl y kn o w e n t h at t h e y m ay e
u ic ke l ye c o m e i n t o o n e s M e m o rye ) w h o s h al l
q
u t h is h an d e i n t o a B o xe an d p u l l o u t t he s al u e
p
t h e r w ith al to b e s m ye r S t e n e n
on e
an d
al s o
w h om I d o v e ry I t e l l k n o w
I n th e thyrd e pl ac e I w il l se t Wyl liam o n e
w h o m e I k n o w e al s o w ho s h al l t ak e o u t o f the
m o rt e r a p l ays te r an d s h al l pu t i t u p on Pr au n c e s
fac e : o r in u e n t in ge s o m e o t h e r m ad ie s te s an d
t oy e s w h e r e b v th e m e m o rye m ay e b e e c o n fyrm e d
t o b e are away e s u c h e l y k e n am e s
An d so in l y k e m an n e r p ro c e e d e w it h the
,

re s t

As
t r an sl a

the

te d

igi
n al p as s age
;
or

we

G rat ar ol i s La

s h al l

ti

oc s c ol l o c ar i c u m

m e m or ar i

re s e n

T ran s

n ot ,

u r re a

een

l it e ral l y

v ol o

e rs

m o t ib n s t al i b u s ,

Ve r b i gr a t i a,

h e re ,

i t h a s p e c i m e n of
e am u s ad i m ag i n e s
q u ae su n t
i m ag i n e s n ob i s n o t es in i stis

to

d e b e n t i ta

r e s c ol l oc an d ae :

I i

h as

ut

pe r
m e m orar i d e

e as

v al e am u s

v ig i n t i n om i u

i b as s ic fac iam : in p im o l oc o i m agi n e m P e t r i m i h i

n o t i s s i m i l o c ab o c u m u r i n al i i n m an u p l e n o u r i n a q u am
f an d e t srrp e rgl ac ob u m m ih i n ot iss imu m : e t e x is t o ac t m
n

RT I F I C I A L

Lyke w ise

if I

ME

w ou l d

MORY

2 01

m e m be r

re

m an

an y

i m agi n him an d the

d oyn g o f his ac t e ; as i f I w o u l d r e m e m b e r o n e
e a t in
g o f gge s t h e n I w il l i m agi n e t h at w i t h a
gg e he did s o m e m e ry o r s t ran g e t h i n g
G rataro l i n e x t t re at s o f g u re s an d giv e s th e
ve fo l l o w i n g ru l e s c on c e rn i n g t h e m
T he f yr s te is t h at the fyg u re d o m on e e it h e r
t o l au g h t e r c o m p as s i o n o r ad m i rac i o n fo r o n e
m ay s o o n e f vn d e a g u re t h at s ty re u p an d m ou e
t he aff e cti o n o f the S ou l e
An e xam pl e h e re o f is t h i s i f I s h o u l d se t te
the h e ad
o r p l ac e in t he m o u t h e o f a m ad Asse
t
h
e
o f An to n e
n in p i e c e s
y
tt
o
b
e
a
l
m
o
s
t
e
e
h
t
y
bl ood t o g u sh e o u t o f him an d t h at h e ask e t h
h e l p e an d ho l d yn ge u p h is b an d e s c rye th o u t :
fo r i t c an n o t b e e b u t t h at w h e n I w o u l d e I
an d
m
n de
s ho u l d e s e e h im w it h th e e y e s o f m
y
y
an d

h is

a so

ac

w il l

ts ,

'

t bil i

no a

n um

h o ru m

i i

m il I i

n o t is s i m as ,

l i g it u m

n o t is s im u m
u

in

su u m

l gi t o p r i ti c iu m

I i

erl

ex

o n am

m o r t al l o

Pra n c is c i ,
m e m or

Pt s e

pp

( n am

e c

g t

te t

i am

i H

e x t rah e

t em

i m ag i n

al os r i d i c u l os a c

6 6 , 07

B as l

"
.

on e
r

qui

u od

us

fab r

c um

t p

n ot n n ,

e ss e

q i

un

In

m an u

su

er

f ac i e m

i c an d o

ex

qu i

on e

t al t b u s n om i n i b u s c o n r m e t u r

is t as

es

M etr

on am

as r u m

a l I Is

l oc o

n om

gu e n t u m q u o
e n r i c i m i h i n o t i ss i m i

pl t

d u oru tn

s ic

r e c u t ran t

t e x t rah e t

an

s ec u n d o

o pm

i n m e m or

py i d
un

In

An d t c am m il i i i t id e m

vc

ia de

i to

fo r m i t e r p ro c e d a t tn
()

m e m orab o r

u or u m

m e m o ri am m h fe c e ro

tu m m

us

E t i t a pa I i ~

G m tm ol u s d c

e m or i i

P RI

d e c l are
or e n

N C H AL S Y S T E M

pre ss

fo r him

by

l yke
the

fyrs t is,
G al e n e ,

t he

by
ro
'

as

ask

n oj be r is , that
the

o r

An to n y to him that shou l d

or e x

q u i re

l i ke

we

b y the

or

ho u l d

re pr e s e n

c o n rary,

eyth e r

o r e se

An e xam pl e of th e
prie tie th e ro f
i f I w e re ab ou t to p l ac e th e n am e o f
.

sh o u

ld

wr it e the

n am e

o f s om e o

th e r

l l e n t phys ition, w hos e an tl i oritie ( as n e e re

m y b e ) is e yth e r e q u al i o r l yttl e in feriou r
e xc e

as

An

e xampl e

of

n am e

The r s z te s,
c a il l

or

An

w r it t he

d phys ition , if I d e s c ribe

b y Ac hil l e s, an d th e goo d f or the

th e fou

e xan

l e by

l
e
m

of

the

fayre

th e t hy r d e

Ou idi us Nas o, b y a g re a t
C

sh o u

l d e rs

an d

C ic e r o b y G e l asi an s
T he t hy r d e is , th at

is , if

u n l e rn e

an

'

the s e c on d e

of

ip

by

r s us

n o se

c rys

pe d

is , yf I r e pr e s e n t
P l a t o, b y l arge

or c u r e

d he

are s

se l n e s

we e

ac c us to m e

our

l ac e thin ge s e u e n from o u r ve ry
o u th an d t h at w e e nc re ase w ith d ayl y e xe rc i se
y
al t h o u gh t h at th e t e ac h i n g t h e ro f m ay h e l e an d
p
ro t e u e n t h e m a l s o th at b e e l d e r
p
T h e h ab it e the p e rfe c tn e s an d d e xte ritye
( I m e an e to prac tyse the s e thyn ge s ) is m u c he th e
m o re if the y d oe s o p l ac e al l thyn ge s w h ic h e
th e y s hal l e ithe r s aye o r d o an d al s o w hats oe u e r
the y h e are in c o m m u n i c ati o n or tal kin ge An d
th e y m u s t l yke w is e payu t an d grau e the m au e rs
Fo r in s o d oyn ge th e y shal l
ge s t u re s an d t ym e s
to p

P RI

204

t hin ge s

m u c he

is

m yn d e

th e

N C I P AL S Y S T E M
oc c u

or

i
ed
p

ab ou

s u c he

Al so the i m age s
s ition an d

w ou l d e

d b y the t ran s p o
o f th e l e tt e rs : as if I

are varye

t ran su m p ti on

re

Ne p

m e mb e r

*
,

I shal l p l ac e a pe n ,
a rau e n in g w ol f
It

tyran [Tyran t]
t hat w e hav e e xpre s se d a m e
s u f c e tl r t h e re fo re
t ho de o r c o m p e n d i o u s w aye th e w hic he w h oso
h
t
e u e r fo l o w e th s ha l l e as e l ye
s
o
at e x e rc i se b e
(
an d

for

l ac kyn ge ) ge t

n ot
s u re

re

m e m b ran c e ,

due

as

an d

o c c as o n

of

the

at t ayn e

m an ye

s ha

ll

re

an

q u i re

c e r te in e a n d

s u n d rye

but

as

thin ge s ,

for th e

l ggi sh an d yd l e l e t the m s l u gge an d s l e e pe

s til l to w h o m e al l th in ge s ar e d i s p l e as i n g
At th e c o n c l u s i o n o f the se v e n t h c hap t e r is
s u

f
e il o gu e c o n t ai n s q u o t ati o n s fro m Eras m u s
p
Pl at o an d Ar i s t o tl e an d c o n c l u d e s t h is
It is ve rye go o d al s o to r e n e we an d re he ars e
ve r e o ft e n s u c h e t h in e s as are c o m m t te d t o
g
y
y
t h e m e m o rye w ith an e l e gan t Or ati o n o r a s w e e te
a s i t is h e re t o fo r e d ec l are d
s o n ge
fo r p l e asu re
is th e s au c e o f t hyn ge s the foo d e o f l o v e the
th e n ou rys hyn ge o f th e
u i c ke n i n g o f th e w yt
q

aff e c ti on an d th e s t re n g t h o f th e IvI e m o r e
y
Th e S o u l e al s o m u s t b e pu rge d fro m
t

p
T hi s
u

an

Ep il og u e

th e

d
y e

ore sa

'

t l z z ng e s

A H

e rb e s o c al e

A RT I FI C I A L M E M
e u il

thin ge s ,

th in ge s

we m u s

faythfu l l

p
an d

C hri s t e s

ran

us

kn o w l e d ge ,

with go o d

al l

h is s pyryte

for

h o n o r,

Am e n

On th e b ac k

of

t he r

w ys e

J e su s

an d

gl o rye

an d

of

Lo rd

our

l au d

G o d w it h

of

t o w ho m s w yth the fa

s ake ,

of

h u m b l y d e s i re

to

r aye r

h o ly gh os t b e
e u e r an d e u e r

l e av e

l l e d

it m av b e

t hat

2 05

An d
d om e

O RY

the

for

l as t l e af M e m ory t ake th
w ith th e fo l l o w i n g ad m o

th e

h e r d i sc i p l e s

n itio n .

M e mor ie

s ay e th.

l l

T o h im t ha w ou d m e g ad y gain e
T h e s e h re e p re c e p s s h al l n o t b e

'

v ain e

Th e

ti

Th e

t hi

Th e

se c on d

In

go o d an d f o rm e d rac e ,
t h i r d e , i s o f te n t o r e p e a

rs

ll to v d ta d
g th at h d o t h t ak e i
s

we

e rs

i s th e

h an d

s am e

t o p l ac e

o rd e r

Th e

th at h e w l d t fo g
Ad ioy i g t t is c as t l l t
g
t v e r t ue c om s e i t b l g
G
T he

th i

n n

ou

ng

re a

no

s ron

e at .

on

A Fre n c h t ran sl ati o n o f G rataro l i s Tre ati s e s

on the M e m o ry an d on Phys iog n o u i y is e xt a n t ;

fo l l o w i n g is

the

titl e as g i ve n b y D E B U RE,
an d it is re m arkab l e t h at t hi s is t he on l
y b oo k
w h i c h he has ad m itt e d u n d e r t he he ad o f Na t u
r a l an d Ar ti c i al M e m ory
th e

206

16

P RI

NC I PA L S

D is c ou r s

Y S TEM S

or

bl e s d e s m ay e n s p ou r
e t au m e n t e r l a m e m oi r e
,
g

n o ta

c on s e r ve r

T r a i te d e l a P /iy s ion om i e
J ug e m e n t d e l a n a tu r e d e s [z om

a ve c

ou

an

tir e

m es

d es

tr a i ts

da

v is a

et

e,

g
a u tr e s
ar t ie s d a
c or s ; tr ad
p
p
L ati n cl e G u ill G r a t ar ol , p a r
E s t i e m i e C op e
Ly on , 1 5 8 6
.

Of th i s
s in

in

u l ie r ,

b o ok D e B u re

e t ass e z r e c ke r c h
.

g
h is D ie t B ib l iog
.

p e a c omm z m

ci l or i i n a l La tin
g
et

An d C

A I L LE A U

P e ti t Tr ait s in gu l ie r

On p r ef

P e t it Tr ait

s a s,
y

e re

c e t te

Trad u c tion

W I LLI A M G RAT A RO LI w as b orn at B e rga

m o in It al y i n th e ye ar 1 5 1 0 H e w as e d u c at e d
at Pad u a w he re he t o o k the d e gre e o f D o c t o r
ft e rward s b e c am e Pro fe s s o r o f
o f Ph s i c
an d a
y
an d g ai n e d c on s i d e rab l e d is
th e s am e sc i e n c e
ti n c ti on B ut havi n g e m b rac e d the C al vi n i s ti c
d oc t ri n e s o n t he pe rs u as i o n o f Pe t e r Ve r m il li he
e d fro m It al y t hrou gh fe ar o f the i n q u i s iti o n
an d re ti re d to M arpu rg whe re h e t au gh t m e d i c i n e
for a ye ar H e w as h o we v e r c o m p e l l e d o l e ave
th at p l ac e al s o an d re pai re d t o B as l e in the
h ope o f a b e tte r fo r t u n e an d w he re in fac t h e
t au gh t an d prac ti se d his pro fe ss i on w it h s u c c e s s
u n ti l h I ay 1 5 6 2 w h e n he d i e d at the age 0 f 5 2
H e was aut hor o f a gre at n u m b e r o f wo rks so m
'

208
this
t he

P RI

l
b
i
c
p

l
e t t e r s, in whic h
f

n e c e ssa r
as LI FE
y

a l m os t as

17

oa n n

Sp an g e n be rg ,

is

Th i s is

seu

ars se c u n

e rd

a u t or e

e rd

Ar tis M e m or ia
c e n ti a

1 5 70

Sp

O RY

Wite be rg
.

M EM

Ar t i c i os aa M e m or ice l i be l l as
J

18

S or

wou l d d e se r ve d ivin e hon ors in

a c c ou n t,

re

N C I P AL S Y S T E M

us
i
o
t
p

Re m in is

d a , A n t/l or e J oh

Fr a n c of

1 6 03

is

i n t e n de d
ri n c i al l y for tyr o s I n th e e at
I
t
u n fo l d s
b
y
p
p
q u e s ti on an d an s w e r the p ri n c i p l e s o f fo rm e r
writ e rs on th e s ub j e c t an d is e q u al l y re m arkab l e
f or p e rs p i c u ity an d b re vi ty
T hi s s m al l t rac t is
i n c l u d e d in the G az op hy lac iu m Ar tis M e m or ice
u b l i sh e d in 1 6 1 0 u n d e r th e titl e O f Er ote m a ta
p
d e Ar te M e m or ize se a Re min isc e n t ice e tc
a ve ry u s e fu

an d

m an u al ,
.

19

osm i

c ios ce

20 J
.

Ros s e l ii

Bl e m or iae
B

o r d an a

T he s au r u s Ar ti

Ve n e t

ru no

P ar is ,

dc

um

1 582

1 5 74

hr is I d e a r u m ,

Ar ti c i o s az M e m or zke L i be l l as Au
a ts on o Otr on i c n s i
th or e T h om a I V
'

21

ART I FI C I AL M E M

f m is

1 583

2 09

JU S

s tu d ios o

U tr i u s q u e

'

O RY

No

Th i s m an u sc r i p t is

in the S l oa n e

3 73 1

l l e c ti o n pre s e r v e d in th e B riti sh M u s e u m It
is d ivi d e d i n t o ft e e n c h apt e rs
t he titl e s o f
w hi c h are
C

Au to r is P r ol og om e n on c l f e thod u s , 2 D e
M e m or ia e t Re m in is c e n tia
3 De fe
.

m or i a

Na t u r a l i

D e Ar t f c iosa Me m o

D e D up l ic i l oc or u m g e n e r e 6 D e
Leg i b u s Io c o m m
8
7 D e I m ag iu i b u s

r ia

D e I m ag i n e
i

p os i n g

c om

i m ag in e s

1 1

i s imp /z c i

9 D

'

re

at

he n a

I m ag in e

d e b e dn t

e ss e

'

De C

Qa d fe s

10

re

12

D e Ve r

b o w m m e m ori a

p ra xi
n z om t z vw e t o b e c t or u m va r ie t a t e
j
13

i me

art s

U ti l i t a te l oc a l is m e m or ie
a r t is ac

ih

i
i
t
i
on e
q
u s

15

14

De

D e Iz zgju s

j t s ( says M r
Wat so n ) as a s t o n e a t re e a s h a b i rd an d a
h o rs e I t ake s o m e s pac i o u s w al l w e l l kn o w n to
in t he rs t I
m e an d m ake ve g re at d ivi s i on s
s e c on d
a w i n dow
s e e a d o o r ; in the
; in the
t hi rd a c he s t ; in th e fou rth an iro n b o o k ; in
t h e ft h a l arge c rac k o r ssu re
T he s t o n e
m u s t b e l arge e n o u gh t o l l u p t he w ho l e d oo r
w ay ; th e t re e h as t ake n roo t, an d al m os t c on
I

to

re

me mb e r
,

ve

ob e c

'

P RI

2 10

NC

I P AL S

Y S T EM S

or

w i n d o w b y its b ran c he s

sh is l y
in
i
n th e c h e s t ; th e b i rd is s e i z i n
h
i
d
e i ro n
h
t
g
g
h o o k w it h h is b e ak, an d is e n d e avo u ri n g to t e ar i t
c e al s the

t he

fro m the w al l

ho rs e h as pu t h is tail i n to t he
an d is xe d t he re
B y th e s e m e an s , the

s su re ,

j t

th e

the i r

i l s it u ati on are p e rm a
n e n tl y r e m e m b e re d : o t he r d ivi s i o n s o f a w al l
an d t h e o t he r i n t o 1 00
ar e g i ve n : o n e i n t o 3 9
rs t is re c ko n e d b y e i ght s
c o m p ar t m e n t s ; th e
an d th e l att e r b y t e n s
The c on n e c t ion o f t he d i ff e re n t im age s is c o n
w in g
an d t he
fol l o
s id e r e d o f gre at i m por t an c e
i ll us t rati o n is g i ve n
I f I w i s h to re m e m b e r
e s th e au t ho r ) a m an
n
u
h
e
n
ti
c
o
a
ors
a s t on e
(
a ho g
an d a t re e
I m u s t s ay t hat the
a re
m an n d s a hor se an d s e i z e s i t b y th e t ai l ; the
h orse is b iti n g a l arge s t on e fro m w hi c h re is
e l i c it e d b
e
t
e
e th
o f th e
an i mal ; t hi s

re
t
h
y
b u rn s a hog w hi c h h ad ap pro ac he d to o n e ar th e
h o rse ; th e h o g m ad w it h pai n ru n s agai n s t th e
t r e e an d o v e rt hro ws i t
ANT H O N Y W 0 0 1) in his Athe n a: Oxon ian

a b rd s s o m e
i n fo rm ati on re s pe c ti n g t h i s
s e sf
au t h o r
T H O M AS Wa T s O N a Lon d on e r b orn , d id
n ot in Lo i c
s e n d s om e t i m e in t h i s U n i ve rsity
g
p

o b e c s , an d

n u me r c a

3*

Vol 1
.

c ol .

26 2, 263

9 12

25

Y S TE M S

P RI N C I P A L S

A r s R e m i n is c e n d i J o a n

P or tw N e ap o l i t an s,
Po r t a,

l i ke

th e

or

B ap t is te

Ne ap

tho r s a

1 6 02

l re ady n o ti c e d t re at s
of p l a c e s an d i m age s ; h e a l s o ad v i s e s t he
u il
p p
t o c o m m it poe t ry to m e m o ry b y fo r m i n
i
d
e al
g
r e pre s e n t ati o n s o f th e l an gu age
t
an d
l
ae m
h
em
p
g
i n o rd e r
H e e xc h an ge s gu re s fo r sy m b o l s
an d re p re s e n t s a c i h e r fo r a g l o b e ; l b a kn ife ;
p
y
2 b y a s i c kl e ; 3 by a h o w ; 4 b y a c ho ppe r ; 5
b v a s e r pe n t ; 8 b y a pai r o f S pe c t ac l e s ; 9 b y a
e tc
c ro s i e r
e tc
Le tt e rs are al s o r e pre s e n t e d
b y sy m b o l s an d t w o al ph ab e t s are g iv e n ; in
t he o n e
t h e l e t t e rs are fo r m e d fro m v ari o u s o h
e c ts ; an d in th e o t h e r
f
r o m d i ff e re n t
o s iti on s
j
p
au

of

th e

h u m an b o dy

O H N B A P T I S T P e a r s w as a Ne apo l i t an
h
h
w
o ac q u i re d c e l e b r it b
e n tl e m an
g
y y is ap pl i
c ati o n t o p o l i t e lit e r at u re an d t h e s c i e n c e s e s e
p
c ial l y t h o s e o f m at h e m ati c s
m e d i c i n e a n d i i atu
H e o ft e n h e l d at his h o u se m e e t
r al h i s t o ry
i n gs o f l ite rati w he n t he y d i s c u ss e d the c hi
m e r i c al se c re t s o f m agi c
T he C o u r t o f Ro m e
h
u rs u e d b
t
i
l
ittl
a
r i s e d o f th e o bj e c t
s
e
ac
a
y
p
pp
d e m y proh i b it e d him fro m ho l d i n g its m e e ti n gs
Po r ta t he n c u l tiv ate d th e M u se s an d c o m p o s e d
se v e ral tr age d i e s an d c o m e d i e s
wh i c h we re re
s u c c e ss
H is ho u se w as al
c e ive d w it h s o m e
w ays the re t reat o f m e n o f l e tte rs , an d o f fore ign
J

O RY

A RT I FI C I A L M E M
e rs,

in

wh o

1 5 1 5,

age

d 70 ye ars

Po r t a fo r th e
H is
2

d the m e rit

ad m re

w o r ks

i n v e n ti o n
l

are ,

A T re ati se

Lit te r ar u m

of

are

to

O b s c u ra

Nat u ral lVI agic

on

n ot is

die d

i n d e b te d

am e ra

Phys i o gn o m y

on

We

A Tre ati se

Po r t a

of

t he

2 13

De

oc c u l t is

t re ati s e o n the art o f c o n

c e al in g o u r t ho u h t s in w ri ti n
o r o f d i sc o v e r
g
g
i n g t h o s e o f o t h e rs
4 P hy t og n om on ic a s e u
a

M e t/z od u s c og n osc e n d i

t as

c u u sc u m

u e rc i.

al ab n

n is c e n

i n sp e c t ion e

'

t z w, p e r l o c a ,

e
r n o t as e t
p

t as ,

Fr an c

u r as

oti P ol z s t i n e n s is

Ar te Re m i

i m ag in e s ,

et

ac

i n m an ibu s pos i

1 6 02

'

T ke ol og i D

'

vir e s a bd i

D e D is til l a ti on i bu s

M a ra

26 F H ie r on y m i
.

ex

i m age s are the b asi s o f M ara o ti s

b u t i n s t e ad o f p u tti n g t h e im age s u po n
sys t e m
t h e y are pl ac e d in d i ffe re n t
th e w al l s o f a ho u s e
b
art s o f t he han d s
o t h o n th e b ac k an d i n the
p
h
al m o f the han d
B
t
i s m o d e a hi gh n u m b e r
y
p
h
l
i
s
t
rac t
ac e s an d i m age s is o b t ai n e d
T
of
p
w as re p ri n t e d in 1 6 1 0 in the G az ap by l ac i u m
Pl ac e s

an d

Ar t is M e m or ies

D ic

H is

art.

Por ta

P R I NC I PAL

27

'

sy sr n

ms

or

Sp e c im z n a d u o Ar t is M e m or ia?
'

L u te ti m P a r z s z or u m ;

ki bi ta

P a r is

ew

1 6 07

t rac t w e hav e n o t s e e n b u t su s pe c t that

it c o n t ai n s an ac c o u n t o f S c he n c ke l s e xpe ri m e n t s
in M n e m on ic s at Pari s o f w h o se syst e m s om e
ac c o u n t w i l l b e fou n d i n th e n e xt ar ti c l e
Thi s

28

S e iz e n e lt e l ii M e th od u s

L z n g a a i n tr a

Arg e n t
29

d oc e n d a ,

6 m e n se s

1 6 09

L a ti n a

de

G a z op fzy ia c i n m A r tis M e m or iee ; in

t
r z s o m n i a e t s in
m
n o d u o bn s l so
a
q
g
~

ea

ad a

u ae

s ol n ta m l t uj u s
'

t i on e m in s e r m n n t ,

L am be r t u m S c /z e n c ke l z u m

as s vz a m

u sc u l a

a c c e ss e r u n

es

; q

u or u m

2 I I ie r on y m i

t r ia c z

'

Ar te JlI e m or iaz

e ad e m
o

g
r e c o n d i t a l e a be n

J on Sp
.

e rd

A r tgc ia l is l i a c te n n s

ad

Au s

ar
oti
a

s e a,

de

/m c

oa n n is

Arg e n t

3 0 S e iz e n e l re l in s d e te c t as

1 610

[Ve rn o m a

oc c u l ta t a

m a l t z s q u a m d z u d e s id e r a ta :
'

'

ta r , p e r

ni

c o

ac

'

n un c

2 16

P RI N C I P A L

S c he n c ke l

is

Y ST EM S

or

l y w ith o u t an y i n t ro
du c t io n The tw o l as t t re ati s e s are pe rfe c tl y
u e l e s s t o t h e u n i n iti at e d
o n ac c o u n t o f the a rb i
t rary s i g n s an d m arks e m pl oye d in t he m
No
e
ri n t o f No 3 0 w i th th e ad d iti o n o f a
3 1 is a r
p
key w h i c h e xp l ai n s th e arb it rary s i gn s u se d in the
w o rk It al s o c o n t ai n s a d e d i c ati on t o the l e arn e d
M e i b o m i as an d an ad dre s s to t he r e ad e r Thi s
c o n s e q u e n tl y is t he m os t u se fu l e d iti on fo r p rac
ti c al p u rpo s e s No 3 1 is a t re atis e by M a r
t in S om m e r , a c o n t e m po rary an d d e l e g at e o f

n
l
I
t
i
s
r
e
i
t
e
d
i
n
o
t
h
e
r
N
2
S c he n c ke
9
;
p
G a z op hy l a c iu m an d form s a par t o f the i n t ro
d u c t io n t o th at w o rk
s

s e

on

LA M
b o rn

B E RT ,

or

Lamp re c ht S a

B o i s l e D u c , in 1 5 4 7, w as

at

ac ad e

h is

th e

ap o the c ary an d phi l o l ogi s t

an

at

c o u rs e

ic a

Lyo n s

N C K E L,
z

so n

of

w e n t t hro u gh

an d

o o ne ,
g

t e ac he r o f rhe to ri c
n as ti c s
m
a
a ri s
r
t
t
P
n
e
roso d , an d
A
w
gy
y
p
p
n ot fo r e tti n
as the
M ali n e s an d Ro u e n
g
g
c u s t o m o f the age re q u i re d
t o c l ai m h is titl e to
b y w riti n g Lati n ve rse s
s c h o l arsh i p
Fro m
an

af e r w ar d s

b e c am e

of

t
t

T h e G az aphy l ac iu m , h ow e

ain s

ra c

Fe b

; m ore

ts
.

a re

1 8 1 0,

is

r,

v al uabl e on ac c

oun

tte a d th e tl n e e t c ts w hi c h i t c
ri gi al e d i t i
s of t h
p t i l ly a the
m e l y a e Se e M t hly M g az i e for
e xt
f or som e p ar t f t hi s ac c ou n t

th e p r e f a

ve

o ry

ma

r,

ar

c u ar

re

ra

I-

on

on

on

n ,

ART I FI C I A L M E M O RY

t h e se

h o we ve r, he

tion ate t o
ve rie s

that

ac

n o c e e br

q u i re d

w h i c h w as

2 17

re are

in the M n e m on i c Art

ity prop or
on his d i sc o

The m o re

ffe c

t e the s e d i sc o v e r i e s he t ra v e l l e d
th ro u gh the Ne the rl an d s G e rm an y an d Fran c e ;
w he re h is m e th o d w as i m pe d e d b y th e gr e at
an d t r an s m itt e d fro m o n e u n i ve rs ity to an o th e r
Appl au s e fo l l o w e d e v e ry w he re at his he e l s
Pr i n c e s an d n ob l e s e c c l e s ias t i c s an d l aym e n ,
al i ke t o o k s ou n d i n s o f h is d e t h ; an d S e h m
g
p
c ke l b ro u gh t h i m s e l f t h r o u gh e ve r ord e al t o the
y
as t o n i sh m e n t an d ad m
i rati on o f h is iu dge s The
r e c t o r o f th e S o r b on n e
m ir g p re vi
at
o n e l y m ad e t ri al o f his m e r it s pe r m i t t e d h im to
t e ac h h is s c i e n c e at th e u n i ve rs ity ; an d M a il l on ,
M ait re d e s Re q u te s havin g d o n e the s am e gave
h im an e xc l us iv e p rivil e ge for p rac ti s i n g M n e
m on i e s t hr o u gh o u t th e Fre n c h d o rn in ion s
H is
au d itOrs w e re ; h o w e ve r
ro h i b i t e d fro m c o m
p
m u n ic atin g t his ar t to o t he rs u n d e r a s e ve re
As his ti m e n o w b e c am e to o p re c i ou s
p e nal t y
to ad m i t o f h is m aki n g c i rc u it s h e d e l e gat e d t h i s
b ran c h o f his pat e n t to t h e l i c e n ti ate M a r t in
S om m e r an d i n v e st e d him w ith a re gu l ar d i pl o ~
m a as his p l e n i po t e n ti ary fo r c i rc u l ati n g his art
h
rou h
G
e
r m an y
t
u n d e r c e rt ai n s ti u l ati o n s
g
p
Franc e It al y S pai n an d the n e i ghb o u ri n g c ou n
t ri e s S o m m e r n ow rs t pu b li she d a Lati n t re a
ti se on thi s s u bj e c t wh i c h he d i spe rse d in e ve ry
tu al l y t o pro paga

P RI N C I P AL S Y S T E M S

218

l
ac e he vi s it e d [ No
p
h i m s e l f as c o m m i s s i o n e d
s t ru c t the w h o l e w o r l d
A l awye r ( s ays he )

I n thi s he

o r

an n ou n c e s

b y S c h e n c ke l ,

in

to

w ho

c au se s an d

m o re to

c ond u c ,

has

b y the

hu n d re d

i t

as s s an c e

M n e m on i c s , m ay s tam p the m s o s t ro n gl y
his m e m ory, t hat h e w il l kn o w in w hat w i se
my

an s w e r

e ac h

h o u r, w ith

j ust

as

e ru se d

l ie n t

in

o rd e r,

an y

m u c h p re c i s i on ,

as

an d

at

on

to

an

if he h ad b u t

An d in p l e ad i n g, h e

h is b ri e f

of

w il l

l y h ave the e v i d e n c e an d re as on i n gs o f his

ar t
at h is n ge rs e n d s b u t al l the gr ou n d s
o wn
p y
an d r e fu t ati on s o f his an t ago n i s t al s o ! Le t a m an
i
n t o a l i b rar
an d re ad o n e b o o k aft e r an o
o
g
y
the r ye t Shal l he b e ab l e to w rite d o wn e v e ry
s e n t e n c e o f what h e h as re ad m an
y d ays aft e r at
hom e
The pro c i e n t in t hi s s c i e n c e c an d i c t at e
m att e rs o f the m o s t oppos it e n at u re to t e n or
th i r ty w rit e rs al te rn ate l y
Aft e r fo u r w e e ks
e xe rc i s e
h e w i l l b e ab l e to c l as s t w e n ty ve
thou san d d i sarran ge d p or t rait s w it hi n the s ayi n g
at e rn os t e r a e
an d he w il l d o t h i s te n
of a
y
p
ti m e s a d ay w ithou t e xt rao rd i n ary e xe r ti on an d
w ith m o re p re c i s i on than an o th e r w h o I s Ign o
r an t o f the art, c an d o i t in a w ho l e ye ar !
He
w il l n o l o n ge r s t an d in n e e d o f a l i b rary for re
T hi s c o u rse o f s t u dy m ay b e c o m
f e r ri n g t o
rac ti c e
l
e te d in
n in e
a s
an h ou r s
d
a
n
d
y
p
p
d ail y w il l b e s u f c i e n t : b rrt, whe n the ru l e s are

n ot on

P RI N C I P A L

20

ti m e in s il e n c e
b e gi n n i n g to e n d

he

'

an y o r d e r

in

ti on

S c h e n c ke l

su b s

an y

rs t w o r d

tit u t e d

ar

ti c u l ar

pp

i
p

do

d o c tr i n al
n umbe r

n , an d re ad ,

On
he l d

at

th e

he

an d ,

on

the

b e in g

Su f c i e n t

havi n g be e n

he

un

na

l
e d,
h
at he
i
t
p
; an d , ac cor d i n g
d i c t at e d , w ritte n
re

ite d the m
d

to th e

form e r %

w ho l e 4 0 in

t o t he

an

3 oth

the

as ,

se n e n c e

d e s i re d

Aft e r
q u i re d
b e i n g gi ve n b e

re

s e n e n c e s,

s e n e n c e s , a n d an s we r e

o rd e r

t he r
o f th i s

an o

m e d , gave th e
S c he n c ke l b e i n g aske d to r a

of a se n e n c e

tw i c e ,

on c e or

fo r

numbe r

r at e

rO

h e s itap

li gh te s t

re m n d e

w ord

th e

th o u gh t 1 5 w ou l d b e

l y, t hat

an d

forw ard s,

an d

w o rd

on e

b u t b e in g

n u m b e r.

25

pe a

d its

o er
r
p p

d th e who l e , from

p
b ac kw ard s

i m m e d i at e l y gav e
re pe a e

ea e

d e sir e d , w itho u t th e

e n ds ;

l im i ts fo r
w ar d s ,

re

h appe n e d , h o w e v e r, t h at

It

S Y S T EM S o r

of

h ou se

the r m e e ti n g was
m e d i c i n e ve n d e r w he n

S e pt

of

ty wor d s w e re g i ve n an d

S c he n c ke l havi n g

an o

n u m be r e d

fro m 1 to

i de re d fo r a sho rt
t i me re pe at e d t he w h o l e fr o m b e gi n n i n g t o e n d
fro m t he l as t to the rs t an d
in re gu l ar o rd e r
in an y or d e r re q u i re d
On an y n u m b e r b e i n g
en
h
am e d
h
e a
iv
t
i
t
e
n
ro
r
e
a
an d
w o rd
g
pp p
vic e ve rsa
H avi n g as ke d the pe rso n s p re se n t to
d o u b l e t he n u m b e r Of w or d s s o m e o f the l it e r a ti
re l i e d
t hat h e h ad gi ve n s u f c i e n t p ro of Of his
p
ab il iti e s
an d t hat t he y h ad n o d ou b t h e w o u l d
,
50

c on s

A R T I FI C I A L M E M O R Y

221

bl e to rep e at m an y m ore w o r d s b y the sam e

A l e ar n ed au di t o r expresse d h is regre t
m et h od
t o S c he n c ke l
th at h e w as n o t al l o w ed to repe at
s e n t e n c e s an d a Iz z m d r e d wor d s b e i n
f
ll
y
t
u
f
g
y
pe rs u aded t h at h e w as c ap abl e o f gre ater th ings
S c he n c ke l h aving p resented to h is au dit o r y
t wo l m n d r e d senten ces i n w h ic h a p u pi l o f his
t aken ft o m th e l ast m eeting had been exerci s ed
t oget h er w it h the 4 0 sent e n ces th en gi ve n t h e
p u pil o n an y n u m be r being asked repe ated th e
app r o p r i ate sentence an d v ic e r e r sa t o t h e asto
m o re especi al l y at the
n is h m e n t o f al l present
u n c o nne c ted m an n er in h ic h t h e n u m ber s w e re
pr o po s ed ; as 2 3 5 Q7 9 2 40 I QS 1 9 1 8 4 3
T h is s am e p u pi l
2 1 76 3 6 7 etc etc
o ffered to t h e asse m bl y 2 50 w ritten w ords w h ic h
h e had l e arned b y s o m e t u itio n fr o m S c h e n c ke l
T o th e s e 2 5 0 w ords
an d b y h is o w n appl ic ati o n
an d in a s h o r t ti m e the
w ere added 5 0 oth ers
p u pil an s w ered to th e w h o l e 3 00 i n t h e s am e
m anner as h ad bee n done b e fore b y t h e pro fess o r
h i m sel f I n repe ating th e sentences t h e p u pi l ,
once o r t w i ce d id n o t g i ve t he w o r ds r eg u l arl y :

w h en t h i s w as inti m ated to him h e i m m edi ate

l y corre cted h i m sel f an d rep e ated the w ord s in
t h e ir appropri ate or d er
On th e fo l l o win g d ay t h e l st o f Oc to b e r s i m il ar
e xperi m e n ts w er e trie d gr e atl y to t h e sati s fac ti o n
o f al l pre se n t ; an d, in c o n se q u e n c e , S c he n c ke l
be

2%

R I N C I PA L S Y S T E M S

or

c e i ve d ( w it h o u t as kin g for i t) a c e rti c ate o f ap

pr o b atio n u n d er h an d an d se al fr o m a l e ar ned
p h ys i c i an an d so m e pro fe s s ors T h i s certic ate
t h at th e depone n t s
c o n cl u d es b y obser ving

th at
w ere pre s ent at t h e di ffere n t ex am i n ations
th e re w as n o t a po s sibili ty o f fr au d o r c ol l u si o n
t h at t h e y t h o u g h t i t b u t ju s tic e t h u s u n s o l i c ited
t o expre s s t h eir approb ation an d to b e ar w it
n e s s t o t h e tr u t h o f t h e facts s tated in t h e do c u ~
m en t
T h e s t u d e n t , d e s titu te o f or al instr u c tion c an
n o t e xpec t to re ap m u c h bene t fr o m a pe r u sal
o f S c he n c ke l s s y ste m in t h e G az ap /ty l a c iz tm or
in S c he n c ke l z u s d e te c tu s : h e m ig h t as w el l s e e k
f o r a k no w l ed ge o f h i n e m o n ic s b y g az in g at
t h e h ier o gl y p h i c s o f an Egy pti an o belisk I t is
prett y e viden t th at th i s G az op izy l a c i u m w as
d e s igned l y i n t e n ded as a l ab y ri n t h al s erie s : t h e
au t h or indeed c l o s e s h is l ab o r s b y c o n fe s si n
g
th at th e w o rk was to b e e n tr u s ted on l y to his
an d re ferrin g for fu rt h er el u cid atio n to
s c h ol ar s
or al pre cept s The Very b asi s o f h is art i s c on
c e al e d bene at h a j u m bl e o f s i gn s an d ab bre vi a
t i ons : t h u s s e c t 9 d a s e ct 9 9 ; vi de li c e t,
l o c u s i m ago or d o l oc o ru m , m e m ori a l o c i ; im a
A
n d fu rt h e r
i
n s e tti n g fort h t he m os t
i
e
s
n
g
i m portan t poi n ts h e am u s e s h i m se l f b y e vin c
in g a m u l tit u d e of ji n gli ng, an d u n i n t e l li gi b l e
Wor ds
re

'

'

2 24

R I N C I PA L S Y ST E M S

as u r e m u n i

Pt u

.
.

P Om u i t e gal apo
R b oi t is o tc pe ra

Ad i

de t

I o i t at o s c

s al e

id os

asn n gy c o .

e s u l n ge on ai r t e

a q u as .

af n c

M ph

igol i

as u c

is yh o

e su n am i .

6 f al l e t s e

e pa t e m .

Or :

r o i t ar os

7 l a m t on i

Ph

e s n c i s yh p o

am e n os c u e

Pr

ve

l ai d os

d n ac a

4 as n l u ga i n a r d o

d i n p o is i s e u i d o
c p g al o t i os ip e s

van l n s

t f o i t at i c a

e m u b re u i .

e m u t ae on u i d as

d n ro

e s i x at o an s i
y

b ae r c c

am u ir at o e n u l on i.

s at n e m is e

hti

asu ru ase

Ve

Sy

o r

rpo

ve l as ir u c e s o.

e x il ac u

9 d u n r oc a
.

as n l u n n as

l
O

e s orp o

e x e rn or a

e s u l uc n c o.

asn t al i

Rh Lac ir os
.

e t h e re

Re l iq u a s tu d iosu s Lec tor f ac il e

c ol l ig e t .

C LAVI C VLA

Le ge n d u m h ae b rai c o m o

2 . P I im a

vl t i m a

ne e

4 S i in
.

6.

l i te ra su n t ot iosae

te rae

t t

Q u ad ran gu l u s, q u a
am q uat c m ar iu m s ign i c at
e st

s i n gu l ae s in gu l are m n u m e

ge m i n a tae , pl u ra l e m
e n u s , c as n s , m o d us
,

fac il e

p r irn a r e gn l a l oc u m n on ha
u m i l l a s y ll ab a : e e m l u m s i t
p

pI im u m i n an
asu l u ga i n ar d o a u as : h oc
q

oc c a rat ,

se d

vox n um e

5 Li

in d i c t i on ib n s d i u e rs is

vo c ab u l o

b e t,
in

t iam

c ol l igu n tu r.

r am

d e n ot an t,

c ae d e m

te mpu s 8: al ia attrib u ta e x se nsu

AR T I FI

C I A L M EM O R Y

Li te r a

Voc al m l u m

l)
c

Ars

s ig n i c an t .

N N u m e ru s
P P al a t i u m
R Re p e t i t io
S Fu n d am e n t u m
T T h e sau r u s
.

rd

C u b ic u l um

f S p ac i n m

V Vol u n t ar iu m

g I m ago

A d i Ad i un c t u m

r te
P r
a
D or u m

h Pa
i

C i C i ta t i o

D i e t D i c t at i o

so n

D i n D i u i s io

D om u s

t l

E p E p i s o a.
LG Logi ons
.

m Ex e r c i t i u m
.

n.

An gu l u s

M ph M e taph ys ic ns

o.

M e m o ri a

Or Or at io

p Form s
.

Ph P h y s i c u s
P r P on o m e n
.

Se de s

rax is

r.

a.

Loc n s

La

I m ago

Low :

Rh Rh e t or i c a
Ru R u d im e n t a

S yn t ax is
Ve Ve rb u m
1 C ad e l a C e re s
Sy

T e rr a

Re c e p t ac ul u m

x.

y O s iu m
.

11 .

r
P r o o d ia
Lat us
s

t . I m age

S e n t e n t ia

5
1

Vln a

C ygn u s

3 T r ian gu l n s
.

A Ar ith m e t i c ns

4 Q u ad r an gu l u l

C C as tr u m

5 M an ti s

D is in c io

t ra
G Gr Gr m m atic a
I I m gi r i

F Fe n e s
.

K C
.

na

as

on n e xu m

S te ll a
N o rm a ve l S e c u ris
C al ix
3'

10

C o rn u

Anul

u s,

R e m e x C irc u l u s
,

 26

PR

I N C I PA L S Y S T E M S

or

T h e w o r k o f S c he n c ke l is a si n g u l ar pro d uc
tion H is d e vel op m e n t o f t h e art doe s n o t c o n
ne it sel f to m ec h an ic al i de as al o ne
I t se ts
th e tec h ni c al sy m b o l ic al , an d l og i c al fac u lties o f
t h e m e m o ry in eq u al activi ty ; an d req u ire s t h at
its p o w e r s s h o u l d be at once i ngeni o u s an d per
Its ac q u ire m ent is fo u nded on the asso
c e tive
p
c iatio n o f ide as : no r d o es i t fai l to c al l wit an d
i m agin ati o n in aid o f n at u r al m e m o ry S o m
m er s C o m pendi u m co n sisti n g o f ei gh t s e c t i o n s,
w as p r i nted for th e u s e o f h is au ditor s
After
h is dep artu r e per m i s sio n is gi ve n to his s c h ol ars
to co m m u nic ate t h eir m n e m on is tic d o u bt s, o h
s e rvat io n s
an d disco veri e s
to e ac h ot h er ; b u t
n o on e c an b e presen t w ith o u t l eg al i z ing h i m se l f
pre vi o u s l y as o n e o f t h e I n i t i ated by presc r ib e d
sign s : an d h e who fail s in t h i s is ex cl u ded as a
pro fan er
As S c he n c ke l s w or k besides being a l iter ary
c u riosi ty
had o f l ate y e ar s be c o m e extre m el y
r are D r K l ibe r i n 1 804 p u bl is h ed a G er
m an tr ansl ati o n o f i t e n titl ed
C omp e n d iu m
d e r IV
I n e m on z k e tc or
C omp e n d i u m q
ne
'

'

m on ie s,

or

qf

s e ve n t e e n t

t he

an d

w ith

t he

rt
h

M S om m e r
.

p r ef ac e

E r l an g e n

M e m ory ,

the

beg in n in g

by L S c he n c ke l ,
Tr an sl a te d f r om the La t in ,
c e n t u ry ,

a n d r e m ar ks,

1 80

at

by

K tii be r,

228

r an

R I N C I PA L S Y S T E M S
t a hn l z s

A n t /l or e

'

t)

A d am o B
et M ed
.

ex

r u asi o
'

c ut

r e ss ae ,

Sp r oas i l e s io D

a c c e ss i t

ej

u sd e m

m n e m on i c u s

L aps

or

oc t

n om e n c a t or

au t

hor is

16 10

th e Sim on id e s Re divivu s
H e r d son in th e
w as rep r inted at L e y d en b y H
y e ar 1 65 1 u nder t h e titl e o f Ars M n e m on ic a,

A gre at p art

s ive

e r d son u s

e el

B r u xia tu s ;

B r u xu s H

e r d so

ppended a t re ati s e in En g
l is h b y H e r d so n o n t h e s am e s u bjec t th e W h ol e
o f w h ic h m ay b e see n at N os
an d 5 3
After t h e titl e o f No 3 7 t h ere is a w ood w u t
v er y tol e r abl
n e arl y t h e si z e o f t h e p age
y e xe
I t rep r esents a tr ee l o ad ed w it h fr u i t
c u te d
a
t m an m o u n ted o n a l ad der pl u c ki n g the fr u it;
an d a v e n er ab le g u r e
a b oy i n a go c art
( we
s u pp o se t h e m a is t e r ) l o o kin
ver y atte n ti vel
g
y at
g
t h e b oy U nder n e at h t h e C u t are t h e fo l l o w in g
ve r s es
T o th i s

n ia tus .

w as

S c al a
H

vir o

oe

c u rr u s

pu er o, q u ad

m e mor ativa prce st at i n

s c ip i o Ac e s tce
ar t e

Locu s

tre ated t h e s u bjec t i n a ve ry c o m p re

he n s ive m anne r, an d h as s ubj o i n e d a c o m pl e t e
n om e n c l a t or n z n e m on ic us
H e al s o d i r e c te d h is
attentio n to an art on w h i c h m u c h le s s h as bee n
w ritte n
the a n obti viom s, or art of f org e t/hit
B ru x

h as

ARTI FI C I A L M EM O RY

229

for t h e ac q u isiti o n o f w h ic h ver y fu l l an d

Were t h i s art
m in u te di r ec ti o ns are gi ven
el i m i n ated o u t o f t h e t h ic k fog in w h ic h i t is
en vel o ped m any a c andid ate w o u l d be fo u nd fo r
t h e s we e t ob l iviou s m n tid ote In th is ( s ay s t h e
g r e at m o r al ist ) w e al l r ese m b le o n e an o th e r ; the
h er o an d th e s age are l ike vu lg ar m o rt al s o ver
b u rdened by th e w eigh t o f l i fe ; al l sh rink fr o m
rec o llection an d al l w is h fo r an a r t of f ar ge t

n e ss ,

B e fo re w e

t h is i nteresting art
th e f l l o w ing je u d e sp mt w il l be g iven fr o m o n e

o f t h e d ail y
e rs f
as it dese r ves to be resc u e d
p p
fr o m th e U u al o bl iv i o n o f su c h r ep o sit o r ie s I t
w as w r itt e n
lect u re s
n th e O U
l Ol ]
o f som e
d elive r ed
M n m o n i cs in t he C i ty o f D u bl in
S Y L L A n u s f t h Pu bl ic EXpe rn n e n ts o n
t h e n e w s y st m o f d n t i m n e m on ic s to t h e per
fe c t io n atio n o f ll tC l t h e C h ev al ie r d e Sa n s S ou
e e m r has de vo ted t h e l ast ft y ye ar s o f a l o ng l i fe
fu l l y veri fying fr o m t h e t o ns h e has enc o u ntere d
an d s u r m o u nted in t he p u rs u i t
t h e assertio n of
POP
take l e ave

of

'

a n

us

E,

O f al l t h e

1 is

su e

l e ss on s t au gh t t o m o r t al s ye t

t he hard e s t

s c i e nc

to

FO RG ET .

M o rn in g C h r on ic l e for Nov 21 ,
.

1 8 1 2.

P RI N C I P A L

2 30

Y S T EM S

E X P E RI IV
I E NT

OF

The C he va l ie r w i l l

prod u c e be fore t h e c o m
an
ne o
t
h
o
f e M e m be rs j u s t ret u r n ed to Par
p y
l iatn e n t an d w ho m h e s h al l h ave instr u cted n ot
n hou r ; h e w il l present to h im
on e
u ar te r o
a
f
q
fty o f th ose C on stit u e n ts w it h w h o m b u t a
w eek since h e w as on t h e m o s t fam ili ar ter m s
w h e nto t h e ast o nis h m e n t o f al l pre s e n t it w il l b e
fo u n d t h at h e does n o t re m e m ber th e face o f o n e
o f t h e m nor ret ai n s t h e sl ig h tes t re m e m bran c e
o f th e p l e dg e s h e g ave or t h e p r om is e s he u ttered,
n ot w it h s t andi n g t h e u t m o st e ffort s o f t h e abo ve
m e ntio n ed fty pr om ise e s to re c al t h e m to h is re
c ol le c tio n
,

E X PE R I M E N T

II

The C h e val ier w il l

pr e s ent to the c o m p any

o f de m u re aspe c t an d
an e l derl y Wido w Lady
s e d ate appe ar an c e ; s h e s h al l h ave a s m el l i n g
b ottl e i n o n e h an d an d a w h ite h an dkerc h ie f in
th e o t h er w h i c h s h e s h al l r e s p ec ti vel y appl y to
h e r n os e an d eyes an d ex h ibit e ver y o th er ac c u s
to m e d s y m pt o m o f grie f w h en b y vi r t u e o f ten
m in u tes i n u e nce o f t h e an ti m n e m o n ic sy s te m
s h e s h al l fu rl h er ag o f s o r r o w pock et h er bottl e
o f d i sc on s ol ati o n d an ce a favo n rite Iris h jig b o x
t h e e ars o f h er se ve n c h il dren b y h er rs t h u s
b an d an d l o u dl y de c l are t h e i m po ssi b il i ty o f
,

3 2

PR I N C I PAL S YSTE M S

or

i n vite s an y on e o f t h e s ai d re s pect abl e c h ar ac t e r s

to his ex h ibition ac c o m p anie d b y s e vn o r eig h t
o f h is m os t r ef r ac tory f a m ily he ar e rs an d he
e ng ages
t h at after b u t te n m i n u te s instr u cti on
t h e y s h al l l iste n n ot m erel y c o m p o s edl y b u t
w it h s om e thin g l i ke c u riosity to t h e m ost thr e ad
b ar e t ales l au g h ih al l t h e p r op e r pl ace s an d
ex h ibi t e very oth er sy m pto m o f b ei n g e n tert ai n e d
an d gr atied
,

EXP
5

E R I M E NT

A ve n er abl e Pl u r al i s t

h al l b e bro u g h t for
war d fo r ex am in atio n an d s h al l b e as k e d W h at
o m ises h e m ade at h is ordi n ati o n P
r
o r wh e t h er
p
h e m ade an y i w h i c h o f h is thr e e l ivings h e l ast
fro m w h at w el l kno w n au th o r h e tr an
visited
s c r ibed h is l ast ser m o n i w it h h o w m any pers o n s
am ong s t h is se ver al ock s h e w as ac q u ainte d ?
N ot one o f w h ic h i nterrog atorie s h e sh al l be abl e
to ans wer
s

EXPERI M ENT
Che va l i e r

VI

i l l next present t o t h e p u b
l ic a Lad y o f c o l d aff ec ti o n s an d m orbid vanity
i noc u l ated w it h th e l o ve o f t h e g r e at p o ssessed
o f a l itt le s m ar tness w h ic h t h e s u pe r ci al m ig h t
m ist ake fo r w it a n d deepl y ve r sed i n w hat is
te r med kn o w ledge o f th e w o r l d S h e s h al l in
e arl y l i fe h ave gi ven t h e m o st u neq u i vo c a l p ro
Th e

A RT I FI C I A L M E MORY

233

npr ac tise d h e art

t h at t ru s ted h er w it h al l th e u nl i m ited c r ed u l it y
o f c o n d in g l o ve p l edge s s h al l h ave been m u t u
al iz e d
and t h o s e s o l e m n ass u r ances recipr o c ate d
w h ic h i ndissol u bl y b ind t h e faith fu l an d c an o n l y
be v i o l ated b y th e u np r i ncipl ed y et by t h e in
u e n c e o f t h is m i r ac u l o u s science s h e s h al l fo r
get h e r v o w s deny h e r att ac h m ent an d n al l y
m ar r y an o t h e r pers o n ; an d w he n t h e p ar t ies af ter
w ar ds m eet n o feel ing s h al l arise in h e r m ind
b u t a kind o f an kwar d u tte r nor in h is b u t the
m o s t c onte m pt u o u s indi ff e r ence
m i se

of

ffec ti o n s

he r

to

an

E X PE R I M E N T

VI I

e m inent Law ye r s h al l al s o be pr o d u ced

in te s tim o n v o f t h is w o nde r fu l a rt w h o u il l be
fo u nd to be p r o o f even ag ain t a Ref r e s he r and
t h is is s u pposed I I itlr on e i /l u st r io u s e xc ep t io n
to be th e 71 8 p l u s u l t r a o f a n t i m n e m on ic in
I f ci rc u m st ances d id n o t irn pe rio u s ly
u e n c e
prevent t h e C h ev al ie r c o u l d p ro d u ce t h is Exa l t e d
I n d ivid u al an d t ri u m ph antl y displ ay him as o n e
o f t h e sing u l ar prod ig ies o f t h e a n t i m n e m o n i c
s y s te m I t is asse r ted b y a cel eb r ated c r a n iosc o
al l
r
at e a r l
i
st
D
r
G
t
h
i
e n d s hip s m ake t he
y
p
f
deepest i m p r essi o n u p o n t he h u m an b r ain an d
are w it h t h e g r e a test d ri c n l t v e ffa ced t h a t t he y
l inger t h ere t h e l ast an d m o st ten ac io u s i n m ates
w h e n o t h e r re c ol l e c tions h ave been w e akened b
y
x3
An

234

P RI

N C I PA L S Y

in

or ab s o rb e d

y e ars ,

se

STEM S

l sh n e s s

or

t ri u m ph

To

v e r a rad i c at e d fe e l i n g l i ke th i s w as re se rve d fo r
th at s c i e n c e u h ic h c an pe rvad e the c o tt age as
w e l l as the pal ac e
an d
w h il e i t s t e e p s t he
s an t s m i n d in b al m
e
a
n e q u al l y
p
y fo rge t fu l n e s s c a
r e l ie v e
t he P r in c e fro m the pan gs o f re m in is
'

c enc e

The C he va l ie r

sa n s

S ou ve n i r havi n g t h u s

far d e v e l o pe d h is pl an , w il l n o t fo r th e pre s e n t
e n t e r i n t o fu r t he r d e t ail s
To the I r ish Na t ion ,
.

O RG I V E h e b e gs
l e av e parti c u l arl y to re c o m m e n d his sys t e m w h i c h
w il l al s o e n ab l e t h e m to F O RG E T t h e i r m an ifo l d
w ron gs an d i nj u ri e s an d o n l y t o r e m e m b e r t h at
r os e r ou s
a n u n it e d
are e v e r a ha
an d a
p
ppy
p
e o l e ; t h at t o Re l i iou s a n d P ol it ic a l o in ion s
p
p p
g
i
w
f
e is h to
r e e d om s h o u l d b e g iv e n
er ec t
p f
f
b e h appy at h o m e o r fo r m i d ab l e ab ro ad ; t h at al l
i rr it ati n g re t ro spe c t s s ho u l d m e rge in t he l ove of
c ou n t ry an d t h at o u r e n d e av o u rs s h o u l d z e al o u s
l y an d e xc l u s iv e l y b e d ire c t e d t o t he Ref or m o f
i n te r n al ab u s e s an d the e xte n s ion o f pu b l i c l i b e r
ty t h at s o t h e gl o r i o u s fab ri c o f o u r C o n s tit u ti o n
m ay b e e n ab l e d to r e s i s t the aggre s s i o n to wh i c h
i t is e xpo s e d an d to s u rviv e the s t o r m w hi c h has

m ad e s l i ip m e k o f o t he r G o v e rn m e n ts
w ho s e

harac t e r i s ti c

it

is

to

38

Fr

M ar t R a ve l l in z Ar s M
Fr an c 1 6 1 7

e m

'

or ia

236

39

P RI

N C I P A L SY S T EM S a s

U t r iu s q u e C

m aj or is

os m i ,

M e tap hy s i c a

i n i n gor is

T e r h n z c a H is t o r i a

Fl at d d 2 t om
,

161

A fe w
w o rk
sys te

1 62 1

a es

p g

il i c e t,

et

au c

R obe r t o

t or e

f ol Op e n h
.

et

et

Fr a n c

th i s

of

d e v o t e d to

are

sc

P hy s i c a

'

an e xp an a

f M ne m on i c s

an d

c u r ous

ti o n

T his

se

of

ex

e n s ve
p

th e

em s

au

thor s

to b e

an

tte m pt to c o m b i n e th e Ars M agna o f Lu l l y

w it h the l o c al m e m o ry o f th e an ti e n t s as i m pro v
S o m e c u ri o u s
e d b v th e m o d e r n m e m o ris ts
an d t he r
w oo d c u ts ac c o m pany the d e s c r i p ti o n
e
m an y e xt re m e l y s i n gu l ar
o n o t h e r s u bj e c t s
are
h
w
o rk
w
i
c h are
i
n te l l i i b l e
ri n t s I n t hi s r a r e
g
p

T he po rtr ait al on e o f Fl u d d
o n l y t o an ad e p t
h
as b e e n val u e d at
re xe d t o the rs t vo l n m e
p

'

ou r

u in e as

RO B E RT FL U D D

Fl u d d

Lat in , d c
Tho m as
z ab e
e ar

th

uc

1 5 74 ,

o r as

t ihus, w as th e
,

Tr e asu re r

w as b o rn

he

an d

w as

at

of

tyl e d

h i m s e l f in

s e c o n d so n

War

of

S ir

to

Q ue e n El i

M il gate in K e n t , in the

d u c at e d

at

S t J oh n
.

l e ge O xford H e w as a v e ry vo l u m i n o u s au tho r
i n h is s e c t d i vi n g i n to th e far the s t pro fu n d iti e s
an d m o s t m ys t e r i ou s o b s c u ri ti e s o f th e Rosyc ru c ian
h
il
o s o hy an d b l e n d i n g in a m os t e x trao rd i
p
p
n ary m an n e r d i vi n ity, c h e m i s t ry, n at u ral phil oso
.

A RT I FI C I AL M E M

O RY

23 7

H e w as m ad e D oc t or
phy, an d m e t aphys i c s
P hys i c in 1 6 05 , an d d i e d 1 6 3 7
.

of

Ap s i n is e

40

r ia

l i he r

s in

1 618

Rh e to r is

d e ZlI e rn o

l a tz n e

u l a r is

Fe d

ve r t i z ,

m um

41

'

nun c

ZlI or e Z
l

ri

P ar is ,

I n aes t im a hil is Ar tis M e m or an d i T he

s au r a s ,

va r i is o t i m is u e a u t h o
p
q

e a:

d ep r o mp t u s ,

r i bu s

Ii o ,

Rh e t o

oc

S a be r d

P a r is

Nau l iu s h as

ab

A d a m o Na u
S

et

1 6 18

T h e ol

e ll
an d
w
il
ed
a
u s e fu l
p
arr an ge d d i g e s t o f th e d i ff r e n t au t h ors w h o h ave
w r itt e n o n t h i s s u bj e c t an d h as d e vo t e d a c h ap
te r t re ati n g o f th e ap pl i c ati o n o f the ar t to
e ac h o f t he
fo l l o w i n g p e rs o n s d ivi n e s c on
fe ss ors l awye rs l i n gu i s t s rh e t o r i c i an s as trol o
e o m e t ri c i an s
e rs
k
i
n s
ri n c e s
au d n ob l e
g
g
g
p
t rav e l l e rs
c om

42

M n e m on i c a
di

et

i n t r e s l ihr o s

d e M e m or i a

l i be l l as :
ri

bu s ,

A rs Re m in is c e n

u r is a r t s n a t u r ce

h a u s ta ,
n on

s ve

n a tu r a

li

on t i

hu s
ac

b
n
a
v
e
d
j

d o c t is s i m o r u n t op e
am
n zu m
i
c ol l e c t u s
r
j p

e r ar iis

se d ul o

q f
d ig e s t a ,
ue

23 8

P RI

N C I P AL

i n l a c e m e d i ta

L an d

16 1 8

Y S TEM S

au

or

th or e J oh an

Wi l

t re ati se d e M e m or ia n atu r al i f oae n d a

w as r e pr i n t e d at Fr an kfo r t in th e ye ar 1 6 78
w it h ve o th e r t rac t s in an o c t av o v o l u m e e n
titl e d Va r ior u m d e Ar te M e m or ia Tr a c tatu s
S e e T he w h ol e wo rk w as t ran s l at e d b y Le on ar d
S orr e r s by a b o o kse l l e r
a t the T u rn s til e
n e ar
Ne w m ar ke t in Lin c o l n s l n n Fi e l ds an d pri n te d
in th e ye ar
w it h th e fo l l o w in g tit le
T he

43

l lf

ne m on c a

or ,

d
r a in e d
3]
a
t
r
an d
of
r

Ar t

c
u re
u n t ai ns
o u t of t h e
o
f
p

th e

d ig e s t e d

n at u r e ,

Al s o

e me

in to

h
s i c al t r e a
p y
t i s e of c h c r i s hin i g n a tu r a l M e mo ry ;
d i l ige n t ly c o l l e c te d ou t of ( l i ve r s
thr e e

bo oks

l e a rn e d m e n
l Vi l l is

L an d

atc

1 66 1

w r i tin g s

he l ou r

B y J oh n

D ivin i ty

in

As t hi s b o o k h as b e c o m e

r are

an d

d e v e l o pe s

i
i
l
l
e s o f t he
o c al m e m o ry in
p
p
o u r e x t rac t s w il l
an a t an d i n t e l li g i b l e m an n e r
p
b e m o re c o pio u s t h an u s u al
The w o rt hy t ran s l at o r s e e m s t o hav e b e e n a
m an o f v e ry u n ass u m i n g m an n e rs
T he d e d ic a
m an y

of

the

r nc

N I P AL S Y S T E M S o r

P RI

2 40

in th e p re fac e , h avi n g c o m pare d

h is Art o f M e m o ry t o a n e w bor n i nf a n t, b e

T he

au

t ho r

c au s e

it

ro c e e

t he n r s t

w as

Sho w

d s to

th e

pr e s e n t e d t o t h e w o r l d ,
ad v an t age s a tt e n d an t u on
p

T he r st b oo k t re at s o f re m e m b e ri n g c o m
m on affai rs , w o r d s , ph rase s , se n t e n c e s , an d

it

h
e s , b y m e an s o f n o t e s an d w r iti n g
p
H avi n g d e s pat c h e d t he s e v u l gar w ays
eec

m o ry,

o u r au

t hor

ro c e e

ds

of

in t he

t o s p e ak

me

rs t

hap te r o f th e s e c o n d b o o k o f re m e m b rin g
an d s a s
I d e s c e n d to he l ps
w i th o u t w rit in g
y
c o n d u c i n g t o t h e s a m e purpo s e w it h o u t b l an d
wr i ti n g \ li C h is t he n m o s t p l e as an t w h e n w e
o r T ab l e
ar e d e s t i t u te o f t h e aid o f Pape r I n k
B o o ks o r Vt he n b y s o m e O b s t ac l e w e are ( l ob ar
This c o n s rs te t h o f t wo
re d th e f re e u s e o f t h e m
Ope rat o s Rep os i t io n an d D ep os iti on
Rep o sit ion I S the m an n e r o f c h argi n g M e
vO th
m ory w i t h No t
y t h i n gs ; he r e in i t is n o t
t o b e e x pe c t e d t h t e ac h p a t ic u l ar w or d o f e v e ry
s e n t e n c e b e r e t ai n d ; b u t o n e l y th at t h e ge n e ral
At a l l t im e s w he n a
s e n c e b e fa t e n e d in m in d
m an is a b o u t to c o m m it an y t h i n g in c u s t o d y to
h is M e m ory rs t l e t h i m s t udy to d ro w n al l u n
t hat he m ay pe r
n e c e s s ary t h o u g h ts in o b l ivi o n
3* l
e
n
h
l
n
e
d
t
t
n
s
h
s
t
l
l
i
n
e
i
t
o
e
ar
n
fe c t y
g
A re ady r e m e m b r an c e m o s t c o m m on l y pro c e e d
e th fr o m r igh t u n d e rs t an d i n g t h e t hi n g in h an d ;
the re fo re a m an m u s t pre pare h i m se l f d il ige n tly,
c

-v

'

A RT I F I C I A L
it e the
i t w e re

of

an d s o u n

fo rc e

m ay

e n g rave

as

M EM

O RY

24 1

h is i m agi n ati on , t h at he
an d i m r i n t o c c u rre n t
p

t hi n gs in his m e m o ry Le ad d o t h fac il y re c e i ve
i m pre ss i on b e c au se i t is t e n ac i o u s wh i c h Qu ic k~
s i l ve r c an n o t ad m it b
y re as o n o f its Fl u xi bi l ity :
I n l i ke m an n e r e e ti n g i n c o n s t an t m i n d s c o n ti n u
al l y h u rr i e d i n t o n e w 8Ls tran ge c o git ati o n s is far
fro m gat he ri n g fru it b y any t h i n g he ard
T he
m e t ho d o f a s pe e c h is c h i e y to b e o b se r v e d re
d
n
h
e
e n e r al s u bj e c t
i
i
u sl
t
a
r
s
e
r
o
h
a
i
s
t
w
g
g
g
y
t he re of ; S e c o n d l y the gre ate r part s an d w ith
w h at Lo gi c al Argu m e n t s e ac h par t is han d l e d ;
th e pe rfe c t M e tho d o f a Spe e c h d o th m u c h c on
d u c e to re m e m b e r the w ho l e ; o r if the C on t e x
t u re the re of b e in arti c ial i m pe rfe c t an d u n sa
t is fac to ry c o m pre h e n d i n g m arry th in gs fo rc i b l y
a
ed
l
i
ej e c ti n g t hi n gs o f a l i ke ki n d
e
t
r
a
y
pp
s tro n g M e m o r
w
il
l
re t ai n t he sam e b y o b s e rva
y
ti on o f the ab su rd iti e s an d ru de Ar ti c e of the
w ho l e
D ep osition is whe n w e re c o l l e c t t hi n gs c om
m itte d t o m e m o ry; an d havi n g t ran s c ri b e d o r
t ran s ac t e d the m , d i sc harge ou r m e m ori e s of the m ,
wh i c h is al waye s to b e prac ti se d at the rs t
h
M
e m or
b
i
o r t u n ity :
T
n gs c h ar e d in
o
y
g
y
pp
d ay are t o b e d e pos i t e d at l e as t b e fo re s l e e p if
are to b e
n o t S o o n e r ; t hi n gs c harge d b y n i ght
d e po s it e d i m m e d i ate l y afte r s l e e p t hat the m i n d
h e n o l on ge r b u rthe n e d than is c o n ve n i e n t an d
Y

24 2

P R I NC I P A L S

th at t hi n gs

l ai d

o r

n m i n d , b e n ot
i
p
fo rgo tt e n , Wr i ti izg b e i n g th e faith fu l l e s t G u ar
d i an o f M e m or a n d u m s
I f in d is b u r t h e n i n g

ne

gl i ge n tl y

Y STEM S
u

'

ur
o
y

M e m o ry,

fo rgo tt e n ,

sh u

m e t h i n g c h arge d h appe n to b e
yo u r e ye s , t h at n o e xt e rn al o b ie c t
so

m ay d iv e r t yo u r m in d ,

o r t u n ate

s c ru

ti n y ;

an d

try to

ll it

re c a

b y im

pe rati o n m ay b e
Art that b y he l p o f

wh ich

l l e d Re voc at ion an d is an
c e r t ai n Ru l e s t e ac h e t h th e i n v e s ti at io n o f t h i n s
g
g
l apse d o u t o f m e m ory
To c on c l u d e D ep osit ion o r d i s c hargi n g
th i n gs c o m m i tt e d to m i n d is n o t u n l i ke e xpu n g
i n g wr iti n g o u t o f T ab l e B o o ks : I f t h e re fore
t h e re b e an y Ar t o f Ob l i vi on ( as s o m e ai rm ) i t
S o m u c h in
m ay b e p ro pe r l y r e fe rre d h it he r
e n e ral
n o w to e x li c at e the
l
ti
ar s e c i e s
a
c
u
r
g
p
p
p

t he re o f
The s e c on d c hap te r t re at s o f re m e m b rin g b y
th e t hird
c e r t ai n v e rs e s p u r po se l y b o rn in m i n d
an d th e
o f re m e m b e r in
t
m
o r e v e rs e s
e
x
e
b
g y
p
ou r t h
o f e xo n e rati n g t h i n gs c h ar ge d o n m e m o
f
h
e
m
an n
e r o f re m e m b e r i n g
r
e x te m or
e
T
y
p
b y v e rs e s al re ady c o m pose d s ays M r W l l is is
w h e n a m an d o th e xc o gi t at e o r r e t ai n re m arkab l e
t hi n gs b y re pe titi o n o f v e rs e s p ro vi de d t o t h at
S
u
o s e an a t t or n ey b e to w ai t u po n
u r o se
p p
pp
J u d ge s r i d i n g the C i rc u it s fro m o n e C o u n ty t o
i t m ay b e w o rth h is l ab o u r to re pe at
an o t he r
the s e ve rs e s at l e avi n g his l o dgi n g l e s t he fo rge t
c a

244

NC

P RI

Sp e ar,

B ow ,

lt e r

n ai s ,

h o rs e

I P AL S

h ood , ha

l th

l
sa
d
e
c o
,

or

s pu rs ,

h at , w i t hy

c om b

ar r o w , s w or d ,

a nd

Y S T EM S

b uc k

le r

h orn , :b r u sh , gl ove s,

s rin g,

'

t h y b r ac e r ;

Pe n , p ape r, i n k, par c hm e n
r e m e m be r :
P e w k m fe ,

c om

b,

t h im b l e

e
, r

th e n

d w ax, p om s, b ooks ,

le

t hre ad , p oin

nee

ve

thy h ors e m e a

t l e s t t h at
,

t h y gi r h b r e ak ;

gi

B o d k in , k n ife , l in ge l

s ow e

d we l

he b e

se e

M ake m e rry, s i n g an th ou

c an s t,

t t

take he e d t o thy ge e r , h a

t h ou l ose n on e .

av n

h i m s e l f to the M u se s
d ay b o o k
-

th e c a rp e n t e r t o

re c o m m e n d e d

of

th e fo l l o w i n g
q u is q u id

pp l y
in the
a

t oo l s
Parn assu s M r Wil li s i n t ro d u c e s
v e rse s c om pose d b y hi m se l f
an d re gi s e r

his

? c uju s ? c u i ? q u a? q u ibus ?

j ?

'

a ux i l o s

c ur

Qu om od o ? c i r c a q u id ? q u al is ? q u an tu m ? e x, i n e : a q u o?
Qu amd iu ? u bi ? q u an d o ? q uot ies ? q u otup l e x ? q u ot e t mad e ?

The se q u id d itie s

th u s t ran s l at e d b y M r
S owe rsb y for the b e n e fit o f th e En g l i s h re ad e r
an d m o re par ti c u l ar l y fo r the l ad i e s wh os e n at u
ral c u r i o s ity m i gh t w e l l b e e xc it e d b y s o for m id
a b l e a l i s t o f q u ee r e s
are

Poms , p e rfu m e d w as h b al
t Li n g e l , an a w l
-

s,

p oman d e r s

m a mo n y

A RT I FI C I A L

I f ? w h o ? w ha

t?

w h os e

t o w hat ? w he he r ? w hy ? abou

w ha ?

H
'

ow ?
ow

w h a fash i on

lo

ng?

W he r e ,

fo r

how

h o w m u c h ? b y , o f, i n ,

of e n

? h o w m an i f o d

an d

w he n c e

f romw h at ?

m e t h at ?

ca

w h e n , h o w m an y P

The se Ve rse s ( c ravi n g t he Re ad e rs par d o n

the r u gge d n e ss ) c o n t ai n t w e n ty t w o Q u e s ti ons

i n ve n t re t ai n as al so to re c all
o f gre a t c o n c e r n m e n t an d w or t h
y
u r e n t aff airs
g

l l e n t u se
to m i n d e t hi n gs

o f e xc e

m e m o ry in

to

a
s

a
t

a:

a
t

i n te re s ti n g part o f the s e
d rain in gs o u t o f th e pu re fo u n t ai n s o f art and

n at u r e
is t o b e fo u n d in th e t hi rd b o o k ; a l arge
ri n t e d
ro o rt io n o f w h i c h w e h av e re
p
p p
T he m o s t

c u r o u s an d

C H AP

Rep osito r ie s
TH

Art

of

M e m ory

wh

ic h

we h ow

t re at

co n si s t e th o f I d e as a nd pl ac e s h e re i n w e
w il l rs t han d l e t h e Rep osi tion of I d e a s an d
aft e r w ard t h e i r D e p os it ion
Rep os ition o f I d e a s is w h e n th i n gs to b e
of

re m e

m b re d ,

d i s po se d in
b e fo re

are

t i

c er a n

I d isc e n d

po n M e m ory b y I de a s ,
p l ac e s o f a Rep os it ory ; b u t

h arge d

t o th e m an n e r o f
Y 3

Rep os ition i t
,

r n I N C I r A I. s r s r a m s o r

24 6

is n e c e ssary fo r b e tt e r
p

an ati o n
l
p

ex

to s pe ak o f

Re

P l a c e s , an d I d e a s in d i s ti n c t c h ap te rs
A Rep ository i s an i m agi n ary fab ric k, fan

os i t or ie s ,

c ie

d Ar ti c i al l y, b u il t

of

he w e n

s on e

in fo rm

The a t e r , the fo r m w he re o f fo l l o we t h

of

ppos e
the Ed i c e t o b e t we l ve yard s in l e n gt h w ith i n
the w all s , in b re ad th s ix yard s , an d in he i gh t s e ve n

su

the re o f at l e ad e d ab o v e an d
arge tt e d u n d e rn e ath l yi n g who l l y o pe n t o vi e w ,
p
w i t ho u t an y w al l o n t h at s i d e s u ppo s e d n e xt u s :
Le t t he re b e i m agi n e d a S tag e o f s m oo th gray
M arb l e e v e n an d v ar i e gat e d w ith a party c o l ou r
e d b o rd e r
w h i c h S tag e is t o b e e xt e n d e d o ve r
th e wh o l e l e n gt h an d b re ad th o f th e b u il d i ng
an d rai s e d a yard hi gh ab o v e
the Le ve l o f the
ro u n d o n w h i c h th e s ai d Ed i c e is e re c t e d
Le t
g
t hat is the o ppos it e wal l 8L two
al l the w al l s
e n d s b e w ai n s c o tt e d w ith C
y p re sse b o ar d s so
arti c i al l y pl ai n e d an d gl e w e d t hat t he
oyn ts b e
j
i n d i s c e rn ab l e s u ppo s e al s o a G r oove o r G u tte r
m id d l e o f t he M a r bl e S t ag e t hre e
c u t In t he
i n c he s b road e xte n d e d fro m the O pp o s ite w all to
th e h ith e r s i d e of th e S t ag e w he re b y it is e xac tl y
d i vi d e d i n to t wo e q u al par t s an d t hat u po n the
fu r the r e n d o f the sai d G roove th e re is e rre are d
a fo o t an d hal f t hi c k
ar i s i n g u
a C ol u m n
p to
al m o s t t o u c hi n
o f t he b u il d i n g
t
h
e
th e Roo
g
f
an d d e vid in g i t i n t o t w o e q u al
o
s i t e w al l
o
pp
art s as the G r oove d i vi d e t h the S ta e ; s o t ha t
g
p
y ard s ,

ro o f

th e

Q48

P RI N C I P A L

b Y S T EM

S OF
,

a n r rr rc u r. M E M

O RY

24 9

l e n gth o f the
e d i c e
a
c
b d the h e i gh t a e I) f th e
he i gh t o f t he stag e g i It [2 are b o u n d ari e s o f
the o ppo s it e w al l e ; c i
h
e s i d e w al l u po n
t
g
t he l e ft han d It is d
t
h
e s i d e w al l o f t he r i gh t
f
han d 0 l m d d e s i gn th e Roo
h
e
t
i
n
p
f g
o
h
e
e
t
o
s
w
a
l
it
l

t
o
f
h
e
r
m
e
o
o
t
s
o
R
pp
p
g
s t a e o f th e rs t Room r
h
h
e
o
os it e
k
t
pp
g
q
wal l o f t he se c o n d r oom 3 r h f , th e s tag e o f
the s e c o n d r oom n o th e p il l a r d ivi d i n g th e
Op pos ite wal l 0 p the g r oove w ro u ght i n t o the
The

l e tt e rs

b,

a,

d , she w th e

st a
J

.
e
g

A Rep ository

be

re

t d

pre se n e

w h e re s o e v e r we

ac c or

d i n g to thi s fash i o n , is to

b e fore the

s
e
y

of

ou r

m i n de ,

i n t e n d to prae
t ise thi s Ar t ; su ppos i n g ou rse l ve s to s tan d ab ou t
tw o yard s d i s t an t, agai ns t th e m i d s t the re o f
are

, as o ft as

we

C H AP

II

Of P l a c e s

A P l ac e ( as
spac e

in

The re
t ory

q u al

is

t o o u r c on sid e ra on )

ti

Rep osit ory

are

on e

ly

fo r m

d e s i gn e d fo r

two
an d

l
ac e s in
p

re c e

e ve r

m agn it u d e ,

an a t
p

pti o n

of

o
s
i
p

re

that

is the

i-M

2 50

t wo

N C I P AL

of

ro om s

ea

ch

S YS T E M S

or

p osi t ory d e te r m in atie d

re

as

id b y the p i t o r an d g r oove
Th at p la c e 1 8 s ai d t o b t he fo r m e r wh ic h
is o n the r ig h t h an d o f t h e r ep osit ory t h at
nd
t h e l att e r ; t at p ar t
w h i c h is o n t he l e ft h a
h
i s s ai d t o b e o n the r i g h t h an d
o f t he r ep os i to r
y
f a m an
w h ic h is o pp o s i t e t o t h e l e ft h an d o
s ta n d i n g ag ai ns t t h e m i d dl e
o f t he r e osi tor
p
y
t h at o n the l e ft hand w h ic h is app os it e to the
r ig h t
T h u s in t he s c he m e e xh i b i t e d in th e fo rm e r
c h apt e r the l e tte rs g i n 0 d e m o n s t rat e the
Oppo s it e w al l o f the r ig h t h an d part or r s t
pl ac e or r oom o f th e r ep os itory an d the l e tt e rs
e
h
o
e s t a e t h e re o f
so
t
a
k
I
re
t
,
g
p
g
g
i ndic e s o f the o pp o s i t e wa l l o f th e l e f t h an d part
o r se con d
l
ac e o r r oom o f th e r e os it m
nd
a
p
p
y
f

a o r e sa

'

'

s, r ,

li , f ,

t he s ta e o f the s am e
g

C H AP

III

Of I d e a s in g e n e r a l

AN i d e a is

p re se n t ati o n o f
t h i n g s to b e r e m e m b r e d fram e d b y a s t ro n g
i m agi n ati on b y h e lp w he i e o f the m i n d e b y re
e xion c al l e t h to m e m or y t o g e th e r w ith th e id e a
t h e t h i n g re p re s e n t e d
I d e a s are t o b e ve s t e d
a

i ibl e

re

v s

2 52

R I NC I P A L

wr iting s, gl o ry

c ll e n c y
n al l y, e v e ry

an d e x e

t o e n g r avi n gs ;

s or

svs rnM
'

of

wor km an s hip ,

id e a m u s t

h av e
s u c h il l u s t rati o n as m ay r e n d e r i t m o s t n o tab l e
an d s e e m
an d c o n s p i c u ou s
riu c i al ly c o h e re n t
p
p
t o i ts n at u re
B u t b e fore I p ro c e e d fu rt h e r i t is e xp e d i e n t
t o t ak e i n t o c o n s i d e rat i o n the c o m m o n af e c tion
t h e i r sp e c ie s s h all s u cc e e d aft e r in a
o f i d e as
m o re p ro pe r p l ac e
T he c o m m n ej e c tion s o f id e a s are t h re e
o
,

i
t
u
an
t
q

si t ion , an d c ol ou r .
o
p

CH AP I V
.

0f the Qu an ti ti e of I d e a s

AN id e a in
e

al ,
u
q

re a t e r,

re s

or

p e ct

l e sse r

of

is

an t i t ,
u
y
q

the

the n

th i ng

i th e r

re p re

se n e d .

An

n g re pt e
d
e n th e
l
h
t
h
i
i
w
e a is
q
s e n te d
is b e s to w e d in a pl ac e o f t he r ep osi tory
in its pro pe r an d d u e m agn i t u d e as b e i n g n e it h e r
to o g re at to b e c on t ai n e d t h e re i n n o r s o s m all i t
c an n o t b e d i s c e rn e d b y o n e s tan d i n g b e fo re the
i
t
t
a bl e s
c
r e os it or ;
s u c h are
c ha irs
u res
p
p
y

ua

l
b e d s, he ap s o
s t on e ,
i
e s o wood , t wo
p
f
f
t a n ts in a s in g l e d u e l , an d th e l ik e

c om ba

'

An

au

t h i n g to

be

g m e n te d

or

r e m e m b re d ,

t i d e a is w h e n the
i n c re ase d to a m u l ti~

re a e r

is

A R T I FI C I A L

ME

M O RY

253

t u d e that i t m ay b e b e tt e r v i e we d at a d i s t anc e
w h i c h e l s e b e i n g s m al l w ou l d n ot fal l u n d e r
th i n g to b e d e p os i te d in
c o g n i z an c e ; as i f the
t he r ep osi tory w e re a p e n ny a p e a r l a g rai n of
m u s tar d se e d o r a sp id e r w h i c h are s o s m all
t h at d i s p ose d in a roo m o f the r ep osit or y t h e y
e s c ap e th e s i g h t o f a m an s t an d i n g b e fore the
i
n s t e ad o f o n e p e n n y
: in s u c h c as e s
r e osi tor
y
p
i m agi n e a h e ap o f pe n c e n e w c o i n e d ; i n s te ad of
a m u l t i t u d e o f p e ar l s ; i n s t e ad o f o n e
o n e p e arl
an c y
f
e e r tair
b
o f m u s t ard s e e d
u sh e l s
rai n
g

n d fo r on e s p i d e r
s c att e re d ab ou t the st age ; a
s u pp os e a m u l t i t u d e c re e p i n g ab ou t th e o p p os i t e
wall
f
A c on t rac te d o r l e sse r id e a is w h e n the t h i n g
t o b e r e m e m b e re d is so g re at t h at i t c an n o t b e
c om pre h e n de d in its p ro p e r n atu ra l q u an t i ty
w i t h i n s u c h n arro w l i m i t s o f a r oo m of a r ep osi
t ory an d is t h e re fore i m agi n e d to b e p ou rtray e d
w it h e l e gan t l i v e l y c ol ou rs in a p ict ur e xe d to
Th u s s p ac e o f p l ac e s h ow
th e o pp o s it e w all
far s oe v e r d i s t an t an d al l gre at t h in g s m ay b e
fac i l e l y re pr e s e n te d in a p i ct u re as i f the t h i n g
t o b e re m e m b re d w e re a b att e l a t ri u m p h an t
S p e ct ac l e h u n t i n g o r h aw k i n g t h rou gh w o o d s
a n av al c on ic t
l arg e t e rr i to r i e s
an d gr o v e s
c as tl e s a m oun tai n or c h u rc h 8t c w h o s e i d e a s
c an n o t b e c on tai n e d in the m e m or i al p l ac e s u n
l e s s c on tracte d an d apt l y an d art ic i all y c om
,

'

'

25 4

R I N C I P A L S Y S T EM S

or

p ri z e d i n a p i ct u re , c o n c e i te d b y i m ag in at i o n
han gi n g a
a
n
s t th e o pp o s it e wal l
i
t h at s o i t may
g
,
b e fu ll y c o m pre h e n de d
.

CH AP V
.

Of t he P os it ion

LE T the po s i t i o n

f I de a s

v e ry id e a b e s u c h as i n
v u l gar u s e d o t h m os t c o m m o n l y appe rtain to the
th i n g s i g n i e d ; l e t the i d e a s o f t h i n gs u su al l y
h an ge d agai n s t a w all b e s o d i s p o se d in the r e
as m u s i c al i n s t ru m e n t s ar m s
osi t ory
l
k
i
o
o
n
p
g
se s, p i c t u re s
b
ru s h e s
l
as
w r i tt e n t abl e s
St e
g
S u c h t h i n gs as are c u s t o m aril y fas t e n e d to o r in
a w all
i magi n e t h e m acc om m o d ate d in the re
os ito ry in l i ke m an n e r as t itl e p age s o f b o o ks
p
ar
p
ill
p
ro c l am at i on s
as t e d agai n s t th e
or
p
n te d
f
n e ral s t re am
age s n ail e d to th e w al l
r
i
u
p
p
e rs, o r pe n d an ts, in th e h i gh e r par t o f the o pp o
as
o
u s e e In c h u rc h e s ; su c h t h i n s as
s i t e w all
y
g
fan c y t h e m so
are c o m m on l y s e t u po n s h e l v e s
l
c
s il
e d in th e re po s i t o ry ; as ve ss e l s o f go l d
a
p
b oo k s m e rc e ry w are s Se c S u c h
ve r g l asse s
t h i n gs as are u s u al l y pl ac e d on a t abl e c o n c e i v e
t h em s o m arsh al l e d in the re pos i to ry as v i ct ual s,
t ab l e b oard s 8Lc s u c h t h i n g s
s u m s o f m on e y
ro u n d. mu s t
w
ay s s i t u ate o n
as l ye
or are an
y
g
of e

'

95 6

P RI

s e ve n

th

s on e ,

of

th e

N C I PA L S Y S T EM S

or

gr e e n s t on e ; th e e igh th o f pu rp l e
n i n th o f wh it e s t o n e , the t e n th o f ai

Ne w

for d i s ti n c ti on

go l d
is c all e d the c o l ou r o f the rs t r ep osi t ory ; s i l ve r
the c o l ou r o f t h e s e c on d r ep osit ory ; b l ac k o f

n am on c o o u r .

th e

t h i rd

os it or y

sake

s o s u c c e ss ve l
y as

i
be
p
I f yo u u se m o re t han t e n re p o s it o ri e s you
f ore
m u s t re p e at the s am e co l o u s o ve r again as b e
fore ; s o t h at the e l e ve n t h is i m agi n e d to hav
e a
n
ar th e t w e l ft h a s il ve r
l
il
l
il
l
t
i
d
e
h
o
r
e
h
t
r
a
g
p
p
te e n th a b l ac k p il l ar the fou r te e n th a b l e w pil
l ar, an d so the re s t in o e d e r
Afte r th e sam e
m an n e r e ve ry i d e a m u s t b e c o n c e i ve d c l oathe d ,
or so m e w ay i l l u s t rat e d w ith th e
ad o rn e d
p ro
h
e re i n it is im a
e r c o l ou r o f th e r ep osi tor
w
p
y
ac e d
ake an e xam l e o r t w o
T
l
i
n e d to b e
p
p
g
su
o se a s a l o r i n a
fo r b e tte r e xp l an ati o n
pp
y
c an vas e s u it b e re t ai n e d for an i d e a in th e rs t
I
re p re s e n t him s t an d i n g t h e r e w it h
r e osi t ory
p
if
a gol d e n c hai n o ve r his sh o u l d e r l i ke a b e l t
i ma gi n e he w e are th a s il v e r c h ai n
n the s e c on d
l ab ou t h is n e c k w it h a whi s tl e fas t e n e d t he re t o :
if in t he th i rd t h at he h ath bl ac k b o o t s o n h is
l e gs : if in the fo u rt h t hat h e hath a b l e w s ke rf
tye d in a ro s e n o t if in the fth
on his ar m
t hat he w e ars a Re d M o n m o u th C ap o n h is
he ad if in th e s i xt h th at he s wagge re th w ith a
hat
f
i
i
n the s e v e n t h
t
e l l o w fe at he r in h is c ap
y
he hat h a gre e n s il k gart e r o n his ri gh t l e g if in
re

an

'

A RT I FI C I AL M E M
.

the

w it h

i gh th th at
,

b ord e r

of

h is

c an vas e

l
e
p

ur

O RY
t

c oa

l t

ve ve

957

is im b e l l is he d

if in

i th
ve ry w h it e
h ath a pai r
th e

n n

t hat h is n e c k is b e au t i e d w it h a
i f in the t e n th that he
o ri e n t p e ar l
o f c in n am o n c o l o u re d b re e c h e s
H o w b e it if th e i d e a o f its o w n n at u re b e an y
w ays r e l at e d t o the c o l o u r o f its r ep os it ory
w he re b y i t m ay b e pre s e n tl y u n d e rs t o o d to hav e
t he c o l o u r t he re o f i t w i ll h e e d n o o t he r at trib u
ti o n for e xam pl e if a m ayo r o f a c it y ( wh o in
r e ard o f his o f c e
is d i gn i e d w ith a pu rpl e
g
go w n an d go l d c hain ) b e p l ac e d as an i d e a in the
rs t o r fi ft r ep osi t ory th e re w il l b e n o n e e d o f
att ri b u ti on o f c o l o u r
b e c au s e the go l d e n c h ai n
d o t h m an i fe s tl y r e pre s e n t the c o l o u r o f the rs t
h
r e os i to r
e
ur le
o w n o f th e c o l o u r o f t he
t
g
p
p p
y
ft
I n l ike s o rt if a b l ac k b u l l b e p l ac e d as an
i d e a in e ith e r r o o m o f the rs t r eposi to ry his
h o rn s m u s t b e c o n c e i ve d g il d e d w it h go l d ; if in
th e s e c o n d w ith s il v e r ; if in th e t h i r d b l ac k
b e i n g th e pr o pe r c o l o u r o f t h at r ep os i tor
y ex
if in the fo u r t h l e t
c l u d eth an y o t h e r ad d iti o n
h im b e d e c ke d w it h a c hapl e t o f the b l e w o w e rs ;
if in t he li ft w ith a gar l an d o f re d ro s e s Se c
S o a p i c t u r e i m agi n e d to b e pai n t e d o n the o p
m
os ite w al l o f th e rs t r ep osit or
u s t b e il l u s
p
y
t rate d w it h go l d in s o m e c on v e n i e n t p l ac e ; if in
t he o p o s it e w al l o f the s e c o n d r e osit or , wit h
p
p
y
s il ve r ; of the t h i rd wit h b l ac k Se c
,
,

'

'

25 8

re

This

ot e

en

u s or

tt ri b u ti o n o f a r ep ositor ie s c o l ou r i s o f
m arvel l ou s u s e b o t h t o ke e p in m i n d th e id e a s
t he m s e l ve s as al so the i r o rd e r ; he re b y th e m in d
e ru s i n
re
p
g id e as for m e r l y b e s to w e d hat h al
w aye s s o m e c e r t ai n ty t o gu i d e it se l f an d r e c o l
l e c t an y id e a at pre se n t l at e n t ; b e c au s e it s u n
h
a t the
s si n
t
m
i
i
u e s ti o n ab l e
d
a
i
s e it he r
e
g
q
w h o l l y o r at l e as t in p art i l l u s t rat e d w it h the
ro pe r c o l o u r o f its r ep os it or
y
p
7

M ore ove r in att ri b u ti n g a r ep osi t orie s c o l ou r

ki n g t h e re o f) you
t o an i d e a ( o f i t s e l f n o t part a
m u s t b e c are fu l t hat th e c o l o u r o f th e r ep os itory
b e ac c o m m o d at e d to the m o s t e m i n e n t p ar t o f
the id e a o r as n e ar as m ay b e : if t he h i s t o ry o f
th e pro phe t J on a/z th ro wn i n t o the s e a b y m ar i
b e u s e d as an id e a i t m u s t b e re p re s e n t e d
n e rs
i n a p i c t u re ac c o rd i n g to th e t h i rd c hap t e r p re
tho u gh the w hal e se a s hi p
c e d iii g ; in w h i c h
e t the e f t e s o f
an d l an d are to b e po u r t raye d
y
g
J on ah h i m s e l f is the m os t re m arkab l e p ar t o f the
i
t
b
e c au s e J osi ah is o f t he h i s t o r
c t u re
h
e re
y
p
i
n t e d : if t h e re fo re t hi s s t o ry b e to b e d e po s it e d
a
p
in t he rs t r ep os it ory l e t t he b o rd e r o f h is go wn
b e s u p pos e d o f gol d if in t he s e c o n d o f s ilv e r ;
if in the t h i rd l e t t he go w n b e fan c i e d b l ac k i f
in the fo u rt h b l e w ge e s o t he t o p o f a he ap o f
w he at is the m o s t c on s p i c u o u s par t ; th e re fore
if a h e ap o f w he at b e pl ac e d in the rs t r ep osi
t ory i m agi n e a go l d e n s tr e am e r two fo o t l on g
a

Q6O

P RI
a sh e a

th

b e d,

NC

I PA L s y s r s

he ath ,

ms

or

i m age o f an i m age
a
i
c t u re o f a
i
c t u re
i
s tl e o f an e
i
tl
e
n e
a
s
a
p
p
p
p
b on d s e al e d o f a b o n d : s o go o d an ge l s an d s p
i
th o u gh t he y b e i n c o rpo re al an d i n vi s i b l e
ri t s
( se e i n g t he y are c o m m on l y c o n c e i ve d u n d e r vi s i
b l e fo rm s ) m ay b e re pos ite d as t h e o t h e r
To
c on c l u d e
th e m i n d e o f m an d o t h n at u ral l y an d
i m m e d i at e l y pre s e n t d i re c t i d e a s o f al l vi s i b l e
th i n gs o r s u c h as are c o n c e iv e d u n d e r a vi s i b l e
fo rm t hat i t is in v ai n to e xc o git at e an y b u t r a
the r u s e t h ose t hat o ffe r t he m se l v e s I f a m an
h e ars the r e l ati o n o f a n av al b att e l d o t h n o t h e
r e se n tl y s e e m to b e h o l d th e se a
sh i s
s m o ke
p
p
an d o th e r t h i n s o b vi o u s in
o f gre at o rd n an c e
g
I f S p e e c h b e m ad e o f m u s t e r i n g
s u c h m att e rs
d o th n ot the b e ar e r f o r m in his m i n de
an ar m y
the e f gie s o f th e e l d re pl e n i s h e d w it h s o u l d e rs
No pre c e p t in
m arc hi n g in m i lit ary po s tu re s
th i s ki n d is d e l iv e re d w hi c h n at u re i t s e l f hat h
n o t d i c tat e d ; b u t o n e l y t o i m pr i n t t h e s e i d e a 8
m o re d e e pl y in m e m o ry w e b e s t o w t h e m m e
l e s t o th e r w i se t he y b e
th o d ic al ly in so m e p l ac e
fo rgo tt e n t h rou gh l i gh t appre he n s i o n
To e x
l
ai n
t
h
i
e vi d e n tl
I
i
l
l
s m o re
u se an
ex
w
y
p
am p l e
of a s

an

An Exa mp l e

r e me m

br in g

H is tory

I
.

D ioge n e s the C y n ic k e n t e r i n g P l a t o s b al l ,
whe n he saw the t ab l e c ove re d w ith a r i c h c ar

A RTI FI C I A L M E M O R

26 1

l itte r i n g w ith s il ve r, gil t c u ps

ve ss e l s an d o t he r su m t u o u s fu rn it ure , l ai d h o l d
p
o f the c ar p e t w it h al l his m i gh t th re w it to th e
gro u n d an d t ro d t he re o n w ith h is fe e t s ayi n g
I t r e ad up on Pl at o s p rid e to w h om P l ato re
ed
B
r
h
e
l
i
t
w
i
t
re
a
t
u
p
p r id e
g
The id e a of thi s s tory is n o t s o gre at b u t t h at
i t m ay ad m it re pos iti on in its e qu al q u an tity :
the re fo re I su ppose in the p l ac e o f th e r ep ository
w h e re i t is to b e b e s t o w e d t hat t h e r e is a t ab l e
c o ve re d w it h a r i c h c ar e t w h i c h a s o r d i d fe l l o w
p
in b e ggarl y rai m e n t t hro w s on the gro u n d a g rave
m an c l o t he d in ho n e s t s o b e r appare l l ooki n g o n
The att ri b u ti o n o f the c o l o u r o f the r ep ository is
n o t t o b e fo r o tt e n : if t he re fore it b e the rs t
g
r e osi t or
i
n w h i c h th i s id e a is t o b e
l
ac e d
I
p
p
y
i m agi n e the c arpe t to b e im b e l lishe d with a fr i n ge
if
o r b ord e r o f go l d : i f in th e s e c o n d o f s i l ve r
in the t h i rd o f b l ac k if i n the fou rt h o f b l e w
an d so for t h in the r e s t
the she ve s g

t
e
p ,

'

An

e xa mp l e o

the

An

S e n te n c e t o b e

S u bj e c t b e in g

r e m e mbr e

d,

vis ib l e .

i n se c t the c ol d e s t an d d rye s t
th e w i s e s t ; fo r
an d t he r e fo re
o f al l c r e at u re s
c o l d an d d ry d o c h i e y c o n t ri b u t e t o w i s d o m
T he id e a o f t hi s se n t e n c e o u gh t to b e au g m e n t
e d ; fo r the m a n it u d e o f an o u t is so in c o n si
g
an t

is a s m al l

2 62

P RI

t hat

d e rab l e ,

it

N C I P AL

Y S T EM S

or

b e i n g b e s t o we d in

m e m ori al

pe t h s i gh t :
th e m i d d l e

the re fore I su ppose an

a n t h e ap in
s t age o f the m e m o ri al
l
se e m i n g al m os t b l ac k w ith an ts
ac e
s
w
ar
m
p
in g h ith e r an d t hithe r ; as fo r ass i gn ati on o f c o
l ou r if t hi s id e a b e pl ac e d in the t hi rd Rep os itory ,
th e c o l ou r o f the Rep osi t ory is s u ffi c i e n tl y n o t e d
b y the b l ac kn e ss o f the an ts ; if in the s e ve n th
b y the gre e n n e ss o f the an t h i l l ; s o t hat t he re
n e e d e th n o ad d i ti o n o f c o l o u r
if p l ac e d in th e
th i rd or s e v e n th Re po s it o ry B u t if it b e d e s i gn e d
l
h
e
o
t

rs
t
R
e
s
it
r
e t a t r i an u l ar
l
d
e
n
t
o
o
o
g
p
y
g
s t re am e r b e s u
se d xe d in the an t h il l a foo t
o
pp
h i gh ; if in th e s e c o n d a s il ve r s t re am e r ; if in
the fo u r th a s t re am e r o f b l e w s il k ; if in the
fth o f re d ; if in the s i xt o f ye l l ow ; if in th e
f
f
h
e
i
e i ht h
f
l
h
e
n
i
n
t
h
o
it
o
i
f
i
n
t
w
u
r
e
;
g
p p ;
in the t e n th o f c i n n am o n c o l ou r
Al l H i s t o r i e s Ac ti o n s Fab l e s c o m m on
A airs y al l vi s i b l e t h i n gs or c o n c e iv e d u n d e r a
vi s i b le f o rm n al l y Al l s e n t e n c e s whose su bj e c t
is vi s i b l e m ay b e d i s pos e d in Re po s t to rte s b y D i
r e c t I d e as
in e q u al au gm e n t e d 0 r c o n t rac t e d

q u an tity
C hap viii an d ix fe at o f re l ativ e an d c ti
t
ti on s i d e as C hap x o f w ritte n I d e as an d c hap

p l ac e

e sc a

xi

o f c o m po u n d

In

ru e s

ha p

fo r th e

i d e as

M r Wil l i s g i v e s the fo l l o w i n g
as
c h oi c e o f id

xii

P RI

h I de a

n o su c

by

S c riptil e

Ru l e

N C IP A L S Y S T E M S
th e n

o c c u r,

I de a

or

is to b e

it

re

en ed
r
e
s
p

6 Al l Phrase s

S e n t e n c e s ine x

an d

i
l
e b
a
i
re c t I d e a m ay b e c o n se rve d b
D
b
y
y
p

I d e a, or c om po un de d of a Re l ative
a Re l ati ve
i
f
an y
re se n t i t se l f c o m m o di ou s
an d S ori til e
p
p
l y o r if n o s u c h o ffe r i tse l f q u ic klyp b y a S c ri p
til e
I n c hap xiii the fo l l o wi n g rul e s are gi ve n l for
re ss

p osin g

re

Ru l e

i d ea s

i s to b e p l ac e d in its

th at Wh i c h rs t o c c u rre th in the rs t
o rd e r

l
ac e ; th e se c on d in th e s e c on d p l ac e o f th e rs t
p
Re posi t o ry ; the th i rd in the rs t th e f0u r t h in
the s e c on d p l ac e o f the se c on d Re p os i t ory ; ft
in the rst t he Si xt i n th e se c on d pl ac e o f the
th i rd Re pos it ory the li ke m e thod is t o b e u se d
in al l the Re pos i t ori e s til l al l the I d e a s b e
ed
l
ac
p
Ru l e 2 D u e q u an tity c onve n ie n t s i t e c d
l ou r o f the Re pos it ory an d p e c u li ar att ri b u te s
are to b e i m ose d o n e ac h I d e a
an
d
V
e
r
c
a
r
e
,
p
y
fu l ly m i n de d
Ru l 3 Afte r yo u have ri gh tly d i s pose d the
rs t I de a o f an y Re pos it ory n o t e i t ve ry di li ge n t
l y wit h t he e ve o f yo u r m ind as if i t r e al l y s t o o d
t he re
o b s e r vi n
g its ki n d s u bje c t q u an tity s it e
att ri b u ti on o f t he Re os ito r ie s C o l oU r an d o t he r
p
1

Eve ry I de a

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

A RT

I F I C I AL

M EM

O RY

2 65

l i ke pe c u l i ar attri b u te s if i t have an y For

w he th e r the I d e a d e pos ite d in the rs t
e xam p l e
l
ac e o f an y Re p os it o ry ( as to t he ki n d ) b e d i
p
c on c e rn i n
s u bj e c t
r e c t ; as t o th e
g a m an ; in
re s e c t o f q u an tity e q u al ; in r e gard o f s igh t
p
l
ac e d o n the gro u n d ; an d as t o
e
c
u l i ar at tri
p
p
b u t e s w he th e r m o vi n g o r ye il d i n g a s o u n d ; go
o v e r al l the s e t h i n gs in you r m i n d
s ay i n g
T he
I d e a w h i c h I hav e he re b e stow c d is Di re c t o f a
m an e q u al p l ac e d on th e grou n d, m o vi n g an d
e il d i n g a s o u n d : For b y s u c h c on s i d e rati o n s an
y
I d e a is m ore rm l y grav e n in m e m o ry
Ru l e 4 A fte r yo u h ave tl y d i sp os e d the
s e c on d I d e a o f an y Re p o s i to ry
o u m u s t e xc o
y
i
t
ate s o m e apt r e l ati o n th e re o f to t he fo r m e r in
g
l i ke n ess
r e s e c t o f l i ke n e ss o r u n l i ke ne s s o f s it e
p
o r u n li ke n e ss o f s u bj e c t ; o r e ise in rn gard o f t he
ac ti on o f the l att e r I d e a r e fe rre d to th e fo rme r ;
yo u c an pit c h u pon n o I d e a w h i c h m ay n o t b e
re l at e d t o th e for m e r b y o n e o f t he se ve w a e s
y
wh i c h shal l p l ai nl y appe ar b y e xam p l e
if b o t h
I d e a s o f o n e Re p os i t o ry p re c e d e n t an d s u b s e
q u e n t b e xe d to the w al l p l ac e d o n a t ab l e
th e g ro u n d or u n d e r gro u n d 8m t he y agre e in
B u t if o n e b e fas t e n e d t o th e Wal l th e
s it e :
o t he r pl ac e d o n a T ab l e
o n t he
gr o 1 n d o r u n d e r
h
e
ro u n d
ar e u n l i ke in s it e :
t
W
h
e
n
the s u b
y
g
j c e t o f b o t h I d e a s is J u s ti c e S in 3 M an War
o r S l e e , 8 m the
agre e in s u bj e c t
p
; b u t whe n
y
su c h

'

'

A A

2 66
t he

Y S T EM S

or

I d e a is J u s ti c e ,

of

P RI N C I P A L
of

sub e c

j t

D ru n ke n n e ss ,

on e

th e o n e o f a m a
n , the

the o

t he r

th e r of a
o r an y o t he r o
s to n e
pp os it e t hi n g t he y d i s agre e
T ake an e xam pl e o f t ran s fe rri n g th e
in su bj e c t
ac ti o n o f a l att e r I d e a t o a fo rm e r
S u ppo se t hat
s itti n
e , an d o v e r
l
a m an in a G o w n
a
t
a
T
a
b
g
l ooki n g s o m e B oo ks of Ac c o u n t s w ith C ou n t e rs
l y i n g re ady to c o m pu t e the t o t al s u m b e an I d e a
d i spo s e d in t he rs t p l ac e o f a Re p os it ory ; an d
th e I d e a to b e pl ac e d in th e s e c o n d ro o m o f th e
Re po s it o ry b e a Farrye r g ivi n g a H ors e a D re n c h
w ith a H orn : I n t hi s c ase th at the ac ti o n o f the
l att e r m ay h ave s o m e d e pe n d an c e o n the fo rm e r
i m agi n e that the H ors e ( as s o on as th e d re n c h is
ou re d i n t o h is m o u t h) l e a s b ac k an d d is tu rb e th
p
p
th e m an in h is re c ko n i n g w h o s it s at the T ab l e
T h i s m u t u al
in the rs t p l ac e o f the Re p os it o ry
Re l ati on of I d e a s p l ac e d in th e s am e Re pos it ory,
is as i t w e re a l i n ki n g o f t he m t oge the r an d d ot h
ad m i rab l y c o n d u c e t o th e r e m e m b ran c e o f b o th
Ru iz 5 I f two o r m o re d i s ti n c t i d e a s c o n
w h o se r e l ati on to o n e an o th e r is fou n d s o
c ur
n e ar as if t he y w e re c o m b i n e d t o ge th e r ; b e s t o w
th e m in o n e s am e M e m ori al Pl ac e As if the
I d e a i m m e d i at e l y p re c e d i n g b e a S i l v e r B ason
fu l l o f fragran t Wat e r s e t u pon a joyn e d S t oo l ,
s u b s e q u e n t I d e a b e an i d l e m an d o i n g
an d t h e
n o th in g ; yo u m ay c o nj o i n t h e s e t wo I d e a s in
o n e , i m agi n i n g t h at t h i s m an w ashe th his han d s
,

2 68

P RI N C I P AL s Y s r m u s

Ru l e

Las t l y, h av e

or

l oad
yo u r Ill e m ory w i t h a m o r e n u m e rou s m u l ti t u de
o f I d e a s t han is t
fo r as i t is u n w h o l e so m e to
b n rthe n the s t o m ac h ab o ve its s t re n gt h s o al s o t o
o ve r w h e m
t he
e m or
it
h
M
m
w
u l ti li c ity of
y
p
l
I d e a s d o t h l e ad i n t o gre at c on fu s i on
Te m
e rat e
m
en
ad m it o n l
p
y s o m u c h m e a t as t he y
th i n k the y c an w e l l c on c oc t ; s o d o you on l y
c o m m it s u c h th i n gs to M e m or
ou t ru s t
a
s
y
y
f aith fu l l y t o re m e m b e r ; for i t is b e tt e r rm l y to
r e t ai n a fe w r e m arkab l e
things, than man y of
m e an b as e n at u re
I n c hap xiv w hi c h t re at s
of the p r ac tic e o
f

the Ar t o
f M e m ory w e have the fo l l owi n g
7

c are

to

n ot

Examp l e s o
f

ord in ary

b u sin e ss

t aki n g i t for gran t e d ) you

w e re to go to s o m e gre at M arke t To w n i t c on
c e rn s n o t o u r p u rpo se w h e t he r th e p l ac e b e kn o w n ,
l
an d i n t e n d in th e rs t
ac e t o e n
o r u n kn o w n
p
q u i re the pri c e o f S e e d Ea r l ie : im agi n e the n in
th e rs t P l ac e o f th e rs t Rep os it orie ( that is the
ar t o n the r i gh t h an d ) yo u s e e a m an m e asu r i n g
p
B ar l i e o u t o f a S ac k i n t o a B u sh e l w ith a c o m
as is th e u su al
an y o f m e n s t an d i n g ab o u t him
p
m an ne r in M a r ke ts n o t forge tti n g to fan c y t he
B a rb e l l h an d l e s t o b e G o l d t hat s o t he I d e a in
som e
ar t m ay b e r e l at e d to t he Rep os i tory in
p
c ol ou r, as is re q u i re d in the s i xt h C hap t e r
I

S u ppos e ( as

A RT I FI C I A L M E M

I I M o re o v e r
.

e th a

La b ou r e r

q u i re

ou t

him
of

to

th e

S yt l t e

to

O RY

T hat in the

an d

m ust

l iv
en

in yo u r H ay ha r ve s t ; fan c y
se c o n d
l
ac e ( o n the l e ft han d )
p
-

t
in the
rs t Rep os itory

s an d

To wn

sam e

w h o m yo u kn o w ,

w o rk

2 69

harpe n i n g h is G ol d e n

i t w e re p re pari n g for
s u c h Ru s ti c al im l o ym e n t : I s a
G
ol d e n Sy t l i e
p
y
t hat i t m ay parti c i pat e o f the c o l o u r o f t he Rep o
s i t or
t
h
i
s I d e a a re e t h w i t h th e fo r m e r in s i h t
;
g
g
y
an d s u bj e c t
fo r b o t h I d e a s o f t h i s Rep osit ory
are o f m e n an d pl ac e d o n th e gr o u n d
1 1 1 A w h il e a ft e r yo u c al l t o m i n d e s o m e
a t l t e ts t ou e ,

on a

as

Jl

l Sp ic e s yo u are t o b u y : T o re m e m
w h i c h , f an c v t h e s e c o n d p l a c e o f t h e s e c o n d
i

r om a t c a

ber

Rep os it or i e c o n v e r t e d i n t o a G r oc e r s S hop the

o s i t e w al l ga rn i h e d w it h Ne s t s o f B o xe s fu l l
o
pp
S pic e s w it h T i tl e s w r it u po n the
o f s e v e ral
B oxe s aft e r the u s u al m o d e ; t w o fo o t o n t hi s
s i d e th e w al l l e t th e r e s t an d :1 C o u n t e r t he Ware s
e x os e d t h e re o n yo u ar e t o b u y : as i f the rs t
p
t h i n g yo u n o m i n at e to b u y b e P epp e r l e t a S il
ve r b o x fu l l o f Pepp e r s t an d u p o n th e fu r th e r
e n d o f t h e C o u n t e r ; if t h e s e c o n d t h i n g d e s i gn
e d b e Nu tm e g s p l ac e a l o o se b agge o f S il ve r
N
u t m e s i n t h e m i d d l e o f th e C o u n t e r ; i f
t
i
l
g
g
th e t h i rd b e S ug a r s e t a S u g a r l o af e o n t he
i
p
the r e n d o f the C o u n t e r w it h a S il ve r s t ri n g
tye d ab o u t the to p t hat it m ay in s o m e part b e ar
th e c o l o u r o f the Rep os it o r i e
I n t h i s c as e yo u
A A 3
,

P RI

2 70

NC

I PA L S Y S T E M S o r

m e m loe r

th a t th r ee I cl e a s w e r e b e sto w e d
i n one P l a c e w h o s e c o h e r en c e w ith th e Id e a i n
th e o th e r Rep osit ory is t a k e n fr o m th e i r u n l i ke
n e sse o f s it e ; fo r th a t I d e a w as h e a p e d o n th e
gr o u n d th ese th r ee a r e p l ac e d u p o n a C o u n te r
I V Yo u r ne xt i n c i d en t b u s i ne ss s is t o r e
m e m b e r t o s p e a k W ith a C ou n s e l l ou r o f th e s a m e
to w n ( a m an o f a v e ry gr e a t r e p u t e a n d c r e d it fo r
k no w l e dg e i n th e Law ) a b o u t a fr i en d s s u te d e
p e n d i n g i n C h an c e ry : l m ag in e th a t C ou n se l l ou r
in a La w y e r s G o w n s itti n g i n a C h a i r o v e r l oo k
i n g so m e w r iti n g s i n th e r s t P l ac e o f th e thi rd
Rep os itory s e e i n g hi s G o w n i s b l a ck y o u n e e d
n o o th e r a tt r i b u t i on o f c o l o u r Of th e Re os i t or
p
y
V I f a no th e r n e w o cc as i on pr esen t it se l f
t o m i n d e a s th a t y o u a r e t o b u y a p i e c e o f
B l a k Ve l vit o f a M e r c e r i n th a t t o w n ; th e s e
Eon d Pl a c e o f th e thi rd Rep os ito ry m u s t b e
t r a ns fo r m e d i n t o a l l f e r c e rs s h o p a p i e c e o f
B l a c k Ve l ve t ne a tl y l a i d i n fo l d s o f e q ua l l e n g th
l y i n g on th e C o u n t e r w hi c h cl o th in l i k e m a nne r
as w e l l d e n o t e th e Rep o si tor i e s c o l o u r a s the
G o w n o f the C o u n se l l or s itti n g i n th e fo r m e r
P l ac e ; w h e n c e a l so i s d e d u c e d a m a n i fes t r e l a
t i on to th e pr e c e d e n t I rl e a th e Law y e rs G o wn
e l ve t
s u p o se d to b e l i n e d w it h V
p

m u st

re

2 72

P RI

NC

I PAL S YS T EM S o r

o f th e r s t Re p os it o ry t o d ie t ate to th e rs t
S cr i b e w h a t h e m u s t w r it e r s t b y th e r s t I d e a
o f th e se c on d Re p o s it o ry to t e l l th e s e c on d
S cr i b e w h a t h e s h a l l w r it e ; by th e r s t I d e a o f
t he th i rd Re p os it o ry t o i n fo r m th e thi rd ; an d i n
l i k e m a nne r a ll th e r es t i n th e i r o rd e r A g a i n
by th e s e c on d I d e a o f e a c h Re p os it o ry th e s e
c on d sen t en c e i s fa c il e l y d e l i v e r e d t o e a c h S cr i b e :
B y th e thi rd e ve rv S cr i b es thi rd b u s i ness ; by
a n d so fo r w a rd in
th e fo u r th I de a th e i r fo u r th
T hi s i s th e Exe rc i se w hi c h by
the r es i d u e
s o m e i s c a l l e d th e Ar t o f D i c t at m g
Rep e ti tion i s w h en a m an r e p e a t e th sen
te h e es s p o k en by se v e r a l p e r sons so a s t o r e t u r n
e ac h p e r sons sen t en c e i n o rd e r a s it w as d e l i v e r
a s i f s ix se v en o r m o r e fr i en d s s i tti n g t o g e
ed
th e r ( t o e x p e r i en c e y o u r h a ppy m e m o r y ) d o e v e ry
one i n o rd e r s p e a k so m e sen te n c e t o h a v e th e m
r e p e a t e d a g a i n a fte r th e s a m e o r a r e tro gade
m a nne r w hi c h w ay th ey p l e a se ; d i s p ose th e
I d e a s o f y o u r r s t fri en d s sen t en c es i n th e rs t
Re p os it o r y o f y o u r se c on d fr i en d i n th e se c on d
Re p os it o ry o f y o u r thi rd fr i en d i n th e thi rd a n d
so fo r w ard in th e r es t A ll w hi c h b e i n g r i gh tl y
d i s p ose d y o u m ay w ith li ttl e t r o u b l e r e s t o r e t o
e ith e r in th e s a m e o rd e r
e v e ry fr i e n d hi s s a y i n g
o r i n ar e tro gade o r i n v e r t
as th e y w e re s p o k e n
e d o rd e r
[ h a ve n o t th o u gh t e xp e d i en t to i ll u s tr a te
I d ea

A RT I FI C I AL M E M O RY

b e c au se I thi n k the m s u f
c ie n tl y e x p l a i n e d by w h a t h a t h b e e n a l r e a dy s a i d ;
as a l so t ha t thi s Exe rc i se o f D i c ta ti n g an d Re
e atin
ve l ittl e o r n o u se
u t va i n os t e n t a ti o n ;
h
a
b
g
p
th o u g h I h ave i ns e r t e d th e m h e re i t w as n ot
d one as n e c e ss a ry b u t b e c au se the k no wl e dg e o f
th e m d i d no t s e e m s u p e r u o u s fo r s u c h as are
l e a r n e d o f thi s Art

h e s e w ith

2 73

Exa m pl e s,

C H

A P XVI
.

Of ir r eg u l ar Rep osi tion

I H AV E th o u g h t g o od to a n n e x a fe w w o rd s
o f i rr e g u l a r Re p os iti o n w hi c h i s on e l y o n e Ru l e
t h a t i s a r e a l Re p os it o ry m ay h e s o m e ti m e s s u b
s t i t u te d i n s te a d o f a fe i g ne d w hi c h i rre u l a r i ty is
g
a d m itt e d u p on a d o u b l e o cc as i on
Fi r s t A thi n g it s e l f b e i n g at h a n d m ay b e
tl y u se d i n s t e a d o f its pr o pe r I d e a As i f a m an
l i g h t on so m e B oo k w h o se
s itti n g in hi s S t u dy
w hi c h h e in te n d e th w h e n
s h e e t s ar e tran spl ac e d
h e g o e s fo r th o f h i s S tu dy to s en d t o a B oo k
b i n d e r t o b e a m en d e d T h a t B oo k is t o b e c a s t
a t th e th r es h o l d o f th e S t u dy th a t th e s i g ht th e r e
o f m ay a d m on i s h him d e p a rti n g t o ge t it b o u n d :
So a l so i f I n k b e w a n ti n g a n I n k G l a ss o r B o ttl e
m ay b e s e t by th e B oo k
S e c on d l y Wh e n a m an m u s t e xo n e ra te o n e
,

P RI

Q74

NC

I P AL S Y S T E M S o r

o r m o r e I d e a s as soon as h e h a th r e p o s it ed
th e m ; a s w h en s o m e th i n g o ff e r s it se l f t o a m a n s
m i n d ta l k i n g to a p o w e rfu l o r r i c h m an w hi c h
h e ju dg e th c on v e n i e n t t o b e c o m m u n i c a te d t o
him w ith th e r s t O pp o r t u n it y l e t h im s p e e d il y
r e p o s ite th e I d e a o f th a t th i n g i n th e s a m e h o u s e
e l d p l a i n o r wh e r e s oe ve r h e t hen i s i n so m e
th a t he
C e r t a i n p l a c e c on v e r s a n t b e fo r e his e y es
m ay b e a l way s p u t in m i n d t o pr o p o u n d th e
s a m e w h en o c c a s i o n se rves : As i f h e thi nk t o d o
by pre
s o m e fr i en d l y o f c e fo r a p e r son a b s en t
f e rr i n g so m e b u s i ness o f hi s t o th e r i c h m an ; l e t
h im i m a gi ne tha t Fr i en d a l w a ys o bv i o u s i n s o m e
d e t e r m i n a te p l a c e i n s i gh t n o t s u ff e r i n g t he o h
e c t t o sl i p o u t o f v i e w
h
til
l
e h a ve c u r te o u sl y
j
r if th e r e
h
e
rf
o
r
e
d
m
i
s o f c iou s e n t e rpr i se
O
p
I n t e r ven e so m e th o u g ht o f b u y i n g fe w e l w h e r eo f
th e r i c h m an h a th gr e a t p l en t y l e t h im s u p p o se
a gr e a t q ua n ti ty o f Woo d p il e d u p In s o m e p l a c e
n o t d i s t a n t o u t o f s i gh t
Thi s is a ll I h a ve to say
o f i r r e u l a r Re os it ion
g
p

C H

A P X VI I
.

Of d ep os it in g I d e a s

s p o k e n c o p i o u s l y o f re p os itin g
I d e a s n o w I w il l c on c l u d e W it h D e pos rt n i g th e m
H

A VI N G

r a m c rr ar. S

2 76

In

ec

re s

of

kin d ,

Y S T EM S

or

D ir e c t ,
Re l at is e ,
Fic t i t iou s ,
S c r ip t i l e ,
C ompou n d ,
D ou bl e , tr e bl e , dye

Of C h r is t ,

In

0f s u b e a

ed

I n re spe c t of q u an tity,

Of An g e l s,
0f M e n ,
Of An imal s .

Aug m e n t e d ,
C

on t r ac t e d .

U n de r g r ou n d ,
Up on g r ai n e d ,
In

In

re spe c

re s pe c

t ion

of

si e ,

o f at trib u

q u e s ti on s
I f it b e

b u t the

in

t i

M ovin g ,
Qu ie t
,

G i vin g a s ou n d
Yie l d i n g a s me l

it

An I d e a i s o ft
fe w

Up on 0 S h e lf,
Ag ain s t a wal l

d b y d i sc u s s m g t he s e
tho u gh t s

re c o ve re

m an s

c er a n

t I d e a w as S c rip til e
ob l ivi on t h e rst in u iry
q

th e fo rgo

i n sc ri p ti o n is in
m u s t b e w h e t he r i t w e re a S n gl e w or d g pr o o f
y
r as e
h
o r s e n t e n c e o f o n e o r m o re c l au s e s ; a
p
s in l e w ord,
n
o
f
o
w
f
s
e
r
o
r
i
n
i
a
l
r
d
a
c
o
o
r
,
g
p
p
p
,

A RT I FI C l A L M E M O R

te n c e

m ay b e

re

Al phab e t

of

t he

sc r

ib e d

in the

g
in

a ne

d by

t he

s e c on

p pl yi n g

s am e

Ru l e

2 77

e ac h

m an n e r

as

f Po e ti c al

Le tt e r
is pre

Re v oc a

ti o n in th e s e c o n d B o o k C ap 3 ti l l yo u h ave
o b t ai n e d th e rs t Le tt e r
the o t h e r Le tt e rs m ay
b e fo u n d b y t ran s c e n d e n c i e s an d gil d e d Vo w e l s ;
t h e c hi e f Wo rd b e i n g o b t ai n e d th e r e s t c o m e
e as il y t o m i n d
I f yo u c an n o t ye t d i s c o v e r th e I d e a hav e re
c ou rs e t o t he t h i r d an d fou r t h Ru l e s o f Po e ti c al
Re v o c ati on 2 B ook 3 C hap an I d e a b e i n g
r e v o c ab l e in th e s am e m an n e r
Fi n al l y if i t c on ti n u e i rre p arab l e b y al l
the se w ays l e t i t p ass an d b e n o l o n ge r sol l ic i
t o n s i n s e arc h th e r e o f : Fo r as a B o o k c are l e sl
y
l ai d u p in a S t u d y is n o t m an y ti m e s to b e fou n d
w h e n i t is s o u gh t t ho u gh yo u re m o ve s e ve ral
Vo l u m e s ; ye t aft e rw ard c o m e s t o han d b e yon d
h
e x e c t ati on
w
e n a n o t he r B o o k is r e ac h e d th at
p
s t an d s b y it : S o it d o t h o ft hap e n in th i s b u s i
p
th o u gh an I d e a n e gl i ge n tl y re pos it e d c an
n e ss
fo u n d w he n it is s o u gh t ye t at an o th e r
n ot b e
ti m e whe n a No ti on re pos it e d in the c e l l o f lVIe
m o ry n e ar it is e xc it e d th at al s o o f its o w n ac
c o r d d i s c o v e r e t h it s e l f
I f a m an d o pru d e n tl y fo l l o w t he s e Ru l e s o f
as W i t h 1 1 r iad n e s t h re d
r e c o v e r i ng l at e n t I d e as
h e w il l d o u b tl e s s w i n d h i m s e l f o u t o f t he Lab y
O b l i vi o n an d W i t h ad m i rab l e
rin th o f b li n d
.

B B

9 78

P RI N C I P A L S

fac il ity

van s he

Y STEM S

to m i n d forgo tt e n

ll

re c a

d I d ea

s.

or

s e n e n c e s,

an

N
a t u r a l l ld e m or
g
y

f
c on c l u d e s th e vo l u m e ; in w h i c h are c o n s i d e re d
Of su c h [th i n gs] as d e b ili tat e l lI e m ory
h
i
2 O
t
n s c or r o b or a t in
M
e m or
O
a
3
f
g
y
g
f
r e s c r i t or d e r o l i e
r e st or in
O
d
a
4
e bi
p
p
f
g
f
A Tre ati s e

c he r is hin

l ita te d M e m or y
p

am en t of

the

er

c on ve n

ie n t

D ise ase s

to

B r a in
e ve r

to

d isc e rn

Of D y e t p r op e r ly
t e mp e r am e n t
7 Of
6

d b ad

whi c h d e bi l i tate m e mory,

air,

br a in s

ti c u l ar

w ho l e s o m e

m e at s ,

air,

an d

fo o d ,

I n the

l is t o f
we e t s c e n t s
s
,

w hic h

am o n g

h are s,

so r s o f

c or r ob or a t ive s are ,

d ri n ks

art c u ar

d e c o c ti o n s, b ad w at e r , par ti c u l ar
e tc
r e pl e ti o n , t o o m u c h s l e e , e tc
p
ar

e n u m e ra e

an d

t he t e m

t he B r a i n

Am o n g t h o se t h i n gs
are

ow

are

the

e tc ; h e r b s
i
p
b athi n g th e fe e t in w arm d e c o c ti on s o f c am o n i il e
e xe rc ise in d e l i h t fu l
an d
c
e s n ot s u b
l
e tc
a
g
p
e c t to w i n d
h
e r c on c l u d e s w it h t h i s
t
h
e
c
a
T
p
j
i m po rt an t ad m o n i ti on
Fin al l y y ou r app ar e l
of s

ar row s,

c on e s,

t t e d , wa ll s l e isu r e l y

a b r oa d ,

b re at h a ge n tl e gal e othe r wis e wi thi n d oor s

i
I n t re ati n g of th e
r es c r i t or d e r o
l
e
p
p
f f
M r W il l is af t e r v e ry pro pe rl y r e c o m m e n d i n g
fre q u e n t p raye r fo r D ivin e ass is tan c e in al l o u r
u n de rtaki n s w h i c h h e e n forc e s b y a re fe re n c e t o
g
th e Epi s t l e of J a m e s c hap v ve r 1 6 1 7 d i
c l os e

the min de

P RI

2 80

NC I P A L S Y S T E M

Or

l t au tho rs a d e v o te d n e ss to the s tu d i e s w h i c h
a c h o i c e Of t c om an i on s
w e ar e pu rsu i n g
p
an d o c c as i on al r e l axati on
The sym p t o m s o f c ol d an d hot b r ai n s are
e xp l ai n e d at l arge f o r th e b e n e t o f al l t h os e w h o

U
h
an t as i e s
n de r
are d i s po s e d t o r e ad s u c h
p

th e ar ti c l e o f
D ye t w e have the fo l l o w i n g
t
as
as s age
S
ro n g s w e e t w i n e
s in u l a r
p
g
M u shad in e Ip oc r as d r u n k t e m pe rat e l y is m o s t
re s t or ativ e for o l d fo l ks an d c o id an d s i c kl y p e r
s on s m o re e f c ac io u s l y G O L D ( m a d e r e d hot i n
d o t h m ar v e l l o u s l y
t h e r e ) q u e n c he d t h e re i n
th e h e ar t
an d e xh i l e r ate
C o n c e rn i n g
r e s t o re
th i s m atte r Rog e r B a c on a fam o u s ph il os ophe r
in h is Tre ati s e o f o l d age hath th i s s t ory ; An
a n c i e n t hu s b an d m an
( aith he ) we a ry e d w i th

se e c

l
owin ,
g
p

an

wa t e r

r e e d il

g
in

e ar s
,

ar s
e
y

th

i ts
t i

C ytr on

s wa l l owe d

c o ou r ,

t he

sa m e ,

an d

was

h e had

te r

c han

ed

b oth

f
o s s e s s i n g m o re exc e l l e n t d i s e re
of a e
p
g
M E M O R Y an d u n d e rs t an d i n g t han e v e r h e

c omp l e c t ion

an

s tr e n

h
t
g

l i ke

on e

t hir ty

ti o n
e nj o ye d
e

d thir s ty wit h his hot l a b ou r , d r an k

b e fo re , f r om w hi c h t im e , h e l ive d

i n t he K in g s C

ou r t .

B ac o n ,

ho

ig hty
re c

it

t h i s th ou gh t that w at e r o r l iqu o r re c e iv e d
as h e t h e re te s
e l l o w Ti n c t u re fro m G o l d
y
,

Aft e r
tic u l ars

l on g an d fru i tl e s s s e arc h the

w h i c h w e h av e b e e n e n ab l e d
a

l y par
to gl e an

on

ART I FI C I AL M E M OR

WI L L I S are th at he u as
Art o f S t e n o graphy an e d iti o n
au t h o r o f t h e
o f wh i c h w as pu b l i he d in 1 6 2 8 an d t h at h e w as
O x fo rd Of
a Fe l l o w o f M agd al e n C o l l e ge
t hi s l att e r c i rc u m s t an c e a c o m m u n i c ati o n in an
e ar l y v o l u m e o f th e G e n t l e m an s M agaz in e is
th e o n l y e vi d e n c e T he w rit e r o f thi s ar ti c l e
m e n ti o n s a s y s t e m o f s h o r t h an d s aid t o b e in
v e n te d b y a Fe l l o w o f M agd al e n C o l l e ge ; an d
t his sys t e m is the i d e n t ic al o n e p u b l i she d by
re s pe c

ti n g

JOH N

lV
i l l is
44

A TS Il l

l o c a l is p l e m u s e t l u
u a m a n te It a c
e xp os i h e
q

e m or

c u l e n tz u s
'

m m q u am , m m

de m

'

a d s in

f a te s ,

l
i
c
a
t
i
ne
u
o
s
pp
ej
d z s c ip l z n a s c t f a c u l

c um a

l
g
L ip s

'

u as

'

1 6 20

T hi s b oo k ( s ays M o rho f, in h is Po l yhi s t or) is

t o b e p re fe rre d to a l l th e t re ati s e s o n M n e m o

fo r p e rs pi c u ity
an o n ym o u s au t ho r , as
n c s,

w as

Pr o fe ss o r

of

Le ips ic

45

an
a

pp

'

T he
ge m e I I t
b y the pre fac e ,
in th e U n iv e rs ity

aI I an

e ars

f M n e m on ic s

'

oan m s

Ve l as q u e z

d e A z e ve d o

Fe n i x d e Ill i n e r va y A r t e d e JlI e m o
'

r ta

u e e n se n n a s i n
'

r e te n z r ,

m ae s t r o

I a d r z d , 1 6 20
'

re n d er

2 82

46

NC

P RI

r t is

I PAL S

Y S T EM S

L n l l i an ae,

tif ic i a l is
t or i l ms

OF

M e m or i a Ar

se n

l
i
c i ta m , Or a
p

S e e r e tu m

ex

P r a d i c a t o r i bu s

et

ti l iss i

m m n p e r R P F E n g an e m C
P a r is 1 6 20
b on e l l n m :
.

Fo r

an ac c o u n

Lu l ly s Art

of

ar

No

se e

51

And r e a Va l ie r i ove s i
t r a tta d e l ta M e m o r ia l o c a l e 6 d e l
m o d o f a c i l e p e r a c q u i s ta r l a M S

L e t te m

47

Th i s m an u s c r i p t is No 22 5 9 in the S l oan e
It
C o l l e c ti o n pre e r v e d in the B rit is h M u s e u m
.

t re at s

t he a rr an ge m e n

l l s o f t he

th e w a

ro o m s

in

of

d i ffe re n t p l ac e s

h o u se

or

on

m o n as t e ry, to

e s d i re c ti o n s re s e c t
iv
g
p
in g th e fo rm ati o n an d c o m b i n ati on o f i m age s I t
is in fo l i o an d is d at e d O c t o b e r 3 0 1 6 23

t he

numbe r o

an d

f 1 73

48

l ag az in d e s S c i e n c e s , o n m ay l Ar t
d e fif e m oir e p a r A d r ian l e C u i r ot

P a r is , 1 6 23
I n th i s

i th

e x re

m e ly

c u r ou s

t t

or an

ad d

iti on s

an d

v o l u m e w h i c h ab ou n d s
the sys t e m o f La m b e r t
d e t ail ; b u t w ith m an y im
i m pro v e m e n ts

r are

pl at e s ,
S c he n c ke l is giv e n in

9 84

m in ary
at a

R I N C I P A L S YS T EM S

i
e arl y

of sc e n c e ,

v e ry

Raym u n d Lu l l y

e r od

to

d iti o n

t he i r
of

d at e s,

he w as , pe rh aps, t he
ti se d t hi s art ; b u t as the

we ha

ve

an d

w as fo rm e d

an d

p
rs t m o d e rn w h o prac
b o o ks o n t h is s u bj e c t h av e b e e n

in g

o r

Lu l l y, h e is pl ac e d

ti c e d

no

ac c o r d

l ie r
w r it e rs

n o t s e e n an e a r

am on

g th e

v e n te e n t h c e n t u ry
an y
on e
w as e n ab l e d
B y t h i s s ys t e m
m e c han i c al l y to i n v e n t argu m e n t s an d ill u s t ra
ti o n s U p o n an y s u bje c t an d th u s to re ac h the
sc ie n c e
at
a s m al l
e X enc e
s u m m it
of
of
p
T hi s G r e at A r t pro fe s se s
t i m e an d l ab o u r
i n s t ru m e n t for ass i s ti n g
t o fu rn i s h a ge n e ral
i n v e n ti o n in the s t u dy o f e v e ry ki n d o f sc i e n c e
Fo r t hi s pu rp o s e c e r t ai n ge n e ral t e r m s w hi c h
al l
th e
s c ie n c e s
b u t pr i n
are
c o m m o n to
m
e t aphys i c s
c i al l y t h o s e o f l og ic
e t hi c s an d
p
t he o l o gy are c o l l e c t e d an d arran ge d n o t ho w
e ve r ac c o rd i n g t o an y n at u r al d ivi s i o n
b u t m e re l y
ac c o r d i n g to t he c apri c e o f t he i n v e n t o r
An
al phab e ti c al t ab l e o f s u c h t e r m s w as p ro vi d e d ;
an d s u bj e c t s an d pr e d i c at e s t ake n fro m t h e s e
w e re r e s p e c tiv e l y i n s c ri b e d in an gu l ar s pac e s
h
T
e e ss e n c e s
q u al iti e s
u o n c i rc u l ar pape r s
p
an d r e l ati o n s o f t h i n gs b e i n g th u s m e c han i c al l
y
b ro u gh t t o ge t he r th e c i rc u l ar p ape rs o f s u bj e c t s
a n d t ho s e o f
w e re xe d in a fram e
re d i c at e s
p
w e re s o p l ac e d u p o n t he m as t o m o v e fre e l y an d
in t he i r re vo l u ti o n s to pro d u c e var io u s c om b i n a
of

t he

se

A RTI FI C I A L

O RY

M EM

2 85

ti on s o f s u bj e c ts an d pre d i c ate s ; w he n c e w ou l d
ari s e d e n iti o n s axi o m s
v ary
an d p ro p os iti o n s
i n g i n n it e l y ac c ord i n g to th e d i ffe re n t appli c a
ti o n o f ge n e ral t e rm s to par ti c u l ar
T h i s is the ge n e ral i d e a o f Lu l ly s m e c han i c al
l ogi c w hi c h w o u l d e n ab l e a pe rs on t o hol d a
,

d isp u tat ion

f or

who l e d ay

what e ve r , w ithou t kn ow in g

m a tt e r

an

on

(m

n
h
t
i
y
g

su

bje c t

t he

M or lz of in h is d i s se rt ati o n d e Ar te Lu l lia n a
h as p re s e rv e d an
an d h as g iv e n a

l
t ac c o u n t
t re m e n d o u s l i s t

o f c o m m e n a o rs o n

t t

po sit o rs

ex

the

ar t.

A thanas i u s

are

l lf ag n a S c ie n d i ,

No

se e

in his L Oe u vr e ale s

ab

the ye ar

il iti e s

D oc tor

1 9 3 6,

t i
Afte r

d th e

ob a ne

e xc e

he w as

of

En e l d

Se e
3 9 9 401

i s or

M aj o r c a,

f h is g re at
I l l u m in a t e d

t he

c an c e r o f a

yo u n g w o m an

e n am o u re

h e m i s t ry,

as a

in th e ye ar 1 3 1 5 ,

at

of

d i v in e , h e

w as

he w e n t

s on e

as

1 P o y h is

o r,

Ph i

l o oph y
s

v ol .

c ap .

d to

m is

H is

T om I Lib I I
.

the age o f 8 0

B e l o t,

e an

ed
l
i
pp
t hat he m i gh t

l l ing

d e at h in M au r it an i a, w h e re
s o n ary

at

ac c o u n

n am e

h i m se l f to phys io an d
b e e n ab l e d to c u re the
o f w ho m

an d

b o rn

w as

on

m,

d i n e l on g o

an

e
s
y

Oe u vr e s [s e e No

RA Y M U N D LU L LY
in

or

The tw o p rin c i pal

K ir c li e r , in his Ars

5 6]

the

of

e ab o ra e

II

pp

2 86

P RI

N C I PA L S Y S T E M S o r

w o rks w h i c h

are

in ge n e ral v e ry ob s c u re , are
w o rt hy o f th e b arb aro u s age in

itt e n in a s tyl e
w h i c h he l i v e d
T he y w e r e c o l l e c t e d and pu b
l ish e d at M e n t z an d t re at e d o f t he o l o gy hi s t o ry
m e d i c i n e l aw an d ph il o s ophy
wr

52

A r s Ill

B r u x ia t u s ;

ve l

L on d

a tu s ,

si re

n e m on i c a ,

Bm

x us

1 65 l

e r d s on u s

e rd s on i

A rs M e m or i ae : T he A r t

m
M
e
o
f

H
e r d s on ,
y
l a t e P r of e ss or by P i t el i c k An t/i o
r it
s it
of
am
i
n
t
h
e
n
i
v
r
C
U
e
y
y
br idg e ,
L on d 1 6 5 1
m
ad e
l
a in e b
H
y
p
y

enr

No
ge

59

th e r

No

an d

i ti n g

c ons s

53

are

in

the

i t

an

b ou n d t o

d o f n i n e ty

w ho l

T he f irs t is in Lati n ,

p age s .

an d

r n e

d is

a re

tw o

c a
b
l
i
p
u

t
o f Ad am B r u x s S im on id e s Re d i
p
v ic u s
b e fo re n o ti c e d
A Lati n
[S e e No
d e d i c ati on to his d e are s t m o t h e r t h e U n iv e rs ity
o f C am b i idge
fo l l o w s th e titl e a fte r w h i c h w e
h ave t hi s s i n gu l ar add re s s to th e r e ad e r
ti on

of a

ar

B OO K
s i r e st

i
g

a ne

Re ad e r

oe r t e ovs

se e m e t

h o bsc u re

u n to

I n st r u c t ion i n t h e
t lz e

ull

b e n rgfit

t hi n g

an

y
th e e ,

sam e ,

t he

an

an d

Ar t,

in t his

d t hou d e
c e arl

t
o
y

t hou m ay e s t

P R I N C I P A L S Y ST EM S

28 8
e n d , u n to

ler

the ig n or an t i t wil l

vol u m e ,

l ooke

it

th e n i n i ts p oor e

t he

or

ar
e
pp

O c t a vo

in

a sm a l m

But

ou

g h t e n d wit h t h e r ig ht ey e , i t
w il l g r ow bigg e r t han you r Expe c t ati on
H e
t ha t ha th bu t on e ey e I kn ow wi l l a l m ost l ove
on

at

ri

it : H

ee

ha th bu t ha lf e

t ha t

e c a n n ot

an e

des

B u t he e w ho by wilf u l n e ss e m a l ic e ,
wil l p u t b oth his ey e s ou t, m ay s t ar e i n his c on
hi
s own c r ooke d
c e i ts ; an d the n e x t m e sse o
f

i
se i t
p

B r oa th, his hol l ow t hr oat si n ke s d own e : he

c an

his p or r ag e wi t h hi s e ye s, as c on
d e m n e m y Ar t of M e m ory : An d l e t i t b e e
e n oug h t o c hoa k him ,t ha t Lu m e n e x i ps o b o n o
we l l

as

c r am

B u t you who a r e ing e

8L b on itat is I m ag o
The G od if H e a ve n a n d
n u ou s Ac ad e m ic ks :
e s t,

E ar t h

se n d

y
with a l l su ta bl e

ou

i n t he m

ll

Ears,

e ye s,

ou

o b e c ts,

an

al l

ou r

y
that p iou sl y may d e l ig ht

S o p raye th you r

t ru e Love r
H

8L S e rvan t,

N RY

E R D S O N.

C LA VI C VLA, S I VE
E xp l ic a t i o Li br i

T he K e y

(C C

C ham b e rs

or

Exp i c a i on

( H H H ou s e s )
( D D o or ( W W all
( R Re pos i t ory )
.

S e n se s,

(S

S id e d

of

t he B ook e

A R T I F I C I A L M EM O R Y

2 89

( A n gu l e , C orn e r )
n t e r t h e M i d d l e i n t h e Q vad r an gu l e )
C
e
(
( Q u ad r an gu l e 4 C o r n e rs
u m ve rs u s , a b o ve
to war d s H e ave n )
(l
( J u x ta te rram b e l ow th e grou n d , or e ar th
( Par i e s W al l or S i d e )
( P P P l ac e s
.

TH E ART O F M EM ORY

P RI M A

LE C TI O

P a r t is The or ic ce

th at d e s i re t h t h i s art o r any o t h e r m u s t
b ri n g al o n g w it h him t w o t h i n g s
L o v e o f the Ar t
1
2 D e s i re o f the Art w i t h o u t w h i c h n o m an
c an l e arn or p ro t in an y Ar t o r S ci e n c e
An d h e m u s t al s o re s o l v e o f a t h i r d t h i n g
n o t to u n d e r v al u e an y Ar t o r S ci e n c e b y t he e x
il ity an d m e an n e s s o f the g ro u n d s o f the Ar t Fo r
D I vin it y Law Phy s i ck an d th e s e ve n Lib e ral l
Art s an d al l o t h e r S ci e n c e s are p re s e r ve d in s ix
an d t w e n ty Le tte rs an d s o t ran s m itt e d t o Pos t e
No w h o w
r i t y fro m o n e G e n e rati o n t o an o t h e r
pl ai n an d m e an the s ix an d t w e n ty Le tt e rs o f the
Al p h ab e t b e e ve ry o n e k n o w e t h ; s o l e t u s al s o
c o n s id e r t h at m os t r i c h s t o n e s an d p re c i ou s
G e m s are di gg e d o u t o f th e e art h an d t he m os t
ee

PRINC I PA L S YSTEM S

Q90

t t ly

the

or

th b u t if art
By
b e n o t ad d e d w e e m ak e n o u se o f t h e se
Art th e s t o n e s are s e p arate d fro m the c h al k an d
tte d by the Arti c e r fo r the m o s t s u m p tu ou s
b u il di n g s th e D i am on d S ap h i re Ru b i e b y the
h an d an d s k i ll o f the Arti c e r are i n t h ron e d in
th e pu re s t G o l d ; al s o th e m os t h ar m on i ou s an d
Ear pl e as i n g M u s i c k t h at q u ic kn e th u p an d e u
l ive ne th the d ro ws ie Vi t al s c on s i s t e th b u t in t h re e
K e y e s an d s ix No t e s We m i gh t i n st an c e the
l i k e e xili ty in the Fu n da m e n ts and gr ou n ds o f the
o t h e r S ci e n c e s an d rare st Ar ts : T h e re fo re i f i t
b e t h u s in t h e s e h e m u s t n e e d s b e m al ici o u s an d
that w i l l c o n te m n e this Ar t of M e
u n w o rthy
m ory fo r th e m e an n e s s o f the Fu n dame n t s t h e re
of w hic h be
l
Rep osit or ie s 2 I d e as 3 M e thod
t
h
e
m
4 The Vse or Exe r c ise o
f
e
e s be
s
i
i
C
C
i
n
H
H
l The R
t
o
r
o
p
wh i c h b e o f t wo s o rts : e i th e r
1 Nat u ral ] w h i c h w e k n o w : o r
9 Ar ti c ial w h i c h w e i m ag i n e an d m ake
An d in b o t h o f t h e m the M e
in o u r Fan c i e
t h od is acc o rd ing to th i s Figure
tre e s d oe gro w

s a e

ou t o f

e ar

PR I N C I P A L S Y S TEM S

2 92
w it h th e

p u re s t

or

h ite Li n n e n o r Taffaty an d d i
vid e d i n t o its ve p ar t s al s o
viz
6 7 8 9 10
T he t h i rd S o r W w h ic h is We s t o f the s am e
Lati t u d e al so an d c l o t h e d w i t h ri c h Tap e st ry
an d divi d e d i n t o it s ve p ar t s
12
wh ic h b e
14
15
13
The fo u r t h Pari e s w h i c h is No r t h
I0 y ar d s fo u re s q u are al s o han ge d w i t h an h an g
in g b e se t fu l l o f D i am on d s Ru b i e s S aphire s,
a n d al l
m an n e r o f p re ci o us G e m s an d d iv i d e d
al s o i n t o its ve p ar ts viz
1 6 1 7 1 8 , 1 9,
w

LECTI O I I

P ar tis The or ic ze

W H E N you are p e rfe ct in t h i s pl ac e in e v e ry

An gu l e o f e v e ry o f t h e s e Pari e s an d in t h e i r se
v e ral C e n t e rs s o m an y l arg e 4 s q u are Tabl e s
I n the rs t Pari e s o f t h i s Re p os ito ry ( w h i c h
viz
is Eas t an d h an g e d w i t h cl o t h o f G o l d ) in t he
rs t An g u l e J u xta t e r ram you h ave a l arg e
fo ure s q u are Tabl e o f G o l d I n th e Nort h Eas t
An g u l e w h ic h is C wl u m ve r su s) an d the se c o n d
p l ac e ) you h av e a l arg e fo u re s q u are Tab l e J e t
o r E b o n y ( fo r al w a e s l e t the C o l o u r o f th e o n e
y
Tab l e c o n t rary the Co l o u r o f t he o t h e r I n the
fou rt h An g u l e J u xta t e r r am ( wh ic h is al s o Eas t
b y S ou t h ) yo u h av e a l arge fou re s q u are Tabl e
,

A R T I FI C I A L
of

the

u re s t

w h i te

M EM O R Y .

29 3

Al ab as t e r po li s h e d

I n the

C e n te r Of t h i s Eas t Pari e s you h av e a l arg e

s q u are
Tabl e al s o m ad e Of S ap h i re M arb l e
C ri st al s D i am on ds o r w h at yo u w i l l An d t h u s
d is ti n g u i s h the o t h e r t h re e Pari e s o r S S of t h i s
R in t he i r se ve ral l Tabl e s t h re e w aye s
1 By th e m att e r t h e y ar e m ad e o f as G o l d
Wo o d S t o n e 8C C
2 By th e c ol o u r w i t h ou t 9 C arp e t as r e d
g re e n y e l l o w 8Lc
3 By C ar p e t s an d C o v e ri n g s w i t h t h e i r
c o l o u r as bl ack Ve l v e t S c ar l e t 8 m an d s o t h e y
b e di s t i n g u i s h e d it m atte re th n o t ho w t h e y b e d is
t in gu is he d s o l o n g as t h e y b e al l l arg e an d fo u r
s q u are T abl e s in e v e ry o f t h e i r An u l e s an d C e n
g
t e rs
,

L EC T I O I II

P a r t is The or ic ce

AF T E R

h ave t h i s p e rfe ct d ivi d e al l

t h e se Tabl e s in t h e i r se v e ral P l ac e s ( as t h e y s t an d
in o rd e r) b o t h in t h e i r An gu l e s an d C e n t e rs i n t o
ve p ar t s in the lid o r to p 8L0 i n t o ve p ar t s b y
th e fo u r fe e t an d C e n t e r b e l o w ; the to
p o r l id
al o ft is l ik e t o the S c he am o f t h e rs t Par i e s a n d
s o are the fo u r fo o t an d C e n t e r b e l o w
No w the
b e st m e tho d, is to l e av e o u t u se Of fou r fe e t an d
yo u

PR I N C I P A L S Y STEM S

2 94

C e n te r b e l ow

OP

p
t h e m o n el y fo r m at
t e r o f the s a m e n a t u re
t h at m ay b e add e d aft e r
w ard u p o n fu r t h e r s t u d y an d s e r i o u s d e l ib e ra
ti o n : As n o m an c an s ay s o m u c h at o n e ti m e
for h is o w n o r o t h e rs s a t i s facti o n b u t t h at h e m ay
s ay fo r h is o w n c o n t e n t an d o t h e rs s ati s facti o n
m ore an d b e tt e r at an o t h e r ti m e ; b e c aus e e v e ry
se n c e o f m an is re g u l at e d ac c o rdi n g t o th e s e n c e
T he pal l at d e l ig h t e t h h e re aft e r s o m e
o f t as t i n g
t h i n g s b o t h o f d ry an d m o i s t n o u ri sh m e n t ab o ve
th i n g s i t l I ke tlI fo r p re s e n t : S o al w ays in
so m e
e v e ry t h i n g w h at m an c an a t t ai n u n t o i n al l Ar t s
I t mu s t b e c o n fe ss e d
S ci e n c e s an d Lan g u ag e s
t h at in t h e se al w aye s Nos n on s u m u s n os w h at
w e h e re t o fo re app ro v e d u p o n s e r i o u s c o n s u l t
w e s e e ( t h o u g h t h at t h e n d id p as e w it h u s an d
o t h e rs ) ye t n o w a b e tt e r w ay is O p e n e d u n to u s
E xe mp l i g r a t ia h e t h at is in a t o l e r ab l e b o n
d ag e an d t h e r e w i t h c o n t e n t e d ye t w h e n his e y e s
O p e n e d w il l ra t h e r t h ro w h i m se l f in th e
ar e
ar m e s o f h is o w n M o t he r t han t h e u n ki n dl y n u rs
i n g s o f a faw n i n g s t e p M o th e r 8 0 t h e n h avi n g
d ivid e d al l t h s e Tabl e s i n t o te n p ar t s yo u h av e
in th e w h o l e Re pos it o r y t w e n t y Tabl e s an d in
e v e ry Ta bl e te n pi ar e s ( t h o u g h at s t O pp o r t u
f ve I n t he l e afe Of the
n ity y o u m ak e u s e b u t
Tabl e l e avi n g t he l o w e r ve part s fo r u s e as
ab o ve sah h) s o a l l th e d ivi s i o n s o f th e t w e n t y T a
b l e s are o n e h u n d re d pl ac e s in the top, an d as
,

an d

t o s are
,

 96

P R I NC I PA L S Y S T E M S

t he

al l

or

( viz ) fo u r fe e t

Ce n t e rs
you l e av e e m p ty an d u n u se d ; s o you h av e 1 05
fri e n d s or acq u ai n t an c e in th i s Re p osi to ry
b otto m e s

an d

LEC T I O V

T H E N t h at vo u may p ro c e e d to the p ract i c k

p art o f t h i s Art o f M e m ory w i t h o u t l o sse o f t i m e
t ak e the s e ve ral l c h aract e rs Of the g u re s an d
pl ac e t h e m in t h e i r o rd e r in the r ig h t an d l e ft
h an d o f e ve ry o f y ou r fr i e n ds as th e y are pl ac e d
ve b y ve at e ve ry o f th e l arg e fo u r sq u are Ta
b l e s in e v e ry Of the An gu le s an d C e n t e rs o f the
ab o v e s aid Pari e s O f th e Re p o s i t o ry
The I d e as Of t h e s e yo u h av e in t h i s Tabl e o f
gu re s ( addi n g ac c o r d i n g to y o u r o wn fan cy m ore
I d e as o f e v e ry g u re as y o u r fan c y a nd i n ve n ti on
p l e as e )
As fo r th e g u re Of l a C an d l e a Fi s h a
Fo r 2 a S wan a D u ck a
S taf a D ar t Sec
G o os e a S e r p e n t : Fo r 3 a Tr i an gl e a Tr i d e n t
Fo r 4 a Q u ad ran
or an y t hi ng w it h t h re e l e g s
s q u are t h i n g : Fo r 5
l
f
a
d
i
e
a
n
ou
r
a fo o t
e
y
g
of a m an an H an d a G l o v e a S ick l e a Pe irc e r
Fo r 6 a Tob acc o
8C C
a S h o e m ak e rs K n i fe
i
p
e : For 7 a Car p e n t e rs I r o n s u are
a Rai
p
q
ae r b e nt t hu s 7
o f S pe ct ac l e s, a
For 8 a
,

A R T I FI C I A L M E M O R Y

297

C rab Twi n Appl e s 8Lc For 9 a b u rn i n g

G l as s e a ri d i n g S tic k m ad e o f a Re e d t w i s t e d
1 0 20
at th e u pp e r e n d t h u s 9 l o n g Pe are s SEC
3 0 St e t o a t h o u san d m ay b e fo r m e d fr o m t h e s e
g u re s t aki n g an y ro u n d for the cip h e rs 000 as
an Or e n e
B
ll
f
o r a C an dl e I u n t h r o u g h
a
a
&
c
g
an C re n g e is te n
a S w an w it h an Ore n ge in h e r
m o u t h is t w e n ty
B u t t h e y m ay m o re p ro t abl y
b e m ad e b y s i n gl e I d e as as a C ro ss e Of G o l d
S i l ve r W o o d & C fo r te n ; fo r t w e n ty a J u g a
D agge r o r an y t h i n g you w il l fan c y ; for t h i r ty
a Belc la
e r
s o fo r al l
o r w h at yo u w ill fan c y
pp
the r es t o f the c ar di n al ] n u m b e rs wh at y ou r fan c y
w i l l pu t b e c au se i t w i l l b e b e tt e r to h av e s i n gl e
I de as for the c ard in al l n u m b e rs
Se a

This is t he The or ic k

Nowf or the P r ac tic k P a r t

L EC T I O I
The

rs t

Le c t u r e of the P r a c tic k Par t

No w b e fo re
Part ,

we

c an

com e

to

the

Practic k

ci se i t se l fe tis n e c e ss ary t h at w e
m ak e s o m e l ittl e Pre fac e c o n c e rn i n g I d e as
An I d e a is the g u re o f any t h i n g re p re s e n t e d
o r e xe r

29 8

R I NC I PA L

s vs m

ms

or

no w the

I d e as Of t h i n g s v i sib le are ve ry fac i le and

re a d y, b u t the I d e as o f t hos e t h i n g s tha t be in vi
s i b l e , are t o b e fo u n d o u t b y r u le , whe re b y the
I d e as Of al l t h i n gs m ay b e had in a re ad in e s se ;
an d fo r t h i s t h e re is n e e d on e l y o f b u t on e
ge n e
r al ] r u l e ( wh i c h i
p e rfe ct i n g this Art I have
t

fo u n d

ou t .

An I d e a is t wo fo l d :

F i rs t Prope r
S e c o n dl y I m p ro p e r
F i rs t Pro p e r w h ic h is the I m age o f that
th i n g i t r e p r e s e n te th as i f I p u t the I d e a o f Ch ri s t
to re pre se n t Ch r i s t him se l fe
s I m prope r as i f I pu t the I m age o f C h ri s t
t o re pre s e n t a m an ; L o gic i an s e xp re sse t h i s in
fe w wo rd s ; w h e n th e I m ag e ( s ay t h e y ) of the
l n d ivid u al l is p u t for the I n d i vi d u al ] it s e l fe tis
p ro p e r ; b u t i f i t b e pu t fo r the Sp e c ie s or C c
Th i s D ivi s i on is b rou g h t to
t is i m p ro p e r
n us
s h e w t h at o fte n ti m e s i m p ro p e r I d e as are as u s e
fu l l to s t i rre u p t he M e m o ry as p ro p e r A s e
Im
c o n d D ivi s i on o f I d e as is 1 P e r fe c t
p e rfe c t
1 I d e as are p e r fe ct an d s u c h b e Of rare an d
e xc e l l e n t t h i n g s as o f D a n i e l in th e Ly o n s D e n
the fac t o f
o f J on a h in the m o u t h Of th e Wh al e
;

'

I z t dith, Es the r , I os ep h, dye

2

I d e as

v u lg ar th i n g s

are
as

im p e r fe ct ,

i i g an d

the r s n

O bvi ou s
se tt i n g Of th e

as

of

an d

S un

P R I N C I PA L S Y S T EM S

3 00

LECTI O II
0f the P ra c ti c ke P ar t
S E N T E N C E S,

or

S e n te n c e s

c o n t i n u e d Te xt s are c om
m itte d t o M e m o ry an d re t ai n e d : Th e pr in c ip al l
I d e as o f t h e i r Wo r d s b e i n g pu t i n th e M e th o d i
c al l pl ac e s o f the R An d t h e s e b e i n g m ad e su re
o f t h e y b r i n g th e l e s s e p r in c i al l Wo r d s o f th e
p
h e l p e o f the n atu ral l
se n te n c e
o r t e x t b y th e
m e m o ry i n t o o u r Re m e m b r an c e i m m e di at e l y
No w t h at w e m ay b e abl e t o p e r fo r m t h i s w e
m u s t o b s e r v e fo u re t h i n g s
1
Tak e s pe c ial l n o tic e o f the prin c ipall
I d e a o f t he w h o l e s e n t e n c e
An d i t m att e rs n o t
w h e t h e r it b e th e p r in c ipal l o r n o s o w e t ak e i t
fo r th e p rm c rpal l
2 M ar k e dil ig e n t l y th e rs t
W o r d o f e v e ry s e n t e n c e ; for i f re t u rn i n g to t he
P P b y the e ye o f o u r fan c y w e s e e th e rs t
W o r d an d p rin c ipal l I d e a in e v e ry s e n te n c e the
n at u r al l M e m o ry w il l s u gg e s t t h e r e s t v e ry s afe l y :
for as in S c h o o l s C h ild re n th at h av e g o t a t as k e
o f V e rse s b y h e ar t i f t h e y m i s s e th e r e p e at i n g o f
t h e m an d the l e afe b e i n g d o u b te d m ay b e b u t
p e r m i t t e d to s e e the rs t Le tte rs t h at e v e ry V e rse
b e gin n e th w ith al l t h e y w il l b e abl e t o re p e at
e v e ry on e o f t he V e r se s b o t h fo r w ard an d b ac k
w ar d c as t i n g t h e i r e ye u p on the L e tt e r t h at e v e ry
or

'

M E M O RV .

A RM IM C I A L

Ve rs e

b e gin n e th w i th al l , t he

3 01

is d one

he re b y
3 We m u s t h av e a gre at c are
th e e ye o f F a n c y
l e s t w e t ak e o n e S y n o n y m a fo r an o t h e r as to say
or s il v e r fo r m o n e y
or a
m u l ie r fo r f a m in a
4 We m u s t h ave a c are
S w o r d fo r a Rapi e r
t h at e ve ry W o r d b e re p e at e d i n the s am e o rd e r it
is re ad o r s p o k e n n o w th i s is d o n e b y t he s t ron g
appl i c ati o n o f t he m i n d u n t o e v e ry Wo r d an d i t s
C o l l o c ati o n as al s o b y o ft e n e xe rci s e b y w h ic h
al on e
al l t h i s i s so e xactl y o bt ai n e d
th at in a
s h o r t ti m e e xe r c i s i n g ou r s e l ve s h e r e i n
w e c an
n o t b n t ad m i re o u r p ro gr e ss e an d s uc c e s s e
sam e

LEC T I O I I I
0f

UNK

waye s

u n kn own

N O W N Wo rd s

Words
are

re m e m b re

d four

By the H arm o n i e o f Wor ds w h i c h va

o n e w it h an o t h e r
r i o n s Lan g u ag e s h av e
as the
En gl i s h w o r d Rc /t 6 b ri n g s i n t o m y m i n d the
H e b re w w o rd Riac h dye
2 F ro m th e s o u n d o r e c c ho as En l a n d
g
I sl e l a n d Pre s b yte rie P re s b y t e r 8L0
3 F ro m the b e gin n i n g o f the w ords as for
B ack B ac k wards
1

P R I N C I PA L S Y S T E M S

302

By w ay o f D i v i s i on
a Rat
4

an d

as

or

for Farrat,

p are

L EC TI O
De

r e bu s

om m u n

or

As

i bu s ,

1 111

b us in e sse s,

d in ary imp l oy m e n ts

an d

fo l l ow
t h e i r b o di e s s o c o m m o n b u s i n e ss e s an d or di n ary
i m pl oym e n ts are e as il y g u re d o u t b y t h e i r pro
e r I d e as s oo n e pl ac e d an d c e r t ai n l y r e t ai n e d
p
e r w o u l d b ar e in m i n d ho w m an y
as i f a S h Op k e e p
y ard s o f t h i s o r th at s t aff e s il k e V e l ve t et c h e
h ath it is b u t fan c y i n g in th e R o n e o f his ac
u ai n t an c e c l o t h e d w it h a s u it o r c l o ake o f t he
q
s am e
an d to h o l d the n u m b e r o f th e y ard s in his
r i h t h an d the gu re o f 4 0 fo r 4 0 y ar d s an d i f
g
th e p r i c e o f i t b e 1 6 p e r y ard , the gu re o f 1 6
in his l e ft h an d
th e

in

sun- s

hine

t he

h add o w e s

3 04

P RBN C J P AL. s s s r n m s

LECTI O V I
D e m e m ori a

H i s tori ar am ;
t or i es

to

on

r e me m

be r H is

'

H I S T O R I E S b e v e ry c asie to b e re me m
b e re d : t hr e e ru l e s ar e to b e obs e r ve d
Fi rs t Pr op o u n d un t o you r s e l f th e H i story
an d Au tho u r o f the
H i s to ry an d re ad s om e of
it in th e m o rn i n g so m e o f i t in the aft e rn oon,
an d l e isu re l y
an d s e rio u s l y
im pr in t i n to yo nir
m i n d , the s u bs t anc e an d c h ie f p ass ag e s o f th e
H i s t ory b y I de as pu t in s o m e apt Re p os it ory an d
l
av e i t in r e a di ne ss e
s
a
u
o
h
l
h
b y on c e or t w i c e
y
t hin k i n g o f it
S e c o n d l y Whe n you are to re me m b e r di
ve rs H i s t or ie s t he y are al l to b e e xp re ss e d b y
th e i r s i n g ul ar a nd pr op e r I de as in pl ac e s b y
t h e ms e l v e s Afte r th i s m an n e r yo u m ay r e m e m
b e r S c ri ptu re H is t or ie s i n s ix s ev e n e ig h t c on
c la v e s ; fo r e xa m pl e yo u m ay d i vi d e the b o o k o f
G e n e sis in t o the H i s t ory o f Ad am Noah
.

'

Ab r a ha m , I saa c , J ac o b , J osep h

Th i rdl y I f you d e s i re l e i su re l y an d w i th
divi d e it i n to p ri n
e xac t n e s s t o l e ar n a H i s t o ry
ci pe l i pa rts w h i c h yo u m ay r e pre s e n t b y c e r tain
p e rs o n s gi vi n g o f t h e m c o n v e n i e n t m o t i on ; fo r
of
s t o ry
H
i
m
ay r e m e m b e r th e
e xam pl e
o
u
y
,

A RT I F I C I A L M EMOR Y
J

ph

os e

t ory

if

as

yo u

P ha r a oh

pl ac e

k n o wn

th e

p h, J a c ob , J

os e

osep hs

ta re

or

B re t h re n ,

H is
an d

for

fo r

Qu ota t ion s

n am e

t he

B ibl e

s om e

n e ar

th e

J ohn fo r

t he

n am e

on e

as

be r S c r ip

t he

r emem

to

v e ry b oo k o f
acq u ai n t an c e
o f th e

TA K E
n am e

the

D e m e m o r i a C itat io n u m ;

or

of

men

L ECT I O VI I

f re in d

305

G o sp e l o f S ai n t J ohn ; o n e G e n n e fo r G e n e sis ;
so m e p a t i e n t pi ou s m an fo r the b o o k o f J o b
if
en
o
u
e
n o t o n e J ob
pl
c
k
c
Th
a
n
o
w
8
L
o
u
y
y
al w a e s t ak e th e r ig h t h an d fo r th e C h apt e r an d
y
l e ft h an d fo r th e V e rs e
,

L ECT I O VI II
For

su r e

imp ri n ti n g t he I d e as
t he m e m ory

al

l thin g s in

T H E R E b e t wo s u re di re cti o n s :
The rs t is c all e d Parad i se w h ic h is th e ap
p l y i n g the m os t d e ligh t fu l l th i n gs an d o bje cts
t o e v e ry o f the ve S e n c e s viz wh at m os t aff e ct
,

'

3 06
e

P RI

th

in g

S e e i n g, S m e l lin g, Tou c h i n g, Tas t

e ar n g,

T he
wh

N C I P AL S Y S T E M S O F

ic h

the r

te m e d

is

b y th e

pp l yi n g o f th e m o s t
o bj e c t s t o e ve ry o f th e ve

is th e

l o athfu l l

is

kin d

S ho r t h an d wri ti n g

of a

j t e d to
th e e ye o f th e fan c y as th e Al pha b e t is o bj e c t e d
t o t he s i gh t o f the b o d il y e ye
No w fo r b re vity
s ake
u s i n g c o l ou rs i n s t e ad o f vo w e l s
t he e ye o f
a n i m b l e fan c y w il l r e ad an y t hi n g b y I d e as t h u s
gu re d as re ad il y as if it w e re w r itt e n in a b o o k
an d w il l r e t ai n w h a t t hu s is w ritt e n
No w the
I d e as o f th i s Al ph ab e t b e the s e an d s u c h l i ke as
e as e t h to m ake c h o is e o f ; A
u r fan c y b e s t
l
o
p
y
6
t
a
ai r o f C o m as s e s s o m ad e
a
u
e
L
B a
p
p
B o w b e n t w ith an Ar ro w in i t C an H o rn 86 c
m an n e r t ake I n s t r u m e n t s o r an y
an d s o i n l ike
ki n d o f I d e as fo r t h e r e s t o f th e l e tt e rs W t l l b e
l ike the l e tte rs ; an d i n s t e ad o f vo w e l s u se the se
A fo r w h ite fo r E b l e w o r gre e n
c o l o u rs

for I re d fo r 0 b l ac k for U ye l l o w

in

I d e as

l l,

Of S hor than d wri tin g

TH E R E
th i s Art

S e n se s

an d

o d ou s

LEC T I O 1 X

n am e o f

b y th e

l e tt e rs

ob e c

3 08

NC I PA L S Y S T E M

S 0F

n il

P RI

s u m m ar a

uw

d am

co

g
r ar i p ot e s t , f ol A m s t e l od
.

io

c om

1 66 9

l y ve lz u n
d r e d c l o s e l y pri n t e d page s an d e xhi b it s a c o m
e t e e x o s iti o n o f Lu ll
A
i
s
r
t
as
a
l
i
e
d
e
t
o
h
t
y
p
p
pp
v ari o u s b ran c h e s o f hu m an l e arn i n g [S e e No
T hi s

c u r ou s

t i

w o rk

c on a n s n e ar

AT H

A NAS I U S

t h e ye

d a, in

ar

KI RC

1 601 ,

w as b o rn

H E R,

an

d w as m u c h

c e e b ra e d

ti c ian an d phil o s ophe r H e c o m

m e n c e d his n o vi c i at e in t he S o c i e ty o f the J e
in his s e v e n t e e n t h ye ar am o n g w ho m he
s u it s
d i s ti n gu i she d h i m s e l f b y a s u rpr i s i n g pro c i e n c y
H is w o rks am ou n t to
i n l it e rat u re an d s c i e n c e
4
6220 v o l u m e s f o l io
e l e ve n
i
n
t we n ty
u ar to
/
q
as a

Fu l

at

m a he m a

in

th r e e

an d

l!

oc t a vo

die d

in

the

e ar

680

Var i or u m

57

t a tu s

T he

au

d e A r te

Fr an c

S ex,

tho rs

b e r t S c he n c ke l

of

the se
2

s x

li

n a u ra

whol e
c ep

of

th e

fo ve n d a

L ip s 1 6 78

et

t rac t s

Fr M ar t Rave l lin

e rd .

r a

are ,

Lam

De Memo

Wil lisso
n o ti c e d
al re ad
y

J ohan

S pan ge n b e rg

The

i c h h av e b e e n
t rac t o f J ohanne s Au s triac u s,

wh

J o han n e s Au s triac u s

H ie ro n ym u s M ara o t u s
H

M e m or i ce T r ac

ex

an d

in

A R T I FI C I A L
th i s

is

the re

w or th y

of

M EM

O RY

3 09

th i n g of a n ove l
a
ar ti c u l ar re m a rk
p
no

d e s c ri pti on ,

T he D i vin e Ar t

r
M
e
m
o
f
y

th e

d e l i ve r e d

Ac r os ti c Ve r s e s

in

t ha t t h e C

on te n t s o

b l e m ay r e a d i ly be
i n w h a t C h ap te r ,
,

a ss a

g
i
n
all
i
n L a ti n e
y
g

S c r ip tu r e s,
so

w h ole B i

t he

r e me m

hr e d

eac h

an d

a r t i c u ar

p
W r i t te n

r e c or d e d .

is

oly

or ,

T he S u m of

or

ori

by t he R e ve r e n d
a n d L e a r n e d J ohn S haw , a n d m a d e
,

Was te l

E n g l i s h by S i m on
L on d
1 683
.

Thi s

r ar e an

l ittl e v o l u m e c o n t ai n i n g
is a t rans lat io n fro m Sh aw s

c u r ou s

t han Q00 page s

Lon d

u m e n ta si n g u l a

a n on i c a:

al

h
a b e ti c e d is t ic his
p

1 69 1

u tr i u s

ue

c omp r e he n s a ,

w o rk w h i c h w e

hav e

n ot

t w ith T he p re s e n t D i vin e
Art se e m s to hav e b e e n rs t pu b l i she d in the
e ar
1
6
23
u
n
d
e
r th e titl e o f
t
r u e C h ri s
h
T
e
y
ti an s d ail y d e l igh t ; be in g a s u m of e v e ry C hap
te r o f the O l d and Ne w T e s t am e n t s e t d o w n
al h ab e tic al l
i
p
y n En g l is h Ve r se t h at th e S c ri p
t u re s w e re ad m ay m o re h appil y b e re m e m b re d
e tc
Lo n d
T hi s w o rk w as agai n
be e n

ab

le

ar

sea

S c r ip tu r e

i
p tu m

ca

Te stam e n t i

B ib l i or n m S u mm u l a ,
ram

to m e e

P R I N C I PA L S Y STEM S

3 10

o r

s h e d u n d e r th e T itl e o f
li
M ic r o b ib l ion ; o r
p
t he B b l e s E pi t o m e e tc
Lon d
T he Pro l e go m e n a t o t hi s m e t ri c a l v e rs i o n an d
ab r i d g m e n t o f t he Ol d an d Ne w T e s t am e n t
a re
tw o Epi s tl e s D e d i c at ory ; o n e fro m T B an d tl ie
o t he r
fro m S W [S i m o n Was te ll ] an d th e
Tr an s l at o r s Pre fac e to t he re ad e r fro m t he s am e
Al l t he s e are c u ri o u s an d w o r thy pre
p e rs o n
s e r v at io n
as t he
e x l ai n t he
o
f
l
j
t
d
o
b
e
c
s
an
a
n
y
p
p

ub

t h e w o rk

Ep is t l e D e d ic a t or vf r om T B
.

To

th e

H on o u re d

PAU L W E NT WO RT H

Wo rthy

t aug h t to

ef
s e a k En g l i s h i n
p
an d u s

Es q

l En c hi ri d i o n was
t he

ran s l a t e d
t
o rt ham t o n b e in
N
f
p
g
o
han d of M r W as t e l q u o n da m
,

t he r e ,

S I R,

TH I S l a bor i ou s
rs t

( whos e Ill

Q yn tm e n t ,

e m ory ,

l i ke

Fre e S c h o o l

by th e p ainf u l
S c hooLm ast e r

B ox

r e c ious

p
s t i l l r e t a in s a s we e t fragran c y i n th os e

P a r ts ; ) An d was t he r e by h i m h u m bly r e c om
a No b l e Lor d ,
m e n d e d t o t he P a t r on ag e o
f
o rm l e i h t o n ,
s e c ia l l
W
e
B a r on S p e n c e r o
g
p
y
f

h is

w a r d s t ha t

e m in e n t

Se e d

Le a r n in g

b e in g

on

the

t he

a c c ou n

Light i n

n ow

a n ew

i n d u l ge n t Fav o u rs to
Pl o t a n d Nu rs e ry of

t he r e

Edi tion ,

or e a

a in

to

sa l u t e

g
to whom m ore p r o

P R IN C I P A L S Y S TE M S

3 12

m a ke P e r s ons b e t t e r

an d

B l e ss e d B o o k whic h
q

or

ac

a on e

wit h the Alm i gh ty

u a in t e d

u a in

t ed

wit h t hat
~

b ri n g

c an

as

ac

Tha t i t m ay c on du c e t o t he se e n d s ; a n d p ar
t i c u l ar ly , t hat y ou r w o r thy S e l fe m a y, by a
.

P ra c ti se

an d

B e l ief , d he r e n c e ,

t h ose

D i vi n e

D ic ta te s , e njoy an e ve r l ast ing M e m o ri al in t he

B ook o f Life , i s t he P ray e r of

Yo u r S e rvan t

T B
.

Ep is t l e D e d ic a t ory

To

S IR

Ro n s RT

w ish e th

od

Lor d ,

S PENC ER,

B ar on Sp e n c e r

on o u rab e

l ar G o

TH E

Ri gh t H
H is S i n gu

Wast e l l

S im on

r om

Km

Wor m l e ig h ton :

of

l l H appin e ss Te m p o ral
Ete rn al
'

an d

Righ t

on ou r a bl e ,

TH E m an i fo l d Favou rs

Lord sh i p
S c h o ol

of

ve r s in c e

my

Nor thamp t on

l at e pro m i s e d Ass i s t an c e
t o th at Righ t w h e re o f

Ye ars

u nc o n sc ion ab

rs t
,

as

to

it

iv e d

fr o m yo ur
l
ac i n g in th e Er e e
p

al so Yo u r H o n ou r s
re c e

h e l p th e

id

sa

S c hoo l

hath b e e n th e s e

ly d e frau de d

man y

hat h c ause d m e

xA n T I

ti me s to

t C I A I.

EM O RY:

3 13

i s h t hat s o m e go o d o c c as i on
m i gh t b e o ffe re d u n t o me w he re b y I m igh t w it
o
u t al so
t
b
n e ss n o t o n l
u n t o you r H o n ou r
y
Po s t e rity h w m u c h I c o n fe s s m y se l f o b l ige d
u n to
h
at i n
o u fo r t he s am e
n d t h e re fo re
A
g
y
t ake n s o me Pai ns to t u rn the C o n t e nts o f the
B i b l e b r i e y i n to En gli sh b l ee t e r for the he l p
o f w e ak M e m o ri e s
( b e in g in c ou r age d the re u n to
b y the Pe rs vvas io n o f d iv e rs o f m y go d l y l e arn e d
Fri e n d s u h e n t h e y s aw s o me En t ran c e m ade
t he re i n t o ) YOU ! H o n o u r b e i n g in th e v e ry
Fro n ti s pi e c e o f m y d e are st an d w o r thi l y mos t ho
n o u re d Fr ie n d s
I d e t e rm in e d to d e d i c at e the
sam e
t o ge t he r w it h m y h u m bl e an d b e s t S e r
vi e u n to you r H o n ou r ; b e s ee c hi n g yo u t hat
b o t h m y s e l f an d i t as al s o o u r po o r w ro n ge d
S c ho o l m ay s til l b e pat ro n i z e d an d s hro w d e d
s h ad o w o f
r H o n ou rab l e Pro te c
u n d e r t he
o
u
y
ti o n : s o w il l I n o t fe ar w hat m y b ac k Fri e n ds
c an Say t o m y B oo k n o r w h at t h e y c an d e vi s e o r
d o agai n s t m y s e l f ; s o al s o shal l you r H o n ou r
( in re s pe c t o f the S c h o o l ) h ave the pr ai se o f th e
Pr o phe t t o b e c al l e d A B u il d e r of t ha t was te
h
l
and
t
F
ou n d a ti on
i
e
ac e
a Raise r
u
p f
p
th e r e of ; a Rep a i r e r
t ha t B r e a c h an d a
ma ny

'

'

'

'

Re st or e r of
h o n o u re d
s ors ,

as

those

P a ths t o d we l l i n

an d e s e e

th e

se c o n d

med

of

me

Fou n d e r
B E

An d

so

be

l l my S uc c e s
the re o f, an d b e pa~
an d a

3 14

P RI N C I P A L

ral l e l

q u al i z e d
rs t : Fo r

an d

wh o w as the

Non

T is

Y S T EM S

or

w ith Tl l am as

C hip sey ,

m i n or

tu e ri

e st v ir tus

ua m

u
ce r e r e
g

r ta
a
p

no

l e s s p i ou s , t h in gs l os t t o

T h an for

'

rs t Fou n d e rs to giv e

re gain ,

t o m ain ain .

Vou c h safe I

Lord )

b e s e e c h yo u ( m y m o s t ho n ou re d
c h e e r fu l l y t o ac c e t o f t hi s m
p
y poo r

as

Wi d o w s M ite ( b e i n g a Paw n an d
P l e dge o f m y e v e r d u ti fu l an d t han kfu l M in d as
Artaxe rxe s is s ai d to hav e re c e iv e d an h an d fu l o f
W ate r froo m the p oor C ou n t ry m an w h o s e
S o w il l
Ab il ity w o u l d affo rd n o b e tt e r a G i ft
I e ve r pou r fo r th m y Praye rs u n t o the Al m i gh ty
Pre s e rv e r o f M an ki n d the G i ve r o f e v e ry go od
t h e w o u l d b e p l e ase d to vo u c h s afe u n t o
G i ft t ha
o u r H o n o u r, an d t o al l yo u r H on o u rab l e Pro
y
e n th o f D a s
h
I
l
it
n
w
e n y h e alth o f B o dy
g
y
g
an d
c r e as e o f G rac e an d H o n o u r in t h i s Li fe
the Fr u iti o n o f e t e rn al B l e s s e d n e ss in th e Wo rl d
Pr e s e n t

an d

to c o m e

Yo u r H
e ve r

on ou r s

to

c om m a n d ,

S I M ON WASTELL
.

31 6

r
c i r A L S Y S T E M t} p a

I o s e s,
lV

an d

l e a rn e d

an d

r a ve

d id by

they
s

f e r ed

me

ar r

o ve r ,

t il l

un

the m

an d

t o h is

M in i ste rs vie w

thei r

orwa r

e r su a s on s
p

d,

t ha t

( t hr oug h

G od

an

othe r

c e n s ur e s ,

p i k

so

an

r c

c ou ld

to

n ot

i
g ve

ssistan c e )

had g on e t hr ough b oth t he Ol d a n d Ne rb

I c onf e ss I have n ot p r e c ise ly
Te stam e n ts
.

h
s l lI e thod a n d M an n e r , b e
i
o
t
f
l
t he E ng l ish t on gu e is f a r m o r e c op iou s

ty e d my
c a us e

t han

se

La tin

t ake n

; b u t have

l ibe r ty ( a o
c or d in g as t he c on te n ts o
f e ac h c hap te r w e r e
l ong e r or br ief e r ) t o c on c l u d e the m som e tim e s in
t wo,

t he

som e ti m e s

ti c hs, with

as

in

ou r ,

me t im e s in m ore D is

so

m u c h b r e vity

( observin g pe rspi

I have p u rpose ly l abou re d

t o Sp e a k p l a in ly t o t he c ap a c i t y an d u n de rs tand
ing of t he simpl e a n d ig n oran t, r ather than by
c ai t

y)

as

c ou l d

P oe tic al str a in s t o p le ase the E a r , a n d the Eye

r ious l e a r n ed R
ad e r s
e
ast alsa
t
e
c
u
h
h
Q
h
u
of
t he c on t e n ts (f e ve r y C hap te r se t d own
n ot on l
y
.

in

or d e r

t he e

u n to

Alp ha be t ic a l ly
the m ,

bu t

a l so

wit h

u r es

re s
u
g

in

to

dire c t

ne to
l
i
y
shal t in d
y

e ve r

the Ve rse a l t er e t hou

t ha t p r e se n t ly whic h t hou d esi re st t o know,
C hap ter ,
i nhal e
w ithou t r e ad in g ove r the

dir e c t

t he e t o

Thou hast

al so

Ad am

f
of
C hri st t o An tic hri s t
t im e s

rom

C hron ol ogic al

obse rva tion

C hri s t , and
Thou hast also the
to

f rom
n am es

O RY

A RT I FI C I A L M E M
(

al l

in

B ooks of

the

B ibl e ,

t he

3 17

t hey

as

ol l ow

or d e r .

La st l y,
m e n ts
m an s

A B C

Re ad e r )
to

te r ,

ove r

t he

g
old

l
e a se t he e ( e n tl e
g
p
hast r e ad or he ar d a C hap

whe n t hou

rea

e n c ou r a

c al l e d

d e a t h,

s ha l l

it

an d

c om or ts

t he j ear e

a in st

hast

thou

t he

t wic e , thou m ay e st

c on te n ts

be

bl e t o

in m e e t e r

on c e or

re he ar se

an d sa y

by he ar t, a n d so in shor t tim e
b e ac q u ain te d with the H ist or y of the whol e

t he

sa id

B ibl e

c on t e n ts

If

kn owl e dg e
we

ll

an y

the

was, who

B oole

e
j

s o z e a l ou sl
e
y

be

S c r ip tu r e s ,

t he

( a s M aste r Fo x

f M ar t yr s

t he

b y he a r t

1 075 , g ot

as

l l the

c te

d with t he

Lor d C

r e c or d e th

ro m

in the

th

Ed it ion , page
n e w Te st a m e n t o
f

Eras m u s h is Tr an sl a tion in hi sj o ar n ey t o

Ro m e ,

h e m ig ht i n shor t t im e g e t by he ar t t he se b r ief
c on t e n ts
o
h
h
ol e
l
t
w
t
e
B
i
b
e
h
e r f or e
f
If
e
.

t he

Law

God

be

was D avi d s ) this l ittl e

or t a b e

b r oa d ,

t h ou

st a ye s t

d e li gh t ,

B ook wil l
whe the r

c omp a n on ,

or

t hy

h om e

at

be

it

c om

wa l /c e st

than

An d

( as

n al l

c re ase
i
n
savin
k
n ow
p
y
g
l e dge , j u st if yin g fa ith, or hol in e ss o
f l if e, b y
t he se m y p oor l a b ou rs t o t he Ed i c a t io n a n d
y
re l /

e st

S al vat ion
s i re ,

savin

a sc r ibe

the

an

t hy
t ha t

P r a ise

S ou l ,
I

ha ve

wou l d

an d

E E

t ha t

'

e n tre a t

G l or y
3

al l

al l

I de

the e

to

to

God ,

3 18

P ars

G b rd

an

We l l

wishin g s,

qu e

me

t hy

an d

Thi n e in

an y

m m
C

or

hari tabl e C

P r ay e rs

C hri s ti an

that

e nsu re

s e rv c e

c an

r
r
e
f
o
m,
p

A c hro n o l ogi c al t ab l e fo l l o w s thi s pr e fac e

f rom th e C re ati o n of Adam t o t he d e par t u re o u t
an d th e n am e s o f al l th e B o oks o f the
o f Egy pt
Th e
B i b l e w it h the n u m b e r o f the C hapt e rs
s e c i m e n s se l e c t e d fro m t h e D ivin e Ar t
e
a
r
p
th e w ho l e b ook o f G e n e s is an d t he ol d m an s
,

A B C
.

P RI

3 20

7 G OD

NC

t he

un o

T he y

H Eav n s

Noah

13

fort h

go e s

fo rb id d e n

95

l oK No w

Gi mm

t h e m igh t y

Nimr od r s t

of

1 l LEam h e re

c o n fu s ion

ar

10

S iz e m

to H

t he

3*

2 023

wi l

his

21

Son s

Te r ah

re s e r ve

t he

at

rs t :

"
P

ro ge n y,

l e ave t hy l an d ;

Abr am }

Te r ak w e n t

M Ake has t, 0

d r u n k,

a so .

of

l an gu age

B abe l re n t :

IQ

32

t hy ife

1 d o t h m ake him fain

r
e
a
i
F
Fam n e ;
4
r e s t or e s h is Wife
t he K in g

NOW L

d he

1 ri
c

hly

t u rn :
7
r
d
d
i
s
o
c
u
t
b
part s t he m b o t h
1 0 s in f u l S od om s S o i l
t
i
s
s
l
o
t
Lo
;
3

n
r
o
Abr am go t h
to H e b
M OPp os d b y fou r 1 fi v e Kin gs are s l ain
IS

ot a n

re

2 03 3

Abr ah am
I l l e l c hiz e d e k
s

i
s,
o
p

30

1* r
e sc ue s
re c e

h e re b e gin s,
Nat ion s

on e

s an d

ar an

3
an d

l ove

of

t he B o w

m ad e

92

re ase
,

M e at

G e n e rat io n s

M o are h

d iv id in g

78 7

I nc

ac c u rs

Noe

of

he re

of

Noe

c e

sac r i

Lo t

iv e t h Ty t h e s

Abr aham

23

t ake s n ot

g rl

s wa

ve

l e ag u e s

tw o

oo d is

m oc k d ,

for s in

d th e

d ot h

o re ow s ,

t he D o

l aws
4
M u r t he r

an d

giv e s

e ar,

B l o o d is

9 m ake s

o M
2

Rav e n

e s h

al l

13

re p air s

ood

w ra h as wag

'

G od

9 IH

d row n s

t he

Noe

pairs , an d
Ark, w he re in

b e in g s h u t, t he

an d

AL S Y S T E M S or

s e nd s al l

65 6

IP

ART I FI C

Rom is e

l SP

Se e d

of

I AL

rs t

B ut

his Se e d 3

"
th

h e ars

S Q)

Abr aham

3 m o s

l ve s

w hic h h e b e ie

O RY

M EM

t t ru e :
m u s t S e r v an t s b e

t he ir Fo e s s u b du e
l G U arre l l in g H ag ar n o w w it h 4 C hil d
Q
H e r M is t re s s d o t h d is d ain :
The An ge l b id s 7 s he s ho ul d s u b m it
An d t u rn t o h e r again
4
e
h
I YREn we d is t e
C o ve n an t s u re :

5
s
a
r
e
t he ir n am e
c han g u t he y b l as t ;
An d

en

Abr aham he re is T

c i rc u m c is

I s hm ae l
, an d t he

re s

d,

# 2 4 40

l au ghin g is re prov d ;

21
D e s tru c tion s he wn :
S od oms
39 t
r
s
f
o
e n ju s t me n
Abr aham pray
1 8 S AM

12

for

it

m ay

I QTWO

be

n ot

Ag

Sodomite s

e s

Wife

o re

thr own

Lot d ot h e n te rt ain,
er

"
Pil l

34

S l au gh t e rs

f Sal t is m ad e :
35
b e d ru n k
d e fi l e s his D augh te rs
9
0O
U Nware s the Ki ng t ake s Abr ams Wife
G o d h im he Abr aham 9 rat e s
Lot s

21

ar o

Re s t ore s

11 r
e

m
1

m
ake s
rove s ,
ric h : he 7 prays ,
p

T he n h e al d

are al

l Es t at e s

9
"I
t
r
VI h J oy Sa ah her Son ll e m b rac

t he 9 s c otli n g

as

1*

o ut,

Lad

d is tre ss d ,

an d s

The

re r s

'

Pe ac e

b e twe e n t he
Kin g an d th o t he r.
P Abr aham rose t o 3 s l ay h is nSon :
t he An ge l 1 1 ho l d s h is han d :

Ram

is

13

o f e re

H is Se e d

s worn

up

h l be

s al

l] 2 05 0

Mo th e r

"f e h d

99

S QU

for him:

Sand

[1206 1

3 2%

P RI N C I P A L S

2 3V
Vl th Te ars d id

Y ST EM S

or

Abr aham b e wail

th e d e at h o f HS ar a ol d :
H2 08 5
M ac hpe l ah b o u gh t t o 1 5 b u ry in

W hic h

Ep h r on to him s o l d
2 4 AB r aham 9 s e nd s
t he 1 9 Se r van t p rays
17
208
8
a
s
s
k
Wat e r o f the I] Maid :
N

G ive s

ift s
g

99

d ie s

57

h o m e t o I s aac h e r,

l ove

h is

h is

s aid .

is

m oe Son s :

an d 9 1

I s aac prays :
s t riv e : B ir t h ri h t is
g

Tw in s d o

J ac ob H Po tt ag
pay s

3
se n t
p rom is d , Fam in e

an d

1] 2 1 1 3

61

K e tu r A br am h ad

he
T wo

b rin gs

who m

on

QS B Y

Wife

he

Sis t e r

so

ld

34

c al l s :
'

Th e 9

Kin g
S on s

2 7D

ac ob

ro

e s,

he

p
Wiv e s him

h , d igs 3 We l l s :
r ie v e s an d
g
gal l s

13

35

ric

3
I
s aac Ve n s o n c rav e s :
h
ed
t
g
30
h u n t s , a n d c o m e s t oo 9 7 l a t e
S on

Im

ll 2 1 4 0

re

97

si

is b l e s t

An d

E s au

B r o t he r

*1

38

d oth w e e p :

d e ad l y h at e

9 M ar ria e s :
l
g
g
y
10
s e n t aw a :
J ac ob is
y

2 8 ESau

s un

A Lad d e r

79

od

se e s , an

a s on e

99

13

c o n s e c ra e s

w h e re o n t o

3
o
h
a
l
a
c
b
J
2 9 F0r Ra

ra

ve n ye ars s e rve s :
93
i
es
v
a ban Le a
t
u
L
b
1
5
8
2
g
1|
8 s e r v e s s e v e n m oe : Le a 3 9 c on c e i v e s
H e
3
1
a
b arre n l iv e s
b u t Rah l
4
v
e s J ac ob h e r M aid :
i
v
i
e
d
R
f
a
e
l
R
a
3 0G
g
se

so 9

J osep h is

Le a : J ac ob

94

b orn

by J

his S he e p an d

31

h il d

ac obs

"t
.

ar

We al t h ad mir d

Y ST EM

P RI N C I P A L S

3%
39

o r

U ic kl y ge od J os ep h i
r
f
r d
c
p
Q
o f s M as t e r mu c h 6 a
pp ro v d :
*
4
s

1 22 27H e at

h is M is triss 1 l ie s t

d e nie s

'

B on d s

h e is

40

me

a e

t he

4-1

an

8 Again s

D re am s

49

l e as t

59

49 s l
e

33

75

94

om :

im pris on d

are :

aw a

y:

se n d s

h i s S on ,

h is

99

33

an d

o in

ou r

B ro t h e r

w on d ro u s

19

t:

l ls
s o rt

c a

e n am in

( th e y paid )

5
f
e ar,
c on fe ss : t he Fat h e r s Pl e d ge ,
y
3
r
fo
B e n Wo u l d n ow b e s t aid

"

4 SU

Nto h is
he

B r e t h re n

w e e ps , i

J ose p h s kn o w n

s 5 se n

at he r 9 s e n d s ,

Fo r F

t he

b e fo re ,

17
i
n
K g

c o ns e n s ,

h e goe s , an d
gr ie v e s r n o m o re
1
a
f
r
4 6V
VI th J ac ob ( te Sac r i c e )
93

t QQl O

Pre s e n t s b r in g t o C

fe as t s in

orn i :

V1 thin t h e Sac k o f
is C

are :

Pl e d ge is pawn d
d o t h J ac ob s t ay

c on fe r s :
37

ls C

S o n s d ot h b ring

4
a mz n 9 a

J os ep h

Th e

pou n d e d
Kin g} :

an d s e n

the y

44

fo r

35

s 9 5D re am s e x

Nw il l in g J ac ob 73

an

m ark,

for t h e e

b u t him
43 U

ro an s

grac d as
43
D e ar t h ho ard s u p,

se n

Fo r B e rg

G al l ows

H is W ife t wo

'

0 B u tl e r i t h o u

d J osep h

th e

re

13

oh
r
a
a
A
d
P
h
S

+ 2 23 6

1 2 23

in

19

be l ov d

93

M an s hal t b e
min d
0 Bake r !

h ap py

ou r 3
y

Ehe ars e

G o d w il l

go

on

t he w ay

mee

ts

an d

t e l l s t he m

34

wh at to

l l im J os ep h

he

39

gr e e

ts

t he y

sa

99

u ccp

O RY

A RT I FI C I A L M E M

4 7AG e d J ac ob, w ith al l h is

b e fore

G as /z e n : al l

So n s ,

K in g P har aoh

s an d

b o u gh t

sa e

the

99

3 25

Prie s ts Lan d

in m y Lan d
1
i
4 8 B Le s t J ac ob s c k is v is it e d ;
b u ry

me

G iv e s

B l e s s e t h3 9

imt

l t

19

th e

91
re a e s

Pr a m in e n c e
z

2 255

+ 2 2 80

Pro m i se m ad e

t he ir go in g t he n c e ;
3
1
s
h
th e m z
4 9 C Al l in g his
Son s he b l e s e t
d o t h f u t u re t h in gs d e c l are :
123 00
9 9 B u r ial
h
a
r
e
a
i
s
v
t
i
e
c
b
u
s
:
G
o
h
g
o f S o u l t he Lo rd t ake s c are
3
l am e n t in g m ad e 9 fo r h im :
S OD Ol e fu l
T r o ops b r in g h im to his G rav e :
18
r
o
h
fe ar : he m ake s t h e m 3 5 sw e ar
T he B t e rs
23 1 0
h is B u rial t he re t o hav e
fo re t e ll s

91

T H E O LD M ANS A B
.

Ye S a in ts
The D

E ar t h be

on

of D

ar t s

e at h

ye

g ood c he e r ,
n e e d n ot e ar
f

t hou d e at h a d re ad fu l t hin g
Wh ic h h at h b y C h ris t n ow l os t it s s t ing ?
s u r e as S pr in g d o t h W in t e r b l as t s ;
E
B
S o fo ll o w s d e at h a l ife t h at l as t s
t
ii
n t h is c o r s an d l a t in
r av e
O
p
g
y
G
A gl o r i u s r is in g it s hal l h av e

AC

c o u n t st

15
1

55

TI.e s

or .

d
b
t
u e t o G o d I h e re b
E
y pay,
D
B y d yin g at th

n ed
o
i
pp

d ay

15

53

3 26

P RI N C I P A L

Y S TEM S

c e e d in g we l c o m e D e ath s
X
E

H eb 9

Al l m e n m u s t d ye ,

27

Re v

or

to m e ,

m an is f re e

no

l
a
m
a
n t h at d e s in Fait h :
l
h
U
F
ppy
y
H is goo d wo rks fo l l ow him , C h ris t
13

14

P hil 1

G Lad

23

1 T c s
14

are

t he Sain

ts

d is sol v d t o b e ,
an d

i
i
n
t s
a
t
h
i
s
a
N
D
e
I
g
,

Las t

2 Pet

E we l l m ay q u ake
That in h is l t h y

n
w
N
o
I

'

T o l iv e w it h C h ris t , h is fac e t o

Re v 6 H

th

s ai

s in s

se e .

fe ar t o d ye ,
d o t h l ye

gat e

of

Life

igh t : a s l e e p ; an d e n d o f S t r ife

G o d s Am b as s ad o r t o b e ,

D e at h w il l I m e e t ; I w il l n o t e e
H e b 2 L0 rd param ou n t o f d e at h hat h kil l d
1

14

24

D e at h b y h is d e at h, an d l aw f ul l l d
M U se oft u pon t hy l att e r e n d ,
(me n d

P sd l

90 1 2
.

Rom
5

t hou gh t s

NOu gh t b u t C

D e at h w l l l m ake

of

h r is t

d e at h d o t h

s in

t he e
re m o v e

Ad m ire t he gr e at n e ss o f h is l o v e ,
OF e ar t hl y Pil gr im s , d e at h fr om G od

or

T he

M ake s

po s s e s t
n o t fo r d e a t h,

or .

us

PAS S
W hy t he n

of

b ove

ea e ns a

d ail y d ie ,

t e rri c ?
E c c l e s QU ie t t hy s e l f t hy d ay o f d e at h
Ex c e l l s t h at h o u r t h o u fi rs t t o ok b re at h
7 1
1 Pe t REc e ivin g b u t o u r d u e d e s e r t s
0 20
Why t he n s ho u l d d e at h al ic t ou r h e ars
G o d fr o m al l e t e r n it y
H eb
H at h s o d e c re e d t hat al l m u s t d ye
27
1 C or T H at d e ad l y foe ( l as t fo e o f al l )
s t s h al l h ave a d e ad l y fall
At l a
1 5 26
Rom VAn q u is h d d e at h I w is h we re n ye
I t e n d s a C h ris t ia ns m ise ry
7 24
15

31

d o t h d e at h m e

3 28

P RI N C I P A L S Y S T E M S

t o n , w he n c e

w e re

se n

be e n

s ric

58

b y his

t o t he

fe l l o w

t i n ti m ac y
Are
n

de n t

c z te r ,

e or u m

br e vis s z m e ,

et

te r m s o f

on

Sp e c ial i

ue

a
u
p

ra c z

e m bl e m a ti

or t u n e
p

in

m ea n

m ax imu m

oss u

Lug d

Thi s

at

1 69 5

te n a

'

r mi te r

P an

ua

u c un de et

I
n
m
p
c om m o d u m l e z s S tu d ios i
g

tr a n sfe r r z

ve

i mp ri nt s,

m e m or i e

c on t in
r i,

m s to ha

q
Fig u r am m

m at e r i a op e

r m a ta ,

c on

d e c t a r u m T i t u iz

'

an

m an y

'

se e

e t a d m i r a i l is

va r i is

c ar u m,

03

e n d e a o urs ,

S haw ,

of

w it h h im

Mag ma

i bu s

du l ou s

U n iv e rs i t i e s

s u

se

'

t i an i n ge n i ou s
an d ve ry fu l l app l i c ati o n o f t h e l o c al m e mo ry to
t h e fty b o o ks o f the Ro m an Pan de c t s an d to
th e v ari ou s titl e s an d s u b d ivi s i o n s o f e ac h b o o k
To the Pre fac e is ap pe n d e d the s i gna t u re o f
R C
The titl e is a c o m pl e t e b il l o f fare an d
i s a go o d m o d e l fo r al l t hos e w h o r e n d e r t hi s
n s t e ad o f a titl e
i
an n o n c e a t a bl e o c on t e n ts
f
an on ym ou s

w o rk C

on a n s

age

59

C op ia Sp e c im z n u m Ar l z s M e mor i ce ,
'

'

A RT I FI C I A L M E M

O RY

3 29

c l al i bi

L e orl i i T ar a d e i ,

ru x e l l ce ,

L e od ii ,

e d i t or u m ,

1 697

l l pam ph l e t c on t ai n s an ac c ou n t of
th e d i ff e re n t e xhi b iti o n s o f L S c h e n c ke l at the
v ari o u s c iti e s e n u m e rat e d in the ti tl e
T hi s

sma

6 0 A r s l ll
.

e m or i ce vi n d i c a t a , a u c t or e
ra n c a c c

P oe ti c u m

io,

a c c e ss i t

Ar t i c iu m
D ivin a s

S c r ip t u ras

ad

i n p r o mp t u l i a b e n d as m e m or i te r q u e
Pu
e d is c e n d a s a e c o mm o d a t z m i ,
n or m i ,

This is

an

1 70
e xc e

lle n t

an d

u se

fu l

l ittl e

w o rk ;

ri n
l
i
c i t d e t ai l o f t he
p
p
c i l e s o f the art i t i n c l u d e s i n s t an c e s o f w o n d e r
p
fu l m e m o ry in par t ic u l ar i n di vi d u al s fro m the
ti m e o f Ad am t o A D 1 69 0 an d a l i s t o f
w r it e rs o n th e s u bj e c t
To n e ith e r o f t h e s e
/
s ou rc e s h o w e v e r are w e i n d e b t e d fo r a n
e
t
f
y o r
m a t e r ia l s in th e pre s e n t w o rk n o t h avi n g b e e n
ab l e t o p ro c u re m o re t han a t ra n s i e n t i n s e c ti o n
p
o f t h i s r are an d c u r i o u s vo l u m e

fo r, in

add

iti on

to

an

ex

T h e A r t of l V
I c m ory
A T r e a tis e
u s f ul
e
f or al l , e sp e c ial ly s u c h as a r e
.

r p

P RI N C I P A L

3 30

i n P u b l ie lc

ak
e
p

to

B As s ig n y ,

1 706

o rn am e n e

c o

e r,

pp

re

FD As s

vi n g

e n gra

an d

wh

th e re m ai n I n g
.

E NT E S ,

on

On
H

c e n t re

s c ro

in

ll

4 rs M e m o

o ne

i rc u l ar,

nd
t
h
e
f
o re
ro
u
g
py

oc c u

M in e r va ; in th e

an

J up it e r w ith h is f u l m e n
the w i n e d H e r m e s is
g
d

"
ig y
d

c a u c e u s,

t he

D EC

L an d

i c h is i n s c ri b e d
e d e s t al s
h
e
c e n t re
t
p

on

T hre e

M a r iu s

e e gan

an

ti n g
c l o ud

O th e rs s q u are
t h i s b e au ti fu l pi c t u re

an d

d iti on

re se n

i n in g on a
s e e n yi n g w it h
r ce .

d w it h

r e cl

h is h an d s ,

or

By

MS

Thi s is the t hird

is

S Y ST E

d
e s t al
p

o ne

ds

ag l ic us ;

an d

s an

e rc u e s

of

e s t al is ad o rn e d b
h
d
e G ra ti a:
t
y
p
At th e
in th e i r u su al c o s t u m e
e

il l u s t ri o u s pe rs on age s are s e e n e l e ve n
fro m w h o s e e ars i s s u e
h u m an fo rm s d ivi n e
e l e ve n t h r e a d s o r l i n e s al l m e e ti n g in o n e po i n t
th e m o u th Of H e r c u l e s An g l ic us l
We h av e b e e n th u s p ar ti c u l ar in d e s c ri b i n g
this fro n ti s pi e c e in th e h o pe t hat s o m e o n e w ho
is p re tty far go n e w it h the m an i a o f il l u st r a t ion
m ay b e i n d u c e d to s e e k fo r it ; fo r he re he m igh t
c e r t ai n l y i n d u l ge h is fav o u r it e p u rs u i t w it h ou t a
c h an c e o f i nj u ri n g t he b o o k ; a rare o c c u rre n c e
It is n o t pe r
in th e an n al s o f the p ri n t fe rre t

fo o t

of

the s e

Th e

rs t

d i io n w as pu b i sh e d in 1 6 9 7

339

P R I NC I P A L

B o dy b e s t

an d

t u ral

w o rs

au s e s an d

C h ap

s tr e n gth n in g,

Y S T EM S

OP

fo r M e m o ry, w it h the

Re as on s o f

b o th

S o m e G e n e ral

na

Pre sc ri p ti on s

d Phys i c al Oh
fo r th e re m e dyi n g,

an d re s o r n
g a

M e m o ry inju r d b y

an d

s e rvat o n s

t i

an

il l Te m pe r o f t he B o dy o r the Pre d o m i n an c y
o f o n e o f t he fou r Q u al iti e s in th e B rai n
C hap 5 Wh at is v e ry m u c h prej u d i c i al t o
the Fac u l ty H a b it an d Pr ac ti c e o f M e m o ry
C hap 6 O f s u c h Nat ur al Th i n gs as m ay b e
ass i s ti n g to an d m ay c o m fo r t M e m o ry fr o m t h e
P r o c u re m e n t o f Nat u re an d the C o n t r iv an c e o f
th e

C hap 7 Ru l e s to b e
Prac ti c e o f M e m o ry

Ob s e r v

or

d fo r the Ac t s

C hap 8
.

Ru l e s

Re m e m b ran c e

se r e

in Bl in d

C hap 9
.

m o ry Or

Of

be

to

Ob se r v

t h i n gs that

w e d e s ire

to

ou r

re

Of Ar ti c i al

d to h e l p

or

Fan t as ti c al M e

Re m e m b ran c e

T hi s b oo k

u pon

the

ho l e

( th e d e d i c ati on

ex

th e r d u l l an d n o t v e ry protab l e
I n th e f tl r c h ap te r at the ft e e n t h s e c ti o n w e
b o d y as
al l s u c h M o ti on s o f th e
ar e t o l d t h at
are d e
c au s e gi d d i n e s s o r s w i m m i n g in th e h e ad
The ref or e we sh ou l d
s t r u c tiv e t o the m e m o ry
c e

is

e d)
t
p

ra

h a ve

al c a r e
i
e
c
p

a s

P LAC E S ,

t u r n in g

to

a void P A L Ls

r ou n d

as

th e

r om H I G H

D e rvi sh e s w e

A RT I FI C I A L M E M
su

pp

e ad

o se

T he

]
i

33 3

B l ows up on the b i n d e r p a r t of tire

or

s xt

O RY

b o u n d s w it h

h apt e r

re c e

ip t s

fo r

ti n g the m e m o ry t ake n prrn c rpal ly fro m

A fe w o f the s e
t he e arl y w rit e r s o n t h i s s u bj e c t
w e sh al l e xt rac t fo r the be n e t Of s u c h as are in
c l ine d to u s e t h e m

c o m fo r

'

S n ee z in g P on d e rs

S n e e z i n g Pou d e rs w e l l pre par d are o f gr e at

n
u se , b u t m ay
ro v e
e r n i c i ou s if an
t
h
i
b
e
g
p
p
y
off e ns i ve t o th e B rai n in th e C o m os iti o n
D
ri e d
p

Le av e s o f M arj o ram , S age , Ros e m ary, the Roo t s

O f the H e rb Py re th r u m , o f Li n gw o r t p e r fu m e d

M u sk,

w ith

c o m fo r

th e

G a l an g a l
is

v e ry

are

B rai n

we

ll

fu l t o

u se

an

h oi c e

s ne e z

d M e m o ry

d ri e d ,

an d

re

in g

r,

An d the H

to
er

d u c e d to Po n d e r,

t
h
e n M e m or
g
y

s re n

Pon de

An o th e r

Pon d e r m ay b e m ad e o f P epp e r ,
H e rb C on disi, w h it e Li n g wor t , an d

ne e z n
o
d
s
o
g
g

w ith

th e

Lil l i e s ,

i th

mu s t have

re

t he

c ar e n ot

u e n t u se o

r e u di c e
p

e rfu m e

s om e

the s e

B r ai n

B u t we

a tu re b
t
N
a
o
o
d

y
othe r S m m s ol ric l r m a

to

or

d Gums

en

P l a is t e rs t o p re ve n t a d e c ay of M e m ory
D iv e rs Pl ai s t e rs , he n w e n d a d e c ay in

M e m ory , m ay b e u se fu l fo r he l pi n g the B rai n

As a Pl ai s t e r m ad e o f M u s tard s e e d , an d c l apt
v

3 34

P RI

NC I P AL S Y S T E M S

b in d e r p ar t
:M u s tarcf s e e d w he n
t o the

the

of

e ad ,

or

or

O il

th e

Or if

p p l y d t o t hat par t

of

e as e t o b e at
l
t ake Fl o
y
p
gre at e r Expe n c e
re n tin e
Lill i e s the H e rb s H e r m od acj yl e an d
Py re thr u m l e av e s o f t he w il d Vi n e P i ge o n
d u n g M u s t ar d s e e d o f e ac h an O u n c e ; m ix
the m w ith M os c hata Nu t s S pic e C l ov e s C i n a
m on
an d Pe
er
an d m ake a Pl ai s t e r ; w h i c h
pp
a
k
m
o
u
l
i
e
i
se a
l
h
i
n de r
ar
t
f
t
h
e
h
o
t
e
o
w
t
y
y
pp y
p
H e ad an d yo u w il l n d i t i n c re as e an d he l p M e
m o ry
An d a c e rt ai n fam o u s Au t h o r ass u re s u s
t hat the G a l l o
f a P a r tr idg e an oin te d a bou t t he
Te mp l e s d oe s w o n d e rfu ll y s t re n g the n the S e at o f
M e m o ry ; as al s o t he B r a in s of B ir d s an d Fowl s
r oas t e d
an d c hie y o f H e n s are n o t u se l e ss for

ou

the

s am e

ur

p ose

p
3

Take

A P on d e r f or the M e m ory

the

Se e d

or

Le av e s

of

Or m in u m ,

an

t he m to Po n d e r an d e v e ry M o rn i n g take
a s m al l q u an tity o f a G l as s o f W i n e
An d t he y
I
s ay t h at th e S havi n s o r P on d e r c
vory pro
f
g
d u c e th e s am e e ffe c t n am e l y the c orrob orati n g
o f the B rai n an d M e m o ry ; as l i ke w i s e 3 G rai n
o f wh it e Fr an ki n c e n se t ake n in a D rau gh t o f Li
q u o r w he n w e go to B e d d ri e s u p the o ffe n s ive
H u m ors o f the B rai n . An d it has b e e n o b se rv d
th at the Appl i c ati on o f G ol d to that S u tu ra
w h i c h d ivi d e s the S e at o f M e m ory from
the o t he r
re d u c e

3 36

P RI

d o thre

in g m o re
5

Y S T EM S

fou r

o r

i t

an o n

A Ly e

Agai n ,
th e s am e

I P AL S

ti m e s a ye ar and c o n ti n u e
o r l e ss as t he r e is o c c as i o n

or

NC

an o

ur

t he r

os e

Wa sh f or t he

or

e ad .

Expe r i m e n t m ay b e
T ake e i gh t G l as s e s

f ry

d for

of c om

Wate r l e ave s o f I vy an d S tic as o f e ac h 3

Pou n d an d a h al f ; pu t t he m t o ge th e r in the
l t
a e r to b o il til l th e Wat e r b e al m o s t c on s u m d ;
a ft e r w ard s l e t it b e w e l l s train d an d s u e e z d
q
an d p u t in to it a s m al l q u an tity o f Tu r pe nt i n e
w as h d w ith Ro se w ate r : T he n w as h t he H e ad
an d af t e r d ryi n g i t an o in t w it h
w it h a go o d Lye
th e afo re s aid Li q u o r t he T e m p l e s an d h i n d e r par t
m on

'

th e

of

e ad .

6 A p e lf u m e d App l e f or c omf or t in g t he
B rai n a n d M e m ory
.

Take Lau d an u m , Li gn u m Al o e s , S t o rax, o f

C l o v e s , Nu t m e gs s w e e t B as i l ~
e ac h a D ram ;
,

se e

d,

wh

ich

o f e ac

h h al f

D ram ;

l l q u an tity

a sm a

M os c h

of

h as b e e n d is so l v d , m ake

r se

To s t r e n g t he n

t he

To

l o st ;

w he n

m ary,

s re n

gt he n

or

the

aga in s

an

hl

an

Ounc e

; t he

it

e n i o rr ,

G id tl in c s s

Le av e s

in

or r e s t or e

or

of

re s o re

T a ke

B o rage , C h am o mil e , Vi o l et s ,

an

d Am b e r

App l e

M e m ory

whe n l as t

e ac

it h Ro s e w at e r

it

Ros e

Ro s e s

Lau re l , M arj o

M EM

A tt r i r t C i AL

S age

ram ,

o f e ac

O RY

Ounc e s ;

h t wo

837

h op

ll

t he m

t
i
n t he b e s t Win e , an d a ft e r
h
e
m
u
t
d
,
p

d i s til t h ro a gl ass Al e m b i c , an d
a d ay s ti m e
ke e p t he d i s t i ll e d Liq u o r ; in w h i c h p u t o f s w e e t

t oge the r

sc e n e

an

d T u r pe n ti n e

Fran ki n

Po u n d , w h ite

i ght O u n c e s M as ti c M yrrh B d e l li u m
An ac ard i o r C as s i a n u t s o f e ac h fou r O u n c e s :
b e at the m al t o ge th e r an d s o l e t t he m s t an d fo r
ve d ays m ix d w it h the D i s til l ati o n in a c o ve r d
Ve s se l Afte rw ard s d i til w ith a q u i c k Fi re til l
e t an O l o u t o f t he m
h
i
w
c h ke e p c l o s e
o
u
y
y
g
sh u t U p in a g l ass B o ttl e w e l l s to p p d w it h W ax
Fo r u s e t ake as m u c h o f i t as
an d Parc h m e n t
w ou l d l y in a l arge n u t s he l l d own t he M ou t h an d
t he h i n d e r
an o i n t al s o the M e m ori a l p a r ts v iz
an d al l th e Par t s b e for e m e n
ar t o f the H e ad
p
c e nse e

t ion

You

w il l

nd

i t to be

P il l sf or t he

ve r

yg

ood .

f M e m ory

us e o

i t Nu t m e gs C l ove s
o f e ac h a D ram an d a hal f ; th e be s t Fran ki n
c e n se
c h oi c e
M yrrh o ri e n tal Am b e rgris e o f
e ac h a S c r u p l e an d a hal f ; M osc h
ve G rain s :
w it h M orjo ram w ate r m ake Pi l l s
Ta ke on e i n
Take C hn b e b s, C

a am n

oi n

to

b e fo re

S pr i n g

T he

B e d,

an d

t wo

at

Sun

M e at ; in the Wi n te r
an d

Fal l m o re

se

hapt e r w hi c h

l do m
tre at s

G 0

r isin

ve h ou rs

g
e ve r
t
M
o
n
h, in t he
y

of

Arti c i al

or

P RI

33 8

NC

I PA L S

Fan tas tic al M e m o ry

a

Y S T EM S

0y

Re m e m b rame e

or

l ite ral t ran s l at io n from G rataro l i

M ari us B Assign y w as th e Au t ho r

is

l m o st

ve l

n g l or u m ,

r im

Exe r c ita ti ome s O mton w in

Rhe tw ic a m S acro w
i

m or a s c orr o

th i s

w ork,

et

omm u n e m

Lo nd

b or a n das,

a c

1 6 99

62

c ua

1 ee

c la m

3t

e x c e rp e n d i

e r sp i

Nu c l e u m

S c i e n t ia m m m o

om n i u m

ex

'

t e d a gre at
i n t o Latin

lve
sa

In

s u b e c t of

h apt e r is d e v o t e d to the

M e mo r i e s
M e t h od u s

Qu i bu s

e x ec
h
e
b
i
m
i
t
a
s
h
h
c
n
i
w
r
m
o
e
m
p
,
g
y,
n
e
i
s
d
o
r
e
o
m
o
M
t
r
A
i
s
t
h
o
f
r
y
f
pa

1 29

Rh e to

of

t
a
d
r
/
z
r
a
E
o
m
h
T
P
R
n u m e n tis
v
i
a
r
t
P
5
7
1
e
1
n
d
l
i
t
V
Aug u s
[
a

P m tz q u e

i n 3 To m

d e l a M e m oi r e Ar tzf ic ie l l c
'

re n d re

et

r e tem r

ur
o
p

pp
p
l
c
e
c
E
e
r
i
s
o
z
t
H
Z
t
e
a
n
i
S
e
l H is toi r
r
P
c
e
an
F
r
e
a
d
r
e
i
t
o
s
z
H
t
I
s ia s t i q u e e
a

ou r

'

'

l e P e re

B g
z

1 7 1 9 1 72 3
-

i
Th s
si

s e

m is

is in t e n d e d
at

s,

3 t om

o f C h r o n o l o gy

ti o u

th e

w o rk

P an

e r,

a nd

onc e

to
un

fac i l i t at e th e

iv e rs al

i n ge n i o u s

an d

ac

i s t o ry
s i m pl e

,
.

an

It

3 40
a

J e su it in

he

d i e d in

1 6 79

his

xe d

t he

re s

in th e

ye ar 1 73 7,
a

or

Aft e r h av i n g t rav e l l e d to Ro m e ,

i de n c e

S o c ie tv,

the

of

SY S T E M

P RI N C I P AL

c a ital o
p

f Fran c e ,

Par i s , in

at

ge d 76 ye ars

t he

has

an d

l l e ge

l e ft

he

h i n d him m an y w o r ks , b e s i d e s

ti c e d

t h at a l r e ad y n o
h av e b e e n c o l l e c t e d

i
i pal o f w hi c h
p
an d
p u b l i s h e d in h is C ou r s d e s S c i e n c e s p ar d e s
l
r i n c i e s n o u ve a u x c l
si
e
o
r
r
p
u
o
,
p
p
p
m
f mer l e
t he

r nc

'

l a n g u ag e , l

ri

le

rf

'

wu r,

ol

1 73 2

The

v e rs e an d p ros e w r iti n gs
H e w as a vi rt u o u s
is m o r e p l ain t h an e l e gan t
m an an d v e ry l ab o ri o u s in h is
s

tyl e

'

B a f e r, in his

of

M e m or ia Te c hn ic a : o r a Ne w
"
M e th o d q A r t i c ia l M e m ory ap

64

l
e d to
i
p

l
i
p

an d e x e m

l og y , H i s t ory
l

n om

a so

R o m an C
su r e s, e t c

L an d

G e og r ap hy , A s t r o

wis h ,

G r e c ia n

We ig h ts

oin s ,

ub

to w h

M ea
.

1 73 0

n in th e d iti on o f

l ish e d

an d

an

B y R i c ha r d G r ey , D

T he

i n C h r on o

ed

ic h

th iS b OOlC

an d

to

t he

j ust
e d it io n

h as b e e n
e

i gh th

M n e m on ic s, [s e e No
I n 1 802 , a t h i n pam phl e t w as pu b l i shed , e n ti
tl e d , l e c hn ic a M e m or i a , b y M W J o h n e s ; it

ar e

d
ed
n
pp
e

'

Lo we

'

'

D ic

H is

Ar t B i fi
.

A RT I F1 0XA L M E M
'

it

m e re l y

c o ns s s

of

e x rac

ts

r e

t hi s

I n t he

D r Le t ti c e

1 805 ,

h
i
os al s fo r
u b li sh i n
s
p
g
p
p

Te c h n ic a , b u t w e c an n o t l e ar n

so m e

M e m or ia

84 1

fro m G re y

M on thl y Ill ag az i n e for J u n e

i nse

O RY

w o r k w as

ro

ve r

p u t t o pre s s

It

Ne w
t hat

i n te n ded
in c h ro n o l o gy
D r G re y bl i t
w as

t ab l e s
n
o g ra
h
t h e p l an o f
o
e
S
t
e
y
g
p

i
e
m
o
e
it
h
n
d
e
ra
b
l
i
r
v
m
e
n
t
w
c o s
s?
p
I n o rd e r to e n ab l e t ho s e w ho fe e l so i n c li n e d to
r ac t is e D r G re
s S s t e m w e s hal l e xt rac t fro m
y
p
y
the f ou r t h e d i t ion o f th e M e m o ri a l e c hn ic a
t o e m b rac e a n u m b e r o f

'

l
she d
b
i
u
p

i n his l if e tim e ,

fo r the pu rp os e
The p ri n c i p al Par t

s ary

m uc h

so

as

is

nec es

t hi s M e t ho d is b rie y
th i s ; To re m e m b e r an y t hi n g in H i s t ory C hro
G e og raphy &c a Wo r d is fo rm d t he
n o l o gy
B e gin n in g w h e re o f b e in g the rs t Syl l ab l e o r
S y ll ab l e s o f th e T hi n g s o u gh t d o e s b y fre q u e nt
Re pe t iti o n o f c o u rs e d raw afte r i t t he l att e r
Par t wh i c h is s o c o n triv d as to give th e An s w e r
T hu s in H i s t o ry the D e l u ge happe n e d in the
Ye ar b e fo re C hr ist t w o T ho u san d t h re e H u n
d re d fo rty e igh t ; t hi s is s ign i e d b y th e \Vo rd
of

l t m
e t i tl

T o h is is

t im

s in c e ,

As s is

t t

par ts ,

an

on

y be

b y S am ue l

ad d e

R
Ne e d ham ,

w or k

e m i m s c e n t ia

th e p an of D r G re y
.

G G

t o be

ann o u n c e

o r,

c o

mp

so m e

the

M e m or y

l t

d i n t h re e

e e

'

P RI

3 42

N C I P AL S Y S T E M S

D e l e toh : D e l

s an d n

g fo r D E LU G E , an d e t ok
As t ro n o m y, the D i am e t e r o f the

In

fo r

or

S u n ( S o Lis D i am e t e r) is e i gh t H u n d re d t w e n ty
t w o Th o u s an d o n e H u n d re d an d forty e i gh t
,

I il e s ; th i s is s i gn i e d b y S o l d i he d
E n g lis h IV
-

Sol d i

a e i,
sh e

s an d n g

fo i

an

w n m ore

the se Wo rd s
c o n t r i b u t e to
be

fo r t he D i am e t e r o f th e S u n , h e d

ho w n

fu l l y i n

th e re s

so o f

th e

ro

ign i e
Re m e m b r in g

c ome

the

to

er

as

Pl ac e

w il l b e

ow

th e se T hi n gs o r
o f t h e m is n o w to
,

rs t T hi n g to b e d on e is to l e arn e xac tl y
t he fo l l o w i n g S e r i e s o f Vo w e l s an d C o n s o n an t s
w h i c h are to re pre s e n t the n u m e ri c al Fi g u re s s o
at Pl e as u re
t o fo rm a Te c hn ic a l
as to b e ab l e
Wo rd w hi c h shal l s t an d fo r an y Nu m b e r o r to
r e s o l v e a Wo rd al re ad y f o r m d i n t o t he Nu m b e r
w h i c h it s t an d s for
T he

H
an d

I)

e r e a an d

t for 3 ,

an

nd
ta

fo r l

e an d

d for '2 , i

so o n .

The s e Le tte rs

are

ass ign

d Arb it raril y to the

tiv
an d m ay ve ry e as il y b e r e
e Fi gu re s
p
In e n i be r d
Th e rs t ve Vo we l s in o rd e r n at u
T he D i ph t ho n g
ral l
y re pre se n t 1 2 3 4
m e b e i n g c o m po s e d o f a 1 ai td u 5 s t an d s fo r 6 ;

re s

ec

PRI NC I PAL

34 ;

An d
u s ua

r od s

in Nu m e r at io n

as

o in

to

S Y ST E M S o r

l a rge r

S u ms

Fi g u r e s a t th e i r p r o pe r Pe e
M ill i o n s , B i l li o n s , & c f o r

th e

of

p
o f T ho u s an d s ,

Re ad i n g o f t he m as
one
H un
o ne H u n d r e d s e ve n ty t w o M il l io n s
d re d t u o T ho u s an d s e v e n H u n d re d n i n e ty ve
in fo r m i n g a W or d f o r a Nu m b e r c o n s is t in g
so
t he Syl l ab l e s m ay b e so c o u v e
o f m an y Fi gu r e s
o a n s w e r th e En d o f
a s e xa c tl
t
n i e n t l y d i vi d e d
y
T h u s in the I ns ta n c e b e fo re u s
Po rn t m g
w hi c h is t he D i a m e t e r o f th e O rb it o f t he Ear t h
in E n g l is h M il e s : Th e Te c hn ic a l Wo rd is
th e
B e gin n i n
o f th e
D or b t rbo id az e p ou l
W o rd D o r b te r tan d in g { r th e D ia m e te r o f t he
O rb it o f the Eart h ( D i am e t e r O R B itw T ra u ma)
r e m ai n in g Par t o f i t b o i d a z e p o u l fo r
an d t h e
t he Nu m b e r

N 8 Al w ays re m e m b e r t hat the D i ph tho n gs

2
are t o b e c o n s i d e r d b u t as on e Le t t e r o r r athe r,
re
i
n
l
on
e
F
i
N
o te
al s o
o
u
n
n
se
t
r
e
e
r
s
a
y
g
g
p
th at y is to b e pro n o u n c e d as to fo r the m o re
s
a
i
i
i
it
f
r
o
m
i
i
h
ro
n
n
u
s
d
t
s
il
ea
g
p
g
y
t he m o re e as y

'

3 07 pr o n o u n c e t ze ip

d,

n o u n c e st ai

Re ad e r w il l

T he
or

Nu m b e r

ac c o rd m g

C ho i c e
th e

as

f, to

u i o l a,

or

i gn i e d

Vo w e l s
re

W o rd s w ith

3 25 te l ,
-

m ay b e

or

re s e n

ou t

u b,

th e

s am e

b y d id e re n t

o n so n an s

Figu re s ,

are
or

or n i

a
,

or

lf,

1210,

or a

or ou t 01b,
-

&c

to

or al e .
.

D at e

Wo rd s

as

i du , 1 5 4 b uf ,

or

the

that

o b s e rve

m ad e

b e gi n

A RT I F I C I A L M EM O R Y

3 45

Th i s V ari e ty giv e s gre at Roo m fo r C h oi c e in

th e F o rm a t i o n o f W rd s o f su c h T e r II in atio n s
as by t h e i r U n c om m on n e ss are m os t l ik e l y to b e
r e m e m b re d
o r b y a n y a c c id e n t a l Re l a t i on o r
Al l u sion t h e y m ay h ave to t he Th i n g so u g h t
Th u s the Ye ar o f the Wo rld in w h i c h En e as is
s u pp o se d t o h ave s e t t l e d in I t a ly is 2 8 24 ; b u t
o r d e id o
as t h i s m ay b e e x p re ss e d e i t h e r b y e ke
f
I c h u se rat h e r t o jo i n d e id o to E n e as an d m ak e
En e d e id O t h an [En e ke
th e Te c h n i c al Wo r d Z
fo r a Re as o n w hic h I t h i n k is o bvi o u s
Th u s
K i n g J ohn b e gan h is Re ig n A D
(o ne
Th o u s an d b e i n g u n d e rs t o o d to b e add e d as [
s h al l s h e w h e re afte r
b u t as t h i s m ay b e e x
re ss d b y a n ou
m
ak e
I
or
b
ou n
o r ( 1 7272
p
C h o ic e o f th e l as t fo r t h e n tis b u t c al l i n g h im
J a n n i n s t e ad o f J o h n a n d yo u h av e t he T i m e
Th u s I n tro/m s K i n g o f
al m o s t in his Na m e
Arg os b e g an his Re ig n in the Ye ar b e fo re
Chr is t 1 8 5 6 ; w i t h a v e ry s m all V ari ati o n in th e
S p e l li n g tis his Nam e I n a kus
B u t t h i s b y th e
,

\Vay

T o go

on

it h ou r Art ;

tis

fu rt h e r to b e

oh

th at z an d y b e I n g m ad e U se o f t o re pre
s e n t th e Cy p h e r
w h e re m an y C yphe rs m e e t t o
g e t h e r as in 1 000 1 000000 & c i n s t e ad o f a
Re pe t itIo n o f az y z y z y w h i c h c o u l d n e it h e r b e
e as il y p ro n ou n c e d n o r re m e m b e r d
s t an d s fo r
g
H u n d re d th fo r Th o u san d an d m for M il li o n
s e rv

d,

3 46

P R I N C I P A L S Y S T EM S O F

Th u s
a th

1 000,

il l

0t

1 00, ig 3 00,

be

h 4000,

ot zo

ou

m ot iz

0
0
c
&
9
,
g

o th

or

d ig 3 00, l a th 5 1 000,

79 00,
az

4 004 , p e g
1 000000,

am

l aw n

su m u s

l i d C o n te n t o f the
Ear t h ( Tam as M A G N I T u d O) is tw o H u n d re d
s i xt y
fo u r Th o u s an d e ig h t H u n d re d fi fty S i x
M i l l i o n s o f C u b ic k M i l e s ; t h i s is e xpre s s d b y
th e
Wo r d T e n m agu it so kl a u m ; l e rm agn it
s t a n di n g fo r T e rrae M agm tu d o ;
so Ic l a u m for
QG4 8 5 6 000 000 th e Nu m b e r o f C u b ic k M i l e s
I t w ill he s o m e t i m e s al s o o f U s e to b e abl e to
s e t d o w n a F ac t io n
w in c h m ay b e d o n e in the
fo ll o wi n g M an n e r Le t r b e the S e p arat ri x
b e t we e n t he Nu m e rato r an d th e D e no m i n at o r,
th e r s t c o m i n g b ef or e t he o t h e r af t e r it ; as
&c

T he

so

'

ou r a

m
g p p
g 330
7

&c

d
w it h
m al s ,
ne e

W h e re

t he

be

ex

n ot

r,

01
,

or

TH

Ti m e

as

r e,

, 0,

or

79

n or t h

Nu m e rat o r is

p re s s e d

r i,

b u t b e gi n

r o,

:,

0
1
0
,
g

ra

C hr onol ogy

I,

or

an d

&c

or
or

th e

So

m i ll

094

U n it ,

it

Frac ti o n
in D e c i

H is tory

Ag e s o f the Wo r l d b e fo re

ou r

S avi o u r s

b y C h ro n o l og e rs g e n e ra ll y d ivid e d i n to
S ix T h e Fi rs t fro m t h e C re ati o n to th e D e l u ge ;
t he S e c o n d m m th e D e l u g e to t h e C al l o f A br a
ham & c acc o rd i n g to the fo l l o w i n g Pe r i o d s
,

are

P R I NC I PA L S YS T EM S

3 48

0F

e re
H
f
Th u s
t ick
t h e f th in w h at Ye ar o f o u r L o rd
th e rs t W o rd is Nic s il c o n arite l
Nic d e n o t e s
th e C o u n c i l o f N i c e
s il Po p e
S l Lve s te r c o n
t he
Em p e ror C 0 Ns tan t in e
ari th e H e re tick
ARI u s te l the Ye ar 3 2 5
Th e s e c o n d Wo r d is
C o d e n o t e s the C o u n cil o f
C o d at h m at e ib
d a Po p e D Am as u s t he the
C On s tan tin o pl e
E m p e ror T H E o d o s iu s m a the M A c e d o n ian s
t e ib 3 8 1
T he t h i r d is Eph c e the n s b Eph
th e C o u n ci l o f E P H C S U S c e Po p e C e l e s ti n e t he
*
t he E m p e ro r TH E o d os iu s n e s t he N e s to rian s
l
h
l
h
f
e m ar
t
e Ye ar 4 3 1
T
e
o u r t h is C ha
b

C o u n cil o f C LA Lc e d on 1e
e u d io l a ; C h al th e
Po p e LEO m ar the Em p e ro r M A It c iaI I e n d i the
E rro rs o f E u tyc h e s an d D I os c o ru s via t he Y e ar
The fth is C o vij s t Ol u t C o s t an d s for
45 1
C On s tan tin o pl e v i Po p e V i gil i u s ju s t t he Em
[
O
e
at
h
rro rs o f Orig e n
t
E
e ro r J U S T in ian
p
T he sixt h C gc o po m o n se iz ;
t he Y e ar
C s tan d s ag ai n fo r C o n s t an ti n o pl e ag for Pope
AG at ho c o p o the Em p e ro r C On s tan tin e P0
o th e l t te s
o n atu s
m
n th e
N
s e iz the Ye ar
o
g

ou r t h a a n s
g

w h at E m p e ro r ; the

i t

w h at

'

680

The o

osiu s

J u nior

M EM O R Y.
ART I FI C I AIL

Regal

The

Tal i l e

En g la n d si n c e t he C

o
f
q
P r in c e s b efor e it
u e s t,

an

3 49

th e

som e

most

on

r e m a r ka

bl e

Be f C
.

C AS I B E I an u s c h o se n c h i e f C o m m an d e r b y
t he B r i t ain s again s t t h e I n v as i on o f J u l iu s
C ae s ar [C as ib e l u d ]

h r i st

52

Aft C
.

Qu e e n B o A D ic e a

the

B r i t is h H

e ro in e ,

67

4 55

[H

e ng

fu l ]

K in g ART H u r fam o u s fo r his p ow e r fu l Re

S axon s
si s t an c e : an d Vi c t or i e s o v e r t he
a
h
l
A
r
t
[
f

'

be

b u se d b y t he Rom an s rai se s an
Ar m y an d kil l s 7000 [B oad aup ]
VO RT I G e m w ho in vi t e d t he Sa xon s t o the
As s i s t an c e o f th e B r ita in s agai n s t th e
S cot s an d P ic ts [Vo rti gf os ]
H E NG is t t he S axon w h o e re c te d t he K i n g
d o m o f K e n t t he rs t o f t h e H e pt arc hy
in g

'

h ri s t

EG n E rt
w as

l an d

51 4

w ho re

rs t

du ce d

c ro w n

pt arc h y an d
s o l e M o n ar c h o f E n
g

[Egb e /re k]

th e

AL FRE d w ho fo u n d e d
Oxf or d [Al fre kp e ]
,

the

U n iv e rs it y

82 8

of

C A Nu te t he D an e [C ari bou ]
Ed w ar d t h e C O N F E S S OI [C on fsfc ]
W I Ll iam t he C o Nq [Wil c on sau ] Oc t 1 4

8 72
1 01

1 066

Willi am RU Fu s [Ru f l coi s]

H E N Ry I [H e n rag ]

1 08 7
1 1 00

STEPH

en

e h bi l ]
S
t
[ p

E Nry the s e c on d

[H

D ec 2
.

e n s c

buf

Oc t 2 5
.

1 1 35

1 1 54

35 6

Pl u

S Y s r EM s o r
'

RI C hard I [Ric be in ]
J u ly 6 1 1 8 9
Ap r il 6 1 1 95
J o hn [J an n ]
H e n ry t he r H ird [H e th cl as ]
Oc t 1 9 1 2 1 6
ED w ard I [Ed d oid ]
1 2 72
n var d u s S E c u n d u s [Ed se ty p ]
1 3 07
E
ED vard us T E Rtiu S [Ed te rte s ]
1 3 77
RI c h ard as S Ee u n d u s [Rise tip ]
H En ry t he F o u r t h [H e fo t ou n ]
1 3 99
M ar c h 2 0 1 4 1 2
H En ry th e Fl fth [H e f dd ]
H En ry the S I xtl l [H n s ife d ]
Au g 3 1
Eb vard u s QU ARt u s [Ed q u arfaux] M ar c h 4 1 4 60
r il 9
4
Ed ward th e FI fth
1
3
A
8
p
i5s 1 l
[
J u n e 22 1 4 83
Ri c h ar d I I I
.

'

'

E Nri c u s S E P t im u s

E Nric u s o c tav

ED vard u s

s n x tu s

H e n s pf e il ]
L

1 4 85

Ap r i l

[ H e n o ol yn ]
[Ed se xl e s ]

22
1 54 6

M AR Y [M aryl u t ]

1 553

Nov

e t h El s l n h]
b
i
s
a
L
E
[

1 5 58

M ar c h 2 4
I [J am sy d ]
C a Ro l u s P RI M us [C as op rims e l ]
J an 3 0
C ARo l u s s n c u n d u s [C arse osok]
Fe b
J A M e s II [J am s e if ]
Fe b 1 3
W l Lliam an d M ary [Wil se ik]
ANn e [Anpy b]
Au g 1
G E O rge 1 [6 69 1201
une 1 1
e
se od oi l
J
o
G
rge II
o
E
[
Q

J AM e s

1 6 02

16 84

64 8

1 6 88
1

701

1 71 4

The M e m or ial
C

as ib e l u

b e he

Eg

d B ad anp Vo rt igf os H

h Al frkp e C

an bau

e ng

on fs e .

f ul

Arthq

I NC I P A L

3 59
s

PR

s vs r n u s
'

fo r S e pt e m b e r, t fo r Oc to b e r
,

d for D e c e m b e r
Th u s S te p h d e

an d

o r

Nov e m b e r,

for

S te p h

K i n g S te p he n de
Dec 2
El n ap El E l i z ab e t h n a No v 1 7
p
I n Wo rd s o f t h re e o r m re Sy l l ab l e s the rs t
p
S y ll ab l e s tan d s for all the K i n g s o f the s am e
Nam e , an d the fo l l ow i n g S y ll ab l e s in Ord e r an
s we r t o t he rs t s e c o n d t h i r d & c o f th at Nam e
S o J am c hef fa u ; J am d e n o t e s J am e s I 80H
c hg
b e l on gs to J am e s I an d
( viz M arc h
fan ( viz Fe b
to J am e s I I S o Ri l s e b c d
j
Ri d e n o t e s all th e Ric h ards l s ( viz J u l y
be
l on gs to Ric h ard I je b ( viz J u n e
to Ri c h ~
an d e d ( viz
22 o f the s am e M on t h ) to
ard II
Ri c h ard I II
I f t hi s b e t h ou g h t e i t h e r too d if c u l t, or too

d e r m ay pass i t o v e r
m i n u t e the Re a
G ram m ar 0f
I n the Re v J Ro b i n son s
H i s t o ry w i l l b e fou n d a l i s t of re m ark ab l e
e v e n t s fro m th e C r e atio n t o t h e B a t t l e
of Tr
al l th e
e c h n i c al t e r m i n at ion s o f
i
t
h
t
w
o l ar
f g
Th i s is a u s e fu l s u ppl e m e n t
D r G re y
-

G e og r ap hy

d own the ge n e ral

i
d
l
D i vi s i o n s o f Eu r op e A sia Af ri c h an d Am e r ica
t h e n th e p art i c u l ar D IVI st on s o f the s e v e ral K i n g
d o m s o f Eu r op e i n t o t h e i r re spe c ti v e G o v e rn
For e v e ry D i v i s i on t h e re
m e n t s or P r ov i n c e s

In

the

rs t

Pl ac e
,

'

are

3 58

A RTI FI C I A L M E M O RY .

is

o ne

Te c hn i c al Li n e ,

c o m po se

the

of

rst
rs t l e tte rs)

h
ab l e s ( or so me t i me s on l
f
t
e
ll
o
y
y
o f the Par ts o r Pl ac e s i n t o w h ic h i t is s u bdi vi~
d e d w h ic h Syl l ab l e s or Le tt e rs are di s ti n gu i sh e d
from the re s t in the Tab l e s b y S mal l C apit al s
or an H yp he n fo l l o w i n g
T is fu r t h e r to be o b se r v d t h at the B e gi n
M id d l e an d En d i n g o f th e Li n e an s w e r
n in g
s

in

t o the

o rd e r,

D ivi s i o n s
no t

on

ly

th e r

Nor the rn M id dl e

an d

K i n gd o m s o r C

the

of

S ou the r n

o u n rie s

Pl aces

in

m ay b e

re

m e m be r d

the

at

so

t h e m s e l ve s b u t
t h e i r S it u ati on w it h Re s p e c t

t he

M e as u re
o

t h at

so m e

to e a

s am e

ch

Ti m e

T hus in the M e m or ia l Li n e fo r Fr an c e ,
P Nor I

Fra:

P No r l
-

c h am

vi z

Fr an c e ,

B re t
ve

tOB
-

uL ;

G u t La D aP
-

an d

Nor the r n

I sl e
-

H AM

pagn e
O B u L d e n o t e s the fou r

m m e n ts ,

go gn e

ham d e n o t e s the fo u r

G o v e rn m e nt s,
of

; Bi

an d

vi z

B RE T agn c ,

Lio n n o is

M id dl e G o
O rl e atio is , B o u r
w

G u i La D a P d e n o t e s the fo u r S ou the r n
-

G o v e rn m e n ts , vi z G u re n n e w it h G asc o n y, LAn
.

u
e
d
oc
g

k, D A u phin y

an d

Pro v e nc e

w il l

be ye t s o m e fu r t h e r H e l p to r e m e m
b e r the S it u ati on o f Pl ac e s t o o b se rve t h at in
t he s e ve ral D ivi s i o n s I begi n at the We sr an d o
g
on Eas twa r d as far as t he Li m it s o f the C ou n
It

u H

3 54

P RI N C I P AL S

Y S T EM S

or

il l al l ow in a s t rait Li n e u n l e ss wh e re the
I rre gu l arity o f the Posmon m ake s t h i s M e t h o d
Wh e re t h at is th e
in c o n v e n i e n t o r i m pr ac ti c ab l e
C ase th e Re ad e r w il l s u ppl y th e D e fe c t b y his
i
t
h
o w n O b se rvati on an d b y c om ar in
w
g
p
prope r

t ry w

M aps

f u r t he r ,

O b se rve
c on n e c e d

w it h

are

d e n o te d b y t h e m
Eas t ; t hu s,

th at

an

are

w he re

H yp lz e n ,

c on

Syl l ab l e s

th e

t he

ti gu ou s fro m

t i
We s t to

ou n r e s

No r I c ham s h e ws t h at the I sl e o f Fr an c e
jo yn s to Nor m an dy o n the Eas t, and C hamp ag n e
-

to th e

I sl e

Syl l ab l e s

t ri e s
t h e re
to

of

or

ioyn

th e

C
.

tw o

m o re

or

d to ge t he r w it ho u t

ti

are

c on

to

G a ie n n e

ti gu o u s
th e

on

P rove n c e to Lan g u e d oc k
P r ove n c e is

ou n

H yp he n ,
from No rth

the

an

T hu s G u i La D aP s he w s

t h at

W h e re

ou n r e s

u e d oc k oyn s

an d

Eas t

t he

on

Le tt e rs d e n o ti n g

are

S o u th

Fr an c e

th at Lam

Eas t , D a up hi ny

o n the

Eas t ; an d
an d S o u t h

ti gu o u s to
S uc h S yl l ab l e s as have an I I ?
o f D a up hin g
b
u t are n o t b y it i m m e d i at e l
e n pre c e d i n g
h
y
p
oyn d to t he fo re go i n g S yl l ab l e s i gn i fyi n g th at t he
j
C o u n t ri e s d e n o t e d b y t h e m l ie Eas t ward b u t are
Thu s S p I t T u rk she ws t hat
n o t c on ti gu o u s
I ta ly is Eas t o f Spa in , an d Tu r ky Eas t of I ta ly
b u t n o t c on ti gu ou s
Whe n the Re ad e r is b e c o m e w e l l ac q u ain te d
w i t h the G e n e r a l D ivision s h e m ay t h e n go On
a so

c on

3 56

Pn i

Y S TE M S

N e rP A L S

I I AS I A is d i vi
.

i
a
g

Nor the r n

n to,

g G re a t T Art ary, G EOr

M id d l e

of

Em pire
3

c on t ain in

th e

M O gu l C
;

N u b ia
-

n ;

o as

of

l i in ; Ar ab I n d

t ain in g B a rbary

o n

on ain in g

AB E x

ZA NG U e b ar, C

AF

ARAB ia, Eas t I ND ie 5

ZAara,

B I Ld u l ge r id ,

NEgrol an d G U I
,

S ou t he r n

AFRI C K is d ivi d e d in t o ,

Na

on ain in g

E gyp t

2 fl/[ id d l e
n e a,

Nor the

H I

T a G e o ; T u r P M o

I II
1

i
n As za ; PE rS I a,
T
U
R
k
g
y

S ou th er n

As

on ain in

ded i

or

o as

o n ain in g

o as

of

of

Al

B aB i l E ; Zci Ne G u i
-

IV

O Ngo ,

A Fre ria,

AB I S S l D l a,

M O No m otopa,

an

on

Ah issAb e C

erf

AM ERI C A is d i vi d e d in t o

M one

Ne w W ALe s Ne w
o r Ne w Fran c e Ne w
B RI T ain Lo v rs ian a
G RA Nad a M e x ic o FLo n id a Ne w En g l an d c on
t ain in g t he se s e v e n Prov in c e s ( C ARo l ina Vi rgin ia
M Aryl an d Pe n s il van ia Ne w Yo Rk Ne w J ar se y
Ne w ENG l an d prope r l y s o c al l d , ) l yin g from So u th
We s t t o Nor th Eas t
1

N or the r n
-

on ain in

g
C a Nad a

ou the r n ;

on t ain in

f th e AmA z

y
ua
g y M AG e l l an ic a
o

ou n r
,

P Yo r J En g
S
-

FI RM a, PE RU ,

e rr a

B RAs il , C Al l i, PARA

on s ,

W al B r i t L6vi C

N AM

35 7

r. M E M O RY.

s n r rr r c u

an

G ran M e x

Fl or ( C r Vi M z
-

P e r Am az B ra C h i ParM ag
-

s tr on omy

The Te c hn ic a l En d i n gs

ixe d to

the

Be

g i n n i n gs o f th e Nam e s o f the Pl an e t s re pre s e n t

th e Nu m b e r o f M i l e s o f t h e i r D i am e t e rs , D is;

t an c e s, M agn it u d e s &c ac c o rd i n g
W h e re th e B e gi n n in g o f
Ke y
.

to th e

Te c hn ic al , it is

Le tt e rs
C

it
l
s
a
p

c om

d is tin gu ish d in

ose

d
the

th e

e n e ra

Wo r d
S yl l ab l e s

is

the

or

Tab l e s b y S m all

The D iam e te rs, d c of the Pl an e ts i n En g

l ish M i l e s, ac c or d in g t o D r D e r ha m s Ast ra
-

t he ol ogy

LU n a [Lu D d ap u ]

2 1 75

M ERC

2 74 8

U ry

r c uD e olc
M
e
[
p ]

M ARS [M arD okp u ]

4 8 75

VE n u s [Ve D on e ip ]

4987

T ERr ae D I Am

rD ia ous J i , k
T
e
[
p
]

S At u m

aD n i
ol a
S
[
]

J U pite r

[J u D at s l i ]

S o Lis D I am

a
i
l
e
S
D
o
k
d
[
f e i]

P RI N G I P A L s Ys

3 58

m ms

'

The D iam e te rs

the i

"
or
O RB itS

S AT u rn [D orb Stasob l e s te is]

J U pite r [J u RB kozZlat oth]
-

M Ar s [M aRBe se d ei d
-

n az

8 95 1
262 2 8 2 3 1 0

Te r boid dz e p ou l ]
M Erc u ry [M aRB s au s e eth ]
VEnu s [Ve RB bef okg i baf

T E Rra

[D

orb

86

1 64

'

72 1
.

LU Na [D o rb

1 14

l u n op u n y l ]

S A T u rn i ANn U l i D I am or t he Di a
m e t e r o f S a tu r n s Rin g [Sat an u
d id dz d au l ]
.

Ej d e m LAT I tu d O, or
B re ad th (If Sat w a s Ring
l a dizjeg ]
us

TE Rrae S U P E R c ie s
c ial C
su

o n te n t o f

e r au n
p

ff
o

e z au

or

the

su pe r

r th [Te r

t he Ea

Eju s d e m D I Am e t e r

t he

[D ia p ou

PE RiM e te r

Ejm de m Orb it ae
P
e rm uf y 3 kau_d e l ]
[
-

The

Mag

n it u d e s

M il e s

or S o l id
t he

T u dO .

I
c l au m ]
e r m a n it
so
T
g
[
S O LI S [M ag s l isemtz
n om m nm il ]
-

'

o n te n ts in

l arg e r P l an e ts

M AG N l

T E B r ee

26

ubic k

8 60

P RI

NC I P AL S Y S T E M S o r
.

L i b ra, D e n fo r D E Nariu s, She k fo r S H

EK e l,

G re F for G REc ian F

ub

it Rq

fo r

oot ,

H eC

fo r H

br e w

ROm an F o o t S q u are &c

-

Word s re pre se n t
the Nu m b e r o f Po u nds Shil l i n gs an d Pe n c e
w h i c h are s e parat e d fro m e ac h o th e r b y H yp he n s,
o r e l se s i gn i e d b y t h e Rom a n Le tt e rs 1 s d
Thu s
The d ou b l e Li n e s d e n o t e Eq u al ity]
AM : d rag _t e i n s i gn i e s that an A tti c k
M in a w h i c h is e q u al to 1 00 D rac hm s w as 3
The Le tt e rs
Po u n d s 8 S hil li n gs an d 9 Pe n c e
th ou gh s e parat e d are to b e pron ou n c e d t oge the r ;
T he Re ad e r is t o b e re m i n d e d
as t e i n t e in
r0
h e re that r e s i gn i e s
a & c B u t Note that
in s t e ad o f the Frac ti o n r e t h e Le tt e r It is s o me
ti m e s u se d for H al f, as oikbe h2 78 1 2 5 so 78 1 2

Po u n d s 1 0 S h il li n gs
Thi s sys t e m o f D r G re y re e c t s gre at c re d it
i n ge n u ity o f the au t hor Of th e M e
o n th e
D r Pr i e s tl e y o b s e rv e s
it
m or ia Te c hn i c al
is s o e as il y l e arn e d an d m ay b e o f s o m u c h
wh e n o the r m e t h o ds
u s e in r e c o l l e c ti n g d a t e s
t hat he th i n ks al l pe rso n s o f
are n o t at han d
i n e xc u sab l e w ho w il l n ot
a l i b e ral e d u c ati on
t ake th e s m al l d e gre e o f p ai n s th at is n e c e ssary
t o m ake th e m s e l ve s m as t e rs o f it ; o r w ho th i n k
o r u n w o r t hy o f t he i r n o ti c e
an y t h i n g m e an

w h i c h is s o u se fu l an d c on ve n ie n t
T he I t al ic k En d i n gs o f th e
,

Le c t ur e s

on

H is t ory, p 1 57
.

A tt r i r t

RI C
an d

ME M

O RY

361

G RE Y w as b o rn in the ye ar 1 69 3 ,
l e arn e d d ivi n e o f th e C h u rc h o f En g

H ARD

was

l an d H e t ook his d e gre e o f M A a t Li n c o l n

The
C o l l e ge O xford i n t h e ye ar 1 7 1 8 1 9
rs t pre fe rm e n t h i c h he o b t ai n e d w as the
Re c t ory o f Kil n c o te in Le ic e s te rs hi re to w hi c h
h e appe ars t o h av e b e e n i n s tit u t e d at an e arl y
e ri o d o f li fe ; an d aft e rw ard s h e w as a
p
ppo i n te d
to the Re c t o ry o f H i n t on in No r tham p to n shire ,
an d t o a Pr e b e n d in t he C at h e d ral C h urc h o f S t
Pau l
I n the ye ar 1 73 0 he pu b l i she d his M e
I n the sam e ye ar al s o he
m or i a Te c hn ic a
S
e m o f En g li sh Ec c l e s i as ti c al
l
i
A
t
s
s he d
u
b
y
p
Law e xt rac t e d fro m th e C od e x J u r is E c c l e
o f th e Ri h t Re v t h e Lo rd
sias t i c i An g l i c an i
g
B i sho p o f Lon d o n for the u s e o f yo u n g s tu
d e n t s in th e U n iv e rs iti e s w ho are d e s ign e d fo r

Fo r t hi s w o rk the U n i v e rs ity
H o l y O rd e rs
re s e n t e d him w it h t h e d e g re e o f D oc t or o f D i
p
vi n ity b y d i pl o m a d u r i n g th e fo l l o w i n g ye ar
I t w as afte r ward s re p r i n t e d at d i ff e r e n t p e r i o d s
w it h th e add iti on o f m arg i n al r e fe r e n c e s to t he
.

a es

p g
In

in t h e C
th e

an on ym ou s
an d

p
e d
u

on

od e x .

am

d i s t rac te d
th e
an d

h
e t,
l
p

t t
d o wn fal l
in

h e p u b l i sh e d a l arge
e n titl e d ,
The m i se rab l e

1 73 6 ,

e
ar
y

s a e

the

Re li gion in

of

th e

of

C hu rc h

ye ar 1 73 8 ,
1

En g l an d ,

t li s h

e s ab

new

an

3 62

P RI

m e th o d

e asy

Po i n ts
th e

NC

I P A L s v s r n rr s o r

of

l e arn i n g

T o w hi c h is

w ith o u

b re w

d , b y w ay o f praxis ,
d iv i d e d ac c o rd i n g to the

an n e xe

B o o k o f Pr o ve rb s ,

Re ad i n gs in R0
m an Le tt e rs & c a gram m ati c al an alys i s an d
c riti c al an d e x l an at or , e tc
s h ort n o te s
y
p
I n the fo l l o w i n g ye ar he pu b l i s he d o n a l arge
T ab u l a e xhib e n s p ar ad ig m at a
s i n gl e sh e e t
Ve rb o ru m H e b raic o r u m re gu l ari u m e t irre g ul a
M e t re

; w it h th e m as s o re ti c al
,

r iu m

om n e s C

er

M o d o s , Te m

o n u gat io n e s ,

P
e r s o n as , p l e n iu s e t ac c u ratiu s e xc u sa
p
H i s t ori a J os e phi Patriarc hae , Lite ris
an d al s o ,
o ra, c t

t am

Ro m an i s, q u am

b raic is

e xc u s a,

Ve rs i o n e I n t e r l i n e ar i S Pagn in i
.

8L

cu

vo c u m

In

v a M e tho d u s H e
b raic e D i s c e n d i d il ige n tiu s re c o gn ita e t c
T h e se pi e c e s w e re agai n re p ri n t e d in 1 75 1
Li b e r
I n the ye ar 1 74 2 D r G re y pu b l i she d
J o b i in ve rs ic u l o s M e t ric e d ivis u s c u m Ve rs i on e
Lati n a Al b e r ti S c h u l t e n s n o tis q u e e x eju s C o m
atq u e an n o t a
m e n tar iis e xc e rpt is e tc Ed id it
s e c tan t e s
t io n e s s u as ad M e t ru m prae c ip u e
p
c c e d it C an ti c u m M o xs is
e tc
A
ad c c i t R G
j
I n the
D e n t xxxii c u m No ti s var io r tim
n t ro
i
r e fac e t o t h i s w o r k s o m e s t ri c t u re s w e re
p
d u c e d o n p arti c u l ar passage s in Warb u r to n s

D iv in e Le g ti o n ; to u h ic h t ha t ge n tl e m an
Re m arks o n s e v e ral o c c asi o n al
r e pl i e d l l l h is
e tc
Th i s re p l y c al l e d fo rt h fro m
d ic o

An al yt ic o ; prae m ittit u r

no

8 64

P RI N C I P AL S

T hi s

Y S T EM S

or

l y r are t rac t c om p il e d b y S ol a
m o n Lowe c o n t ai n s 1 4 p age s in a v e ry s m al l type
b e s i d e s th e titl e an d th e ad v e r ti s e m e n t wh i c h is
ri n t e d o n t h e b ac k o f th e ti tl e
i
i
l
k
n
a
n
m
a
s
p
g
ge
s he e t o f d e m y
As D r WAT T S has c ou s i
de red t h i s tr ac t as a m at e ri al i m pro ve me n t o f
t

e x re m e

G re y,
se n

t vo l u m e

of

G re y

m ay

an d

t he

of

an d as s o m e

u rc

h ase r s

of

hoos e top rac ti se the

Lo w e ,

sc

pre

he m e

thou gh t

have

we

th e

pro

pe r, in t hi s e d iti o n , to re pri n t the who l e o f

the o rig i n al t rac t , as it h as b e c o m e e xtre m e l y
'

rare

an d

no t

be

of

l t ho u gh l ate l y
rc h ase d
it
h
ou t
u
w
p
a

M e m ania

th e

c ie n t

ec

im e n

Te c hn ic a
w hi c h

of

re

p
th e

i t

r n e d,
r

in c u m b ran c e

o f G re y

a re ady

has

c an ~

it

s u fn

be e n

A D VI RT I S E M E NT .

TH
t he

ke y to

ex

re
s
s ng
p

th i s

of

ar t

n um

( so

b e rs

far

as

r e ate s

b y Le tt e rs )

to

we

i n ge n i o u s D r G re y What fol
l ows m ay b e c on s i d e re d as a su ppl e m e n t to ,
M
e m or ia Te e / mic a :
an d i m ro ve m e n t
o f h is
p
fo r m o s t o f the ar ti c l e s are w hat p e rhaps d id
n o t o c c u r to hi m : an d the re s t I th i n k are t e
ow e

to

th e

fo r m d

"

A RT I FI C I AL M E M O R

3 65

to gre at pu rpos e ; parti c u l arl y th os e

of

We i gh t s C oi n s an d M e asu re s ; o f w h i c h I hav e
a es
i
v
l
e s s t han t h re e
n a fu l l ac c o u n t in
e
g
p
g
w h e re as t he D o c t o r s ( t ho u gh v e ry d e fe c tiv e )
a m o u n ts t o
T ho s e h o are c u rio u s w il l ad d
su c h
h
a v e m o s t o c c as i o n fo r ;
arti c u l ar s as t he
p
y
in o rd e r t o l ay u p a t re as u re o f u s e fu l pri n c i pl e s
in t he i r he ad s ; fo r th e gre ate s t par t o f w h i c h
t he y m u s t o th e r w is e fro m ti m e to ti m e h av e
w h e re t h o s e are n o t at
re c o u rs e t o b o o ks ; o r
han d b e d i s ap po in t e d ho w m u c h s oe v e r it m ay
b e t o t he i r d is c re d it o r p re j u d ic e
I n e e d n ot
i n fo r m t ho se w ho hav e the e d u c ati o n o f you th
w he t he r in s c h o o l s o r u n iv e rs iti e s h o w m u c h
h
f
t
i s n at u re n o u l d e xpe d it e th e pro
s o m e t h in
o
g
i
u
s
re s s o f t h e ir
l
an d s h o w t h e m t o ad van
g
p p
t age ; fu rn is h b e tirn e s w it h a s at is fac t o ry c e r
t ain ty re ad in e s s an d e xac t n e ss in t h i n gs o f

\r h ic h l I as t e rs t he m s e l v e s
an d m e n o f r e ad i n
g
h av e ge n e rall y b u t an i m pe r fe c t an d c o n fu s e d
r e m e m b ran c e
I s hal l o n l y ad d ( to o b vi at e an
t h at m ay n at u ral l
o bj e c t io n
y o ff e r it s e l f t o s u c h
a s a re
u a in tc d w it h t hi n s o f t hi s n at u re
u n ac
)
g
q
t hat ho w d i f c u l t an d fo r b i d d i n g s o e v e r the jar
o n o f t h is
a
ar t m a
e ar ; n o t h i n
g
y pp
g w il l s tic k
,

We
ou

h a ve pre s e r ve d M r Lo we
.

'

s or

th

o gra h
p y

thr ough

m m

36 6

e xm n

e ff e c u a

t l ly

mo re

s xs r n
'

the

in

ms

or

whe n

m e m ory,

fam il iar isd b y fre q u e n t re pe titi on

i nt o the m i n d w itho u t re e xion

d e n o t e the

rs t

l
l
l
e
a
b
y

o w

to

s o as

N B The

ac c e n s

on c e

l tyl

o f a ( ac

S O LO M O N LOWE

D ir e c tion s

the be tter l e ar n in g

or

n u m be r s

u r e s or
e

21

e x re st

oi

an

to

r e m e m be r

by Le t ter s
ei
on
y
8

t f l s p k
d
m
h
t
0
1
0
g
t d e n o t e s frac t io n s , as fo l l ow s :
b

d f e ri 2

rag

01

,t

by

iro

2:

Ar ith m e t ic al C har q c t er s

le ss
an d :
is , giv e s

d iv id e d

X m u tip ie d in t o :

The D ivis ion

t he

Roman AS
Wh ol e

ol d

or

viz

an y

U n ic a, S e xt Qu e Tri e n s Qu in c Se m
D od rit D e xt D e n
Se m is s is
12
AS , par t s
1 1
Qu in c u n x
De u n x
T rie n s
1O
D e xtan s
Qu ad ran s
D o d ran s
9
Se x t an s
8
B e s s is
U NC I A
7
Se ptun x

I n t eg e r ,

Se p t

Be s

6
5
4

2
1

3 68

P RI

As ,

YSTEM S

N C I PAL S

or

Att ic a d rac h In a
m in a
s ta
te r 4 ; t al e n t u m 4
Au ne u s d e n ariu s 4
B aby
l on z c a m in t al 4 B e kah 2 C ar o l u s l
C roe s iu s
s t at e r 4
C r ow n 1
C yz ic n u s s tat e r, 4 D are iu s
t al

t t

D e n ariu s , 4
D ic h al c os , 3
D r ac hm a 3

c
r
e
l
i
o
e
r
2
G
a
t
G
G u in e a 1 H e b raic a d rac h
, 5
m a}
J ac o b u s , l
l t al ic a m in a Le p t on , 3 M a
n e h, 2
M ark I [M in t1 6 ,
5 No b l e , 1
Ob o l u s , 3
c
P e n ny
Pl ril ippic n s s t ate r,
P ou n d , 5 P t o
/ , 5
l e m ai c a m in t a] 6
Ro m an u m t al e n t u m 4 S e s
t e r t iu m , 7.
S e s t e r t iu s , 4
S he ke l 2 S h ill in g, l
S po r t u l a, 4
S t at e r , 3
Sy r ia m in t al 6
Tal en
t u m 2 5
T e r u n c i u s , 4 Ty r ia m in t al 6 Vic
t or izI t u s , 4

s a e r,

6 Sy n on y m s

d E q u ival e n t s
A t t i c a m in or m in a z

an

E s , as As s ar iu m , as
an tio
c h ic a Att ic a m
ajor m i n o z z t yria B igt u s , d e n ariu s
C e n tn s s is , 1 00 as s e s
C h a l c o s , g d i c h al c h o s D e
"
c u s s i s , 1 0 as s e s
D io
D id rac h m on , 2 d rac h m ae
b o l on , 2 o b o l i
D u p on d iu s 2 as s e s E u bara m i
n az
an t ioc hia
ob ol u s
H e m io b o l o n ,
Lau r e a t,
c aro l u s
Lib e l l a, as Li br a (o r l ib ra pon d o )
m in a
T
att ic a
on n s s is , g as s e s
M n a, m in a,
Nu m m u s ,
1
i
u
Oc t u s s is , B as s e s Pe n
se s t e r t s Ob o l u s , :; n o b l e
t ad rac h m o n , 5 d r ac h m m
P on d o, v l ib ra
Qu a
d ran s ,
as , 2 n o b l e
Q u ad rigzt t u s , d e n ariu s Qu a
}
c
d r u s s is , 4 as s e s
Qu in ariu s , v ic t o r iat u s
Qu i n
c
u e s s is , 5 as se s
h
e l l a, s e
R
o
i
a
z
ze
i
n
e
a
m
b
d
S
e
g
g
m il ib e l l a S e m il ib e l l a,
l ib e ll a S e m n n ic a, u n c ia

S e s c u n c ia, 1
u n c ia
as
S e a t u l a g
S e xt a n s
u n c ia
S o l id u s , au re u s
T e t rad rac h m on , 4 d rac h
m ee
T e t ro b o l on , 4o b o l i
Tr e s s is , 3 as s e s Tr i
Tr i
c e ss is 3 0 as s e s
T r id rac l i m o n , 3 d rac h m ae
1
m s c, .
as
e s s is , 2 0 ass e s .
T
riob o l o n , 3 o b o l i
i
V
5
g
c
U n c ia ,
as
.

N B

Th e s e e ra c oins , m e asu r es , an d we igh ts , b e i n g

o h e o w e s d e n o m i na io n s , t h e m e m o r ial ve r s e s
re du c d
a n s w e r al l t he p u r p ose s o f t h e l ar e s
ab e s : ( 1 ) The d if
g
1

t t
'

tt l

A RT I FI C I A L M E M

f e re n c e

t wo

of an y

O RY

3 69

b e in g k n ow n b y su b trac i on
an d ( 2 ) H o w m an y o f an y m ak e on e o f an o h e r , b y d i i
s ion
e g ( a) W h a i s th e d iff e r e n c e b e w e e n a S h il l i ng
an d a S he ke l ? An s w
( S h abz ) 1 1 0
( S h 0k) 4 8 : 6 2 q
8 1 :
i e S
t h e S h e k e l m o r e h an
t he s h i i n g ( b ) H ow m a n y Sp an s m ak e a Fat h om ? An sw
Fa th oi d ) 7 2
( S pa n ) 9 2 8 Ac c o r d in g y , if i t b e
( as k d , W hat i s a f at hom ( an d s o of an y o h e r ) t h e an s w e r
m ay b e m a d e , t h e sa m e w ay , i n an y of t h e p r i or d e n o m in a
t io n s e g 2 4 al m s , or 6 fe e
or 4 c u b i s , or 2 yar d s , o r
p
,
-

e rm s

ll

p ac e , & c
2 An y w h o e w as c a e d AS , an d 1 w e f h of i t U NC I A
e n c e o u r t e rm s of ou n c e s f or w e i gh , an d i n c he s f o r
h
w
[
T h e se e ra n u m b e rs of h ose u n c i ae ( b e w e e n 1
l e n g h]
w e r e d e n om i n a e d , in o rd e r , as f o l l o w s i n
an d 1 2 )
an d
Q u ad ran s Q) 3 , & c
e x : v i z S e x an s ( i e
.

ll

'

t t

th

t lt
t

i r m an n e r o f re c k on i n g I n t er e s t of m on e y th u s
us ar re as ses [c e n t e s i m ae ] w as 1 p e r m o n th [1 2 p e r y e ar ]
u pp o s e au r e i , or p o u n d s 2 d e n u c e s , 1 1
e l f hs
s
w
c en
e
r
(
p
w e f h p e r m on h [1
r m on h , an d s o o n t o n nr iari a , 1
e
p
e ar
d
e r m on h , 903 .
o
e
r] e
r
9
e
a
e
r
g
p
y
p
y
p
3 O f th e h re e apar m e n s d isti n g u is h t b y b r ac k e s , i n
3 d , G o l d c oin s
t h e I s t ar e B ras s o r C op p e r g 2 d , S i ve r
NB ( 1 ) S h ok ( as appe ars b y t h e Ab b re ia u r e s e x
l
n d un d e rn e a h , an d b y t h e k e y ab o ve ) s i gn i e s S h i l l i ng
a
i
p
i e a shi in g i s 4 8 far h in gs ; an d s o of t h e r e s
48
( 2)
e
e r ) m ay b e p r on ou n c d w e e o r
t
e m o r ia
o
m
t
h
e
y(
d is in gu i s h i t f ro m i : e g C r cf y, a s i f i t w e r e C r ef wi
4 i e i n th e y e ar ( U r b is C on d z tte ) fr om t h e b u i l d i n g o f
e f o uz
i e U C 4 9 0, w h e n t h e
th e c i y of Rom e , 1 9 0
,
P u n i c w ar h ad e xh aus e d t h e re as ur y , i t w e i gh d b u t 2 an d
s o of t h e r e s
5 i e t h e n i u e an m in a w as (u b ss) 56 5 6 q
( g) 1 00
an d s o of t h e r e s
of w h i c h m a d e t h e [Eg i n c an t al e n t
6 N B I n h e se is s h os e i n I tal i c a re m on e y s o f ac
T h e Fi
s
o
i
n
s
re
t
c
t
h
n
e
ou
c
,
g u r e s an d M ar ks r e fe r t o t h e
,
e rs e s
c orr e s p o n d in g m e m or i a
( c ) N B T h e re ar e a s o C OI N D H a f gu i n e as , S e e n sh i
in g ie c e s , H a f c r own s , Th re e p e n c e s , T w o p e n c e s , H al f
p
e nn i e s ; an d s u c h as ar e d is t in gu i sh t b y a su pe r ior c
p
e x p re s s

t lt

ll

v t

l l tt

'

l t

lv

M E A S U RE S .

u bic

u ar

t ts

M e asu r e s
* G al

H m zf

re

d u c e d to P in ts

Ir R af o B ar d d Ti ( W I N E)
P a l ip e B athe i T e th ban
-

3 70

N C I PAL S

P RI

Y S T EM S

or

Firk b oid , asf K I l abe l c b ag ( B E E R

A LE)
Q5
B ar b d e i k, atl a s
g al ad , hap s
H
l
S tr ae k C oo m d u s ( D RY ) Se
Pe bs B it s o
3
abs C h e i z o W e i t hp Liz l ady
C u r e i Lir o C ab i H az (H ) S e li b d i
B at h s y H orn ( mm u id
C ab n r au G 6 m
S e boi (D RY ) B it
5
Le d iazi H om e r l at
C o w n atty Oh r au z M ys tn olc (G ) C on c h , r af
O xyb r i M e t re is
C os h
C h o e n br e M Ed im ~p ( D RY ) C i
Ox C oty K e s t as t h e Ro m an
Qu ar t r S a, r l C op U r e k r rt ( R) Qu a
8
C i r up
C l e bafp Li c y Ac e H e m
Ligr ok C y r ad Ac e t , r e i H e m
9
J
r
z
t
S a
r M od as re
*
G A LL6 N e t mtai n s in c he s (d ry) d oi d r o
-

'

'

10

(b e r) e ke

(w in e ) e t a

i
i
u
d
e
i
l
q
P
O T T L E Q u ar t s (d r
M
O
D
I
t
T
)
(
S
Pin t s ( l iq u id )an (d ry) bau r o
3

l ]

Abbr e viatu r e s e xp l ain d

Ac e t ab u l u m (l in ) 9, 8 B arre l 1 B at h 4
.

B u sh
e l, 3
B u tt , 1 C ab , 4 C aph 4 C he m e , 6 C h au
d ron , 3
C h oe n ix, 7 C o c hl e arion , 6 C on c h a, 6
C yat h u s , 9
C o n giu s , 8
C oo m b , 3
C u le u s, 8
Fir kin 2 G al l on ,
G o m e r , 5 H e m in a, 9 H in , 4
H o m e r, 4 5 H o gs h e ad , 1 , 2 K il d e rkin , 2 Las t, 3
Le t e c h , 5
Lo g, 4~ M e d im n u s , 7
Ligu l a 9 , S
M e t r et e s , 6
M ys t ro n , 6 O xyb a
M o d iu s 9 1 1

Po ttl e , 1 1 Pu n c h e o n , 1 Qu a
p h on 7 l e c k, 3
d rau t al
Se ah, 4 , 5
Ru n d l e t 1
8
Q u ar t , 1
S e am 3
S t rike , 3
T ie r c e , 1
S e x t ar iu s , 8 , 9
T u n , 1 U rn s S W e y, 3
.

Sy n on y m s an d E q u i val e n ts
C a
Am ph o ra , q n ad ran t al
( l u s , I n e t rt e s
C h o s c on giu s
C am o c k, c o o n i b
C o ro n h o m e r C o tyl e h c m in a
Eph ah , b at h Li n
h
u l a, l i u l a
n , ac e t ab u
m
er
O
x
b
a
o
O
m
e
r
h
o
,
g
g
y p
.

P R I NC I P A L

3 72

Sy n ony ms

Am m ah

an

or

d E q u i val e n ts

C h e h al , s e hm
nu s
C u b it ( l e ss e r) pyg m e (gre at e r)pe c hys D ac ty l o
d o c h m e , d o ron D iau l o s , 2 s t ad ia D oc h m e , d oron
G o m e d , s pan K an e h, Ez e kie l s re e d
M e as u rin g
r od s c h oe n u s
M il i are , ou : m il e Pal ae s te , d o r on
Pathil , s c hoe n us Pe c hys c u b i t Pe r c h, r od Pole ,
r od
Po l l e x, u n c ia Po u s , p e s Tophac h, pal m ,
U l n a, c u b it u s , Ze re t h, span
,

c ub i

Y S T EM S

Au l o s, fu r l on g

'

N B T he D igi t i s s om e t im e s d iv id e d i n t o
.

th e Li n e i n

4 g r ains

6 p oin ts
2 N B A S abbat h d ays ourn e y is r e c k on e d t o b e 73 0

e s : 6 of w h i c h m a d e th e P ar as ang , 4 8 a D ay s ou r n e y
a
c
:
p
3 i e T he pr opor i on of th e Rom an fo o t t o th e En gl is h

n
i
v
id
e
i
n
o
t
a
s
f
ou
on
d
d
1
0
0
a
r
x
re
s
d
s
0
t
s
i
h
e
r
e
e
,
(
p
)
p
on a
t h e m on u m e n of C os s u t i us
o n h a of St at i l ius
.

c o n giu s o f

t t

S q u ar e M e as u r e s

re

E Yar n Pac e d u
Ac r h tu sy
-

az as

d u c d to S q u ar e Fe e t
Pol e ep e , r 6 Ro od u z kou z
.

J u ge r - e sou t

Arou ra, the hal f : b u t

i t d au n

V n il y

C l i t isau

Af oke t (q u ) at f a u z

ain d
l
p

ew

Ac t u s m in im u s q u ad ra t u s 3 C l im a 3
3 , Ve r s u s 3 Yard 1
.

J u ge ru m.

(m i n )

Abbr e viatu r e s

G Pl e th ron
[Egyp tian

Ve spas ian

M U LT I P LI C AT I O N T A B L E ;

r om

by 1 2

P o i, on P ei , n s P ou , s i K~e i, so
K ou ,p N h u , e ia
F ad j e i L ad , s y S ad , oi d P
N- ad , az e i
ad , lc o K

7X7
: 49

ARTI FI C I A L

M EM

O RY

N U M E RI C AL L ET T ERS

In
1

Nu m e ral s ] A l e s s
t
e r , En c
f

Ab ate s

n u m b e r, a or e ,

re as e s

3 73

X az
D gs
Vu
Ln a
C az y
2
M ( C 1 3 ) at h he n c e ( OG I D O) by t h

I b
-

D l
b
a
u
u
b
b
f
ro
m
l
b
g y Y
p g
to 0u z y [o c c m o o
53 ,
at h b
h
re
t
e U n it s7 : b u t o f t ne r b
p
y
y 4
m b e rs 8 [az y t l u

Laz

'

H
.

( y ) koppa u i (m i)

y au .
-

a
2
: a ) az y z
(
g
y
b rI zt A d a H ag X at h M az t h I I
1
s
i
tipl ie s o t he r n s c rib d in t

s aa

ou

'

rn u l ~

g I V 4 , I X 9 , X L 4 0, X C 9 0
VI 6 , X I V 1 4 , X I X 1 9 , X X I X 29
2 e g
1 02
1 01 ,
I 1 1 , a 1 01 , & C
8 11, 3,
P
w r i i n g , f r om M
w h e r e of,
3 Form d , in c u r r e n
par
u n i e d , ( v i z 1 6 ) b e c am e D 5 00 h e n c e n o 5 000,
50000
4 i e U n i s , e n s , h u n d r e d s , b e gi n fr om t h e e e r s h e r e
s p e c i e d ; an d ar e t o b e re c k o n e d o n , i n o r d e r , f r om t h e m
1

e . g. a

1 53 4
8

B 2,

e ad of

:1 9,

b e in g t he i n e ffab

'

er

se

9 T he

ld

a d

l tt

om o

le

le

3m

of

200 & c
1 00,
n am e of J e ho ah
.

of

5 5

u re s an d n am e s o f

in m v T ab

'

h u n d re d s ; as , ' 4ii
1 070
}:
y
3 000, @ 5 3
3 0000,

th e rw i e

2000,

e rs c xpr e s s rve

v a i ou g

rac t e rs , s e e
.

6 00,

10e

l tt

20, A 3 0, & c

1 500, D
7 B e fo re t h e e
e

5 Ins
6

t t

G re e k

g A ( 1 0) in s c ri b e d i n n
.

the

h arac

s e n u m e r ic a C

ha

e rs.

5
0
s
i
5
1
m
)
(
( )

P RAC T I C E .

"
3
If on e f the sou ght in t o Pric e
or its fac t ors

o
u
a
r
t p t s an d b y t he Al iq u o t s of
o r by Al iq
"
o
c
i
e
s
S
o
a
o
u
h
f
r
t
f
t
a
n
i
n
v
P
r
i
c
d
i
i
F
de
g
(
y)
l

6
0
? t he Pric e by C
11
6
What l l
if too l arge , by its fac t or s 8

1?

om mod it v 7 ;

hm .

3 74
1 i

or

I n q u e sti ons , w he re t he c om ti on al e rm is 1 as ,
w e s ay,
If on e c os so mu c h , w h a w il l s o m u c h
e.

whe n
2 i

mu s

L s xs r

Pa i n e e

'

M u l t ipl y the q u e s t ion

me n u , b r t h iiig

ught , i nto
Wi l l 20 c m ?
so

ic e & c
e g If on e c o st s l os Wh a
6
p s w o ( the
hin g s ough ) M
0
e 1 O

{If on e c os
e
wh e n m o re c n tfd i ii u s
viz
g
12
6 , w h a w il l 1 4 ? Ans w Th e f ac tors e f 1 4 b e in g 2 34 7 ;

'
i k . 8 1 i 5s
s ay 2 N 1 2 I
whe n 7 M
s

N B I f t h e m u ipl i c at or be n ot re s ol ab l e i n o fac ors ,

ak e h o s e h a c a
m e n ear e st i t, an d ad d t h e p r ic e for t he

o d d o ne , i n m u
ipl y i t b y w h a :th e f ac t ors w am of t h e
m u l ip i c a o r
4 D i i d e i t by th e E ven p ants of t he d e n omi na ion , i n
wh i c h y ou w ou d h ave t h e an s w e r
e g i f an e c os t 1 2 I 6 ,
w h a w i l 1 4 ? An s w 1 0
of 1 1 and 2 I 6 ( w h i c h
3 b e in g t h e
he n ,
m ake s u p t he 1 2 I 6 ) t h e
of 1 05 : say 2 i n
i n 7 ( t h e q u o i e n of 1 4
an d h e r e r e m ain s 3 1
Shill in gs )
w h i c h , i n th e ne xt i n fe rio r de n omina ti cm ( vi z
is 6 0, he n 4 i n 6 0: 1 5 s
th e

mm

'

'

t t

t l t
v

lt

lt

'

Th us

1 4
1 04

{
{d
s

a
6

3
g

15

2
6

e0

l ow i

qr

ng

s
Y
r

L8 ; 1 5

<

5 As in th e fol

e xam p l e :

lb

L8 z l 5

11

11
3
84
~
s 1 :
21 s
.

at

24
,

lb

84

3q
u

10
no 1 1

4%

7%

l iq

of

f r ac

pr

of

frac

T he a n s w e r ; w h i c h, b e in g
I n al l
1 85 2

h al v d
92
6 ; t h e pric e of C 8 4 :
l
s
. r 3
i
e
g
q _ b 11
6 i e I n s u m s , wh e re in t he Q u e s i on e rm i s 1 as wh e n

?
I f s o m u c h c o s s o m u c h, Wh at l l one c ost
w e say ,
1 0 6 , w h a w i l 1 ? Ans w e r , 1 2 I n
7 e g I f 1 2 c os

0
n
1
b
u
i
M 1 2 ( to re d u c e i t t o
t 12
1 0 I 6 I c an n o h a e :
.

t v

"
J 76

PR I N C I P A L S Y S T E M S

pr o d u c m g
An d ( t h e
2 1 6 00

63

5
e

in

t he Si n

c lo

th

th

re s

It t

gl

t)

h e re

th

be

no

th
h
t ff
d q
t

uc

re e

s u

p ro d u c d

i i

(for

2 2 00

1 81

(as

e rm

di id

( for t h e v
t h e d v s or)

2 1 6 00

er :

1 22

>
4

ru le o f

rd ~an
a
y

1 00

t h e an s w e r ; v i z

ow

of t h e

e rm s

or

end

Th

Th e

b road ?

u ar e r

en

ge n e ral l y h app e n s

d i vi d e t he j ac i t , & c
yard b r o ad , w rl l l i n e 1 0 y ard s
i n ve rs e

be

e rm s

Of

i g s t ate d
n

us :

b road
4 q
5

l on

say

d 50

an

1 0 y ar d .

>
4

12

1 2 2- 4 t h

rd s an d
a
y

S U B T R AC TI O N
c om m o di o u s l y pe rform e d b y Add ition ;
as in t he n e xt ar ticl e

M ay b e m ore

T A B U L A TI N G

d ivid e by Add it ion on l y

Tw ic e d ou bl e M u ltipli c an d fac its 1 e v e ry m u l ti
1

plic at or 1 g ive s the of

2 Tab u l at e D i vi s o r : Qu o t e n e x t digit u n d e r : S ub
T0 mu l t ip l y

an d

t rac

t by

L l n th e M

Additi on

tip

fac its o f t h e m u l
d ou bl e d , are , as h e y s an d a ai n s
l h e n , To m u l
i s 2 an d 4
th e d
in o 8
t ipl y t h e m u l i l i c an d
l
c a o r)
u re o f t h e m u l
h
e l as
t
(
of t h e d l g l t 4
d ou b l e t h e fac
n o 6
(t h e 2 d u re , & c ) add
h a of 2
o f 4 to
t h e fac
u re , & c )
n o 7 (t h e n e x
2, 4
add o ge th e r t h e hu n s o f l ,
l ac n g e a c h o f h e m , as i n
li
of m u l
t h e c om m on m e h o
th e

ig t

tp

t g

i t

i t

it

it

'

p i

t
ti p i t

t d

I n t h e D rv t s ro rz

Ta bu l a

th e

d w z s or ,

su m

as

in

ti p

(I I ) ( 1 )
th e c x

g i t t h e d igi t 2
b y ad d i n g t h e d i v i s or t o i t se l f ;
ag ai n s t 3
b y ad d i n g t oge t h e r th e

am

pl

viz

a a ns

t?
o

2
4

1 9 75 3 0
3 9 506 0

(1)

79 01 20
5 9 25 9 0
6 9 1 35 5

c at iom

2.

t t
t g
t
t

c at e r
u l t ip l i c an
M
)
(
l i c an d t wi c e U 1
9 876 5 N 76 8

U LT l PLI C AT l O N s u m

Q
u

U
6 73 79 4, 1 53 6
a:
9 304
5 898
3 072
43
Qu otie n t ( I I I ) 3 8 4o
4 5 08
1 9 29 1 9 3 6 53 76
5 1 44

m
o

m
a

a n r r r rc u

ORY

M EM

r.

3 77

tt

i g

b y ad d n t h e o al of 9 t o
an d , in l i ke m an n e r, i n t h e
s e l f, o r
h a of a to h a of 1
o al s o f an y tw o o r m o re
o e he r
th e
re s ,
b y ad d i n
h e n , ( 2)
d
w h ose t ot al is s ou h
s , e u al t o t h e d i
Q u o te ( o r, for t h e u o i e n , ake ) t h e d i i t a a n s t h e o al
u re s o f t h e d r
c o rre s o n d n
n e x t l e s s , or u n d e r t h e rs
h e n , n s e ad of su b rac i n , ac c o rd n
v id e n d , viz
75 8 5
t o t h e c o m m on m e h o d , t h e tac it o f t h e d v so r b y 9 (v iz
gu re s o f t h e d i v
6 9 1 2 ) f rom (7 5 8 5 ) t h e c orre s o n i n
d e n d (3 ) S u b tra c t by a d i tio n , an d s ay [n o t , 2 from 5 , an d
h e re re m a n s 3 , b u t
2 , an d (so m u c h as W i l l m ake 5, v iz )
3 is 5 : h e n 1 , an d (as m u c h as W il l m ake 8 , v iz ) 7 is 8
h e n 9 , an d [w h a w rl l m ake 1 5 (s nc e 9 c an n o b e
ake n
fr o m 5 ) viz ] 6 is 1 5 a, he n 1 , hat
o rrow , an d 6 is 7

an d so o n
I n t h e D r vrs ro n su m (
a
)
pe ars
t h aw Al l t h e t ab u l at m g n e c e s sary t o n d t h e
u o ie n ,
is o n l y t o d ou b l e t h e d m so r : fo r, t h e o al n e x l e ss h an
( t h e l s t d i v d e n d ) 9 8 7, i s 9 6 8 ; h e re fo re u o e : h e n
( t h e 2 d d v d e n d ) 1 9 6 h as n o o al l e s s ; he re fore u o e 0 :
h en th e n e x ot al l e s s h an ( th e 3 d d i v d e n ) 1 9 6 5 , is ( t h e
ad o al , v iz ) 1 9 8 6 ; h e re fore q u o t e 2
An d , in l i ke
m an n e r, m ay b e ab u l a e d an y s u m , b y s e s , as h e re sh al l
b e oc c as on
( a) N B 1 5 , b e n t h e l as sou n in t h e m ou t h o f t h e
o e ra o r, d oe s m o re re ad l
y an d c e r a n l y r e m n d h im o f
w ha h e b orro w d , h an i n t h e c o m m o n w a of s u r ac on
;
y
w h c h is n o s m al l ad van a e t o t h s m e h o d .
9 an d

t otal s of

it

t t

igi t

agmn s t

4,

t t
g t gt
t t
gi t
q t t t
t
p
T
i t
t

p d g

t t

tt

Ib

t t

i g

I II i t p

d
tp

IG H TS

G ol d , S i l ve r , J e we l s ,
an d Li u or s
q

b t ti

We ig ht f or

Tr oy

t
t
q t I t
t
q t

ti

tg

WE

q t

t t

i i

i g

p t

t t

g t T
g g i t
i g g
t t g
i i

'

Gr ains

M on y er s
1

'

rc

d lte d t o B l anks

M O N Pri t ef D ro it oky M i te
-

G ol ds m it hs

G r ain s
2

G
O
L
D
r o
C
a
,
)
(
-

au z

Ou n c e

re duc d

to

Se t u p (1 y D rank

dy G rai n ~

Pe n d
ok
l
o
o
i
sy
P
y
1

abth- zi

We ig ht

Ap ot he c ar ie s

an d

R S

PR I

N C I P A L S Y ST E M S

0p

Aoer d up ois We igh t f or B as e r m e t al s

M e r c e ry , G roce ry &c

Wool
3 C l

o ve

r e du c d

to P

S to n e h TGd
Las t s e i

oi .

t auf

,
-

o u n ds

5 z

lf

un

We ights

br e w

re

au r e lc

Ro man M

Le pt

h i m Fathe r :

abe .

M an be iz y T5 1

Len s , kizr ci be

d u c d t o Gr ain s

B e lg m i ; S hk be i

pu n d s

ig h ts

C h al c h o, r S I ]
-

C h o u tr e k
Sc ript alc , t r af D ra Mou r af S e xt oid , au rp
Si c i l az n , e rp
Lib ra
U n c p n oi
D u e l l bol , u r oi
l f l r ITOi
t , r k

{
{

S ac k

Gre e k an d

H
Po u n d o un c e os
ti n ar e : T u n oz

u a

W e igh be id

eh.

Othe r Th in gs

'

P r op or t ion s

9 G RAI NS En gl is h hij , r e m ake Fre n c h al d , D u tc h

ap ou
3
r
v
r
a
i
n
s

C
h
as
A
T
ro
o
z
E
: as
U
N
n
10 O
g
yf
4
ii
ei
y to o
1 1 PO U N D Ave r h e avie r t h an Troy b y 2 o u n c e s , 4
d ram s, an d 2 s c r u pl e s
-

Ab br e viatu r e s

p l ain d

ex

C arat, 2 3011 21 1011 03 , 6 D rac h m a, 7

B e kah , 5
D u e l l a, 8 H u n d re d w e igh t A Le pt o n , 6 M an e h ,
Po u n d , 2 Sc rip
5 O b o l u s , 6 Pe n n y w e ight, 2
Sc ru pl e , 2 S e xt u l a, 7 S he ke l , 5 Si
t u l u m, 7
S il iq u a, 6 T al e n t, 5 U n c ia, 8 Zn
c il ic u s 7
z ah 5
-

8 80
1

P Rt Ne r P A L S Y M B M S o r
'

Fe b ru ary , it is w e ll known,

e re s t 3 1
t
h
9
g )
2 i e . T h e Non hs are
i n he s e 4 m on th s
3 i e Th e Non e s are
t h e re s .

28

le

( in t h e

ap-

e ars

as

t h e 7th

on

sl ay , t h e I de s
I

on

th e

on th e

th

I de s

th e

on t h e

3 th ? if}

G ol d e n s re m ain d e r of ye ar m ore 1 , d iv id e d b y 1 9
Ep ac t s t he c yc le in t o ab : abo ve iz by te , t he re
9
m ain d e r

Ne w s

de r

t he

r e m ain

t l e s s iz

e pac

mon th from

au z

an d

m ar c h

For J an M ar 0
Ap Se No J u m l e s s e n
Fe b Apr 1 add
Fu l l s al 5 d ays from t he c h ange Wain in g e as t ;
4
s
l
i
h
n
d
Grow in g, we s t i e n g t e
z

At S u n

Ris in g
se t s Ne w

set ,

m in u

te s

uh

m ore

an d

S e t t in g

ris e s

Fu l i ;

e ac h

an d ,

d ay,

S h in i n g ( in Wain i n gsS u bt rac t (in Epe r e as in g) Ad d

t o S u nris e , s e t
-

Sou thi

e xc e s s

th e

"

a e

t ake

i nt o oh , b y 6 0 : f rom

t he

4 1,

H igh w ate r at Lon d on b rid ge

6
af t e r S ou t hin g
-

tw o h ou rs

an d a

h al f

1 e

1 73 7

re m ain d e r

9,

fo r

G ol de n n u m e r
-3 0
as b e in g ab o e 3 0
4
l
e
h
e
c
c
:
e e
t
2
g (
(
)
)
y
re m ain d e r 9 for th e e pac
z: 9
W h at is t h e m oo n s age ? An sw
3 e
May 2 0
9
8 ( t h e n u m b e r o f th e m on t h fro m m ar c h , i n c l u s ive l y)
h
e d ay of t h e n e w m o on ,
t
t
h
e
e
t
:
ac
1
1
l
o
8
=
9
p
(
)
t h e c yc e
.

or

'

A RT I FI C I AL M E M
w h e n it is

s aid t o c

h an ge

O RY

S o th e m oon ,

38 )

o n th e

2 0t h o f m ay,

is 2 d ay s o l d
Th e
4 i e
.

W e st

Fu l )
w ard

H o rn s are t u rn d , i n D e c r e as i n g (fro m t h e
w ard
in E n c r c as mg (from t h e Ne w ) Eas t

Apri l

( 1 73 7) W h e n

c om e s

t h e m oo n t o t h e

Ams w T h e m oo n s age I S 2 6 t h e e x c e s s ab o e
m e rid ian

T e n 1 1 he
3- 6 0 2 8 11 4 8 m .
( a1) 1 5 , I S 1 1
fo r t h e S o u th i n g
Fo r t h e re ad l e r w o rki n g, t h e ru e
m ay he t h u s e xp re s t :
z n to 1 2 th e r e
Ag e i n to 4 , by 5

m az n d e r g w e s m z n u te s
:
e
1 1 a
8 h :
+ 5:
re m ain d e r 4 x 1 9 2 4 8 m
6 e
Apr 1 5 ( 1 73 7) t h e m oo n S o u th s at 8 h 4 8 m
h 18 m
Th e n a 4 8 m + e h s o
(N B ) I f t h e
am o u n t s t o m ore h an 1 2 ; t h e e x c e s s s h o ws t h e h ou r

TH E 1 2
or

S I G NS

P or t ions of the Zod iac , n am d f r om C on s te l l a

t ion s on c e i n the m
t he i r Name s , C har ac ter s ,
nd
M
w
i
t
h
a K ey t o
an d
c or r e s on d in
on ths
:

p
g
1
t he S u n s P l ac e on an y D ag
an d on w h at d a
/
y
o
t
h
e We e k t he l s t D ay
an y M on th ho
f
of
p

p e ns
1

Ar

n1

a2

Arie s
T au r u s
G e m i ni
C an c e r

f2 Tau r

on

3 G emi
4 C an c e

m ay

u:

23

5 L

6 V
7 Li b
8 8

9 SJ
10 C d
1 1

Aq u a

1 2 Pi e c e

pr

jim
ll
au
se

p
1:

p]

0c

fr

no

p
1:

it

fe b

ba d

de
a

52 Le o
17
11 Vi rgo
a
Lib r a
11 1 S c o r io
p

1 Sagitt ariu s
19 C apr ic orn u s

Aq u ar i u s

c:

36 Pis c e s

Th e m e t h od i s t h is : To t h e d ay o f th e m on th
fo r t h e ol d s tyl e ) ad d t h e n u m b e r s ign i e d b y t h e n u m e ral s
a , on , & c
t h e S u n ao, i f ab o e 3 0) is in 't h e d e re e
G
o f t h e s i n c orres on d i n
h
on t h
E
d
a
o
m
t
t
o
h
f
e
e
t
g
p
y
g
1

3 8 9.
Fe b

P Rl
1 0+

N C I P A I . s e n a tor s or
ol d st yl e

( for t h e

11

>6

of

t h e n u me ral

( for

1 1

be)

Th us : From th e d ay on Wh ic h M arc h I s t h appe n s ( V.!

M arc h ) fo r an y o e r m on th , c ou n t re m an d so many days
E. 6 M ar l st ,
as are s ign i e d b y t h e n u m e ral s a , f , & c
w as t u e sd ay : t h e re fo re Ape l s t [c ou n t ing ( f) 4 ou
wa rd s , me sd ay be i n g o n e } is fr id ay : an d , c on se u e n tl y , t h e
q
2 9 t h , are frid a ys ; whe n c e m ay b e
8 t h; 1 6
, 2 9d ,
of
t h e re s et
[N 3 J an an d Fe b are re c kon d from
t h e p re c e di n g ye ar
2

th

th

J an 0
7 Fe b r e i 6 m
S
e t ad
at
u
6
A
4 J l
5
p
g
p

o
g
s
t
i
e
t
h
L
n
e
U N d a,
,

Rm t he

ou .

be 8
70
m
t he Sh or t e s t
.

f
N al f
-

as- .

i boi,

in

i ts S e t t i n

Th e Tim e

5 Apr

M on t h, & c .

e ac h

and ,

Se tt in g s t h e c ompl e m e n t 013ris ing t o 1 2

4
e
s
b l e d , the day giv
'

d ou

an d

C yc le
C yc le

the

eh

Le t te r

D om in ic al

r e main de r o f

year

m ore

Q b y eh

if 0,

6
.

c e s

an d

A ; e3 , B ;

(n e xt

af t e r

ad s :

7
n
o
o
s

d E, on G ,

e e ry

ay
-

4th has 2

B, bo D, ae c F,
I

FO RM E R is
afte r,

us

th e

i
i

e.
e

t il l

Fe b do, in

n d,
Le ap ye ars ; a
-

the. S u n

On J
On J

S u n rises

R
E
T
T
A
L

t he

To n d
1

at

Pl ac e i n t he Zod i ac ,

Su n rise s at e
m , Ne w sty e (whic h is th e

an . 4 , t he
an .

Szgn s,

Lon ge s t day}

P RI

38 4

N C I PA L S Y S T E M S o r

Roman M an ne r of D ating
Non I d ( 2) Prid ie ( 3 ) Te rt q u ar t : (l i b )
.

Kal
.
T he d ay s o u gh t s u b t i ac t fro m
One m are t h an I d e Non e d ays Two m ore
m on t h s , fr th e Kal e n d s

1
( )

t h an

t he

Non e s ,

Id e s

) For

th e d ays o n w h ic h t h e

Ka

e n d s,

m o n t h h ap pe n ( V M o n t h s ) w ri te ( e g ) K a l D e c
o n t h e kal e n d s o f d e c e m b e r, Vi z
t h e l s t d ay o f D e c e m b e r
( 2 ) o u t h e d ay pre c e d in g e ac h o f t h e m , w rite ( e g ) P r i d z e
K al D e c i e pu d ic kal e n d as d e c e m b ris , o n t h e d ay b e fore
t h e kal e n d s o f d e c e m b e r, viz
t h e 3 0th o f n o e m b e r
(3)
For th e d ay s b ac kward , writ e Te rtz o , Qu ar z o, tyc i e on t h e
8 , 4 t h , &c
of d e c e m
I I To n d an y o f th e d ays , e g
t
l
h
o
1
)
(
h e r, W h at , in t h e Ro m an s ty l e 3 An s w 1 0 1 4 ( On e m or e
to id d e c
t han t h e d ay s t he i d e s ha
i
o n)
{
e
e
n
4
pp
Agai n ( 2 ) 4 to i d d e c W h at , in t h e En gl ish s ty e ? An s w .
4
14
10 i e
t h e l ot h o f d e c e mb e r
( 1 ) 2 0th o f
t he
n o e m b e r : S ay 2 0 3 2 ( Tw o m or e t h an t h e n u m b e r of
d ay s i n the m o n t h)
1 2 i e . I z m o kal d e c
( 2 ) 1 2 m o.
kal d e c s ay 1 2
Q0
32
o f an y

'

O RY

A RT I FI C I A L M E M
EP

OC

3 85

H AS .

The ir C om me nc e me n t i n the J u l ian p er iod

H tm m
i
am

5m

wo
r

0 2
m
m
5

s
m
m

m
n

g
:

3
:

3
Q
5

3
: 3 m
M

m w s a
m m r
u
r
s m w o
s w m w

< 9 vm @
a
3 m 2
n
a

a %

h
a

3
w3
e

S
9
0

m m

m u

m m m p

ao

u
o

w m

m m
m a

: 3

3
.

i
c

$S 33

$
9

x .%

aV

m
m m
m m e

o W
G
U
2
Fm 9 w m m 0
a
H

5 &
s Q
m
a

o
u

~ae

m? 8
o
s

c
G

n
u
m a
o
m
n

m
m

o
o

mo

8
m

o
a

> >
m
2

og C
a

m0
m
7

1
m

3
3

A
.

a
.

w
n
e

m
o

:.

3 am 8
5
m
a 5
5

m c

5
9

0
.

w
a

n
e

m
H

:
u
.

m
m

5
5

8 n
o

m
a
o

c
E
n
:

8
?

5 8
.

Q
3

e
s

3
w
.

n
o

? n
:

w
e

L L

7 5

8
2

m
a

3
g
S
R
c a 3 i
D
UaS v
g

>

e
.

m
i
: s

@
5

i
m
E
l a
2
n
2
7
r
e
Q
5
8 6 : a
m
3
a
a
;
n
B
5
8 3 e
e
o

m w n

w
g o
mm
m

m m g o m
w
a
:
5 :

>
5

m
m

s
c

.n

m m
:
:

:
A

3
.

s U 2
0
.

0
9

3 86

R I NC

I P A L S SI E M

To
The y e ar

or

nd

the J u l i an p e r iod

c or r e sp on d in

to

y E ra
An y ye ar of any [ Em by t he c or r e sp on d in g
t
h
e J u l i an
e r i od
ea
r
f
o
y
p
fo r Af t e r ad d C om m l e s s l
JU L
fo r
Af or e take fr om C om m
Af te r , C om m l e ss l t ake for C orr
JEE P
b u t Af or e , C or r fr o m Co m m
an y

in

e ar

an

I)

2)

e-

W h a t y e ar of t h e J U LI AN P e ri od is t h e ye ar

b e fo re C h r i s :
a
r
2
ft
C
t
e
r
s
An s w ( 1 ) 1 73 7
9
i
h
( )
( b e fo re C h r i s t ) 4 71 4 ( t h e ye ar o f t h e c om m e n c e m e n t o f
h e C h r i s t ian ae ra i n th e J u l i an p e r i o d ) 2 2 9 7 7
( Q) 1 73 7
t af te r C h r i s t ) 4 71 3 ( t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t l e s s 1 ) 6 4 5 0,
( h e y e ar o f t h e J u h an p e r i o d
t
2 W h a t y e ar of t h e C H RI S T I AN E r a is t h e y ear o f t h e
An s w ( 1 )
J u l i an p e r i o d ( 1 ) 2 9 77 ? ( 2 )
( t h e ye ar o f t h e J u l i an p e r i o d c or r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e y e ar o f
t h e ae ra s ou g h t )
4 7 1 4 t h e c o m m e nc e m e n t o f t h e C h ri s t i an
ae ra) Z; 1 73 7
4 71 3
( Q) 6 45 0 t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g ye ar)
( t h e c om m e n c e m e n t l e w d ) Z 1 73 7
1

For t he Nu m be r of Year s f r om the Cr e ati on

B

i r th of

Ch r is t

to t

he

T h e Ch r i s t i an v u l gar ae ra c o m m e n c e s in
t h e ye ar o f t h e w o r l d 4 004 , jan 1 [ac c o rd i n g t o
T he J ew s
&c
3 94 8]
H e l vic u s I s aac s on
ate r b y 2 4 2 ye ars,
l
L
ac e t h e c re at i o n o f t h e W o rl d
p
T h e G r e ek hi s t o r i an s ,
v i z in 3 76 2 , o c t 7
o n t h e au t h o r i ty o f t h e s e pt u ag i n t S oo ne r b y a b o u t
t he e c c l e s i ast ic al , in
1 4 9 0, o r 1 5 00 ye ars , v i z
5 4 9 4 ; th e c ivi l , in 5 5 09
.

3 88

R I NC

I PAL

S YS TEM S

Qu ar t e r ly

Lad y m ar e l
-

d e c , al

M id s u m ju n ef
-

M ic h

e
, .

P ou d n o

Re v o fe h
-

,l

,a

ol i

d ay s

S e pt s t

{S T E R S

C hri

an

d af ter E as te r

S hro ve t m
M au n d q
G o od

Se x

B ef or e

1
l

p, dou

M art ja, ty Res t or ma , d on

y

M OVE A B L E
-

se

S t ate H
i re se

or

as .

Qu af e Le n t as

Pal p
Fri d

EA
t h e rs t S u n d a afte r rs t F u l l m oon
y
afte r M ar c h d a
Low oi 2 B og a t n
s e in
A
t
hi
W
s on
Trin
2
l au Ad e t a
EM B E R d ay s
We Fri set, afte r Qu a Wh i t H o
Roo d L u c i d e c , at
'

E A T ER

T A B LE 3
t he G ol d e n

P as chal f u l l m oon s f or
n u mbe r s , w it h
t he H e bd oma d al Le t te r s
-

I
el
bi

10

1 1

ed

by

d
b

M
G

iz

9 A

A
13 M
14

U se

15

6
17

18

19

A
M
A
M
A

ea

e ou

d
b

b0i

f
(1

eo

be

the Tabl e

12

be i
oi
e oi
bu

S m fro m H e b d om t o D o m i n
ad d t o t he M on th s d ay 4

of

t he ye ar

s ou

ght)

Sy n on y m s , &c
As h w e d n e s d ay, l s t d ay o f l e n t Can d l e m as, pu
C ru c i x i on , g o o d fri d ay
r i c at ion o f t he v i rg i n M
H o l y t h u rs d ay, m au n d ay
H o l y we e k, l as t o f l e n t
J o hn the Bapt is t, m i d su mm e r Paras c e n e , good~
.

RT I FI C

M EM O R Y

IAL

3 89
'

fr i d ay
P as s i on we e k l as t o f l e n t
Pe n te c os t
Pro c e s s ion in g d ay as
w h i ts u n t i d e
w hits on tid e
s hro v e s u n d ay
d ay
c e n s io n
Q u i n q u age s i m a
S ho r (S h u r ) t h u rs d ay m au n d ay th u rs d ay Tw e l fth
d ay e p ip h an y
-

re s

: Th e

n a

t i vi ty

Ch i t i

of

r s

s on

dec

95

an d s o of

S ep t u ages rm a

su n

ys b ef or e
Low s u n a is

( st)

d ay is

th e

63

t e r [70 b f e t h e c t ve o f e as t ]
d y
( o ) 7 d y s f t r Eas t e a d o o f t h e s t
t bl c o s s ts o f 5 ve rs
c h e n d i g at a
3 Th E t
p e i d m a k ; a d m y b e r ad t h u s
O
t wo m e lg
ai d

t h e ab? e ( f A Er ( we m e dd & c I t s L c S t o n d
Ea t e r
day f e v
V
4
g A D 1 73 7 t h g l d
u m b e r is 9 t h e d o m i ic a l
4
t 9 ( t h t ab l ) t h e h b d m ad l l e tt e
l tt e r B t h
ag i
to th
c
d m m c l B a e (g a b ) 3 : w h ic h
is F f m t h
t h i t h e t ab l e ) g i v
add d t
p 7 ( t h e d ay o f t h m
ste
su d y
S o A D 1 73 6 go l d e n u m b e r
ap 1 0 f
t h f om C ( in t h e t ab l e ) t o C
8 l t d m m c l l e tt r C
ap
ap r 1 8
25
( do m i i c ) 7
Eas

or

as e r - a

r o

re

ro

en

e n

r.

on

In

t.

or e a

e r.

ea

ne

a ns

en

o a

e s,

en

re

or

ou r

sun

er

r,

es

G eography

gv

c c
g
v gv

e r se s (w h i h
o n tain as m u h ,
I n t h e fo ll ow i n
l t hin k, as is n e e ss ary t o c h ar e t h e m e m o ry w i t h
b y w ay o f fou n d at i o n ) 1 h a e i e n t he m os t e n e ral
d i i s i on s o f t he s e e ral par t s o f t he te r ra q u e o u s
l o b e b e i n n i n , in e ac h , w i t h t he m os t n o rt he rl y
par t s , an d , in d es e n d i n s o u t hw ard s , p ro e e d (to
t he r i h t) fro m w e s t to e ast : s o t h at h i l d re n , w i t h
a fe w h i n t s an d o c as i o n a l h e l ps , m a
e ab l e t o
b
y
nd t he m , b y the m s e l e s an d t h e re b y x th e m
b e t te r in t he i r m e m o ry ; afte r w h i h t he y w i ll e as i l y
h
e r se s b
e ar t , an d b e w e l l
re are d t o
ge t t he
p
y
p
c o n s u l t t he
a z e t te e r, o r t o go t h ro u h an
y s ys te m,
n ith
p l e as u re , to oo d ad an ta e

3 90

R I NC

I P AL

s r sr n

L A ND

ms

or

I s l e s , P e n in su l as , I s t hm u s ,

Con t in e n t s,

M ou n t a i n s

C ON

AF ( 8 ) B ar ( fez
Egy ( al e x

T I N E NT S

E u r op e , Af r ica, As ia,
m or

an

t n

Ca es ,
p

Amer ica

t ri po b a
r e ) Bi

c i

(d ar)

)
Zaar ( z u ) Ne (t om b ) Nu b i (d an g) G u i (m a why b e
10 c an g) Eth i ( m on c af )
AM ( 23 ) G re e n B rit Wa La C an Ac ad En g J e rs
Pn M ary Vi r g C ar
G e or K e n t
F l or (an g pe n s) M e x {u ad m i t a j
c h i gau t hon ve r)
s!
Firm (pa c a m ar ve n e z an d gra p0 c om d ari) Pe r
(q u i to l ii m c h ar c )
Am : Rrast ( S al se b aVin ) C h i l ( ja) Para (g u ai t u c u
a r

3
p l at) M ag
t s i b c h e t h i) T rk ( tn n a c rd s y d i
AS ( 5 ) T ar a
r) Pe (d e r is p gom b )
I n d (m og ag b e n : vis go b i m al : pe to s i c o) C h i
pe k n an k
EU R( 1 8 ) No r be rg s we d e s t oc k (S ot e d n I re
E l on d on )
d z i bl in
D en c op H ol ams t F l an d br i is s C c mn Po wa

Ru ss p e tr e : Fran c e

p ar
Swit z bas i l H n g p r e s b Po rt l is b Sp ain mad
ro
Tu c on s tan t
-

I tal

RI C

AF

B ar bary c om pre h e n d s t he kin gd om s o f Fe z , M o

B il d u l g e r id :
r o cc o, Al g i e rs , T u n i s , T r i po l i , B ar c a
D aara Egyp t : ( c h c it ) Al e xan d ria, C airo Zaa
Neg r ol an d : To m b u te
r a : ( c h p r o v ) Zu e n z iga
Nu b i a D an gol a Gu in e a M al agu e t te , Wl i yd aw,
B e n i n , L oan go, C on go, An gol a E thiopi a M on e
m u g i , M on om o tapa, C a r aria
.

'

G r e e n l an d ,

AME

RIC

Ne w B r i tain Ne w l Val e s Labrad or

-

S LES :

R I NC

I P AL

SY

STEM S

or

Z d e n Az p b s a a C a C
m
y d M a
H e gui
M ad e t h
bar b
M aid Ge yl s s m B o S u J av Ph i M o Lad t i n d Ne w f

la
S o s ou th s e as
B l o B a C iI J am H i Ric , C ar i b (an t n e m o b arb )
I

Fn e gm ag
PEN : J u d e M o g r e Pre tar t Afri C amb M al ac
in d M e x am e r ~n or t h
M OU NT : C h e vi s cot Pyr sp a i n Alp s i t C au c a
t r t Apal ac h n am
me n

oo d

APES

L iz ard S tart po i n t (of ) En g l an d

S t Vi n c e n t s Sp a i n
B l an c o Ve rd
r i ca
A
o e
r i n M al a bar
C
o
m
o
H o rn
p
f

Lan d s
Fi n i s te r re

e nd,

I SLES
Ze al an d ( in ) D
ard in i a,
al

Az o re s (w e s t

f ) P or
S
S i c i l y, C an d i a, Cypru s (i n t he )
tu g
M ad e i ras , C an ar i e s (ag ain s t) B ar
M e d i te r r an e an
M ad agas c ar, E t h io
S t H e l e n a, Gu i n e a
b ary
al d i v e s , C e y l on , S u m at r a, B o rn e o, S u n d a,
i
a
M
p
J av a, Phil l ippin e s , M o l u cc as , L ad ron e s , E as t
S o c i e ty I s l e s
Ne w fo u n d l an d , Labr a d or
I n d ie s
r m u d as ( ag ai n s t) Fl or i d a
e as
e
ou
t
h
B
h
i
e
S
S
t
n
(
)
;
B aham as , C u b a, J am ai c a, H i s pan i ol a, Po r to Ri c o :
C ar i b b e e s (An t i g u a, Ne v i s , M on t se rr at , B ar b ad oe s ,
M e xi c o F u e g o, Te r r a M ag e l l an i ca

e n m ar k

'

J dt l an d (in )
Tar tary
I n d ie s
.

E N I NS U L A S

D e nm ar k

M o re a

Afr i c a

Me xic o

C au
r ic e

v i ot (b e tw e e

ca

Pre c op
E as t

ce
.

E n g l an d
Py
Al ps , I t aly an d Fr an c e
Apal ac hian , Nor tl n Ame

S c ot l an d

Sp ain an d Fr an
as u s (in ) Tar tary

re n e e s ,

C am b aya,
M al ac
Nor tt m e r i c a
.

M O U N T A I NS
C he

Gre c

an d

M EM O R Y

A T I FI C I A L
\VA

Gu lp hs

Oc e an s, Se as ,

T ER

Rive r s

S tr ai ts ,

3 93

an

d Lake s

OC EANS H y p Ethi Eas t Al t We s t Pac i Sou t h

d e l Zu r
lce
S EAS : Ba d e S w e d e C han ng M e d e u aif r Bl ac k
.

Gas p t ar tar
G U L F S : B o Fi s wd e Ve n i tal Re d d r ab Pe rs .
B n g B a H u n or th am
S TRAI TS : S o u n d hal t C i me d I l el bl a B a r d
S un i n H ad bu D a ba
M ag
LAK ES : Lad O r u s s Ne Lo s cot G e Ln s wi tz
B ab ap er s B o as Par r m
RI V Vii C d D an bl a Rhi g e r Rh Eb Nil me T
Eu p e r s G a be M is m e a
e u , as .

'

At l an t i c
Zu r

or

E A NS

Ic y

or n or th e rn

n e ar

th e

'
.

w e s te rn

OC

H ype rb o re an

Eth i op i an
Eas te rn ,
o r so u th , o r m are d e l

Pac i fi c
S o u th Po l e
S EAS

C han n e l ,
Bal tic , e as t o f D e n ma r k an d S we d e n
s o u t h e as t of E n g l an d
M e d i te rran e an , b e t we e n
E u r op e an d Af r i ca an d part o f As i a
B l ac k s e a,
b e tw e e n part o f E u r op e an d As ia C as pi an , in G r e at
Tar t ar y
.

GU

L FS

O f Ve
in S w e d e n
n i c e , e as t o f
taly
Re d s e a, b e tw e e n Ar ab i a an d
Af r i ca Pe rs i an G u l f B ay o f B e n gal in As ia
B atiin s an d H u d s on s B ays in Nor th Am e r i ca

B o thn i a an d

Of

of

Fin l an d

ST R A IT S

G i b ral tar, M e d iter ra

S o u n d (o f t he ) B a l t i c
n e an , H e ll e s pon t, B l ac k s e a
B ab e l m an d e l , Re d
se a
S u n d a, I n d ian o c e an ~H u d s o n s , B u t ton s
bay
D av is s , B ain s bay
M age ll an , S ou t h
.

Am er i ca

39 4

P RXN C I P A L S

LA

Y S TEM S

or

K ES

On e ga, w e s t e rn par t o f Rus sia

Loc h Ne s s an d Lo m o n d ( in ) S c ot l an d Lake s o f
G e n e va an d Lu c e m , S w i t z e r l an d
B ab ac o m b ar,
P e rs ia
B o rn o u
Neg r ol an d
Parim e , Te r r a

Lad oga

an d

RI V E RS

Vo l ga ( fal l s in t o th e ) C asp ian se a

D an u b e
B l ac k se a
Rh in e , Ge r man oc e an
Rh on e ; Eb ro
Nil e M e d i te r r an ean T igris Eu ph rat e s P er s ian
-

g u lf

G an ge s , b ay o f B e n g a l

M is s is ippi, b ay

M e xic o

of

Ac c ou n t

A mor e p ar t i c u l ar
of

th e

v e r al

t rie s

f Eu m p e m ay b e e xhibi
t e d , s o a s t o iv e a p re c is e id e a o f t he s it u at ion o f
g
e ac h s u b d iv is ion , af t e r t h e m an n e r o f th e fo l l ow in
g
s e c im e n : in w h ic h
p
( b e s id e w h at w as p ro pos e d in
s u c h as are
c o n t i u o u s S ou th
ge n e r al , n o t e
g
w ar d ar e
j oi n d as in w e La s u c h as ar e c on t i
as in C h e D e
&c
gu o u s We s t war d , are hy p h e n d
se

c ou n

E N G LA N D .

Nor

c um

d ur

w e Layork

s t al e r u t n o r

he d e
-

n ot

l in c

s h r p

H r w o w a n rtha : B e d h u n tc am b
m on gl
su :
oxfo b u c k h e r t e s s
S o m w il t b e rk m id d l e s e x : c o m d e v d ors h amp
s u rre
y ke n tS u s s
'

FI RST M ERI D I ANS

On

e ith er

(Eas t) Lon d o n
C orv o boz

as

Side

Te n e r if

(We s t ) Fe r d
-

B ras bou
o

e.

J ag

s.

Nic o l

3 96

P RI

N C I PA L s r

ms

sr e

NE W T EST A M E NT

I ts 2 7 B ooks

att

M ar 0t

a.

Rom a l oi

The sJ t

Lu ke 5 a
Phi l C o l Eph es Phil e J am e
-

Tim Pe t e r aup
3
d oi in iau
-

J u de

or

Pe l o
-

G al

or

se .

eb

Re v e l

ar.

Ac t s i Ti m ot hy
-

J ohn

an s .

n oi .

i e El i hu is m os prob ab y su ppos e d to b e t h e au th or
o f t h e b oo k o f j ob , ab ou t 1 73 0
ye ars b e fore t h e b ir th o f
C h ris t
S o , M o s e s , t h e au t h or o f t h e p e n tateu c h , ou rish e d
i n t h e ye ar b e fo re C h ris 1 4 00
An d s o of t h e re s
N B Ez ra is t h ou gh t b y t h e e w is h d oc t ors t o h a e w ri t t h e
c h ro n ic l e s
t
h
e 3 6 t h c h apt e r o f G e n e s is , t h e l as t o f J os h u a
[
an d J e re m iah
an d t o h a e r e is e d an d se t e d t h e c an n on o f
t h e ol d t e s t am e n t ]
2 i e M a tt h e w w r it h is gos pe ab ou t h e ye ar o f ou r Lord
An d s o o f t h e re s
3 i e 2 7 b ooks ( fro m t h e ye ar 4 1 t o 9 7) in 3 6 ye ar s
1

'

E NG LA N D

I ts K in g s ,

I LL

tl

on

t he C

s in c e

s au , 1

wi th the C omme n c e
Re ig n s

on q u e s t ,

me n t o
f t he ir
-

'

Ru f koi
-

E N l st c
.
g
-

S T E P H bil
-

buf
RI C H 1 s t be in J O H N e m H E N 3 d d as ED W ARD
I s t d oid
RI s e c ipp H EN 4 thtou n ,
Ed Qd d g/p , 3 d t ep
at
5 t ll
J
6th~f e d Ed 4 t h;fau b, 5 th, Rt 3 d f e z t H E 7th f e d ,
8 th ly n
ED 6t h 16p M ARY l at ELs Iu k J A M E l s t sy t C a
l st s e l
C AR Qd s on J AM E s e s e il W I LL M A se in ANN
e
a ,
eo
d
G
p
p
p f
py
E se c

u rm u

m
i

M l tiam t h e

t he

year to b e gin
o m i e d t h rou gh o u

tt

j
t th i

an u ary l

l tS t

'

1 000 i s

t he i r

Rise

Fal l

on t i n uan c e .

Ni n (A M )
ap ok Sar

ASS :

N B

or u n i ve rs a l on e s ,

(ac c ou n t in g

re i n
g

3 97

b e gan h is
A D 1 06 6

O NARC H I ES

an d

O RY

c o nq u e ro r

The g r an d

r. M E M

(B AB

t e t at

tart boi, G RE G i s el

if

an ,

PE RS

Lys th rac he b s
Ptol e m al ib a
C as s ma gre
a
Se l e n e as )
p l sy
B OM : J u l in y d , J ov o tat
iEas t , Ws t : t ake n
C on l oz e , Ro m otu n :
i
G

ns u l
e od
o bz , At ti
h
d
o s
T
O

f
p
To t l op
-

'

As sy rian m on arc h y b e g u n in Ni n u s ( A M )
Th e
1 74 8 , an d e n d e d W l t h As s ar add t n u : i n 3 23 5 ; b e i n g s w al l o w d
u p b y t h e B a B y l o n ian , w h ic h e n d e d ( W i t h Nab o n ad t u s ) in
3 4 1 9 , ( w h e n C y ru s re ig nd o e r al l As ra) s o t h e ki n gd o m
w as ran s at e d t o t h e Pe n s ian s : fro m w h om (b y t h e c o n
q u e s t o f D ariu s C o d om an n u s ) in 3 6 1 7, A e xan d e r t ran s l a te d
i t to t h e G a r e tan s : a ft e r w h os e d e at h , i n 3 6 9 5 , i t w as f
d i id e d ( al t e r t h e c on fu s io n o f a fe w y e ars ) am o n g fo u r o f
C as s an d e r h ad m a c e d o n an d g r e c e : Ly si ~
h is fo l o w e rs
m ac h u s h ad t hm c e , w it h t h ose part s o f As ra t h at b o rd e r o n
Pto l e m y h ad (e gy p t , l z bya ,
t h e he e s po n t an d t h e bos ph o ru s
arab ta, p a l e s ti n e , an d c rr l o s y n a : S e l e u c u s , a l l t h e re s t o f
T he
Ro man m o n arc h y b e gu n w it h J u l i u s C ae
ar ia
sar, in 3 9 02 ; an d e n d e d i n J o vna n i n 4 3 1 3 : aft e r w h os e
d ixid e d m m t h e Eas te rn , an d IVe s te rn e m
d e at h i t was
: th e
f
o rm e r o f w h i c h
e n d e d b y t h e t aki n g of C o n
i
r
s
e
p
s t an t in Opl e
( u n d e r C on s tan in e Pa l ae o l ogu s ) i n 5 4 02 ; t h e
akin g o f Ro m e ( u n d e r H on o ri u s ) i n 4 3 5 9 ;
at t e r b y t h e
A D 4 1 0 : b y Al ar tc , kin g o f t h e G o t h s : a ft e r w h o m i t
w as o e rr u n an d ravagd b y At t i l a , kin g o f th e H u n s . i n 4 5 )
b y G ons e r tc , t h e Van d a , m 4 5 5 ; b y Od oac e r, kin g o f t h e
H e ru l i , i n 4 76 ; b y The o d o ric , k in g o f t h e Os t ro go t h s , i n
4 9 3 ; b y Ta t i l as , t h e Os t rogo t h , i n 5 4 7
i

ll

M M

Q
a

g8

N C I P AL S Y S T E M S

P RI

OF

W AR

R] D ec by C e n az y M an cg T u rm ig C ohor aag
Legi aa th Ph e ith
E] C om p a z , ag S qu ad ag , e g
B a lg , e ig B rigad ~
a t h , ba
R
e
au t h
i
,
g
g
g
-

RO M

m e d iu m ) 6 000
t h o u gh t h e n u m b e r w as d ie re n t , at d i ffe re n t t im e s ,
men
f ro m 3 0 0 t o 6 6 6 6
An d , in p ropo rt ion , t h e o t h e r b o d ie s ,
v iz
D e c u rza, 1 0
C e n t u r i a , 1 00 M am pa ta s , 9 00 Tu r m a,l
3 00
C o h or s , 6 00
Phal a n x , 8 000
An ENG L I S H Re g i m e n t i s fro m 3 00 t o 1 000 m e n
2
An d , i n pro por t i o n , t h e o th e r b o d ie s , viz C omp an y , 5 0
1 00
S q u ad r on , l oo
B r i g ad e ,
2 00
B a t ta l i o n , 5 00 8 00
1

Th e

Le g i on

AN

c on s i s t e

of

( at

1 000 1 1 00
-

opbp
Jam aal b w

Y SI C S

PH

ANN U

The Val u e ,

Az
A bz , d e i
OI n ou b
U z ou , e b U l k a b

Ez be,p e i

( A)

Au z

oi, c.y

fo r

KS

or

Noah

) Le
D iz
-

an d o

th e C

re
,

al u e

of

an

Oiz l , i d
-

is
V H al

an n u ity
.

Te s t imony , th e ir
C u b its

ove n an t

, r e D a r ( NO A H
B rL
fo r Bird s c g , Qu ag
.

o.

D im e n s ion s in

(C

AR

Of

Oz az p

s o of th e re s t .

Au l a
-

ye ar o f age , t h e
An d
( bz , d ei )
ye ars p u rc h as e
l e y , ap Low t h o rp, vol 3 p 6 69
.

I z b d ,p e
-

Ag e s of Life

I T I ES

or s e ve r al

L ig
-

Br

uz

4 00

P RI

NC

I PA L S

Y S T EM S

As is e v id e n t in pe r fu me s , &c
At w h ic h r at e t h er e m u s t y o u t

or

t h e se c on d o f a

m in u t e ,

it ,

of

as

it bu rns , in

v l

as t y m ore t h an a
part ic e s
1 000 t im e s a 1 000 m i ion s t h e n u m b e r of s an ds th e w h ol e
e ar t h c an c o n t ain
re c kon in g 1 0 in c h e s t o 1 foo , an d t h at
1 00 s an d s are e q u al t o 1 in c h V Nie u w e n t re l
ph i vol 8
p 8 58

ll

D U C T I EI I Y

Of B od ie s,

M ic ros e pic al S P I D E RS
t hre ad s au th
-

iy g r eat
s in ah a ti me ,
p

ee

l e as t ,

at

G LAs s m ay b e d rawn 9
of a l in e spa c e 3
G O L D , on Sil v e r wi re ,
inc h hm
-

as a w e b , an d

d rawn

ls

kn i t t o the 4 th
of an

t o t he part

Su c h
As n e

w ov e n

are n ot vis ib e
as a s p

ide r s
'

b u t b y a m ic rosc ope
we b
b u t n ot l ong e nough to
.

be

S o , t h at th e s pac e i n t h e m id dl e of th e kn ot sh al l n ot
e xc e e d on e 4 t h of a in e , or on e 48 th of an in c h
an d
T o th e 1 4 n i il l io n t h par t of an inc h, in h in n es s
4
y e t is so pe rfe c t a c o e r t o t h e s i e r, th at th e re is n ot an
a e rt u re t o ad m i t al c oh ol o f wi n e
p
( th e subti l e st u id in na
t u re ) n o r e e n igh t i tse f
Re aurn u r
3

v l

lv

E VA P

Fr om
FO O T

qu are

w in e pin

S o,

O RAT I O N

Water

b y h at, in

Qu an tity

i ts
a

d ay,

e va
p or at e s

half

of a

M e di t u n s u d ky m 2 ; n e ar
3
i
rs
u
t
t
h
e
r
v
e
r
h
b
b og
y

thi rd

th an s

m ore

Ac c ord in g

M i sc e l l

c u rios . vol

w in d s d o

s om e t im e s

ll

mad e b y D r H a e y, ap
1
T o w h ic h it m ay b e ad d e d, t hat th e
c arry off m ore h an ri s e s b y h e at

to e x pe ri me n s

A RT l Fl C I A L M E M

2 Es im a in g t h e

b road

V Rive rs

M e d z t e rran e an

su rfac e
s p ri n gs ,

O RY

d e gre e s

at 4 0

ly

4 01

lo

an d

n g,

from t h e w h ol e wate ry
ab u n d an t l y e n o u gh t o fu rn i s h al l t h e d e w s , ram s ,
r i e rs, & c t h at are c on ve y d in to t h e oc e an
an d , c on se q u e n t

'

Lgfe , M arr iag e , P ar ts , P m sp ir at ion

1
ou t o f ri , b u t at 4 11, s o at As y at
g
f
'

LI VE,
E s , (H Z at I s , bau
at U s
at Os , (1 :
at

M ARK

in dzf : b ir
m al e s 60 t o fe m a t 5
B O N E S m i M U S C LEs l e n
i'

Au s

23

at

, au

(to h

as a , u

ii r

to

t
o m
g

as a

ay

T E ET H i d

B L OO D

5
.

B ats , in an h ou r, t im e s 61 h : an d an ou n c e , at a
t im e , is d is c harge d 7 :
5 2 fee t in a m in u t e ; as s ept ag t o l l n t h e e x
-

8
s
re m e
.

PERS P I RE th r ou gh p or e s ( be l th w he re of b y ( me
n d m ay b e c o ve rd )
rain o f s a
g
5 p ar t s of 8 (a d ay s fo od ) fro m h ou rs 5 , afte r m eal s ,
t o t he 1 2 t h, 3 9
-

'

Of

lv
l

h i d re n b o rn , o u t o f ) 00, t h e re are i i n g,
at 6 y e ars o f a e , b u t 6 4
An d s o o f t h e re s t
V H a l e y,
g
Lo w t h o r p vo l 3 p 6 9 9
ap
N B On o bse r a
t i on s o f t h is n at u re , dr aw n f ro m t h e b i l s o f m o rt al t t , is
y
c o m pu t e d t h e
al u e o f a n n u z t z e s {o r d l e re n t ag e s o f l ife
V
An n u i t ie s
in g
2 i e
t i n 1 04 I arry
3 i e M arriage s , o n e w i t h an ot h e r, d o e ac h p ro d u c e 4
D e r h am
b irt h s
B z r t h s t o B u r i al s are as 1 , 6 t o 1
4 i e
D e r h am
5 i e M a l e s , b o rn , t o Fem a l e s , are as 1 4 to 1 3
Grau n
6 i e I n a b o d y , w e igh i n g 1 6 0 po u n d , 1 00 t h e re o f are
B l oo d ; u n d e rs ta n d i n g t h e re b y n o t o n y t h e m d c o n t am d i n
th e
e i n s an d ar t e rie s ; b u t a s o t h at tn t h e l m h az d u c t s
,
y p
n e r ve s , an d t h e o th e r ve s se l s , s e c re te d fro m i t
an d re t u rn d
,
I n to i t
Ke i
1

i. e

th e c

M M

402

P RI N C I P A L n

7 i

9 5 0 po u n d s i n

an

er v e s

h ou r

or

wh ol e

at t h e rat e o f t he

m as s , i n 2 4 m in u t e s

8 i e . T h e b l o od is d ri e n ou t of th e h e art i n to t h e gre at
ar e ry w i h a e o c it y , wh ic h w o u l d c arry it 5 9 fe e t i n a
m in u t e : a ve l o c ity t o th at of it s m ot io n in t h e re m ote s!
b ran c h e s , as 1 00 s e p t il l ion s [ 7t h pe rio d ] t o 1
9 W ith in 5 h o u rs afte r e atin g , t h e re is pe rs pird ab ou 1
po u n d ; from t h e 1 2t h to t h e 1 6 th sc arc e h al f a pou n d S an c
t ori u s
.

vl

RI VERS

The Quan tity

Alf Ki n gst on b rid ge , TH

-

Watef s

the ir
AM E

'

Broad rig ,

S (yards

D e e p i) 2 m il e an hou r Ru n s 1 :
fun S e z m ig i k in a day ; rh e t i p6 n i d o

In

t im e s

36 0 y

d ay , 4 8 m il e s ,
1 00, t h e pro l e

ard s,

:2 Th

e m os

tc

n ie s nie pe t

rd s ; w h ic h m u l tipl ie d b y
a
y
t h e b u dge , YI Z )
o f w a e r at
'

yards

c ub ic

give s

2 0 8 00 000 t u n s .

ons ide rab ie ri e rs

th

at

fa l

of

Wat er,

i n o th e

t.

e.

M ED I T E R

b
e, M l e,
D
u
o
a
a
b
e
r
P
b
r
o
T
E
,
,
,
RANE A K s e a, are
a
d
own
o c arr
d
o
s
e
t
su
e
I
S
t
h
e
s
f
o
E
a
c
h
e
e
r
y
pp
D on , Ni e s t e r , Ni p .
a
an y o f
t
h
n
e
s
o
t
Th
a
m
t
h
e
a
s
a
t
e
r
w
c
h
(
1 0 t im e s as m u
s e r ri ve rs
t
l
e
s
e
o
h
e
r
o
r
t
h
f
l
l
o
w
a
t
o
o
t
u
s
b
th e m is s o gre at ;
t he

Rhon e ,

b e ing
rivers

c on i p u te d , as ab ove , at ab out
h to
afore s aid wi l am ou nt , e ac ,

run s.

V Evap orat ion

.

ru n s

; th e 3

i n al l ,

404

P RI N C I P A L S Y S T E M S

II

To n g u e ,

or

A Ne w Syst e m

of

En gli sh

III A Voc ai
Exam pl e s to Lati n S yn t ax,
b u l ary Lati n an d En gl i sh
1 V S e n t e n tice p u e

Eng l i s h V En gl i sh Exam
S yn t ax Vl A C o n s tru in g B oo k

Lati n

7i l e s,

an d

p l e s to Lati n
an d S u
ppl e m e n t

an

Vl l

G re e k C h arac te rs

Tab l e

Ge o

Ab b re vi ati on s , in
66

M ar /ao i P oly l t is tor

ac e e s s i o m

c um

c l ar is s i m om

an d

L i te r a r z u s P h il os op h i c u s
t ic u s ,

'

m J

OIt

'

bu s

vi r or u m

Fr i c lc z z

P 71 56

et

'

i J

oh

M ol l e r i Fl e n s bu rg u [E d i L Qua r t ]
.

2 t om

L u be e z e

I n t his w ork th e re

ti on s
tis

c o n fe ss

mu

D e Ar te Lu l l ian a

D e M e m or ize
so m e

i n ge n i ou s d i sse rta

two

are

1 74 7

l i bu s q u e i n ve n

sz m i

s u bs id i es.

o b l i g at i o n s

To

the se

we

l tho u gh M o rho f

v i d ab l e C i rc u m s t an c e s w as n o t c on
s u l te d til l m o s t o f t he c o l l e c t io n s w e re m ad e fo r
t hi s ac c o u n t o f the sys t e m s o f Arti c i al M e
fro

m o ry

na o

D AN I E L G EO RG E M o n n

Wi s m ar

in the D u t c hy

ye ar 1 6 3 9

e s u

d ie d

of

at

o r,

w as b orn

at

M e c kl e n b u rgh, in th e
S t e tt i n

an d

Ro s t oc k

vi s it e d H o l l an d an d O xfo rd ; an d in 1 6 65
w as i n vit e d b y the D u ke o f H o l s t e i n to b e c o m e
Pro fe sso r o f Po e t ry, El o q u e n c e an d H i s t ory
an d Li b rari an I n the U m ve rs x
ty o f K i e l
H e
an d

an r i r m

M E M ORY.

4%

d i e d in 1 69 1
H is pri nc i pal wo rk is the Pol y
his tor, a c o m pl e t e stor e hous e o f m i sc e ll ane o us
.

l i te ratu re

67 C

E r u d z tas y C
B J Feyjoo
'

a r t as

Fr

u r os as ,

5 t om

r
o
p

Ma

'

d r z d , 1 78 1
I n t hi s

d i e s fo r the m e m ory,
m ory, in w h i c h

is

the re

In

d i sse r tati o n

an d on e o n

se ve ra

the r

b oo ks
the

the

on

re m e

Art of M e

j t

on th e s u b e c

are

i
i
l
e s o f the
p
p
art are s t at e d t o c o n s i s t in
p ar ti c u l ar p l ac e s an d
i mage s, an d a s phe re or gl ob e is d i vi d e d i nto va
I
n the t e n th se c ti on o f t hi s
r i on s c o m p rtm e n t s
a
s e aks
o f re m e m b e r i n
t
i
e ssa
e y oo
e
r
n
c
a
F
g
y
j
p
w ord s b y the m e an s o f i m age s an d in th e e l e ve n th
il l u s t rat e s the appl i c ati on o f the art to
s e c ti o n
t
ry
b
o e xam l e s t ake n fro m a t r e ati se
w
o
e
t
y
p
p
b y C ou n t ( 16 Nol eg ar
o n Arti c i al M e m ory
wh i c h m ay b e s e e n in an o th e r par t o f th i s w o rks f
B E N E D I C T J E RO M FE Y J O O w as a S pan i sh
B e n e d i c ti n e an d atte m p te d b y his w r iti n gs an d
o c orre c t an d re for m th e vi ti at e d n o
e xam l e
t
p
ti on s o f his c ou n t rym e n H is The atr o C r itz c o
in 9 v ol s an d the C ar tas Er u d itas in 5 vo l s
Fe yjoo
w orks o f c on s i d e rab l e m e rit
are
c e ns u re s w ith gre at fre e d o m an d s p i ri t the ign o
n am e

an o

e s sa ,
y

r nc

'

Tom I pp 200228
.

1 S e e p 1 65.
.

406

PRI N CI PA L

Y S T EM S

ar e

l i c e n ti o u sn e s s o f the c l e rgy an d e x
o
s e s the fu tility o f p il g ri m age s
re t e n d e d m i
p
p
T hi s c on
rac l e s an d s u pe rs ti ti o u s e xo r c is m s
d u c t re n d e re d him o b n o xi o u s t o the p ain s an d
an d Fe
o
it
e n al ti e s o f the c hu rc h
o
w
as
h
w
yj
p
d i f c u l ty s av e d fro m th e ho rro rs o f the I n q u i
aition
H e d i e d in 1 76 5
ran c e an d

We

hav e

of

th e

c ou

l d n ot

e n ab e d

i n s e rt e d

be

in

re

to pro c u re the

th e

gu l ar

titl e s

dat e

the re fore ,

o rd e r .

An ac ar d in a d l a Ar te d e M e m or ia
J ob Ag u il e ra d e Ar t e M e m or ies
Ep ip h a n ii d e M oir an s, Ar s M e m or ia ad
.

m ir a b z l z s,
.

be e n

fo ll o w i n g b o o ks ;

n ot

om n iu m n e sc ic n tiu m e xc e d e n s c a

p ta m

Fr an c C
.

on t i

d e Ar t e M e m or i a

H ie r ony m u s M eg z s e r u s d e A r t e M e m or ia
'

Al var o Fe r r el/a d e Ve ra, Tra ttato d e Ill

m oria

ar t g c iosa.

4 08

65 A D
.

N S T AN C E S o r

S E NE C

h as d o n e m e m an y
m an y t h i n gs
of

m y e ye s ,

Age ( says S e n e c a)

A.

an d

I n u ri e s ,

j
had

I on c e
b l u n te d

d e p ri ve d m e

it h ath d u l l e d th e

the s e n se o f m y

h e ar i n g ,

ke n e d m y n e rve s
Am o n gs t t he re s t
m e n ti o n e d b e fo re is the m e m o ry, a th i n g

s ac

the m os t te n d e r
an d

frail

an d

of

i gh t
an d

I hav e
that is

ll p a
rt s o f t h e s ou l
,
the ass au l t s o f age :

of a
.

w h i c h is

rs t s e n s i b l e to
that he re t o fo re thi s d id s o o u r i sh in m e as n o t
o n l y s e rve d m e fo r u se
b u t m i gh t e v e n pass fo r
a m i rac l e I c an n o t d e n
y for I c o u l d re pe at t wo
thou s an d n am es in the same o rde r as t he y w e re
s oke n
n
s
e re
s c h o l ar s
an
h
e
n as m
a
a
w
d
w
y
p
t o m y m as te r
b ro u gh t e ac h o f {h e m s e v e ral
so
ve rse s to h im
tha t t he n u m b e r o f the m
b e gi n n i n g
am ou n t e d to m o re t h an t w o h u n d re d
at th e l as t I c ou l d r e c it e t he m o r d e rl
y u n t o the
rs t : n or w as m y m e m ory on l y apt t o r e c e iv e
b
u t w as
s u c h th i n s as I w o u l d c om m i t to it
g
al s o a faithf u l
r e s e r ve r o f al l t h at I h ad e n t ru st e d
p
"
i t w ith
,

'

A D AVI C

9 80

E N N A, o r

Ebn S in a,
-

an

Arab i an phil os o ph e r an d physi c ian , was b orn at

Ars e n a, n e ar B o c c hara, an d po ss e sse d a re ady
the age
m
e m ory
A
t
e n i u s , an d a w o n d er fu l
g

of

t e n h e m ad e gre at p rogre s s

ld

an d c o u
o ve r

th e

ti m e s ;

re

ea

p
b oo ks

an d

by

th e

in

the

Koran b y h e ar t

of

Ari s t o tl e

th i s

m e an s

'

s
so

l an gu age s
H

e re ad

M e t aphys i c s forty

xe d the m

in his

N AT U RA L M E M

that

m e m o ry,
c

il ity

c o uld

re

ea

4 09

the m w

it h

fa

l 48 4
of

he

O RY

AD
.

J o s n r n S C AL I G E R The W 0rl( S
.

( s ays Wan l e y)

o m e r,

his I l iad s

are

O dys

an d

i t o f t we n ty fo u r b oo ks an d
H is Ili ad s hav e in it t h i rty o n e
so al so the l att e r
t hou san d s ix hu n d re d an d s e ve n ty v e rs e s an d I
ose h is O dyss e ys h ave n o l e ss ; an d ye t it is
su
pp
'
t ha t in o n e an d tw e nt y
sai d o f J o se ph S c ali ge r
d ays he c o m m itt e d al l H o m e r t o his m e m ory
A D B I S H O P J E W E L had n at u rall y
h
b
e
atl
a ve ry s t ro n g m e m or
w
h
i
c
re
i
m
ro
v
e
d
g
y
y
p
b y ar t ; so t hat he c o u l d r e adi l y r e pe at an y t hi n g
th at he had w ritte n afte r on c e re ad i n g it H is
o wn se rm on s w e re c h ie y e x t e m p ore fr o m he ad s
d pe n n e d d ow n an d o n w h i c h h e
w h i c h be h a
w h il e th e b e l l w as r i n gi n g t o
use d to me d i a te
H e is s ai d
su m m on th e c o n gr e gati on to c hu r c h
t o have t au gh t h is m e t ho d o f ar ti c i al m e m o ry
D r P ar kku rs t w hil e t he y
to his o l d tu t o r
se ys , the

fo r m e r

c on s s

w e re
w

ith

on

l e arn e d

w ho

Zu ric h ;

at

ly one
ll

in th e

of

ac e

2 8 d ays ,

c ati o n o n e ac h d a ,
li
p
y
p

2 8 c h apt e rs o f S t M atthe w s

ho u r s

the

tly,

th at he c o u l d re ad il y re pe at
ar ti c u l ar v e rs e
o r an y
th e w h o l e
kn o w i n g at
p
the sa m e ti m e w h at w e n t b e fo re o r w hat fol
l o we d aft e r an y v e rse t hat w as m e n ti o n e d to
G o spe

so

e re e

S o rm w as

the m e m ory

of

B i sho p J e w e l
,

4 10

NS TA NC ES

or

that he u se d to say if he we re to d e l i ve r a p re
m e d itat e d s p e e c h b e fo re a th ou san d au d it ors
t he y w o u l d n o t
sh o u t i n g o r gh t in g al l th e w h il e
o hn H o o e r , B i sh o
J
u t h im o u t
o f G l on
p
p
p
w h o w as b u rn t in th e re i gn o f Q u e e n
c e s te r
M ary o n c e to try him w ro t e ab ou t fo r ty
We l sh an d I ri sh w o rd s M r J e we l go i n g a
l ittl e w h il e as i d e an d r e c o l l e c t in g the m in h is
m e m ory an d r e ad i n g the m t w i c e or thri c e o ve r
s ai d t he m b y h e ar t b ac kw ard an d for w ard e x
o r d e r in w h i c h t h e
e re s e t
w
a c tl y in th e sam e
y
An d at an o the r ti m e h e d id the sam e
d ow n
b y te n l i n e s o f Eras m u s p araphrase in En gl i sh ;
th e w o rd s o f wh i c h b e i n g re ad s o m e ti m e s c o n
fu se d l y w ithou t ord e r an d s o m e ti m e s in o r d e r
b y th e Lord K e e pe r B ac on M r J e w e l th i n ki n g
awh il e o n th e m pre s e n tl y re pe at e d t h e m agai n
L1 P S I U s an e m i n e n t phil os o
1 547 A D
b
or
n at I sc h
n e ar B r u s se l s w as
h
e r a n d c r iti c
p
H e
r e m ar kab l e fo r the e xt e n t o f his m e m o ry
r e m e m b e r e d the w h o l e h i s t ory o f T ac it u s an d
l
re c it e wor d
or w o r d
an y
e d ge d h im s e l f t o
f
p
e r e q u i re d
o c o n de n t
b
S
as sage t h at m i gh t
p
w as h e o f h avi n g t h i s b o o k xe d in h is m e m o ry
that h e al l o we d a pe rs on to s t an d by h im w ith a
d agge r an d to pl u n ge i t i n t o h is b o dy if h e d id
n o t re pe at fait h fu l l y th e w o rd s o f the au t ho r
,

'

1 585

h as

th e

A D
.

fo l l o wi n g

U B ET
an e c

in h is

d o te

Var iw Le c tz on e s
'

I n Pad u a,

n e ar

4 12

N S TA N C E S o r

xi n g his e ye s u pon the ground

r e at e x e c t a ti on o n o u r
h
w
it
ar t ) aft e r a sho r t
g
(
p
p
au se b e an to s e ak
I n b r i e f to ou r am az e
g
p
p
m e n t he r e pe at e d al l w e had w ritt e n in th e ve r
y
s am e o r d e r t h e y w e re s e t d o wn
withou t s c arc e
a s to p o r an y h e s it ati on : an d t h e n b e in nin
g
g at
the l as t re c it e d t h e m al l b ac kward s to the rst ;
the n s o as that h e wou l d n am e o n l y the r s t
th i rd fth an d in t hat o rde r re pe a t al l ; an d ia
d e e d in what o rd e r we pl e ase d , withou t the l e as t
e rro r
Aft e r w ards wh e n I w as m ore fam il iar
w it h h im ( havi n g o fte n tr i e d h im an d ve t ne ve r
fo u n d him s pe akn o th e rw i s e than t he t ru th, ) he
to l d m e o n c e an d c e r t ai n l y h e was n o b o as te r,
th at he c o u l d re pe at in tha t m an n e r thirty six
th ou san d n am e s an d wh i c h w as ye t the m ost
stran ge
th i n gs s t u c k in his m e m ory tha t he
w o u l d s ay w ith l ittl e t rou b l e he c ou l d re pe at
an y thi ng he had e n t ru s t e d w i th i n a ye ar aft e r
For m y o wn par t I m ad e t ri al of him afte r
m an y days an d fo u nd he sai d t ru e
H e tau ght
Fran c is c us M ol in n s a you n g patri c i an of Ve nic e ,
d o wn

'

an d

wh o had b u t

ass o f
p

of

him to

an d

se

ve n

re

ea

bu t

in w hat

1 649

p
o rde

A D
.

rs t b o ok of

w e ak m e mo ry,

in

d ays , wh e re i n he

ve hu n d re d

the

c om

le arn e d
w ith e ase ,

h ad

n am e s

be p l e ase d
F1 m u Nu s S T RA D A, in his
r

i l

ac ad e m c a

Fran c i sc us S u are z ,

s ays ,

l i

r o us on s,
p

he hath

pe aki ng
so

0f

s ro n g

N AT U RAL M E M

O RY

4 13

that he hath S t Au gu s ti n e ( the m os t

fa t he rs ) re ad y b y
c op i o u s an d v ari o u s o f th e
h e ar t al l e gi n g e v e ry w h e re as o c c as i on pre s e n t s
i t se l f fu l l y an d fait hfu l l y h is s e n t e n c e s an d
w h i c h is ve ry s t ran ge his w o r d s ; n ay i f h e h e
d e m an d e d an y t h i n g t o u c h i n g an y passage in
an y o f his vo l u m e s ( w h i c h o f t he m se l v e s are al
m os t e n o u gh t o ll a l i b rary ) I m yse l f hav e s e e n
h im i n st an tl y sh o w i n g an d po i n ti n g w ith his n g e r
to the p l ac e an d page in w h i c h h e d i s pu t e d o f
that m att e r

1
D R T H O M A S FU LL E R the
A
D
66
1
au th or o f th e Wo rt h i e s o f En g l an d h ad so gre at
a m e m o ry ( says W an l e y) th a t h e c ou l d n am e in
o r d e r al l th e s i gn s o n b o th s i de s th e w ay fro m the
b e gi n n i n g o f Pat e r n o s t e r Ro w at Ave M ari a
Lan e t o th e b o tto m o f C he ap s i d e t o S t oc ks

An d t hat he c o u l d d i c t at e to ve
M arke t
sam e
t im e o n as m an y
s e v e ra l w rit e rs at t he
Th i s ge n tl e m an m aki n g a
d i ff e re n t s u bj e c t s
vi s it t o a c o m m itt e e o f s e q u e s t r at o rs s itt in
g at
W al tham in Esse x the y s oon fe l l i n t o a d is
c ou rs e a n d c o m m e n d ati o n o f h is gre at m e m o r
y;
a

m e m o ry,

The

[ Mans i on H
-

c e e b ra e

of

si e
o us e

d H

an d

oc

k M ark e
-

m an y

e id egg e r

i t is

th

s aid ,

w a k in g

o nc e

to

ob se

n ow o c c u ie
p

e r a d ja c e n

f r om t h e Exc h an ge t o S t J am e s
af e r

is

th

c ou

ld

s, on

e m.

d b y t he
b u i d in g s
The

n am e a l l

on e s

the

id e t he

s ign s

s re e

t,

414
to

whic h

s a a n c as

M r Fu l l e r

05

Tis t rue , ge m

d,

li

re p e

t hat fam e has gi ve n m e the re p ort of a

m e m or i s t an d if you p l e ase I w il l giv e you an

e x e ri m e n t o f i t
The y al l ac c e p te d th e mo
p
tio n an d tol d him the y s h ou l d l o ok up on it as an
o b ligati o n
l aid as id e the b u s i n e ss b e fo re the m
an d pr aye d h im to b e g i n
G e n tl e m e n ( says
h e ) I w il l giv e yo u an i n s t an c e o f my goo d m e
m o ry i n that parti c u l ar
You r worshi ps have
thou gh t t to s e qu e s te r an ho ne s t poo r b u t c ave
l i e r p ars o n m y n e i ghb o u r fro m his l ivi ng an d
c o m m itt e d hi m t o
p ri s on ; h e has a gre at c harge
an d h is c i r c u m s t an c e s are b u t in d if
of c h il d re n
fe re n t if yo u pl e ase to re l e as e h im ou t o f pr is on
I w i l l n e v e r fo rge t
an d re s t or e hi m t o his l ivi n g

Tis s ai d th e j e s t
th e kin dn e s s w hi l e I l iv e
had s u c h an i n u e nc e u po n the c o m m i tt e e t ha t
the y i m m e d i at e l y re l e as e d an d re s to re d the poo r
tl e m e n ,

an .

1 6 76
ve n try,

A D
.

at

Wan l e y)

t he

b y th e

m ory, g iv e th e

Te s t am e n t,
o f th e

an d

age

Y B U RT O N of C o
e i gh ty t h re e
c o u l d ( sa s
y

U M PH
of

of

th
c

of

his m e

h apt e r in t he

Ne w

h apt e rs i n d iv e rs b oo ks

Ol d Te s t am e n t , in

m uc h

rm n e ss

an d

o f an y

the

s re n g
su m

Lati n d i s ti c h, w it h

an d as l ittl e h e s it ati on
i
as if
h e had d i re c tl y re ad the m o u t o f a bo o k
I my
s e l f have fre q u e n tl
h
u
t
h
t
i
l
w
h
e
e
i
n
i
t
o
t
e
r
a
r
m
;
y p
t hou gh I have ob se rve d n o ord e r b u t n am e d

as

re ad n e ss ,

4 16

I NS T A N C E S

far the r

u se

d i s c o u rse

) til l t he re happe n e d

it

of

w th

w ho

p l e ase d ,

c om ng

d iv e rs

as

fo rraign e r

J ohan n es
'

B or u s

to
ot

oc c as i on al

an

Reg io M o n tam ts

G e org in a P e l s hove r ,
s us

0F

se e

U n ive rs ity w as

th e

h e r fo rraign e rs

ft e n d o )

to

vi s it : Fe b ; 1 8 1 63 at a t i m e w he n I
w as a l ic te d w ith a t e d i o u s an d s e v e re q u ar t an
agu e
( w hi c h h e l d m e fo r a w h o l e ye ar fro m
ab o u t M i c h ae l m as t h e n l as t
i
as t
t
l l ab o u t the
p
s am e ti m e in t h e
ar fo l l o w i n
i
e
h
h
w
c
c au s e d
y
g
m e t o p as s m y n i ght s w ith l ittl e o r n o s l e e p
H e was d e s i r o u s I w o u l d t e l l h im s o m e o f
th ose n u m b e r s w h i c h I h ad s o c on s i d e re d Whi c h
at th e
re s e n t fo r th e re as o n b u t n o w m e n ti o n e d )
p
I c o u l d n o t d o ; sav e on l y that o n D e c
1 6 69
I had ( by n i gh t in th e d ar k) e xt rac t e d the s q u ar e
ro o t o f 3 ( w it h c i h e rs adj o in e d ) c o n t ain e d t o th e
p
t w e n ti e t h p l ac e o f d e c i mal frac ti o n s : n d i n g i t
g iv e m e

to b e
1

f ar e

Whi c h is the s q u are

ad o m e

r oo

of

it

w h for y

3,

i phe rs

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00000 00 00 0
.
.

it d o w n b e c au s e
V 3 is a su rd wh i c h I m i gh t a fte r hav e o c c as i o n
to m ake u se o f ) b u t add e d t hat I c o u l d at p l e a

s u re p e rfo rm the l i ke at an y ti m e
1 71 4
A D ANT O N I O M AG LI A B E c m
1 63 3
Suc h
Oc t
w as b o rn at Fl o r e n c e
(w h

ic h I

had

h an c e d

to w r e

N AT U RAL M E M

m an

4 17

his pare n ts , that the y tho u gh t

happy in ge tti n g h im i n t o the s e rvi c e
w ho so l d he rb s an d fru it
H e re h e

was the pove rty

the m se l v e s

O RY

of

t oo k e ve ry oppor tu n ity, thou gh he c oul d n ot te l l

o ne l e tte r fr o m ano th e r, to
pore on the l eave s of
~
s om e o l d b oo ks th at s e rved fo r w as t e
a er
d
e
p p
e l at i n g t hat h e l o ve d it o f al l t hin gs
A n e i gh
b our ing b o o kse l l e r w ho ob se rve d t h is t o ok him
i nt o his s e rvi c e
Yo u n g M agl iab e c hi s oon
l e arn e d to re ad ; an d his i nc l in at i on fo r re adin g
h is ru l i n g p assi on
b e c am
e
an d a
ro d i gio us
p
m e m o ry h is d i s ti n gu is h e d t al e n t
H e re ad e ve ry
b o o k that c ame i n t o h is h an ds an d re tain e d n o t
b u t of t e n al l the
on l y the s e ns e o f w hat h e re ad
w ords and the ve ry m an n e r o f s pe l li ng if s in
l
m
ake t r i al o f the forc e o f his m e
a
r
T
o
u
g
m o ry a ge n tl e m an l e n t hi m a m an us c ri pt he
i
n
ri n t
S
o m e ti m e aft e r it was re tu rn e d
t
o
o
g
g
p
the ge n tl e m an c am e to h im w i th a m e l anc ho l y
fac e an d pre t e n d e d i t w as l os t
M agl iabe c hi
b e i n g re q u e s te d to re c ol l e c t w hat he re me m b e re d
o f it
wr ote the whol e withou t m issi n g a word
or t im in g the sp e l l in g
H e w as c o ns u l t e d b y
al l t he
l e ar ne d who pro pos e d t o w rite o n an y
s u bj e c t
I f a prie s t for i ns t an c e w as go i n g to
c o m ose
a
an e gyr i c
o n a sai n t
M
l
i
a
b
e
c
hi
a
g
p
p
w ou l d t e l l him e ve ry au tho r t o the n u m b e r o f
an h u nd re d s o m e ti m e s
who had sai d an y t hi n g
o f tha t sain t
n am in g the b o ok an d the page an d
,

418
th e

ve ry

w o rd s

N S T A NC ES

d id

or

t hi s s o o ft e n an d so
l as t t o b e l o o ke d u pon

il y t hat he c am e at
as an o rac l e ; an d C o s m o I l l
G r an d D u ke o f
Fl o re n c e m ad e him his li brari an th e m os t su it
ab l e o f c e t o M agl ia b e c hi s ge n i u s
I n the l att e r
ar t o f h is
l
i
f
e
w
h
e n a b o o k c am e
i
n t o his
p
h an d s h e w ou l d re ad the titl e page al l o ve r d ip
h e re an d th e re in th e p re fac e d e d i c ati o n an d
r e fat o r
e r ti s e m e n t s if th e r e w e re an
a
d
v
y
p
y ; an d
th e n c as t his e ye s on e ac h o f th e d ivi s i o n s s e c
ti on s o r c hapt ers Afte r thi s h e c ou l d te l l at
an
m
ti
e w h at th e b o o k c on t ai n e d
y
Th o u gh M agl iab e c h i m u s t h av e l i v e d a ve ry
e att ai n e d t o th e a e o f 8 1
s e d e n t ar
l
i
f
e
e
t
h
y
g
y
in th e m i d s t o f the pu b
H e d ie d J u l y
l ic app l au se aft e r e nj o yi n g d u r i n g al l the l att e r
ar t o f his l ife
s u c h an af u e n c e as ve ry fe w
p
e rso n s h av e e v e r
r o c u re d b
h
k
n o w l e dge or
t
i
e
r
p
p
y
l e arn i n g
B y h is w i l l h e l e ft a ve ry n e l i b rary
h
h
c o l l e c te d b
i
m
l
e
u
b
l
i
c
f
se
f
f
or
t
h
e
s
e
o
t
u
,
y
p
w ith a fu n d to m ai n t ai n it ; an d the o ve r pl u s o f
th e fu n d to t h e p oo r
I t h ad b e e n u s u al fo r
e ve r
h
re s e n t
h
i
au
t
o
an d
i
t
e
m
a
r
r
e
m
a
k
n
r
t
o
y
p
p
o f a c o y o f e ve r
p
y th i n g th e y pu b l i sh e d
T hou gh h e w as n o t an e c c l e s i as ti c he w o u l d
n h is
n e v e r m ar r
e nl
i
q
i
t
l
v
o
u
s
e
as
e
H
w
y
y
d re ss
H e re c e i ve d his fr i e n d s an d t h os e w ho
c am e to c o n s u l t him o n an
i
n t o f l it e rat u r e
o
y p
in a c ivi l an d o b l igin g m an n e r ; t h o u gh in ge n e
n d e ve n
r al h e h ad alm o s t th e air o f a s av a e
a
g

re ad

'

'

4 20

him

l l ie d

ra

m ory

on

d id

h is
u

l o o k at it

to

NS T A N C E S

or

d id

no t

i d ic u l ous

ll e d

an d

be

out

th e

j u dge

w in h is w age r

e r

b raggin g

of

his m e

de s i re d h im

r,
e
p

p
h i m se l f w he th e r h e
a

Not w it hs tan d i n g

t e d m att e r o f the paragraphs th e

va ri e t
f
ad v e r tise m e n t s an d th e ge n e ral c h aos
o
y
w h i c h g o e s to th e c o m po s it i o n o f a n e w s pape r
he re pe ate d i t fro m b e gi n n i n g to e n d w i th ou t th e
l e as t h e s it ati on o r m i s t ake
Ly on die d ab o u t
th e

un c o n n e c

h e had

fo u r ye ars ag o at E d i n b u rg h, w he re
l
a e d w it h
re at
y
g
p
1 75 1
c o r re s

A D J
.

on d e n t

Fe b r u ary

B U XT O N

E n E n 1 AH

in the G e n t l e m an

l 75 1 , + g

iv e s

M agaz m e fo r

fo l l o w i n g

th e

ac c o u n

of

m an
I t is n e c e s sary to
i
r e m i se rs t t h at he is n o sc h o l ar n o t b e i n g ab l e
p
t o s c r a w l h is o w n n am e ; and se c o n d l y t hat h is
att ai n m e n t s are o f h is o w n
u re i n d u s t ry fo r th at
p
h e n e ve r ha d fu r th e r h e l p t o w ard s t h e m th an h is
le ar n in g th e m ul ti pl ic ati o n t ab l e in his you t h ;
of
en
i
n k o r c h al k
e t w i tho u t th e as s i s t an c e
y
p
h
t
e r m ar k h e w il l m u l ti l y 5 o r 6 u re s
o r an
o
g
y
p
b y as m an y o r d i v id e as l arge s u m s o ff han d in a
ve r
sh o r t ti m e
s oon e r th an t he m os t c onc i s e o f
y
re te n d to
o u r ar it h m e ti c i an s
y
p

thi s

e x rao rd n ary

'

We

ha

he ard

of

th i

or m an c e
f
e
r
p

( s ays t he

e d i or

m an y ye ars s i n c e , w he n t h e D ai l y Ad ve r tis er , hou gh arge r

h an o h e r pape rs , w as n o t s o a rge an d c r ow d e d as i t h as

bee n

l t

of a e .

Vol

xxi .

p 61
.

N ATU R A L
I
an d

ro

In

m e t w ith h im

ac c

421

i d e n t l as t

s u m m e r,

of

d to h im th e

b o dy w h o s e

ide s

2 3 1 4 5 78 9 yard s ,

are

5 4 9 6 5 yar d s , h o w m an y

an d

5 6 4 1 73 2 yard s ,

by

O RY

h is pe rfo rm an c e s , I rs t
fo l l o w i n g ran d o m q u e s ti o n :

ft e r h e ar i n g

o se

M EM

c u

?
l
i
i
l
Aft e r o n c e n am i n g th e
h
f
an
i
n
c
a
t
s
o
c
b
%
s e v e ral g u re s d i s ti n c tl y o n e aft e r an o t he r in o r
d e r t o ass u re h i m s e l f o f th e s e v e r al d i m e n s i on s
w it hou t m o re ad o he
an d x t h e m in h is m i n d
fe l l t o w or k am i ds t m ore t han a 1 00 o f h is fe l l o w
l ab ou re rs an d afte r l e avm g him ab o u t 5 ho u rs
n e c e s s ary c o n c e r n s ( in w h i c h ti m e
I
o n so m e
h e to l d
c al c u l at e d it w ith th e p e n ) at m y re t urn
m e h e was re ad y : U po n w h i c h t aki n g o u t m y
o c ke t b o o k an d pe n c il t o n o t e d o w n h is an s w e r
p
h e aske d m e w h i c h e n d I w ou l d b e gi n at fo r he
I c h ose t he re gu l ar
w o u l d d i re c t m e e ithe r w ay
m e th o d an d to m y gre at s u p riz e fo u n d t hat in
h e m ad e n o h e s it ati o n n o r
a l i n e o f 28 gu re s
M an y s u c h q u e s ti o n s d id
t h e l e as t m i s t ake
w h i c h he n e v e r
s e v e ral o t h e r pe o pl e giv e h im
fail e d to an s w e r t ru l y ; ye a he o ft e n c o r re c t e d
t ho s e w ho w rou gh t w ith the pe n What is m ore
as t o n i s hi n g t h an t h i s h e w o u l d s u ffe r t w o pe o p l e
one
i m m e d i at e ly
t o p ro pos e d i ffe re n t q u e s ti o n s
e ac h t h e i r r e s e c tiv e
e
an d
iv
o the r
afte r the
g
p
S o re t e n
an s w e rs w itho u t t h e l e as t c o n fu s i on
ti ve is his m e m o ry t hat h e w il l re pe at his an
s we rs a m on t h o r t w o aft e r w ard s if yo u as k him
,

I N S T AN C E S O 46

w il l

t i de

e c e o f l an d o r a e l d ,
i
p
an d t e l l yo u th e c o n t e n ts o f i t al m o s t as e xac t as
S o m e ye ars
if you m e as u re d i t b y t he c hai n
ago h e m e as u re d in t h i s m an n e r th e who l e l o rd
h
o f som e
o u san d ac re s
t
o f El m ton
be
shi
p
l on gi n g to S ir J ohn Rhod e s an d b rough t him
on l
i
ac re s
n ot
re e d s
an d
c on te n ts
n
t he
y
s q u ar e i n c h e s ; aft e r t h is
b
u t e ve n in
e rc h e s
p
fo r h is o wn am u s e m e n t he r e d u c e d t he m i n to
s q u are h ai rs b re ad t h s c o m pu ti n g ( I t hi n k) 4 8 to
r o d u c e d s u c h an
e ac h s i d e o f t h e i n c h w h i c h
p
i n c o m pre he n s i b l e n u m b e r that i n s t e ad o f e n te r
tai n i n g th e m i n d w ith an y s o rt o f p l e asur e se rve s
m o re t o am az e an d d i s t rac t it
M illi o n s m il l i o n s u p o n m ill i on s t ri b e s
c ram ps an d s o o n
( fo r in t h i s m an n e r he e n u
m e re t e s h is l on g s e r i e s o f n u m b e rs) are as pl ai n
as
ou n ds
sh il li n s
and
an d fam il i ar t o h im
p
g
e n c e ; I m ay s ay m ore fam il i ar fo r h e h as s e l
p
do m m o re t h an a w e e k s w age s b e fore h an d
It
w as b u t t he o t he r d ay h e s e t h i m se l f a vo l u n t ary
q u e s ti o n t o c al c u l at e h o w m u c h o n e far th i n g
T hi s h e
d o u b l e d 1 4 0 ti m e s w o u l d am o u n t to
d e s i re d m e t o se t d o w n in 3 9 pl ac e s o f po u n d s
Whe n I aske d h im if he
an d an o d d 2 8 8 d
he
c ou l d m u l ti pl y t h i s i m m e n s e s u m i n t o it se l f
an d the o d d frac ti o n
sai d h e w ou l d u n d e r t ake it
l i ke w i se if I p l e ase d ; b u t I d i s m i sse d him w ith
th e w ho l e n u m b e rs an d s hal l n o t b e m o re am az
e

s r

o ve r a

424

N S T AN C E S

or

n d i n g the are a o f a c i rc l e b u t ye t he n d s it
v e ry n e ar the t ru th tho u gh he d on t u s e the m a
the m ati c al r u l e s Al l o w i n g the d i s t an c e b e t w e e n
Yor k an d Lon d on to b e 2 04 m il e s I as ke d h im
h o w m an y ti m e s a c oac h Whe e l t u rn e d rou n d in
th at d i s t an c e al l o wi n g the w he e l s c i r c u m fe re n c e
t o b e s ix yard s ? I n 1 3 m i n u t e s h e an s w e re d
5 9 8 4 0 ti m e s
The n e x t propos iti on w as , a t u b
or b in 3 4 6 i n c h e s l o n , 2 5 6 i n c h e s w i d e
94
g
i n c he s d e e p h ow m an y gal l on s l iqu i d m e asu re
an d w h at c o rn w i l l i t h o l d ? An s w e r
h al f q u ar t e rs o f
s o l i d in c he s
or
s o l i d i n c h e s m aki n g
gal l o n s l iq u i d
m e asu re o r 1 2 2 4 9 gal l on s 3 q u ar t s and 3 4 %
i n c he s ; o r i t w il l h o l d 1 9 1 q u art e rs 3 b u she l s
3 q u ar t e rn s a hal f q u art e rn an d 3 4% i n c he s re
,

m ain de r

Again ,

p pose a c an al w as to b e d u g 4 26
fe e t l o n g, 2 63 w i d e , an d 2 fe e t d e e p , ho w m an y
c u b i c al yar d s o f e ar t h t o b e r e m o v e d ? Aft e r

sn

q
u ar t e r o f an h ou r h e an s w e re d
1
03 73
p
w
i
eet
H
e
l
l
t
al k w i th you fre e l
f
a
r
d
s
2
4
y
y
w hil s t h e is d o i n g h is q u e s ti o n s i t b e i n g n o
m o l e s t ati o n o r h i n d ran c e to h im b u t e n o u gh to
c o n fo u n d a pe n m an
H is m e m o ry i s s o gre at
t hat he c an l e av e o ff an d re ass u m e th e o p e rati o n
m
o n t hs
again
at a w e e k m on t h
o r at s e v e ral
,
e nd ;
he c al l s h is gu re s al l b y the i r p ro pe r
n am e s an d is v e r
a m i n g t he m e it he r
d
t
n
r
e
a
a
y
y
i

au s n g a

NAT U RAL

b ac kward s

A D

or

fo r w ard s

mo u r

ru

425

Fr o m M ay ,

1 7, 1 0 h

t o l d m e he w as d r u n k ( to m ake
u s e o f h is e x r e s s i on ) w ith re c ko n i n
g b y h is m e
p
m o ry til l J u n e 1 6 fo l l o w i n g an d th e n s l e p t
s ou n d l y s e ve n ho u rs
b u t w il l n e ve r att e m pt so
m u c h re c kon i n g agai n fo r fe ar o f fal l i n g i n t o t he
s am e
I s u ppo se w hat he m e an s b y
d il e m m a
h is b e i n g d ru n k w as h is b e i n g s o m u c h s t u pi e d
w ith th o u gh t as re n d e re d h im i n c apab l e o f b u s i
n e s s ; w he n i t m ay w e l l b e sa i d n e u e
es n e ue
p
g
q
.

1 725 , he

me n s

sa t is su u m

B u t,
m an ,

to

Qi c iu m

ro c e e

l e d by

w as

ac i t .

d sfu rt he r w ith t h i s
c

u n c o m m on

d rio s ity to kn o w w hat q

ue s

ti o n i t w as that c au s e d his d ru n ke n n e s s ; t o w h ic h
h e r e pli e d in an s w e ri n g th e fo l l o w i n g q u e s ti on
I n 2 02 6 8 0 000 3 6O m il e s an d e ac h m il e re c k
ho w m an y b arl e y c o rn s
c u b i c al
o n e d to b e
v e t c he s pe as whe at o at s rye b e an s l i n t e l s an d
how m an y h ai rs e ac h an i n c h l o n g w o u l d l l
that sp ac e re c kon i n g 4 8 h ai rs in b re ad t h to an
i n c h o n the at as he fo u n d t he m to b e so I
o f m e as u re s w h i c h
shal l he re su bj o i n h is t ab l e
he fou n d e d o n e xpe r i m e n t
.

200 B ar e y c orn s
300 W h e a c orn s
5 1 2 Ry e c orn s
1 8 0 Oa s
40 P e as

are c on t ain e d
s ol id

25 B e an s
8 0 Ve c he s
1 00 Li n e l s

2304 H air s 1 in c h

lo

0 0

in c h

in

o ne

4 26

'

Fr om

N S T AN C E S o r

w hi c h h e

fo l l ow i n g

m il l 4 2 0 tho u s 9 3 6

1 4 t h ou s an d ,
1 b u s he l ,

th e

l t

c a c u a ed
.

1 pe c k,

8 pi n t s ,

lt

q u art e rs

q u art e rn

re su

an d

:
,

an d

q u ar te r s o l i d i n c he s o f o n e sort o f grai n are

45 1
c on t ai n e d in o n e s o l i d m ile ; or 5 t h ou san d
m il l 776 t ho u s an d yard s in a c u b i c al m il e b e i n g
25 4 m il l i o n s o f m ill i o n s 3 5 8 t h ou san d 6 1 m i l l
an d if
an d 5 6 t ho us an d i n c he s in a c u b i c al m i l e
an i n c h l o n
e ve ry h ai r b e
g an d 2 3 04 hairs a
the n 5 8 6 th o u san d 4 0 m il l i o n s o f
c u b i c al i n c h
m il l i o n s 9 72 th o u san d 6 73 m il l i o n s an d 2 4
th o u san d w il l l l the s pac e o f a c u b i c al m il e :
b u t if a h ai r b e n o l o n ge r t han it is b ro ad h e
th e n fo u n d th at th e re w o u l d b e 2 8 t ri b e s 1 29
th ou s an d 9 6 6 m i l lio n s o f m ill i on s 6 88 thou s an d
3 05 m il li on s an d 1 5 2 t ho u san d h ai rs t o l l th e
s ac e o f a c u b i c al m il e
p
As we are c o m e to t hat n o t ati o n w he re he
i n tro d u c e s th e w o rd t ri b e i t w il l b e p rope r t o
1 40
ari s m g fr o m
s e t d o w n t hat pro l i x n u m b e r
d o u b l e d at a farth i n g a n ail viz
n ail s
a

wh i c h he

thu s
f t ib e

r e ad s

725 T r i b e s

9 5 8 T h ou s

of

m i ll

23 8

M il l i on s

09 6 T h o u san
074 M il l i on s

9 07 Th ou s an
86 8 T r ib e s ,

s,

of

mi

ll

of

t rib

ll
of t i b e
d m ill i o s of t r i b e s
f t ib e s
d t rib e
of

m i i on s
n

s,

s,
,

4 28

NS T AN C E S o r

2 9 8 T r i b e s of tr ib e s ,
9 6 6 Th ou s m i
.

O79 M i l ion s

3 07 Th ou s an
5 24 M il l i on s

of

m il l of
.

ll
d m il l i
of t i b
of

mi

r ib e s,

tr ib s
of tr i b e s

of

on s

e s,

9 04 Th ou san d t r ib e S,

3 8 1 T r ib e s ,
3 8 9 T h ou s an d mi l l ion s

ll

49 9 M i i on

25 1

of

of

m il i on s,

m il l i ons
of

T h ou san d s

m i l io n s ,

6 3 7 M il l io n s ,
23 T hou s an d s ,
42

236 P ou n d s

Fu rthe r par ti c u l ars re s pe c ti n g J e d e d ia /z ,

i n t e re s ti n g

fo u n d in

n a u re , are

G e n t l e man

th e

llI ag az in e fo r D e c e m b e r ,

T hi s

n de n
o
p

o b s e rve s ,

l as t

af e rn oo n

h o u rs in his

tw o

h o u r,

se

v e ral

an d

w e e k,

i d e n t al l y

ac c

w as

not

In

c o m p an y .

o f an

t he

c orr e s

m e t h im

muc h

on e

ab o ve

rs t

h al f

b e i n g pre s e n t , s o m e t ri
s t ar t e d and
t al ke d o f ; b u t as

e rs o n s

i n g t h i n gs w e re
h e w as v e ry d e s i ro u s t h at I sh o u l d pro po se s om e
h i ghe r q u e s ti o n s t o h im I c o m p l i e d an d the
c om pan y w e re all w it n e ss e s o f h is pro d i gi o u s
r e ad i n e s s in an s w e ri n g the fo l l o w i ng q u e s ti o n s
,

Q U ES T I ON
In
m an y

e ld

ac re s

35 1 yar d s l on g,

an d

roo d s ,

26 1 yar d s wi d e , h ow

Aft e r 1 1 m i n u t e s, h e
3

2 8 pe rc he s ,

Vol

an

an s we re

d 14

xxi ii .

re

ma i n e d

p 5 57
.

d 1 8

ac re s ,

N AT U R A L M E M O RY

II

Q U ES T I ON
S u p p os e

h ow

on g

th

sou n d

af e r

e n,

Re t for d , m ay th e
t he d is

mo

Aft e r ab ou t
m e in 2 3

r in g

b e h e ar d

s am e

ti

1 1 4 2 fe e

es

th e

ve m i

an c e a t

n on e se c on d o f

t im

t h e c an n on s

P ark ,

au gh o n

t aki

e,

at
ng

es ?

q u ar te r o f an
se c o n d s
7 th i rd s an d

h o u r he

Q U ES T I ON

Ad m i t I

on e o f

of

at

4 29

III

re

tol d

m ai n e d

l i pl t i w 4 f t s
d
t g l p l o t of
d t
pla t 7 f t p t i a
d w il l th e
d h w m ch l
g o
p
pl t t k
I n n e ar h al f an h o u r h e sai d 2 ac re s I
rood
8 pe rc h e s an d h al f
e r,

t 3 5 8 4 b ro c

he

an

un

se

n s

ee

an s

ar ,

se

an

n ro

s,

re c

an s

an

a un

ee

u ar

e u

Q U ES T I ON I V

W h at
a c u b ic a

ma

lt

b in ,

c or n

W in c he s t e r

th t
a

I gi e m y
s h al l h o d m e

d im e n s ion s m u s

j oi e
j t
n

us

t o m ak e m e
a

q u ar

e r of

m e as u re ?

q u e s ti on e xe rc i se d al l his fac u l ti e s an d
h e d e c l are d it w as the h ar d e s t h e e v e r p ro po se d ;
b y th i s I pe rc e iv e d h e had n e v e r e n gage d hi m se l f
e ve r
t ho u gh s o d iffi
ab o u t th e c u b e r o o t : h o w
h e w as v e ry de s i rou s to
c u l t it appe are d to h im
an s w e r it
b e fo re it w as too l at e in the e v e n i n g
ti m e he s ai d to hi m s e l f the r e
an d a ft e r s o m e
T hi s

we r e

n oo ks

he

ve r

i n i t , bu t he w ou l d

t he m

ou t :

t
al ki n
b
u
t
sa
a
one
s
t
g
g
h e e d l e s s o f e v e ry th in g ab o u t h im e xc e pt h is
I gav e
p o t o f b e e r w h i c h he t o o k n o ti c e o f
h im n o h i n t s he l p o r ass i s t an c e b u t l e ft i t e u
t ir e l y to h im as I d id the o t he rs n or had he an
y
thi n g in his han d to m ake an y m arks ( wh i c h I
ne

ar d e

re

our

0
3
4

m u st

re

sr an c ns

b e c au se he m ake s

ea ,
p

b y his m e m ory)

t on s

or
al l

his

b ou t

aft e r

p u ta
h o u r he

c om

an

l ittl e m o re than 25 2
in c h e s on a s i d e an d 2 6 i n c he s w o u l d b e too
mu c h al l wh i c h is v e ry t r u e an d ve ry e xac t
1 sh al l he re s u bj o i n an ac c o u n t h e gave m e
o f th e q u an tit y o f a l e o r s tr on g b e e r th at h e has
d r an k o n fre e c o s t s i n c e he w as 1 2 ye ars o f age
an d t h e
ge n tl e m e n s n am e s wh e re ; an d as th e
ac c o u n t w as a l ittl e
I
aske d him hu e
ar ti c u l ar
p
a n d i l l u c aft e r I h ad c o m m i tt e d i t t o pape r an d
to l d

it

me ,

wou l d

be

he

e ac h

an s w e re d

ho u se s
men

of

d e m an d

fo l l o w m g

t he

se

as

n ob e

d o wn ,

me n

an d

at

the

g e n tl e

:
P i n ts
21 30
.

D u k e o f K i n gs to n
D u e o f No r f o l
D u e o f Le e d s
D u e o f D e v on sh i r e
La d y O x f o r d

k
k
k

2 66

2 32
10

G H e at h c o t e , Esq
S i r G S a v i l e , B ar t
J Th o m h ag h , Es q
S i r L Pi l k m g t o n , B ar t
J o h n B ri s t o w e , Es q
W Vi l l a r e al , E sq
S i r l l H n n l o c k , B art
B u r t o n , Es q
W h i t e , Esq
D r B u rn e
M r H oo k s
.

1 60
20

20

M r M ay or
.

M r S h aw
M r B ar e r
M r S i sson
M r M aj o r
M r B ri g s
M r Pi l i n g t on
M r J B ri gs
M r B e e st i n g s
G a t h e r i n g f o r h i s d e ad
Re v M r H e w e t

of

C h e st e r

ol

C h ad w i c
l l a l f h e ad

Mr
M r W r i gh t
At El m t o n M an o r
M r S h e rw m
M r C ar t e r e t
M r Lan e
M r W h i t e h o u se
M r R Par i n
M r R G r e e n w oo d
M r Th C l a r e
M r B u l l i v an t
M r Pad l e y
At m y o w n h o u s e

ld

15
1 2
3
3

2
4
45
c o w 72

2
3

15
40
300
15
16

20

C l a r e , Es q
H a l l o w s , Esq
S i r J J e n k m s o n , B ar t .
M r H an c o c
M r H al l
M r E S h ar p e o f El k e s l y
M r 1 h S h ar p e
Re v M r B o a w r e
M r W i l l e ts

30

art s h o r n

M r G r e e n w oo d

10

M r St e v e n s
M r Fa r

M r W e st
M r Ve s e y
Re v M r H
M r Fl i n t

Re v M r Pe g g e
M r Ri c h a r d s o n
M r Ray n e s

3
go

64
so
1
10

10

4 32

h l i fe

p ri n t

that

( says the

l i fe

i form

w o ul d

of

an d

of

trait

of

or

With thi s
w as gre atl y to h e w i she d
m an

l i fe

c ou

ld

b e g iv e n

l ab o ri ou s

l m os t i n c l u d e

T h e p or
u t i s tak c n

h is

o b s c u re :

t
i
e d it or) i t

e x raor d n ar
y

s o m e ac c o u n

b u t the
un

t hi s

of

t e

NS T ANC E S

po ve r ty is n e c e s s aril y
t he h i s t o ry o f o n e d ay

the e ve n

ts

of

ll

J e d e d iah fr om w h ic h t he

Ti m e ,

ab o e

w ood

'

n ar u u i n

ith
age

re s pe c

nor

e xc e

d id

at
t
t
h
p

sum m e r a

to

B u r ton ,

t he

n i u o n v

han ge d

in w i n t e r h e

Z
in g hob /c

u ed

'

thi n g b u t his
e m lo me n t
p y

no

h is

v ary

s e as o n s

433

a il ,

an d

in

The gran d fath e r of J e d e d ia h, J ohn B u r ton ,

vi c ar o f E l m e ton in D e r by shir e an d h is
as s c h o o l m as t e r o f
fath e r Wil l iam B u xt on w
e dia h n o t w it hs t an d i n g
but c
the s am e pari s h
th e pro fe ss i o n o f h is fat he r is e xt re m e l y ill ite
be e n so
havi n g b y w hat e v e r ac c i d e n t
rat e
m u c h n e gl e c t e d i n h is yo u t h as n e v e r to h av e
b e e n t au gh t to w r it e : ho w he c am e fi rs t t o
kn o w th e re l ativ e p ro po rti o n s o f n u m b e rs an d
t he i r progre ss iv e d e no m i n ati on s he d o e s n o t re
m e m b e r ; b u t t o th i s h e has appl i e d the w h o l e
fo rc e o f his m i n d an d u pon th i s his atte n ti on is

t
ed
so t h at h e
f
u e n tl
ake s n o
c o n s t an tl
x
re
y
y
q
an d
o f e xt e r n al o bj e c t s
w he n h e
c o gn i z an c e
d o e s i t is o n l y w ith r e s pe c t to t he i r n u m b e rs :
the s am e att e n ti o n o f h is m i n d appe ars as w e l l
b y w hat he he ars as b y w hat he se e s
I f an y
i
s m e n ti o n e d
s ac e
o f ti m e
il
l
h
e
s o o n aft e r
w
p
~
h
n d if an
sa
t
at i t is s o m an y m in u t e s
a
d
i
s
y
y
t an c e o f w ay he w il l ass ign the n u mb e r o f
hai r s b re ad ths u itl i o u t an y q u e s ti on havi ng
b e e n aske d or any c al c u l ati o n: e xpe c t e d by the

w as

c o m pany.

By t hi s m e t ho d he has gre atl y i nc re ase d the

o w e r o f his m e m o r , w it h re s e c t to u re s
,
y
p
p
g
P 1

'

434
an

d sto re d

mm on prod u c ts .in his

have i m me diat e re c our
e,
s

s e ve ra c o

up

to w h c h

he c an
as t he nu m b er o f m in u te s in a ye ar,
b re ad t hs in a m i l e , an d m any o the r s

mi n d,

c om re
p

h e n ds

w i tho u t d ii c ul ty
w it h

a m az n g

f hai r s

Whe n he

on c e

q ue s ti o n w hic h is n o t
t ime h e b e gi ns to w o rk
an d w il l l e av e a l o n g

an d

fac i l i ty,

q u e s ti on hal f w rou gh t an d at the e n d o f s e

v e ral m on ths re su m e it b e gi n nin g w he re he
l e ft o ff an d p roc e e d i n g re gu l arl y til l i t is c om
,

l
e te d
p

H is m e m o ry w o u l d

t i l y have b e e n
w i t h r e s pe c t t o o th e r o bje c ts
e q u al ly r e t e n tiv e
if he h ad att e n d e d t o o th e r o bje c ts w it h e q ual
d ili ge n c e ; b u t h is p e rpe t u al applic ati on to
re s h as pre v e n te d t he s mal l e s t ac q u i s iti o n of
u
g
an d h is m i n d s e e m s to
an y o t he r kn o w l e d ge
h av e r e ta i n e d fe w e r i de as than t h at o f a b o y of
t e n ye a r s o l d in th e s am e c l as s o f l i fe
He
h as b e e n s o m e ti me s aske d o n h is re t u rn fro m
or
w h t h e r he re me m b e re d the t e xt
c h u rc h
b u t it ne v e r ap pe are d
any pa r t o f the s e r m o n
that he b rou gh t aw ay on e s e nte nc e : hi s mi n d
n
f
o
u nd to hav e
i
u on a c l o se r e xam i n ati o n
e
b
g
p
b e e n b u s i e d e v e n d u ri n g d ivi n e s e rvi c e i n its
fav o u r i te op e rati o n e ith e r d iv id i n g s o me ti m e o r
or
s o m e s ac e in t o t h e s m al l e s t kn o w n par t s
p
re s o l v in g s o m e q u e s ti o n t h at had b e e n gi ve n h im
as a t e s t o f h is ab iliti e s
H is p o w e r o f ab s t rae
c er a n

436

N A T URAL

M EM

O RY

h e fo u n d t he prod u c t o f 4 56
A
m u l t iplie d b y 3 7s t o b e 1 72 3 6 8
Thu s i t appe ars t hat h is arit hm e ti c is pe r

n umbe r

to 1 7 1 000,

fe c tl y
w

it h

t he

by 5 ,

it

his

o w n , an
c om

an d

wou l d

th e

d t hat he is

m on

ru e s

i;o d nc

l ittl e ac q u ai n te d :
m u l ti pl y 4 5 6 rs t :
t o n d w h a t su m

so

as t o

t ;by
20,

m l ti pl i e d b y 1 00 whe re as if
h e h ad ad d e d t w o n o u gh t s to th e gu re s he }
w ou l d have o b t ai n e d i t at o n c e
T he o n l y o bje c ts o f J e d e dia h s C u r i os ity, e x
ce
nd
t

e
s
i
r o al fa m l
u
h
n
w
e
re
e
k
an
d
t
r
p
g
g
y
iy a
h is d e s i re t o s e e t he m w as s o s t ro n g h at in th e
t
b e gi n n i n g o f th e s p ri n g h e w al ke d to Lo n d o n
on
u r os e
u t at l as t r e t u rn e d d i s ap po i n t e d
b
p p
the ki n g hav in g j u s t r e m o v e d to K e n s i ng t on as
H e w as h o w e v e r
J e d e d iah c a m e in t o Lon d o n
in t ro d u c e d to th e Royal S o c i e ty wh o m h e c al l e d
t he ge n tl e m e n
th e wal k of t he S i e ty C ou r t
w h o w e re
r e s e n t aske d h im s e ve ral q u e s t io n s in
p
ari t h m e ti c
t o pr o v e h is ab i l iti e s an d d i s m i ss e d
h im w ith a h an d s o m e grat u ity
D u ri n g h is re s i d e n c e in Lo n d o n he w as c ar
e r fo r m e d a t
ri e d t o s e e
K i n g Ri c hard I I I
p
D ru ry l an e pl ayh o u s e an d i t w as e xpe c t e d e i
t he r th at t he n o v e l ty an d the s p l e n d o u r of the
or
s h o w w ou l d h av e xe d h im i n as t o n i s hm e n t
ke p t h is i m agi n ati o n in a c o n ti n u al hu rry ; o r
t hat his p as s i o n s w ou l d in s o m e d e gre e h av e
ad
h
h
e
i
f
n
o
a
c
f
t
r
o
ti
e
w
o
h
e
d
e
h
b
t
e
n
o
u
c
be
y
p
ro d u c e
p

N AT U RA L M

EM

O RY

437

tl y u n d e rs to o d th e d i al o gu e ; b u t J e d e
d id /7 s m i n d w as e m pl oye d in t he pl ayh o us e j u s t
as i t w as e m l o ve d a t c h u rc h
u ri n
h
D
t
e
g
p
d an c e h e xe d h is att e n ti o n U po n the n u m b e r of
s te
ps ; he d e c l are d aft e r a fi n e pi e c e o f m u s rc
t h at the i n n u m e rab l e s o u n d s pro d u c e d b y t he ~i n
s tr u m e n t s h ad
pe rpl e xe d h im b e yo n d me as u re
at te n d e d e ve n t o
an d he
M r G arri c k o n l y t o
e
rfe c
p

n ot

t h e wor d s t ha t

c ou n t
s ays ,

li e

u t te r e d

h e pe r fe c tl y s u c c e e d e d
J e d e d ia /z is n o w s afe l y re t u rn e d
.

h is b i rt h, w he re , if h is

of

in wh ic h , h e

h is w i s he s d o

not

'

l ab o u r

se e

m o re

i t

are

he

fe w ,

ppl ie s

t c he e r
fu l n e s s ; h e re gre ts n o t h i n g t hat h e l e ft b e h i n d
h im in Lo n d on an d it is s til l h is O p in i o n t hat
a s l ic e o f ru s ty b ac o n affo rd s th e m o s t d e li c i o u s
his

to

b y w hi c h he

e n oy m e n s

m to b e

l
c e
a
p

to t he

subs s s

wi h

i 8 1 2 A D LZ E RA H C O L B U R N
.

Th e ap

of
m
r ic an
an d r iv a l
t
i
h
n
A
e
s
u
o
g
y
p
J e d e d i ah B u xt o n havi n g e xc it e d c o n s id e rab l e at
t e n ti on w e shal l pre s e n t o u r re ade rs w ith the fo l
l o w in g i n te r e s ti n g n arrativ e as d raw n u p b y th e
i n e n i ou s an d w e l l kn o w n c al c ul ato r M r Fr: A N
e aran c e

c rs

B A I LY

J e d e d iah d ie d

ve
l t

se

ral c

e n s of

h i l d re n ,

th

e ir

ab o u

n on e

fa he r

t th

l t

y e ar 1 774 , age d ao, an d e f

of w h om h a e in h e r i e d t h e rare ta
e

4 38

NS T A N C E S o r:

Lon d on , ag 2 0,
.

tte n ti o n o f the phil o s o phi c al u ori d has

b e e n l at e l y a tt rac t e d b y the m os t s i n gu l ar pha mo
in the h is t o r y o f the h u m an m i n d th at
i n e n on
e rh a s e v e r e xi s t e d
It
i
s t he
ase o f a c h il d
c
p
p
ars o
a e w h o w it h o u t an
u n d e r e i ht
e
y p re
g y
f g
vi ou s kn o w l e d ge o f th e c o m m o n r u l e s o f ari t h
m e ti c
o r e v e n o f th e u s e a n d
ow e r o f t he Ara
p
b ic n u m e ral s an d w ith o u t h avm g giv e n an y par
t ic u l ar att e n ti o n t o th e s u bj e c t po s se s se s ( as if
b y i n t u it io n ) th e s m gu l ar fac u l ty o f s o l vi n g a
re a t v ari e t
o f ar it h m e ti c a l q u e s ti o n s b
h
t
e m e re
g
y
y
a n d w ith o u t th e
t
h
e m in d
u s u al
o e r a t ion
p
o
f
ass i s t an c e o f an y vi s i b l e s ym b o l o r c o n t r iv an c e
The n am e o f t hi s c h il d is Ze ra C o l b u rn who
w as b o r n at C ab a t ( a t o w n l yi n g a t th e h e ad o f
O n io n r i v e r in Ve r m on t i n t h o U n ite d S t ate s
l s t o f S e pt e m b e r 1 804
o f Am e r i c a ) o n t he
Ab o u t t w o ye ars ago ( Au gu s t 1 8 1 0) al tho u gh
h
e
r s t b e an t o
e ars
a
e
a t t h at ti m e n o t s ix
f

g
o g
y
t hos e w on d e rfu l p o w ers o f c al c u l ati on
sh o w
w hic h , ave s in c e s o m u c h att r c t e d t he atte n ti o n
a
h
as t o n i s h m e n t o f e v e r
an d e xc it e d t h e
y p e rso n
w h o h as w i tn e ss e d h is e xt raord i n ary ab ili t ie s
The d i s c o v e ry w as m ad e b y ac c i d e n t H is fa
the r w h o h ad n o t giv e n h im an y o th e r in s tru c
ti o n ihan s dc h as w as t o b e o b t ain e d at a s m al l
s c h o o l e stab l i s h e d i n t h a t u nfre q ii e rtte d an d re
m o t e p ar t o f t he c o u n t ry ( an d w hi c h d id n o t
Th e

'

I N S T A N C ES

4 40

M an y pe rsons o f th e rs t
kn o wl e d ge in m at h e mati c s ,

o r

e m n enc e

an d

we

ll

for the i r

kn o wn fe r

th e i r phil o so ph i c al i n q u i ri e s hav e m ad e a po i nt
o f s e e i n g an d c o n ve rs i n g w i t h h is e xt raor d i n ary
as s t at e d o f him t hat
t
l
i
s c o rre c tl y t r u e
o w e rs
p
H e w i l l n o t o n l y de t e rm i n e w i th th e gre at e s t
fac il i ty an d d i s patc h the e xac t n u m b e r o f min u tes
o r s e c on d s in a n y g i ve n p e r i o d o f ti m e ; b u t w il l
al s o s o l v e a ny o t h e r q u e s ti o n o f a s i m il ar ki n d
H e w il l t e l l t he e xac t p r od u c t ar i s i n g fro m t he
m u l ti pl ic ati o n o f an y n u m b e r c o n s i s ti ng o f tw o
t h re e o r fo u r g u re s b y an y o th e r n u m b e r c o n s i s t
in o f the l ike n u m b e r o f gu re s Or an y n u mb e r
c o n s is t in g o f s ix o r s e v e n p l ac e s o f gu re s b e i n
g
h
e q u al e x e d i
it
re po s e d h e w il l d e t e rm i n e
w
p
p
t i on an d e ase a l l t he f a c t ors o f w h i c h i t is C om
h
i
ose d
T
s s i n gu l a r fac u l ty c o n se q u e n tl
y ex
p
t e n d s n ot o n l y t o the r a is in g q owe rs b u t al s o
t o th e e x t rac ti on o f the s q u a r e an d c u b e r oots o f
th e n u m b e r p ro po s e d ; an d l i ke w i s e t o the m e an s
o f d e t e rm i n i n g w he t h e r i t b e a r im e n u m b e r ( o r
p
a n u m b e r i n c apab l e o f d i vi s i o n b y an o th e r n u m
y
b e r) fo r w hi c h c as e t he re d be s n o t e xi s t at p re
an y
se n t
ge n e ral ru l e am o n g m ath e m ati c i an s
All t he s e an d a v ar i e ty o f o t he r q u e s ti o n s c o n
n e c te d t h e r e w it h are an s w e re d b
y t h i s c h il d w it h
su c h
p r omp tn e ss an d a c c u r a cy ( an d in th e m i ds t
o f h is J u v e n il e
u rs u it s ) as to as t on i sh e v e r
er
y
p
p
s on w h o h as v is i t e d him
,

'

NA T U RA L M

At

m e e ti n g

fo r the pu rpo s e
pro m o ti n g th e
de

rt Oo k,

an d

of

O RY

44 1

his fri e n d s wh i c h w as he l d

f c o n c e rti n g the b e s t m e t ho d

of

vi e ws o f th e fat he r this c h il d u n
n
c o m l e te l
e e d e d in
i
i
s
u
c
ra
s
c
y
g
p
,

the n u m b e r 8

ro

p g
an d
in

po w e r ! 1 l

EM

r e ss

ive ly

t o th e

s ixt e e n t h

l as t re s u l t viz
h e was r i gh t in e ve ry gu re
H e w as t he n t ri e d as to o t he r n u m b e rs c o n s i s t
in o f o n e g u re ; al l o f w h i c h h e r ai se d ( b y ac
t u al m u l ti pli c ati on an d n o t b y m e m ory) as hi gh
f
ac il i ty a n d
as t h e t e n t h
o w e r w it h s o m u c h
p
d i s pat c h t h at the pe rs o n a ppo i n te d to t ake d o w n
th e r e s u l t s
w as o b l ige d t o e nj o i n h im n ot to b e
s o r a id ! Wit h re s e c t to n u m b e rs c o n s i s tin g o f
p
p
two gu re s h e w o u l d rai s e s ome o f th e m to the
s ixt h s e ve n t h an d e i h th
o w e r ; b u t n o t al w ays
p
g
w it h e q u al fac il ity : fo r t he l arge r the p ro d u c t s
n am n

g th e

b e c am e , the m o re d ii c u l t h e fo u n d it t o pr o c e e d
H e w as as ke d the sq u a r e r oot o f 1 069 2 9 , an d

b e fore the

n u m b e r c ou

i m m e d ia te ly

q u i re d
an

n am e

to

d w ith

a n s w e re

p l i e d 64 5 :

qu al

th e

b e w ritt e n d o w n , h e

d 3 27

cu

fac il i ty

Vari o u s

ld
be

r oot o

an d

w as

t he n

re

ro m

n e ss
t
p

he

re

t he r q u e s ti o n s o f a s i m il ar
n at u re
r e s e c ti n
p
g t he r o o ts an d po w e rs o f v e ry
h i gh n u m b e rs w e re pro p os e d b y s e v e ral o f t he
e n tl e m e n
a
ll
f
h
h
e an s w e r
t
i
h
s
e
n
t
o
o
w
c
r
e
g
p
e d in a s i m il ar m an n e r
O n e o f t he party r e
q u e s t e d him to n am e the f a c tors w hic h pro d u c e d
o

442
t he

n umbe r
'

s r x n c ze s
'

or

i m me d i at e l y d id

9 4 74 88 , wh ic h h e

b y m e n ti on i n g th e

n u m be

t wo

rs 9 4 1

an

8 63 ;

wh i c h

i n de e d are t he o n l y two nu m b e r s th at wi l l
An o t he r o f t he m pro po s e d 1 7 1 39 5
pr od uc e i t
an d he n am e d th e fol l ow i n
g fac t ors as t he on ly
o ne s t ha t
Woul d prod u c e it ; viz 5 k 3 4279
.

7 x 24 4 8 5 ,
29 5 x 5 8 ] ,

s e x ao6s , 3 5 x 4 8 9 7,

'

5 9 x 29 05 ,
an d

41 3 x 4 15

giv e the fac t ors

re
p li e d t hat it h ad

was t h e n

n o n e,

hi c h in

t he

3 6083 is a prim e n u m b e r
O th e r n n m
w e re i n d i s c r i m in at e l y p re po se d to h im, an d

b e rs

e xc e

fac t w as

c ase , as

aske

b u t h e i m m e d i at e l y

to

he

l w ays su c c e e d e d
t
p

d i s c o ve

in t he
re

c as e

l mos t

in g ivi ng t he

of

i me

n u m b e rs ,

as s o o n

as

c orre c

o se d

'

t fac t ors
w h i c h he

On e

of

p p
h o w m an y m i n u ts
ro

ge n tl e m e n as ke d him

l
re
t he w e re in fo r ty e ig h t ye ars ; an d be l ore t he
q u e s t io n c o u l d b e w r itt e n d o w n h e re p l i e d

th e

an d n s tan t

of

se c on d s in t h e

Vari o u s

i i

of

ll

the m

u e s t or s

q
an d t o

h im

s ame

of

l y add e d , t hat t he
i

e r od

t he

w as

l i ke

he

n umb e r

ki n d w e re p u t to

an s e re

d w i th

ly

n e ar

q u al fac il i ty an d pro m ptit u d e ; So as to as to

re s e n t
an d
n i s h e v e ry o n e
e x c it e
a d e s i re
t
o
p
th at so e xt rao rd i n ary a fac u l ty s ho u l d ( if po s si bl e )
b e r e n d e re d m o re e xt e n s iv e an d u e fu l
i t u as the w i sh o f the ge n t l e m e n t pre se nt
t o o b t ai n a kn o w l e d ge o f t he m e t ho d b y w h i c h
the c h il d w as e n ab l e d to ans w e r w it h s o m u c h
e

'

'

4 44

I AN C
NS T

ES o r

d
v
t
h
a
t
it
a
s
w
y
fro m s om e s i n gu l ar fac t s that th e c hil d
e vi d e n t
onl
r u l e s kn o w n
t o h im
o e rat e d b y c e t ain
y
p
r
Thi s dis c o v e ry w as m ad e i n o n e o r tw o
se l f
i n s t an c e s w he n he h ad b e e n c l o se l y pr e sse d
that po i n t
I n o n e c as e he w as as ke d
u p on
t o t e l l t h e s q u ar e o f 4 3 9 5 ; he at rs t h e s i
fe arfu l t ha t he sho u l d n o t b e ab l e
t ate d
t o an s w e r it c o rre c tl y : b u t w he n h e appl i e d
On
hi m s e l f t o i t he s ai d it w as
b e i n g q u e s ti o n e d as to th e c au s e o f h is h e s it ati o n
he re pl i e d t h at he d id n o t l i ke to m u l ti pl y fo u r
I fo u n d
gu re s b y fo u r gu re s : b u t s aid he
o u t an o t he r w ay ; I m u l t ipl ie d 2 9 3 b y 2 9 3 an d
the n m u l t ipli e d t hi s pro d uc t t w ic e b y the n u m
On
b e r 1 5 w hi c h pro d u c e d the s am e re s u l t
h is hi ghn e s s t he D u ke o f
o c c as i o n
an o the r
G l o u c e s t e r aske d him the pro d u c t o f
m u l ti pl i e d by 5 43 : he i m m e d i at e l y re pli e d
b u t u po n s o me re m ark b e i n g
m ad e o n t he s u bj e c t the c hi l d s ai d t hat he had
in his o w n m i n d m u l t ipli e d 6 5 202 b y 1 8 1
No w al tho ugh in the rs t i n s t anc e it m us t b e
to e v e ry m athe mati c i an t hat 4 3 95 is
e vi d e n t
e q u al to 939 3 x 1 5 ( an d c o n se u e n tl y t hat 4 3 9 5 )
(
q
( 1 5 V; an d fu rthe r t hat in t he s e
c on d c as e 5 4 3 is e u al to 1 8 1 x 3
an d c e nse
q
e n tl
h
a
t
t
u
y
q

I t has b e e n

a r e ad

o b se r e

'

'

N AT U RAL M E M O R

4 45

th at th i s
c o m b i n ati o n s ho u l d b e i mm e d ia te l y pe rc e iv e d b y
the c h il d an d w e c an n o t th e l e s s ad m i re h is in
e as i e s t m e
e n u ity in t h u s s e i z i n g in s ta n t l y th e
g
t ho d o f so l vi n g th e q u e s ti o n pro pose d to him
I t m u s t b e e vi d e n t fro m w h at has he re b e e n
that th e s i n gu l ar fac u l ty w hi c h th i s c hil d
s tat e d
o s se s s e s is n o t a l t og e t he r d e pe n d e n t u po n his
p
18 1

ye

t,

it

is

n ot

th e

l e ss

re

m arkab l e

m e m ory

in the

r a is in

d e rab l y
m in d
as

th e m u l t ip l ic a t ion

In

i t

ass s e

in

an d

he arin g

owe rs ,

f nu m b e rs

h e is d o u b tl e ss

an d

c ou s

d b y t h at re m ar kab l e q u al i ty o f t he
th i s re s pe c t he m i gh t b e c o n s i d e re d

so m e re s e

m b l an c e

( if the d i ff e re n c e o f

e n t the j u s t n e ss o f t h e c o m a
v
p
p
ri so n ) t o the c e l e b rat e d J e d e d i ah B u xt o n
an d
B u t in t h e e x
o t he r pe rso n s O f s i m il ar n o t e
t he r oots o f n u m b e rs
an d in d e t e r
tra c tion o
f
m i n i n g th e i r f ac t or s ( if an y) i t is c l e ar t o al l
those who have w it n e sse d th e as t o n i sh i n g q u i c k
n e s s an d ac c u rac y o f t h i s c h il d t hat the m e m o r
y
has l it tl e or n othin g t o d o w i t h the pro c e ss
An d in th i s par ti c u l ar po i n t c o n s i s t s the re m ar k
ab l e d i
e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e pr e s e n t an d al l fo r
m e r i n s tan c e s o f an appare n tl y s i m il ar ki n d
It has b e e n re c o rd e d as an as t o n i shi n g e ffor t
c e l e b rat e d Eu l e r ( w h o
Of m e m o ry t hat t he
in
the s c i e n c e Of an al ys i s m i gh t vie e ve n w i th Ne w
to n h i m se l f ) c o u l d re m e m b e r the rs t s ix po w
l
e rs o f e ve ry n u m b e r u n d e r 1 00 T hi s ,
r
b
o
b
a
p
y

ge

d id

n ot

re

'

4 46

NS T A N C E S

or

t ake n with so m e re stric tion s b u t if tru e

t o the fu l l e s t e xt e n t it is n o t m or e as t on i sh i n
g
t han the e ffort s o f thi s c h il d ; w ith this addit i o n al
c i r c u m s t an c e in fav o u r Of th e l at t e r
th at h e is
c a ab l e
o f ve r fyin g
i
n
v
e ry fe w s e c o n d s
a
p
y
e v e ry g u re w h i c h he m a h av e oc c as i o n fo r
It
y
h as b e e n fu rth e r r e m ark e d
th e b i ogr ap he r o f

t hat e m in e n t m athe m at i c ian t hat he pe rc e iv e d

anc e
h
e fac to r s o f wh i c h
l
l
t
al m os t a t a s i m
e
g
p
h is form u l ae w e re c o m p ose d ; the parti c u l ar
s s te m of fac t o rs b e l o n in
t
o
t
h
e
q u e s ti on n u
g g
y
the v ar io u s ar ti c e s b y
d e r c o n s i d e rati o n
w h i c h th a t s ys t e m m ay b e s i m pl i e d an d re d u
o f th e
s e v e ral fac to rs to
c c d ; a n d th e re l ati o n
H is e xpe n
t he c o n d iti o n s o f th e hypo th e s i s
ar ti c u l ar
ro b ab l
r e su l t e d
n a
n e s s in t h i s
i
p
y
p
e a t m e as u re
f
rom the e as e
h
h
it
i
w
c h he
w
r
g
rf o r m e d m at he m ati c al i n ve s t igati o ns b
h
e
ad
e
p
y
H e h ad al w ays ac c u s t o m e d h i m s e l f to t hat e x
c ro i s e
an d h a vi n g p rac ti se d i t w it h ass i d u ity
( e ve n b e fo re the l os s o f s igh t w hi c h afte rwar d s
re n de re d it a m at te r o f n e c e s s ty ) h e i s an in
i
s t an c e t o what a n as t on i s hi n g d e gre e i t m ay b e
an d h o w m u c h it i m ro ve s t he i n t e l
ac q u i re d
p
l e c t u a l po w e rs No o the r d i s c i p l i n e is s o e f
fe c t u al in st re n gt he n i ng th e f ac u l ty o f atte n ti on :
i t giv e s a fac i lity o f appre he n s i on an ac c u rac y
an d s t e ad i n e s s to th e c o n c e p ti o n s ; an d ( wh at is
a s til l m ore val u ab l e ac q u i s i ti o n ) it hab i tu at e s
m ust b e

4 48

NS T A N C

ES

Pe rhaps th i s c h il d po s s e s se s

m or e i mp or tan t p ro p e r t ie s

or

kn ow l e dge

o f so me

t e d w ith thi s
s u bj e c t ; an d al tho u h h e is i n c a ab l e at
re se n t
g
p
p
o f g i vi n g an y s ati s fac t o r
y ac c ou n t o f the s t at e o f
h is m i n d o r o f c o m m u n i c ati n g to o t he r s th e
kn o w l e dge w h i c h i t is s o e vi d e n t h e d oe s po ss e ss
e t t h e re
s e ve r
e aso n t o b e l i e ve th at
i
r
w he n
y
y
h is m i n d is m o re c u l ti vat e d an d hi s i d e as m ore
he w i ll b e ab l e n o t o n l y to d i vu l ge the
e xp an d e d
m o d e b y w hi c h h e at p re se n t o pe rat e s b u t al s o
o i n t o u t s om e n e w s ou r c e s o f i n fo rm ati o n o n
p
th i s i n te re s ti n g s u bj e c t
The c ase is c e r t ai n l y on e o f gre at n ove l ty
e r ar c harac t e r an d
an d e v e r
l
it
an d im or t an c e
y
y
p
e v e ry fr i e n d t o s c i e n c e m u s t b e an x i o u s t o s e e
th e e xpe ri m e n t fai rl y t ri e d as t o the e ffe c t w h i c h
o n a m in d
a s u i ta b l e e d u c a t i on m ay prod u c e
With thi s Vi e w
c o n s tit u t e d as h is app e ars to b e
a n u m b e r o f ge n tl e m e n h av e t ake n th e c h il d u n
d e r th e i r p at ron age an d h ave fo rm e d t he m se l ve s
in t o a c o m m itt e e fo r t he pu rpose o f s u pe r i n t e n d
in g his e d u c ati o n
Appli c ati o n has b e e n m ad e
w e l l kn o w n fo r h is
t o a ge n tl e m an o f sc i e n c e
m athe m ati c al ab il iti e s w ho has c on s e n t e d t o
t ake the c h il d u n d e r h is i m m e d i ate t u i ti on the
t o w it hd raw him
c o m m itt e e t he re fo re p r o po se
fo r th e pre se n t fro m p u bl ic e xhibi t ion in o rd e r
that he m ay fu l l y d e v o t e hi m se l f to h is s t u d i e s
B u t wh e th e r the y shal l b e ab l e who l l y to ae c o m
c on n e c

N AT U RA L M E M

pl isl t the
u on the
p
u

44 9

j t the y hav e in vi e w w il l d e pe n d
as s i s t an c e w h i c h t he
y m ay re c e i ve fro m

ob e c

l
i
b
c
p
S i n c e t hi s

the

O RY

t t

s a e

favo u re d w ith

m e n t w as pri n t e d , w e hav e b e e n

t hi s e x
traord in ary c h i l d
wh i c h d e t ail s an e xam i n ati o n
b y IvI r H A S E th e c h i e f c ash i e r o f the B AN K
The au the n ti c ity o f th i s n arrativ e
of EN G LA N D
may b e re l i e d on
Zara /t C ol bu r n w as i n t ro d u c e d to M r H ase
e
h
h
T
at t he B an k ac c o m an i e d b
i
f
a
t
r
e
s
p
y h
rs t q u e s ti on re q u i re d th e c u be r oot o f
he an s w e re d in ab o u t on e m i n u t e
9 8 3 w h i c h is c orre c t ; the n e x t q u e s ti on w as
of
c u be
th e
4 78 ; in l e ss th an t wo m i n u t e s
h e sai d i t w as
T he th i rd q u e s
t i on w as to gi ve the pro d u c t o f th e t w o f a c t ors
4 9 73 an d 3 58 7 ; in ab o ut fou r m i n u te s h e s ta t e d
I
a ro d u c t w ro n in t w o u re s n am e l y
p
g
g
th e n
o n b e i n g t o l d th at h e w as no t
c orre c t aft e r a l a se o f t w o m i n u t e s m ore h e s ta
p
t e d the ri gh t p rod u c t
H e w as th e n
aske d w hat
t w o f a c t ors o f fou r gu re s e ac h
h e he s it at e d fo r s o m e
w ou l d g i ve
ti m e an d appe are d u n ab l e t o an swe r i t ; his fa
t he r th e n re q u e s t e d M r H to m e n ti on on e o f the
r s w hi c h h e d id
ac
t
o
n am e l
i
n ab o u t
8
3
7
9
f
y
fu r t he r

s om e

a c c ou n

of

t o w hom th e

M r B O NNY C
.

tl

A ST LE, w e u n d e rs an d ,

tu i t io

i s th e ge n e m an
o f Ze rah C ol b u m is t o b e e n ru s e d

I NS T ANC E S

4 50

t h re e

m i n u te s

he

n am e

OF

th e

th e r

c o rr e c

tl y

l as t q u e s ti o n w as to n am e t wo f ac
t or s o n e o f fou r th e o t he r o f t h re e gu re s w h i c h
h e appe are d u n ab l e
d uc e
w ou l d p r o
t o d o th i s sayi n g th e y w e re pr i m e n u m b e rs b u t
h is fat he r p e rs i s t e d th at h e w o u l d so l v e the q u e s
ti o n ; b e h o w e ve r fo u n d the d i f c u l ty i n s ar
m o u n t ab l e
t he
H is fathe r t he n as ke d M r H
rs t n u m b e r o f th e f ac tor o f t h re e gu re s w hi c h
w as n an ie d viz 7 s til l h e c o u l d n o t ac c o m pli sh
it t h e n th e s e c o n d gu re 3 w as t o l d h im ; s ti ll
h e fail e d b u t w he n h e w as m ad e ac q u ai n t e d w ith
th e l as t gu re
9 t o th e gre at as t o n i s h m e n t o f
M r H h e im m e d i at e ly c al l e d o u t t hat the o the r
t c tor w as @3 4 7 w h i c h is c orre c t
S i n c e the ab o v e ac c o u n t h as b e e n c o l l e c t e d w e
r e gre t t o n d th a t t h i s i n t e r e s ti n g yo u t h is agai n
th e m o n e y c o l l e c t e d for his
e xh i b it e d to th e p u b l i c
e d u c ati o n
w e s u p pos e n o t b e i n g fo u n d s u f c i e n t
I f his pare n t s i n t e n d t o appro
fo r the pu rpo s e
ai n e d b y e xh i b iti n g him in aid
riate th e s u m
p
g
w
sh t h e m su c c e s s
o f th e ab o v e fu n d w e he ar til
i
y
an d c an n o t
d
o t he m a m o r e e s s e n ti al
e rh a s
p
p
f
o l l o w i n g n o ti c e
i
s e r vi c e t h an b
n s e r ti n g th e
y
w h i c h a ppe are d in the C hro n i c l e o f the 1 7th
4 71 9

The

Dec

1 8 12

Ne e ly

B ooks p r in ted f or S he rwood ,

an

d J on e s

B AU SSET S LI FE OF FENELON

I n To

ol u m e s ,

m b e l l ish e d w i h an
p ri c e 1 8 3 . b oar d s ,

8 vo

e e gan

t Port rai t

1 TH E LI FE OF FENELON, Ar c h b is h op of
C am b r ai ; c om p il e d , f rom O r ig in a M an u s c r ip s , b y M L F
D e B au s s e t , form e r y B is h o p o f A ais , & c
T ran sl a e d
fr om t he Fre n c h ,
.

W I LLI AM M U D FORD

BY

T h e u tm os g e n l e n e ss o f m an n e rs , a e m p e r w h i c h
n o h i n g c o u l d d i s u r b , p e r fe c
i n ge n u ou sn e ss , e m in e n at
t ain m e n t s , a s u b l im e ge n ion s , e xal e d i r u e , an d e e a e d
p i e y , c re a e d t h e s in gu l ar in e r e s w h i c h b e on ge d t o Fe
n e on w h e n i i g, an d w h i c h s i l l s u r r ou n d s h is m e m ory
T h e w o r k b e fore u s w i l l h i gh l y gra ify al l w ho d e igh t
t o c on e m p a e e x ra or d in ary w o r h an d e x c e e n c e ; an d ,
i n d e e d , i n i n e re s a n d b e n e c ial e n d e n c y, h ow fe w p e r
forman c e s app r oac h i t M on thl y Re vi e w , M ar c h, 1 8 1 1

lv

l t
t

v t

l v t

t
t

ll

T H E C H ARAC T ERS AND PROPERT I ES

O F T RU E C H ARI TY D I SP LAY ED , f r om t h e Fre n c h
0

of

Fe n e

On e

on .

ar ge

Vo l u m e ,

1 2m o 4 s 6 d
.

b oar d s

FENELON S PI OU S REFLEC T I ONS, for

D ay in th e M on th
Tw e l f t h Ed i t ion , P r ic e f i s or

e v t ry

tl y

i n c a f, 23 6 d ;
i n En g ish M or oc c o ,
M or oc c o , 3 s 6 d
i e m an u a is t oo w e
Th is e x c e l e n
kn o w n t o t h e
u b ic t o re u ire on o u r p ar an y ad d i i on a re c o m m e n d a
p
q
t io n an d th e M e m o irs of h e am iab l e Fe n e on , p r e xe d t o
"
C ri tic al
h is e d i ion , form a c on s id e rab l e im pro e m e n
Re vie w
b ou n d

nea

l t l ttl

ll

As

a c omp an ion

t o the

abo ve ,

( th

e s ame s iz e

85 pr ic e , )

FENELON S PI OU S TH O U G H TS

v
l

c orn

Lo e of G od
T o w h i c h are
s u b o in e d , D ire c i on s fo r a H o
y Life , an d t h e a ain in g
C h r is ian P e rfe c ion ; a s o , th e C ose C om pan i on , or a
C ou rse of S hor Pray e rs for e e ry D ay in t he W e e k
c e rn in g

th e K n o w

t
t

d ge

an d

tt

x
t

U n i ve r s i ty o f C al i fo r n i a
e
S OUTH ERNREGIONALLIB RARYFAC ILITY
4 05 H i l g ard Ave n u e , Los Ang e l e s , C A 9002 4 1 3 88
Re t u r n t h i s m ate r i al to t h e l i b rary
f ro m w h i c h it was b o rrow e d
.

'